IOM OIM

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014

EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BACKGROUND 3
CASE STUDIES
BUILDING DESIGN
DESIGN BRIEF
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
AREA PLANNING
SITE PLANNING

6
11

REFERENCES 15

IOM OIM

PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
The purpose of this document is to present work in progress for the design
development of new evacuation centers in Eastern Samar, to secure approval from
relevant personnel prior to progressing design to next stage of documentation.
DOCUMENT USERS
This document is intended for internal circulation only.

BACKGROUND

THE DISASTER

THE REGION

TYPOON YOLANDA

EASTERN SAMAR

Typhoon Yolanda (International Codename: Haiyan) made its first landfall on 8 November 2013
in the Philippines in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with the eye of the storm passing directly over the
municipality. Peak winds reached 380 km per hour (235 mph) with sustained wind speeds of
315 km per hour (195 mph). The town suffered heavy damage to property, 110 people were
killed and 3,625 were injured. In the province of Eastern Samar, as is common in most areas
frequently affected by tropical cyclones, populations living in high risk areas evacuate to safe
shelters (commonly public buildings such as schools and churches) in advance of the arrival of the
storm. The Philippines is no exception. However, Yolanda wrought catastrophic damage not only
to habitat but to buildings previously used as evacuation centres.1

Eastern Samar is a district located on the east coast of the island of Samar within the Eastern
Visayas (Region VIII). The district consists of 22 municipalities, 597 Barangay and one capital city,
Borongan City.2

On the ground in Tacloban, November 16, 2013 - Road Closed

Eastern Visayas, The Philippines

Source: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines

Source: http://d-maps.com/m/asia/philippines/philippines38.gif

www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/IOM-Assessment-ECs-ESamar_2014-Apr.pdf

Eastern Samar - 428, 877

Borongan City - 62, 457

www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/43341-fact-file-eastern-visayas

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BACKGROUND

SHELTER SOLUTIONS

EXISTING CONDITIONS

SUITABLE SHELTER FOR EVACUEES

DESIGNATED EVACUATION CENTERS

Suitable shelter to be used in evacuations should take into account considerations such as:

One third of existing designated evacuation centres function as multi-purpose halls, and/or
Barangay Halls, however 85% are currently unuseable. An audit undertaken by IOM in April 2013
has identified a need to build new fit-for-purpose evacuation centres to provide safe shelter for
communities vulnerable to disaster to be utilised as community halls in non-disaster situations.

Many displaced persons prefer to remain as close to the home site as possible;
Some individuals will have evacuated themselves and made their own arrangements therefore

it may not be necessary to shelter the entire evacuated population;

Disruption to work, school and social arrangements should be minimized;
Accommodation should be located away from potential hazards or secondary hazards;
structurally sound; follow existing building codes
Use of smaller evacuation centres where possible, as self-regulation within smaller groups is
more likely and solidarity may be fostered;
Special shelter arrangements may be necessary for more vulnerable individuals in cases where
basic shelter may not meet their needs.1

SUITABLE SHELTER FOR LIVESTOCK

If animals, livestock and pets have been transported out of the evacuation zone, they will also need
to be considered within plans for the provision of shelter, and suitable facilities for the sheltering
or accommodation of animals must also be pre-identified.3

www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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BACKGROUND

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

TERMS OF REFERENCE

DURING DISASTER

EVACUATION

The evacuation center is designed to provide evacuees with safe shelter during disaster for the
preservation of life.

Evacuation is the rapid movement of people away from the immediate threat or impact of a
disaster to a safer place of shelter. It is commonly characterized by a short time frame, from
hours to weeks, within which emergency procedures need to be enacted in order to save lives
and minimize exposure to harm.1

POST DISASTER
The evacuation centre is not designed to function as a collective centre for displaced persons
post-disaster. The evacuation centre may be utilised for emergency shelter only in the instance
that vulnerable individuals (older people, pregnant women, unaccompanied children and persons
with disability) have limited or no access to more appropriate emergency shelter solutions.

EVACUEES
A person who has evacuated a hazardous location in response to the immediate threat or impact
of a disaster, either through their own initiative and resources (self-evacuated) or through the
direction and assistance of authorities and/or emergency responder.1
EMERGENCY SHELTER
Short term shelter that provides life-saving support, the most basic shelter support that can be
provided immediately after the disaster.2
COLLECTIVE CENTRE
Collective centres, also refered to as mass shelters, are usually transit facilities lcated in preexisitng structures such as community centres, town halls, gymnasiums, hotels, warehouses,
disused factories and unfinished buidings. They are often used when displacement occurs inside a
city, or when there are significant flows o displaced people into a city or town. 3

On the ground in Tacloban, November 18, 2013 - Erecting Emergency Shelter

Source: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines

www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf

www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf

www.sheltercentre.org/node/12873

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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CASE STUDY

The following case studies present exemplar use of local materials, construction technologies and resilient architetural forms, that have informed the development of a robust design solution for evacuation centers in Eastern Samar.

