Introduction

India is one of the less urbanized countries of the world with only 27.78% of her
population liuing in urban towns, this country is foling a serious crisir of urban
growth or the present time whereas urbanization has been an inbtrument of economic
socials political forogress, it has led to serious socio-economic foroblems, The sheer
magnitude of the urban population, haphazard & unplaced growth of urban oreas, & a
desperate lack of infrastructure are the main causes of such a situation.
1. The rapid growth of urban population both natural & through migration has
put heavy pressure on public utilities like housing sanitation, transport water,
education & so un.
2. Poverty, Unemployment & under employment among the rural immigrants,
beggary, thefts & other social evils are on rampage.
3. The urban population of India had already crossed the 285 million mark by
2001.
4. By 2030, more than 50% of indias population is expected to live in urban
areas.
By sprite chand urbanization some of the major problems of urbanization in India are
1. Urban Sprawl :
(Urban sprawl or real expansion of the cities, both in population &
geographical area of rapidly growing cities is the root couse of urban
problems.
2. Overcrowding :
It is a situating in which too litte space. It is a logical consequence of ouerpopulation in urban areas, This is well exhibited by almost all the big cities of
India.
3. Housing :
Overcrowding leads to a chronic problem of shortage of houses in urban areas.
4. Unemployment :

The problem of unemployment is no less sesious than the problem of housing

mentioned about (urban unemployment in India is estimated or 15 to 25% of
the labor force.
5. Slums & squatter restatements :
The natural requel of unchecked, unlamented & haphazard growth of urban
arear is the growth & spread of slum & squatted settlements which present a
striking feature in the ecological structure of Indian cities, especially of
metropolitan center.
Squatter settlements contain makeshift swellings cinstructed without official
permission
6. Transport :
With traffic bottleneck & traffic congestion, almost all cities & towns of India
are suffering from acute form of transport problem.
7. water :
It is one of the most essential elements of nature to sustain life & right from
the beginning of urban civilization, rites for restatements have always been
chosen keeping in view the alloilobility of water to the inhabitants of the
restatement.
Generation of waste in different types :
1. Social wasted : (Kinds of waste)
Waster in social forms, domestic commercial & industrial waster
Eg : Plastics, bottles, cans, papers etc.
2. Liquid waste :
Waster in liquid form
Eg : Domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds & other sources.
According to EPA regulations, solid waste is

Any garbage (Municipal solids waster)

Sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant @ air
pollution control facility.

Other discarded material

Solid, Liquid semi-solid or contained gaseous material from industrial,

commercial, mining & agricultural operations, & from community activates.

According to their Properties :

1. Bio degradable :
It can be degraded paper, wood fruits & others.
2. Non-biodegradable :
It cant be degraded plastics, bottles, old machines, cans & others.
According to their effects on human health & the environment.

Hazardous waster

Substances under to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally or

economically & have any of the following properties ignitability, corrodibility,
re-activity & toxicity

Non hazardous

Substances sofe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally or

economically & do not have any of those properties mentioned about. There
substances usually create disposal problems.

According to their origin & type :

Municipal solid waste :
Solid waster that include household garbage, rubbish, construction & demolition
debris, sanitation residues packaging materials are managed by any municipality.
Bio-medical waster :
Solid or liquid waste including contains, intermediate generated during diagnosis,
statement & research activities of medical sciences.
Industrial Waste :
Solid or liquid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & procerring units of
uariaus industries like chemical, cool metal gasm paper etc.

Agricultural waste :
Waste generated from farming activities, these substances are mostly biodegradable.
Fishery waste ;
Waste generated due to fishery activities these are extensively found in coastal &
estuarine areas.
Radioactive Wastes :
Waste containing radio-active materials usually these are by products of nuclear
processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activates,
may also produce some radioactive waste.
Eg : Radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.
E- Wastes :
It is generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded
electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components such as CRTS,
may contain contaminants such as P6, cd be or brominates flame retardants.
Magnitude of Problem in India :

Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3 % p.a

With urban population increasing between 3-35 % P.A

Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually.

India produces more than 42.0 million tons of municipal solid wastevaried
from 200gm to 600gm per capital per day average generation note @ 0.4 kg
per capital per day in 0.1 million plus towns.

