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3G03

Lecture 11 - Module 2
The X-Ray Tube
Part Three - Anode Design
OCT 9 2014

Monday, 6 October, 14

(Fall 2014)

Overview

Stationary.

Rotating.

Induction motor.

X-ray tube failures.


Bushberg, Fig 6-12

Monday, 6 October, 14

Anode Configurations

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

Stationary

Rotating

No molybdenum stem
Monday, 6 October, 14

Stationary Anode

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

Tungsten insert
embedded in a Cu
block.
W = 2-3 mm thick.

Square or rectangle in
shape.
Anode angle 15 to 20
deg

low heat loading capabilities


Monday, 6 October, 14

Stationary Anode
Cu serves dual role.

Role 1: heat dissipation

Role 2: support
Bushberg, Fig 6-11

Monday, 6 October, 14

Stationary Anode
Limitations

Small SA.
not much space for the e- to interact so we
have a lower output

Heat dissipation rate.


copper isn't that efficient of a conductor

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

High tube current and power.


WE CAN'T USE HIGH TUBE CURRENT AND POWER

Monday, 6 October, 14

Stationary Anode
Limitations

Metal expansion when heated.

DIFFERENT RATES ie not at the same time


Cu and W will expand at ____________.

DIFFERENT COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION


Cu and W have different ________________.
so they expand at different rates so their ability
to change shape and form vary
damage caused to the copper and the anode itself are very noticeable since they are so different

Monday, 6 October, 14

Stationary Anode

Application.

Dental x-ray
________________

Mobile imaging (mobilettes)


_________________

Bushberg, Fig 6-11

Monday, 6 October, 14

Stationary vs.
Rotating Anodes
Actual target area for stationary anodes.
1mm x 4mm = 4mm2

Small target area.

High exposures are limited


Bushberg, Fig 6-11

Monday, 6 October, 14

Stationary vs.
Rotating Anodes
Rotating anode

Diameter = 15cm.

Radius = 7cm.

Width of the focal track =


4mm

Bushberg, Fig 6-13

Total target area = 2 x x Radius


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Rotating Anode
Total target area = 2 x x Radius

2 x x 70mm x 4mm = 1760mm2

500x more surface area! that's a lot!!!!


Provides approximately __________________.

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Rotating Anode

Capable of withstanding heat generated by____


higher exposures
_____.

Normal: 3000-3600 and High Exposure: 9000-10000


Rotational speed _______
rpm

Allows beam to interact with a much larger


area.

Electrons bombard a constant changing area of


target.

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Bushong, Fig 6-13

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Anode Diameters

focal track length


Diameter of the W discs determines __________.

Affects the maximum permissible load.


the larger the disc is, the more heat loading can occur

Typical disc diameters are 75, 100, or 125mm

Monday, 6 October, 14

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Induction Motor
How does the anode rotate inside an enclosure with
no mechanical connection to the outside?
Induction motor.

2 principle parts. rotor and stator


Separated by glass or metal

Monday, 6 October, 14

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Induction Motor
Outside the enclosure

Bushong, Fig 6-15

Consists of a series of electromagnets.


aka stator
Equally spaced around the neck of the tube

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Induction Motor
Inside the enclosure

Bushong, Fig 6-15

Shaft made of barslaminated


of Cu
and soft iron.
together
Fabricated into one mass.

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Bushong, Fig 6-15


18
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Induction Motor
Works on electromagnetic
induction.

Current in each stator


magnetic field
winding induces a ________
in the rotor.

This current induces an


opposing magnetic field in
rotor
the _________
that pushes it
and causes it to spin.

Monday, 6 October, 14

Bushong, Fig 6-15

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Induction Motor

When the exposure button is depressed, there


delay
is a short _______.

anode
This allows the ______
to accelerate to its
designated rpm.

filament
Also allows the ______
to heat up.

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Radiation
Most heat is dissipated by infrared radiation.

Radiates it out to the glass enclosure.


which is surrounded by the oil bath

Transfers to oil bath.


some of the heat gets conducted back through the molybdenum stem.

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Conduction

The oil bath conducts the heat away from the


glass enclosure.

Some heat is conducted of the neck of the


anode to the rotor.

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Convection

Takes the heat away from the oil bath to the


tube housing and then to room air.

All 3 modes takes place in dissipating the


heat from the anode.

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Bushong, Fig 6-25

Monday, 6 October, 14

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X-Ray Tube Failures


The length of x-ray tube life is primarily under the
technologist
control of the __________.

highest possible kV with the


Tube life can be extended by using _________.
lowest possible mAs
- decrease exposure length and
decrease the amount of photons
produced

Heat

Radiation, conduction and convection.


- all of these contribute to heat loading and we want to decrease that

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X-Ray Tube Failures


When temperature of the anode is excessive
during a single exposure, localized surface
melting
pitting
______ & ______......

Surface irregularities result in ..


degraded images

If the temperature of the anode rises too


rapidly . melting cracking surface irregularities you may not see with the eye

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Summary
Differentiate between key properties of
stationary and rotating anodes.
Describe the difference in the design process
between the two types of anodes.
Describe ways to reduce tube failures

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