EVACUATION CENTER BUILDINGS

SCHOOL BUILDINGS DESIGNATED AS EVACUATION CENTRE BUILDINGS DURING DISASTER, BANGLADESH - ELEVATED BUILDING PROTECTS INTERIOR FROM FLOODING

FIT-FOR-PURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTER BUILDING, BANGLADESH - CONCEPT BY KASHEF MAHBOOB CHOWDRY - EXTERNAL CIRCULATION BUFFERS INTERIOR FROM HARSH SUN, WIND AND RAIN
www.friendship-in-may.weebly.com/proposal-for-a-cyclone-shelter.html

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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CASE STUDY
INTEGRATING LOCAL MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY

DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL, INDIA - DESIGNED BY ARUP ASSOCIATES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY
www.dwls.org/ladakh-photo-gallery.html

SALAM CENTER FOR CARDIAC SURGERY AND MEDICAL COMPOUND, SUDAN - DESIGNED BY TAMassociati ARCHITECTS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY (2013 AGA KHAN AWARD WINNER)
www.tamassociati.wordpress.com/2013/09/09/tamassociati-wins-aga-khan-award-salam-centre/

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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CASE STUDY
RESILIENT ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

ROUNDED FORM IMPROVES BUILDING AERODYNAMICS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO STRONG WINDS, FLYING DEBRIS, TIDAL WAVES AND STORM SURGE

MONOLITHIC FORM REDUCES REQUIREMENT FOR INTERNAL COLUMNS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKE, TYPHOON AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTER

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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CASE STUDY
CONTEXT-SPECIFIC MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE - ROBUST, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES

HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK - COST EFFECTIVE, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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CASE STUDY
CONTEXT-SPECIFIC COMMUNITY HALLS

TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL EXTERIOR - 2 STOREY BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, STRONG CIVIC PRESENCE, CENTRAL ENTRANCE, BUILDING IS CLEARLY SIGNED

TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL INTERIOR - HARD FLOOR FINISH, COLOURFUL DECORATION, UTILITARIAN LIGHTING, MOVEABLE FURNITURE FOR LARGE AND SMALL MEETING ARRANGEMENTS

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BUILDING DESIGN

DESIGN BRIEF
To design safe evacuation centers for communities in Eastern Samar, to be utilised by the community year-round as multi-purpose centers

MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER

the most safe building typology

NEW EVACUATION CENTER

a building designed fit-for-purpose

BARANGAY HALL
the most common community building typology

DESIGN SPECIFICATION

Building is safe, in accordance with FEMA P-320 / P-361 - engineered for wind speeds of 320 km/hour (200mph) and moderate seismic activity (7.2 magnitude)
Building is designed in accordance with national construction standards
Design provides to minimum standards for short term relief response (The Sphere Project)
Local community livelihoods are supported in construction process
Building is low cost - operationally and in construction
Building is low maintenance and highly durable
Building may be constructed in a short time frame
Building interior provides access to natural light and ventilation
Building may be self-sufficient, with rainwater tanks and potential for integrated solar power
Site is accessible, preferably within walking disatance of affected community
Design promotes vernacular architectural typologies
Design supports local community Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) initiatives

Design supports program requirements for other community activities (to be determined in consultation with the community)

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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BUILDING DESIGN
FIRST AID
5m2 /
50 persons

AREA PLANNING
ADMINISTRATION / STORAGE
6m2 + 4m2 / 50 persons

EMERGENCY SHELTER
3.5m2 / person

SAFE SHELTER FOR

PRESERVATION OF LIFE
DINING AREA

1.5m2 / person
TOILET
1 / 20 persons

TEMPORARY SHELTER
5m2 / person

TOILET
1 / 50 persons

<50m

DRINKING WATER TAP

1 / 100 persons

BASIN
1 / 30 persons
SHOWER
1 / 40 persons

PLANT ROOM / SERVICES

TBA

REQUIRED AREA

POTABLE WATER

NON-POTABLE WATER

RAINWATER STORAGE TANK

RAINWATER STORAGE TANK

min. 3L / person / day

min. 30L / person / day

RECOMMENDED AREA
TO BE DESIGNATED AS/IF REQUIRED

MULTI-PURPOSE AREA
THE SAME SPACE MAY ACCOMODATE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS
DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE DAY AND NIGHT. WHILE THIS
IS NOT THE PREFERRED OPTION IT MAY BE NECESSARY.

