r

"

)
I

ARCHITECTURAL

SHADES

AND

SHADOWS

ARCHITECTURAL
AND

SHADES

By

SHADOWS

henry

INSTRUCTOR

^MCGOODWIN
IN

UNIVERSITY

ARCHITECTURE
OF

AT

THE

PENNSYLVANIA

BOSTON

BATES

"

GUILD
1904

COMPANY

f:dition

FIRST

V*-8

'04

COPYRIGHT,
BATES

"

1904,

PRINTED
PLIMPTON

AT

PRESS,

BY

COMPANY

GUILD

THE
BOSTON

Professor

To

Institute

Francis

of

aid

whose

Technology,

and

inspiration

an

of

Chandler,

W.

Massachusetts

influence

kindly

hundreds

to

the

has

of

tects
archi-

those

an

who

been

long

young

engaged

in

effort

the

to

fitly

their

establish

are

in

America,

and

to

excel

in

it,

this

book

is

respectfully

inscribed.

H.

McG.

art

PREFACE

The
of

architectural
such

in

drawing

In

the

student

not

the

text

of

is in

the

accompanying

been

the

problems

the

to

no

of

and

be;

may
in

which

the

from

made

second,

practice,

furnish

to

ing
cast-

in

standpoint,
of

shadows

the

reference

for

use

may

the

in

course

examples

draftsman

the

architect's

them.

cast

of

purposes

seemed

possession
of

as

oftenest

has

one

some

simply

be

shall

student

architectural

the

to

present

which

books

subject

this

on

hitherto

published,

and

fore
there-

justifiable.
of

knowledge

greater

is

problems

and

longer

has

geometry

draftsmen

architectural

most

of

been

little

the

on

of

part

Consequently

would

than

elementary

more

assumed

experience.

have

otherwise

necessary.
The

author
of

Mann,

them;

of
in

of

the

drawing
much

which

the

Mr.

by
of

and

advice

of

who

Hunt,
of

Mr.

whatever

and,
success

most

finally,
work

of

Institute
the

mav

the

helpful

of

the

hereafter;

of

Mr.

of

L.

Olmsted,

F.

Mr.
the
of

publishers,
have.

[7]

drawings

Technology
to

whose

B.

the

which
interest

lens

was

Metropolitan
furnished
and

Prof.

F.

of

who

Philadelphia,
used

in

making
of

Museum
for

reproduction

painstaking

M.

nology,
Tech-

furnished

who

Boston,
of

Temple,
whose

of

Institute
of

Emmel,

T.

of

book,

the

Massachusetts

Charles

Mr.

of

preparation
of

Gardner,

W.

reproduction
the

in

assistance,
H.

published

of

the

the
Prof.

photographs;
for

furnished

of
been

are

these

Architecture

Stevens;

and
have

photographs

preparation

Department

here

acknowledge

to

University,

criticism

models

assisted

desires

Washington

whose
the

due

this

to

of

impracticable

have

to

of

and

occur

it is

appear

discussions
than

as

first,

exposition

clearly

as

when

preparation

the

is twofold:
the

forms

shadows
do

the

book

and

architectural

These

of

this

shadows,

terms,

of

been

of

purpose
architectural

care

Art;
the

will

be

CONTENTS

PAGE

ARTICLE

I.

The

ARTICLE

II.

The

Practical

ARTICLE

III.

The

Importance

FIGURE

of

View

ii

of the

Importance
of the

of Actual

Study

Preliminary Suggestions

to

as

Solutions

The
4,

of Conventional

Uses

and

ARTICLE

VII.

The

Method

The

Method

of

Circumscribing

The

Method

of

Auxiliary

The

Slicing Method

The

Application

FIGURE

Methods

of

of

23

Oblique Projection

25
24

Surfaces

27

26

IX.

FIGURE

Shadows

29
28

9
X.

FIGURE

31

10

30

XL
XII.