Objectives of Study :
To promote recycling of materials by having in place a comprehensive recycling
scheme to :
1. Reduce the output of the general waste stream.
2. Minimize contamination in the recycling stream.
3. Reduce the need for landfill space
4. take advantage of the economic benefits airing from recycling

5. Promote resource conservation of non-renewable & renewable resource

6. Reduce CO emissions associated with waste to landfill.
Scope of the Study :
For the purpose of the study chikkamaglauru taluk has been selected since it is
economically & educationally developed.
More than 40 percent of the people upon agriculture nearly 25 percent to 30 percent
of the population depends upon business & around 10 percent of population depends
upon their job i.e profession.
The scope of the study is restricted to the study of A study on waste
management & recycling process to commercial viability in the chikkamagaluru city
only, study cover survey of corporation members in different areas of the city only.
Methodology:
Methodology refer to the systematic procedure carried out in any work or research
study . It shows the suitable classification & sequence of the different stager of the
study.
The methodology resorted for date collection is both primary data & secondary data.
(a) The primary data :
The primary data has been colleted by contacting the municipal members & the data
is collecting by administetering the structured questionnaire on responding members
selected on random basis.
(b) The Secondary data :
The secondary data was obtained from internet, newspaper, magazines, text books.
Review Of Literature:

Profile Of different types Of waste :

Waste comes in many different forms
1. Biodegradable Waste ;
It is a type of waste which car be broken down, in a reasonable amount of time
into its base compounds by micro-organisms & other living things, regardless of whot
those compounds found in municipal solid waste (i.e : Sometimes called
biodegradable municipal waste or BMW) as green waste, food waste paper waste, &
biodegegadable plastics. Other biodegradable wastes include human waste manure,
sewage & slaughterhouse waste. In the absence of oxygen, much of this water will
decay to methane by anaerobic digestion.
2.Human waste Or Human Excreta :
It is a type of waste usually used to refer to byproducts of digestion, such as feces &
urine, There are many different ways in which human waste can be collected, treated
& disposed or reused, depending on the sanitation system that is in place, e.g.starting
with the type of toilet that is being used the situation differ vastly across the world
with many people in developing countries having to report to open defecation for lack
of other options where the human waste is deposited in the environment, while others
can flush trilets where the human waste is mixed with water, transported & treated in
sewage treatment plants, childrens excreta can be disposed of in diapens in MSW but
on a worldwide rcale it is also often dumped into the environment, leading to public
health risks.
3. Industrial Waste :
It is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that
is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, mills &
mining operations .It has existed since the start of the industrial waste are chemical
solvents, paints, sandpaper, paper products, industrial by-products, metals &
radioactive wastes.

4. Food waste : Or Food Loss:

It is food that is discarded or cannot be use. The causes of food waste or loss
are numerous, & occur @ the stages of production, processing, retailing &
consumption. As pf 2013, holf of all food is wasted worldwide according to the
British institution of mechanical engineers (IME) loss & wastage occur @ all stages
of the food supply chain or volue chain. In low-income countries, most loss occur
during production, while in developed countries much food-about 100 kilograms (220
IB) per person per year-is wasted @ the consumption stage.
5. E-waste or Electronic Waste :
It describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics which
are sedtined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposal are also considered as ewaste. Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries may cause serious
health & pollution problems, as there countries have limited regulems, as these
countries have limited regulatory overnight of e-waste processing electronic scrap
comp[onents, such as CRTS, may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium,
ruminated flame retardants. Even in developed countries recycling & disposal of ewaste may involve significant risk to workers & communities & great care mush be
taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations & leaking of materials such as
heavy metals from landfills & incinerator asties.
6.Coffee Waste Water Or Coffee Effluent :
It is a byproduct of coffee processing its treatment & disposal is an important
environmental consideration for coffee processing as wastewater is a form of
industrial waster pollution. The unpicked fruit of the coffee tree, known as the coffee
cherry, undergoes a long process to make it ready for consumption. This process often
entails use of large quotation of water & the production of considerable amounts of
solid & liquid waste the type of waste is as a result of the type of process that the
coffee cherries go through bean (the dried coffee bean which is ready to be exported)
is achieved through either a dry, semi-washed or fully washed process.