For additional detail - refer separate documentation, Building Design Strategy

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BUILDING DESIGN

SITE PLANNING
To minimise costly earthworks and site preparation it is preferable to select a site that already
meets many of the design criteria for siting the building. The following notes provide a guide for
identifying ideal site attributes and designing the site plan.
Drainage

1% - 5% grade across the entire site1

drainage channels may still be required to prevent flooding

Elevation

building and access paths to be raised above typical flood levels

construct building on stilts or earth mound

Protection

use wind breaks to protect from strong winds2 and flying debris
remove large trees near building to reduce risk of damage

Proximity

maximum 60 minutes travel time from vulnerable community3

Location

in accordance with Multi-Hazard Mapping and Sieve Analysis

Surrounding Area

allocated zone for vehicle parking

allocated zone for additional portable toilets (as/if required)
storage tanks for potable and non-potable water
separate safe shelter for livestock, including water storage
plant room for mechanical and electrical services
helicopter landing pad (as/if required)

TYPICAL WIND DIRECTION / STORM SURGE THREAT

WIND BREAK LANDSCAPE

MAIN BUILDING

WATER

LIVESTOCK

TANK

MINIMUM 1:100 GRADE

ENTRY

RAISED SITE ACCESS

VEHICLE PARKING

SPACE FOR TENTS

MAIN ROAD (RAISED)

1

The Sphere Project 2011, p.256

ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, 8 Build Back Safer Key Messages

International Organization for Migration and Project Noah 2014, Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing

Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government - IOM Initiative

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BUILDING DESIGN

DESIGN CRITERIA

RESILIENT TO
TYPHOON

RESILIENT TO
FLOODING

RESILIENT TO
EARTHQUAKE

SENSITIVE TO
CONTEXT

MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER

SUPPORTING
LIVELIHOODS

LOW
INDOOR
ENVIRONMENT MAINTENANCE
COST
QUALITY

LOW
CONSTRUCT
COST

PROPOSED DESIGN:

CYLINDERICAL BUILDING

SQUARE BUILDING
WITH HIPPED ROOF

LEGEND:

WEAK

STRONG

STRONGEST

TO BE ADVISED

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REFERENCES

Australian Red Cross and Emergency Management Queensland 2013, Queensland Evacuation Centre Planning Toolkit, www.disaster.qld.gov.au/Disaster-Resources/Documents/RED671 QLD Planning Toolkit_FA_Web.pdf
Australian Red Cross 2012, Evacuation Centre Field Guide, www.redcross.org.au/files/Evacuation_Centre_Field_Guide.pdf
Arup & Disaster Emergency Committee 2010, Lessons from Aceh - Key Considerations in Post-Disaster Reconstruction, http://publications.arup.com/~/media/Publications/Files/Publications/L/LessonsFromAceh.ashx
CCCM Cluster 2014, The MEND Guide: Comprehensive Guide for Planning Mass Evacuations in Natural Disasters (Pilot Document), www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf
FEMA 2005, Hurricane Mitigation: A Handbook for Public Facilities, www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1715-25045-9324/hurricane_mitigation_handbook_for_public_facilities.pdf
FEMA 2008, Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms, P-361 (2nd Edition), www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1508-20490-8283/fema_p_361.pdf
FEMA 2008, Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home of Small Business, P-320 (3rd Edition), http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1454-20490-8914/fema_p_320.pdf
IFRC, Powerpoint Presentation - Emergency SHELTER in Natural Disasters, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95528/Shelter in Natural Disasters.pptx
IFRC 2013, Post-disaster Shelter: Ten designs, www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf
IFRC 2011, Transitional shelters: Eight designs, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95186/900300-Transitional Shelters-Eight designs-EN-LR.pdf
IOM 2012, Transitional Shelter Guidelines, https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Transitional-Shelter-Guidelines.pdf
IOM and Project Noah 2014, Powerpoint Presentation - Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government-IOM Initiative, www. youtu.be/a0I361vz1-A
Liveable Housing Australia, 2012, Livable Housing Design Guidelines (2nd Edition), www.liveablehousingaustralia.org.au
Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways - Office of the Secretary 2009, Minimum Requirements, www.dpwh.gov.ph
Manila Shelter Projects 2011-2012, Heritage Foundations DRR-Compliant Sustainable Construction: Build Back Safer with Vernacular Methodologies - Technical Support Programme, www.sheltercasestudies.org
ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, Powerpoint Presentation - 8 Build Back Safer Key Messages, www.sheltercluster.org
The Sphere Project 2011, The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, www.sphereproject.org
UNDP 2007, Disaster Risk management Programme - Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, www.preventionweb.net/files/11711_CycloneArchitecture1.pdf
UNESCO Bangkok and The Bangladesh Ministry of Education 1990, Cyclone Resistant School Buildings for Bangladesh: A Report on In-Country Training, www.preventionweb.net/files/5221_CycloneResistantBangladesh1.pdf
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and International Organisation for Migration 2010, Collective Centre Guidelines, www.sheltercluster.org/.../Collective-Centre-Guidelines-2010.pdf
Worksafe Victoria 2008, Workplace amenities and work environment, Compliance Code, www.worksafe.vic.gov.au
World Bank 2009, Handbook for Post-Disaster Housing and Community Reconstruction, www.sheltercentre.org/meeting/material/handbook-post-disaster-housing-and-community-reconstruction

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