FIGURES

Preliminary
II,

XIII.

FIGURES

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

18

20,

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

31

33

ARTICLE

35,

ARTICLE

23

Practice

31
33

of Certain

Straight Lines

35

17

34
of

and

Circles

Shadows

and

Shades

37

Shadow

of Cones

41

24

and

40

Shadows

28, 29, and

of

Cylinders

of

43
42,

30

Circular

Niche

with

Spherical

Head

The

Shades

and

Shadows

of

46

Spheres

49

48, 50

34

Shadows

36 and

of

Dormers,.

Chimneys,

etc.,

on

Roofs

53

37

Shadows

52
on

Steps

55

38
XX.

FIGURE

54

(Continued).

The

Shadows

on

Steps

57

56

39

The

XXI.

FIGURES

40

44

47

*.

32

and

in

36, 38

and

The

XX.

FIGURE

Shades

The

XIX.

FIGURES

The

The

XVIII.
FIGURES

19

22,

Methods

32

and

and

21,

Foregoing

Considerations

Shadows

25, 26, 27,

XVII.
FIGURES

16

of the

13

Shadows

15,

The

XVI.

FIGURES

and

The

XV.

FIGURES

12

The
14,

XIV.
FIGURES

22

Shadows

Casting

VIII.
FIGURE

ARTICLE

21

20,

General

ARTICLE

17

Shadows

VI.

ARTICLE

Given

16

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

Hereafter

FIGURES

ARTICLE

of Problems

18

V.

ARTICLE

15

FIGURE

ARTICLE

12

Shadows

14

IV.

FIGURE

ARTICLE

of Shadows

Study

ARTICLE

ARTICLE

Point

and

Shadows

of

an

Arcade

and

its Roof

on

Wall

behind

It

59

58

41

[9]

C'T'D)

(CONTENTS
ARTICLE

XXII.

The

Shades
a

FIGURE
ARTICLE

and

Conical

Shadows

on

Roof

Wall

and

of

Circular

Tower

with

Roof

6i

60, 62

42

XXIII.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

on

Tuscan

with

Base

the Shadows

on

Wall

65

FIGURES
ARTICLE

XXIV.

The

FIGURES
ARTICLE

XXV.

The

and

Shadows

of

Capital

Tuscan

69

48

Shades

68, 70
and

Shadows

of

and

Urn

an

Plinth

73

49

72

XXVI.

Shades

The

FIGURE
ARTICLE

64, 66

45

Shades

46, 47 and

FIGURE
ARTICLE

and

44

43,

and

Shadows

on

Baluster

75

50

74

XXVII.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

of

Cornice

Head, with Consoles

Door

over

and

Modillions, etc
FIGURE
ARTICLE

77

76

51

XXVIII.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

on

Circular

Building with

Domical

Roof, Seen

in Section
FIGURE
ARTICLE

XXIX.

The

FIGURES
ARTICLE

The

FIGURES

56 and

XXXI.

The

FIGURES
ARTICLE

58 and
The

XXXII.

FIGURES
ARTICLE

60, 61,

XXXIII.

FIGURES
ARTICLE

The

The

FIGURES

67 and

XXXV.
FIGURES

ARTICLE

The

69 and

XXXVI.

FIGURE
SHADES

AND

The

and

on

Pediment

81
80

and

Shadows

of

and

Shadows

of the Roman

Doric

Greek

Capital

83
82

57
Shades

Order

Tuscan

85
84

59
Shades
62

and

Shades

and

Shadows

Order

Doric

of the Roman

87
86

63
and

Shadows

Order

Ionic

of the Roman

89

66

88
,

Shades

and

Shadows

of the

Ionic Order

Angular

according to

Scamozzi

68

Shades

and

Shadows

of the Corinthian

and

Shadows

of the

Order

93

70

92

Shades

Comjwsite Capital

95

71

94

SHADOWS

MODELS

96

Shadows

of the

FROM
Ionic

Order

98

and

Shadows

of the Ionic

Order

and

Shadows

of the Ionic

Order

Shades

and

Shadows

of the

Angular

Ionic

Order

Angular

Ionic

Order

PHOTOGRAPHED

72.

