1|Page

Frequently Used Formulas

n = sample size N = population size f = frequency

Chapter 2
Class width

high low
(increase to next integer)
number classes

Class midpoint

upper limit lower limit

2

Lower boundary

lower boundary of previous class + class width

Chapter 3
x
n

Sample mean x

x
N

Population mean

xw
w

Weighted average

Range = largest data value

smallest data value

Sample standard deviation

Computation formula s

x x
n 1

x 2 ( x) 2 / n
n 1
2

Population standard deviation

Sample variance s

Population variance

Sample coefficient of variation CV

Sample mean for grouped data

s
100
x

xf
n

Sample standard deviation for grouped data

x x
n 1

x2 f

xf
n 1

/n

Chapter 4
Probability of the complement of event A P Ac

1 P A

Multiplication rule for independent events P A and B

General multiplication rules P A and B
P A and B

P A P B| A
P B P A| B

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events P A or B

General addition rule P A or B

P A

Permutation rule Pn, r

n!
n r !

Combination rule Cn, r

n!
r! n r !

P A P B

P B

P A

P B

P A and B

Chapter 5
Mean of a discrete probability distribution

xP x

Standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution

Given L = a + bx

a b

Given W = ax1 + bx2 (x1 and x2 independent)

a 1 b 2

a 2 12

b2 22

For Binomial Distributions

r = number of successes; p = probability of success; q = 1

Binomial probability distribution P r
Mean

r n r

Cn,r p q

np

Standard deviation

npq

Geometric Probability Distribution

n = number of trial on which first success occurs

P n

p 1 p

Poisson Probability Distribution

r = number of successes
= mean number of successes over given interval P

Chapter 6
Raw score

Standard score z

e
r!

n 1

P x

3|Page

Chapter 7
Mean of x distribution

Standard deviation of x distribution

Standard score for x

/ n

Mean of p distribution

Standard deviation of p distribution

pq
;q 1 p
n

Chapter 8
Confidence Interval

For

where E

zc

E
when

is known

s
when is unknown
n
with d.f. n 1

tc

For p (np > 5 and n(1

p E

( x1

zc

p (1 p )
n

r
n

p
For

p E

where E

p) > 5)

(independent samples)

x2 ) E

where E

zc

s12
n1

tc

with d.f.

2
1

2
2

n1

n2

s22
when
n2

( x1
when

1 or

x2 ) E
1 and

2 is

2 are

known

unknown

smaller of n1 1 and n2

(Note: Software uses Satterthwaites approximation for degrees of freedom d.f.)

For difference of proportions p1

( p1

p 2 ) E

where E

p1

zc

p1

( p1

p2

p1q1
n1

r1 / n1 ; p 2

p2
p 2 ) E

p 2 q2
n2
r2 / n2 ; q1 1 p1 ; q2

1 p 2

Sample Size for Estimating

Means n

zc

Proportions n
n

p 1 p

zc
E

with preliminary estimate for p

1 zc
4 E

without preliminary estimate for p

Chapter 9
Sample Test Statistics for Tests of Hypotheses

For

known

For

unknown

For p (np

5 and nq

z
t

/ n
x
s/ n

5)

sd / n

Difference of means ( 1 and

Difference of means ( 1 and

pq / n

For paired differences d t

; d. f . n 1

, where q 1 p; p

r/n

; d. f . n 1

known)

unknown) z

x1 x2
2
1

2
2

n1

n2

x1 x2
s12
n1

s22
n2

; d. f .

smaller of n1 1 and n2 1

(Note: Software uses Satterthwaite's approximation for degrees of freedom d.f.)

Difference of proportions

p1
pq
n1

p 2
pq
n2

, where p

r1 r2
and q
n1 n2

1 p; p1

r1 / n1; p 2

r2 / n2

5|Page

Chapter 10
Regression and Correlation

Pearson product moment correlation coefficient: r

n

Least-squares line y

a bx, where b

xy ( x)( y )
x 2 ( x) 2

r2
r n 2

Coefficient of determination
Sample test statistic for r t

Standard error of estimate Se

y E

Confidence interval for y

Sample test statistic for slope b t

Confidence interval for

with d . f .

n 2

y2 a y b
n 2

xy

1 r2

b E

y E , where E

b
Se

x2

xy ( x)( y )
( x) 2 n

and a

tc Se

1
1
n

where E

Tests of independence d . f .
Tests of homogeneity
Goodness of fit d . f .

d. f

row total column total

sample size
R 1 C 1

( R 1)(C 1)

number of entries

y bx

x x
n

tc Se

b E, where E

Chapter 11
O E

( y)2

x 2 ( x)2

with d . f . n 2

1
( x)2 with d . f . n 2
n

x2

y2

1
( x) 2
n

with d . f . n 2