7. Commercial waste :
It consists of waste from premises used wholly or mainly for the purposes of a
trade or business or for the purpose of sport, recreation, education or entertainment
but not including households agricultural or industrial waste.
8.Costruction Waste :
It Consists of unwanted material produces directly or incidentally by the
construction or industries, This includes building materials such as insulation, nails,
electrical wiring, & rebar, as well as waste originating from site preparation such as
dreging materials, tree stumps, & subble. Construction waste may contain lead,
asbestos, or other hazardous substances
Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete & wood
damaged or unsed for various reasons during construction. Observational research has
shown that this can be can be as high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a
building a mush higher % than the 2.5-5% uruolly assumed by quantity surveyor &
the construction industry. Since considerably variability exists between construction
sites, there is much opportunity for reducing this waste. Certain components of
construction waste such as plasterboard are broken down in landfill conditions
relearning hydrogen sulfide a toxic gas.
9. Bio medical Waste :
It is waste that is either potentially infectious Bio-medical waste may also
include waste associated with the generation of bio-medical waste that visually
appeases tube of medical or laboratory origin (eg : packaging infusion kits, unused
bandages . ets), as well research laboratory waste containing bimolecular or organisms
that are restricted from environmental release. It is a type of bio waste.
Bio-medical waste may be solid liquid Eg : Infectious waste include discarded
blood sharps, identifiable body parts, discarded gloves. Waste sharps include
potentially contaminated used needles, scalpels, lancets bio-medical waste include
hospitals, health clinks, nursing homes, medical research boboratoies offices of
physicians, dentists, & home health care & funeral homes.
10. Green Waste :

It is a bio-degradable waste that can be composed of garden or park waste,

such as grass or flower cuttings & hedge trimmings, as well as domestic &
commercial food waste, The differentiation green identifies it as high in nitrogen, as
opposed to brown waste, which is primarily carbonaceas. Green waste is of the
collected in municipal curbside collection schemes or through private waste mgt.
Contractor businesses & subject to independent audit. Green waste can be used as
non-good crop to produce cellulose ethanol.
11. Municipal Solid Waste : (MSW) :
It is commonly known as trash or the u.k is a waste type consisting of
everyday items that are discarded by the public. garbage can also refer specifically
to food waste , as in a garbage disposal the 2 are sometimes collected reportedly.
12. Radioactive Waste :
It contain radioactive material Radioactive wastes are usually by- products of
nuclear power generation & other applications of nuclear fission / technology.
Radioactive waste is hazardous to most forms of life & the environment & is
regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health & the encironment
radioactive waste typically comprises a number of radioisoper : unstable
configurations of elements that decay, emitting ionizing radiation which can be
harmful to humans & the environment, those isotoper emit different types & levels of
radiation, which last for different period of time.
13. Controlled Waste :
It is a waste subject to legislative control in eithen its handling or its disposal
the types of waste covered includes domestic, commercial & industrial waste, They
are regulated because of do garm to human health, Prime concern is the effects of
biodegralotion or biochemical degradation & the products produced.
14. Metabolic Wastes : Or Excretes
It is substances left oven from excretory procerres, Which can it be used by the
organism (they are surplus or have lethal effect) & must therefore be excreted. This
includes nitrogen compounds, water, CO2 , Phosphates, sulfates, etc. Animals treats
these compounds as excretes. Plants have chemical machinery which trans for some

of them (primarily) the nitrogen compound) into useful substances, & it has been
shown by broin I ford that abscissa leaves also carry wastes away from the parent
plant. In this way, ford argues that the shed leaf acts as an excretory (an organ
carrying away excretory products.)
Alll the metabolic wastes are excreted in a form of water soluter through the excretory
organs (nephritis, Malpighi am tubules, kidneys), with the exception of CO 2 , which is
exerted together with the woter vapor throughout the lungs. The elimination of there
compounds enables the chemical homeostasis of the organisms.
15. Mixed Waste :
It can refer to any combination of waste type with different properties
typically commercial & municipal wastes are mixture of plastic, metals, glass,
biodegradable waste including paper & textiles along with other nondescript junk. It
contains both hazardous waste & radioactive waste.
16. Greywoter Or Sullage
It is defined as wastewater generated from plates & wash-hand basims,
showers & boths, which because it is nearly as clean as potable water, can be recycled
ansite for user such as toilet flushing landscape irrigation & constructed wettands.
Greywater often also includes wastewater from clother washing machines &
Sometimes include discharge from dishwashere & kitchen sinks, It differs from the
discharge of toilets, which is designated rewage or blackwash to indicate it contains
human waste, In contrast the amount of human waste present in greywateh is so small
& so degraded by the soap that its return to the environment requires no systematic
wastewater treatment .
17. Post-Consumer Waste :
It is a waster type produced by the end consumer of a material stream i.e:
Where the waster producing use did not involve the production of another produat.
Quite commonly, It is simply the garbage that individuals routinely discard
either in a waster receptacle or sump or by littering pouring down the drain or
washing into the gutter.
Post consumer waste is distinguished from per-consumer waste, which is the
reintroduction of manufacturing scrap (such as defective aluminum cans ets) back into

the manufacturing proses, pre consumer waste is commonly used in manufacturing

industries, & is often not considered recycling in the traditional sense.
18. Sharps Waste :
Sharps waste is a form of biomedical waste compose of used sharps, which