Shades

and

FIGURE

73.

The

Shades

FIGURE

74.

The

Shades

FIGURE

75.

The

FIGURE

76.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

of the

FIGURE

77.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

of the Corinthian

FIGURE

78.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

FIGURE

79.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

FIGURE

80.

The

Shades

and

Shadows

of the

FIGURE

81

The

Shades

and

Shadows

of

100

102

Composite
Ionic

Modillion

106

Order

108

Order

of the Corinthian
of the

104

no

Order

and
and

112

Corinthian
of

Pilaster

Console

Capitals.

114

116

ALPHABETICAL

90

The

FIGURE

Shadows

55

Shades

64, 65 and

XXXIV.

ARTICLE

Shades

53, 54 and

XXX.

ARTICLE

79

78

52

INDEX

118

[10]

ARTICLE
The

student

The

with

dealing

architectural

having
and

other

of dark

methods

not

the

object

scale

terminology
It has
the

being
the

It has

mention

they

other

familiar
the

the

the

and

other

the

right study
architectural

the

of

alive

and

to

results

of

those

quite

of

been

the

of

method

importance
mathematical

of

use

solving

convenient

be

given problem,

any

practice and

in

hensible
compre-

he

important

as

should

it is

compositions,

consideration

it is

and

he

with

should

important

quite

become
be

should

he

that

with

shadows

their

equal

an

of

use

orders

the

able

as

draw

to
'*

expressive
precise, artistically

sure,

draw

should

he

that

masses

the

with

familiar

thoroughly

become

those

influence

always

must

equally important

If, moreover,

that

and

development

of

in

months

perhaps

or

no

wherever

proportions

their

weeks

spend

to

with

proportion,

and

form

to

modify

and

encouraged

the

that

elements.

carefullyas

great precision,yet without

with

readily,accurately,

touch'*

precision

ease,

be

objected, is

only

as

of architecture

drawings

of

But,

useful

are

affair

an

shadows.

if

"

drawings

It is
as

to

before
to

means

from

involved

not

It is

impossible
the

will

"

to

the

separate
of

technique

the

and

purpose

expression

of

from

musician

to

of

them.

result

expression

the
idea

architect's

the

the

value

separate

rendering

and

their

knowledge
final

no

impossible, therefore,

for

have

in
have

"principles"

these

expression.

architectural

separate

rendering,

suggested,

expression, that is, the drawing

the

as

and

drawing

of

as

they be really

conception.

his

have

been

not

been

put

at

clearly and
all.

descriptive geometry.
and

does

architectural

greater

no

shadows

architectural

of

study

Therefore

one

to

orders

those

has

importance

architectural

artistic

things

they have

useless,

the

of

the

idea.

These

parts

student
elements

if it is of

may

technique

composer's

if

than

likely

orders

the

largely influenced

have

of elements

an

teach

to

The

work, and

All

schools

sun.

elements

is it not

in architectural

from

the

principles of casting

expression

be

with

following discussions.

more

most

appears

should

and

work,

the

presenting

which

one

having

"

he

that

designer

masses

entablatures,

or

general.

drawings.

making
in

invariably accompany

shadows

last, it

of

avoid

to

architectural

of

expressiveness

the

in

columns

are

or

part of the

its means,

as

used

which

which

Now,

with

This

the

dark

elements

technique,

and

of

of

orders

in

common

elements.

and

give that

shadows

draw

to

shapes

these

or

the

lighted by

learning

tools

possible, avoided

as

best

thought
to

merely

other

or

far

as

but

in

mathematical

the

as

architectural

in

common

shadows

and

these

design

draftsman

the

to

most

are

of

study

these

student.

