I. INTRODUCTION
ULSEWIDTH modulation (PWM) dcdc converters are
widely employed in numerous applications, e.g., audio amplifiers [1], uninterruptible power supplies [2], fuel cell powered
systems [3], and fork lift vehicles [4], although many other ones
Manuscript received February 14, 2012; revised March 29, 2012; accepted
April 24, 2012. Date of current version September 11, 2012. This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development,
Coordenaca o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior, Fundaca o de
Amparo a` Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais, and the Fundaca o de Amparo a`
Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo. Recommended for publication by Associate
Editor K. Ngo.
J. P. R. Balestero is with the Federal Institute of Education, Science
and Technology of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina 89813-000, Brazil (e-mail:
juan@ifsc.edu.br).
F. L. Tofoli is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal
University of Sao Joao del-Rei, Sao Joao del-Rei 36307-352, Brazil (e-mail:
fernandolessa@yahoo.com.br).
G. V. Torrico-Bascope is with the Eltek Energy AB, Stockhom 191 24,
Sweden (e-mail: grover.torrico@eltekvalere.com).
F. J. M. de Seixas is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo 18618-970, Brazil (e-mail: falcon@
dee.feis.unesp.br).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2197419
399
400
Fig. 1.
3SSC type B.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
401
Operating stages of the proposed converter in NOM-CCM. (a) First stage. (b) Second stage. (c) Third stage. (d) Fourth stage.
Fig. 4.
402
NOM
GCRM
NOM
D2
1
2 + D2
1 1
1 16
=
4 4
=
(2)
Fig. 6.
(3)
where
2LIo
=
Vi Ts
Fig. 5. Comparison between static gain curves of the conventional and proposed buck converters.
(4)
and
Io output current [A];
Ts switching period [s];
Dduty cycle.
From expressions (1)(3), it is possible to determine the static
gain of the proposed converter operating at D < 0.5, as the
obtained curves are presented in Fig. 5.
Analogously to the conventional buck converter, the output
voltage is a function of the load current in DCM, and this operating region must be avoided. It is worth to mention that the
maximum static gain in CRM occurs at = 0.0625 and D =
0.25 for the proposed converter. Considering the classic buck
converter, the maximum gain in CRM is verified when = 0.25
Ts (1 2D) D
Vi .
2L
(5)
L IL
(1 2D) D
.
=
Ts Vi
2
(6)
Expression (6) is plotted in Fig. 6, where one can see that the
maximum ripple current occurs at D = 0.25 and = 0.0625.
TABLE I
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Parameter
Input voltage
Inductor current ripple (20% of the
input current)
Switching frequency
Rated output power
Output voltage
Output voltage ripple
The rms and peak currents through the inductor are given by
(14) and (15), respectively
2 2 2
Vi Ts D (2D 1)2
2
= 16.69 A (14)
IL (rm s) = Io +
48L2
Value
Vi=200 V
IL=3.33 A
fs=30 kHz
Po=1 kW
Vo=60 V
Vo=0.6 V
(7)
Ts Vi
.
16IL
Vi Ts
.
4Io
PL (copp er) =
(9)
IL
4fs Vo
(10)
where
Vo is the output voltage ripple [V] and
fs is the switching frequency [Hz].
A. Preliminary Calculation
Considering the operation in CCM, the static gain is
(11)
Po
1000
= 16.667A.
=
Vo
60
(12)
B. Inductor
The inductance is given by (7) as
L=
lL t NL IL2 (rm s)
nL Sf
= 0.976 W
(17)
60
= 0.3.
200
(16)
G=D=
(15)
(8)
Vi Ts (1 2D)D
= 18.33 A
4L
The core loss in the inductor can be obtained from
PL b(core) = B 2.4 KH fL + KE fL2 Ve = 0.098 W
IL (pk) = I0 +
403
Vi Ts (1 2D)D
Io
+
= 9.17 A.
(20)
2
8L
The core loss in the autotransformer can be obtained from
PT (core) = B 2.4 KH fT + KE fT2 Ve = 0.94 W
(21)
IT (pk) =
= 0.94 W
(22)
404
(23)
IS1(rm s)
1
IO D = 2.5 A
2
(24)
2 T 2 D 2 (2D 1)2
D
V
s
i
Io2 +
=
= 4.57 A.
4
48L2
(25)
MOSFET 5015VBR manufactured by APT was then chosen
as the main switch, whose characteristics are drain to source
voltage VDS = 500 V, diode forward voltage VS (F ) = 1.3 V,
drain current ID = 32 A, on resistance RDS(on) = 0.15 , rise
time tr = 14 ns, and fall time tf = 11 ns.
The conduction loss regarding each main switch is
2
PS1(cond.) = VS1(F ) IS1(avg) + RDS(on) IS1(rm
s) = 6.383 W
(26)
The switching loss during turn ON and turn OFF for a single
switch is
fs
PS1(sw ) = (tr + tf )IS1(avg) VS1 = 0.188 W.
(27)
2
E. Main Diodes
The reverse voltage across one diode is
(28)
VD 1 = Vi = 200 V.
The average current ID 1(avg) , the rms current ID 1(rm s) , and
the peak current ID 1(pk) through the diode are given by (29),
(30), and (31), respectively
ID 1(avg) =
IO
(1 D) = 5.83 A
2
(29)
2T 2D D 1 2
V
1
s
i
2
ID 1(rm s) =
(1 D) Io2 +
= 6.984 A
2
12L2
(30)
Vi Ts (1 2D)D
Io
+
= 9.17 A.
(31)
2
8L
Ultrafast diode RHRP840 was then chosen, whose characteristics are reverse voltage VD (rev.) = 400 V, forward voltage
VD (F ) = 1.7 V, average forward current IF = 8 A, and reverse
recovery time trr = 30 ns.
Estimating the intrinsic resistance of the diode from the curves
given in the datasheet as RD = 50 m, conduction loss regarding
each diode becomes
ID 1(pk) =
2
PD 1 = VD 1(F ) ID 1(avg) + RD 1 ID
1(rm s) = 12.35 W.
(32)
Fig. 7. Comparison between the theoretical efficiency curves for the conventional buck and 3SSC-based buck converter.
1
VD (F )P VD (F ) ID 1(avg) trise fs
2
+ VD 1 Qrr fs = 0.3366 W
(33)
Fig. 8.
405
Fig. 10. Voltages across D1 and D2 (CH1 and CH2, respectively) and currents
through D1 and D2 (CH3 and CH4, respectively).
Fig. 11. Voltages across D1 and S1 (CH1 and CH2, respectively) and currents
through D1 and S1 (CH3 and CH4, respectively).
406
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Juan Paulo Robles Balestero was born on February 20, 1978, in Jales, Brazil. He received the B.Sc.
and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the
State University of Sao Paulo, Ilha Solteira, Brazil,
in 2004 and 2006, respectively.
He is currently a Professor with the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Santa
Catarina, Chapeco, Brazil. His research interests include dcdc converters and converter topologies.
407