been

of

are

and

been,
been

which

regard

to

the

in

importance

great

determining

its essence,

triangle

has

purpose

for

of

shadows

those

urged, then,

or

or

also

to

of

convenient
is

carefullyconsidered

as

entities,

architectural

are

Consequently

entities.

architectural

other

They

things.

mathematical

not

have

is

of

shadows

and

shades

The

he

drawings

architectural

on

mathematics.

of

materials

things,

just as

is, therefore,

forms

student
its

as

than

the

most

The

be

with

casting shadows

in

that

outset

than

proportion

must

It

with

the

at

rather

architectural

are

and

mass

masses.

familiar

realize
of art

objects

form,

shapes

or

should

materials

of View

Point

so

his

these

in whatever

interested
concen"

of

study

his

art, he

He
It

generally put

has

been

asked

is little wonder

to

to

the

student
shades

study
his

that

results

disinterested
subjects spiritless,

vitallyconcerns
will

bring

to

the

his

study

artistic value.

[II]

art, and
of

it

an

and
if

once

interest

of architectural

and

shadows

have

often

perfunctory.
convinced
and

shades
and

been

that

enthusiasm

the

ows,
shad-

and

mistaken
is

He

and

perspective as

usually keenly

subject of
that

will

ows
shad-

produce

ARTICLE

As

and
the

As
are

well

as

design,

the

to

points:

first

more

washes

been

have

laid ; and

interest,will

far

better

make

lavishlyexpended
before

But

idea

artist's
of the

and

It is with

light that

the

How

will

casts

details

flat

as

of

of

is the

considerations

account

purely aesthetic consideration

It is hard
northern

climate

as

which

the

other

have

to

where

for

naturally

in

of

as

the

and

hand,

can

Greece
them

have

and

and

Italy

to

an

Spain

or

incoherent

disappeared

and

before
to

give

any

accent

that will give

is then

time, which

of

have

jumble

than

that of its

the

that

Greeks

tour.
con-

grotesqueness

and

of

intimatelyand
could

ever

them

it

shadows

of its

character

ing
leav-

"

planning,

"

no

cold

ever
constantly,how-

have

been

the

and

dull.

of

Europe

have

cast

effect

in

evolved

brilliant southern

could
shadows

unyielding masses.
of

latitudes.

in different

does

as

north

lightwould

violence

it,

light upon
the

Indeed,

expression.

ance
bal-

fine

vanish.

of shadows.

seemed

of the

lines and

sharp

the

stylesof architecture

have

the vivid

lightand

influence

must

artistic

modelled

would

have

to

practicalrequirements

does

of

details,the

designer,would

building,its

cathedrals

of

of the

influenced, most

they
the

diffused

uniformly

to

form

apparent

thing designed

style,its

the

have

There

the

in the atiainmeni

design,

carefullywrought

on

of different

nev^r

that

expression of

the
"

sunlight,but

to

large degree
its

design as

where

conceived

or

handling,

would

of

study

enthusiasm

shines

simple designs

low-lyingsun

of all the

lightingof

to

should

shadows

it be

with

drawn

are

even

Cornices, colonnades, all details,all projections

sun

construction

intended,

the general belief

drawing depends

save

rendering in

and

other

no

skill and

which

greatly influences

the broad

pressiveness
ex-

rendering;one
to

as

and

to

If the shadows

drawn

badly

in the

have

the

the

its

"

they were

reduced

would

vastness

that

imagine

to

rendered

beauty

strong, carefullyplaced spots

exposed, not

beauty

unconsciously,the development

gradually and

On

so

inevitable,therefore,that

It is

long

of

in

building,gives it texture, ^'colour,"relief,proportions.

the

consideration

the design elements

into

and

the

to

more

surprisingdegree

quickly executed

wall.

engaged

the disposition of its masses,

of

sunlight

had

As

few

of shadows

and

The

disappear.

its shadows!

drawn

expressivenessof

to

draftsmanship

his

marble

great unbroken

that

masses

be

add

can

"rendered"

building would

The
a

lines,would

introduce

and

out

as

shades

idea ; and

important drawings

most

them

on

rendering of them.

the

always

the

to

hastilyand

importance

white

shadows.

is

shadows; and, contrary

adding

very

of

that the designer models

no

architectural

of washes.

the

in pure

of

study

expressionof the artist's

shadows

the

with

are

consideration

it.

seem

say,

as

shadows

system
this

perfectingof

important, then,
is to

the
look

well

as

the

of

proportion

that

effective

consideration

cast

contour

on

will

washes,
lightest

which

laborious

shadows

would

and

in

far above

the

It would
within

on

practiceit

in

shadows
than

the

idea.

well- rendered

and

of

shadows

very

very

building executed

may

value

the

the

one

and

lies the

idea

Imagine

effect than

drawings,

the

"

possible. Nothing

make

good technique,the drawing

of

in office

that

well-drawn

of those

the drawing

on

care

than

drawing

rendering

said

of

practicalimportance

imperative,therefore, that

it is

knowledge, skill,and

precisionand
and

be

it may

point

and

rendered,

article the

in the

perfectingof the artist's

inexperienceddraftsmen,

far

"

preceding

the

"

of
of

the

lies in two

of

study

that

in

suggested

shadows

of the Study of Shadows

ImfX)rtance

Practical

The

II

oped
devel-

have
so

intense

Mystery

would

have

taken

and
their

places.
In
his

view

artistic

truly

on

of these

faculties

all his

the student

considerations

fully awake

studies

in

to

design,

is

their essential

and

draw

and

urged

to

study architectural

value, that
render

possible effect.
[12]

them

he
on

may
his

express
finished

shadows

them

carefully and

with

quickly,readilyand

drawings

with

the

greatest

II

(ARTICLE
The

followingquotationsfrom

(Architectural Review, Vol.

shadows

in connection

is as

masses

"The
this
or

shade

as

masses

are

plane of
the

to

lightand

obtain

it.

the

of wood

case

the

projection.

the

and

moulding
The

to

the

and

not

the

as

with

case

the

the

moulding

is

head

gives

while
fillet,
to

or

major part

the roll.

an

that the

the

the

plane

to

characteristic

to

obtain

mouldings."
See

broader

also

Figure

shadow

on

the

of

entirelyinfluenced
line of shadow

is

the

in

under

side ;

they show

i.

[13]

the

by

of

relation

to

of

the best

to

be

to

the

value
face

of

of

as

section

beauty

lightthey receive.

the tone
the

shade, but

light and

mouldings

than

light and

and

shade,

cavetto

or

lightdesired.

the

produces strong,

with

is

scotia is

tori have
care

study

study in

paid

mouldings,

moulding
usually

effective and

shadow, its section is seldom

lower

Mouldings''

the

equivalent" (i.^., proportional)"to

The

of fillets. It

always

of the bases

in

tones

be

to the direction

...

of

should

chief

of

such

their relative

attention

purpose.

surfaces

of its surface
some

same

of

details.

are

in relation

of

Theory

importance

importance of

much

entire octave

serving

In

the

to

the projection is usuallyless

fillets,

stone

'*The

Walker,

witness

say

ways,

being solelyto produce

the

mouldings

convex

shadow,

than

higher type

Howard

importance compared

Assuming

of the

...

object of

to

they require study

principalsurface

the

C.

Mr.

important than

in various
.

shade
.

by

seq.),bear

et

more

is of minor

obtained
.

of

6,

It is needless

be

can

which

profileby

In

greater

profileof mouldings

light and

of contrast
The

much

detail.

with

article

an

No.

VII,

C'T'D)

of

foil

graded

broken, which

is

peculiarcast-up form, evidently

which

the Greek

studied

the

effect

ft
FROM

FIGURE

FROM

IB

RENDERED

FROM

FIGURE
MUSEUM

METROPOLITAN
RICHARD

H.

HUNT

AND

I
OF

RICHARD

ART.
M.

NEW
HUNT,

YORK
ARCHITECTS

OTY

LINE

DRAWING

DRAWING

PHOTOGRAPH

ARTICLE

The

will

It
work.

with
a

be

those

of

to

him

him

to

spirit

vitality.

The

of

learned

all

hope

of

to

artistic

good

take.

It

will

increase

take

object

an

him,

facade

of

and
and

their

the

relation

to

he

studies

as

no

or

any

on

well-modelled

design

all,
;

desires,
do,

object,

help
it will

will

suggest

and

how

the

"

had

visual-

also

Above

can

paper

will

It

force.

proportions

of

power

forms.

certain

possible interpretative

he

unless

certainty
his

and

forms,

to

perception

with

its subtle

take

on

,.^jd

and

see

with

executed

on

contrast.

accent

to

cast

effects

in

awaken

over

to

shadows
the

give

shadow

light and
notes

actual

of
will

it. will

and

published

actual

shadows,
little
the

drawing

through
and

of

foreknowledge
effect

of

of

illustrations

accompanying

York,

nearly

that

ot

greatest

shadows

architectural

common

enjoy

these

work

must

effects, his
begin

work

with

in

the

joy

design

will

it and

in

in

the

new

effort

to

it.

produce

gives

sharp
has

For

effects

the

shadows

of

play

student

of

the

of

difficult

^^i^ld

shadows

the

why

actual

carefully

shadows
be

shadows

such

drawings

on

effects;

and

tone,

the

and

the

of

enjoyment

When

line

shadow

unplcasing

of

those

obtain

it would

which

observe

to

the

all

with

Shadows

Actual

of

Study
student

the

to

form

and

how

shadows

just perception

to

gradations

of

the

the

him

well,

as

of

mentally

rendering

how

avoid
and

his

benefit

familiarize

common,

intuition

seeing

"

give

will

less

correct

of

isation,

train

forms

and

interest

great

observation

generally

him

of

This

of

Importance

III

the

the

the
of

actual

courtesy

addition

the
of

value

of

the

the

effect

of

building

may

the

to

architect,

study
the

be

of

the

shadows

executed
foreseen

above.

[15]

Metropolitan

furnish
on

work.
in

drawings.
It

the

is

rendered

of

Museum

Fine

striking example

very

The

interesting
drawing

line
to

Arts

of

the

drawing
note

(Figure

how

ib)

in

New

effects

(Figure
much

than

of

ia)
more

in

the

"jjitiaMf^^

"si.

FIGURE

2"

Measured

Drawing of
By

G.

Window
F, STEVENS

in Palazzo

Communale,

Bologna

^^j."

^"^'

T-*r;" -.T-

n9

1-*

"

"

'

--

r-

"

'
"

V-^nr

'^

"

"

r^!

*-

'
"

V^

,.

-^-4".--

t--"**

"

in

mill

jl

-srx^SsBoJ

FIGURE

Part
By

of the
M.

Elevation

THIERS.

PupO

of
of

M.

Court-house
PASCAL

"

"

"

i
.

"I

t
"

IV

(ARTICLE

pencilfor

an

above

grades

pencilssofter
about

Hardtmuth's
the

the

on

leads.

drawing.
the

as

Let

firm

touch,

Do

line have

not

frayed

intersections.

Do

"

is

of the

cleanness
with

bread
6

If

and

paper

on.

the

line to be
for

not

"

gloves on

against

the

or

"

be

pencils
of the

those

are

as

its

time, and

triangle when

slightly

uniformity

ensures

lines

the

Let

length.

or

with

draw

to

regularlyand

twist it

considerable

T-square

sensitive

good,

draftsman

young

and

keep

to

of the

edge

"chisel-point." Keep

enough

drawn

finished

even

lines,at times

gotten if the mind

becomes

soiled from

has

If

applied.

drawing

them

lines

and

hand

with

be ended

other

past each

run

"

the

cramped by

not

are

it

on

be

may

always

is

object.

an

rubbing

inked

are

be

may

the

well drawn,

be

of washes

lightsystem

very

the

at

pose
pur-

but

put

down

washed

neat-

the

will begin

or

will

illustrations.

accompan)dng

sible.
pos-

rendered

look

to

drawing

the

on,

cleaned

expressionas

full of

as

drawing

While

lines.

of
quite irrespective

not

in and

then

the

from

seen

the

over

or
good qualities

only accuratelycorrect

not

of effect,as

ease

drawing

cleanness

the shadow

intended
this

wash

with

of the

bringing
which
8

the

have

(Figures

They

use

The

"

with

may,
be

may

which
10

he
"

rendering
processes

in

may

The
of

of

Do

not
on

India

ink

well
refer

of construction

In

3.

or

very

the

the

will

and

paper

lines

edge of the

to

lines.

construction

the

obliterate

not

float

which

colour

is,of

It

which

in

quite light flat

with

shadows

and

drawings.

on

over

be

to

the

them

leading

the

brush

that the

assumed

impossible to lay
Force

brought.

is to be

before

saucer

course,

It is

on.

wash

wash
is

line,

brush,

sable

out

the

to

for

as

the

given

and

with

as

many

not

the

and

depth

is advised

student

be wiry, nor

photographs

so

faint

not

to
to

as

of well-rendered

lines.

of the shadow

of washes

lightsystem

very

his

make

be

be

is to

lacking

drawings

used,

shadow
in

sion.
deci-

possible,

as

guidance.

in illustration

requirements of
as

should

the width

govern

followingproblems

himself

clear

must

quite prominent where

suggestion

The

for the washes.

adopted

deep; yet they

to surround

plates hereafter
shadows.

run

the

on

is advised

rendering

Figure

broad

very

will do

He

of colour

good effect,be made

seen

either

keep plenty

the

shades

often

that

however,

recommended,

fine,elastic point.

of pure

system

lines

his

is

It

rendering is not

of

complete system

one.

render

quickly applied and

most

sharp, springy point.

knowing

student

construction

and

extended

more

follow, the

the brush

readily to

much

time-saving and

to

brush.

dry
to

that

very

and

the

from

brush

The

"

colour

comes

easiest

to leave

laying washes

In

"

good

most

of

if the

problems

are

It will be well

to

in

point,

weight throughout

and

lines

lines make

and

not

of the

solution

lines

to

spongy,

use

papers

grades referred

it often

use

play with

to

point sharp

good drawing.

not

it is made

are

the

round

long,

elbow, and

try

usually

may

disturbed

appropriate than

washes, which

as

smooth-surfaced

The

given points.

at

elevation

is,of course,

It

soft and

is somewhat

paper

in.

inked

be

to

not

are

3.)

more

the

The

lines

finish.

being rendered, when

washes

any

pressed paper.

pencil well

let construction

pleasing lightness and

most

For

lengthwiseof
width

the

at

drawing shadow

an

down

touch

paper

before

In

"

before

be

not

well

as

uniform

good thing it is

better.

rather

the

at

twistingkeeps

out

to

better

stopping lines

of

ness

This

afraid

the

answer

cold

with

the point of the

pencilwell

the

be

not

pianistmight

Keep

line is drawn.

of line.

for Whatman's

days, when

damp

will

if these

shadows,

series.

the

Keep

For

grade

one

pencils well sharpened,

stubby point.

dry days.

by about

softer than

object and

sandpaper sharpening-blockalways

point

these

"Kohinoor"

Keep
the

lines of the
for

suggested

than

grade

one

finished

the

are

C'T'D)

the

possiblehave

of the text
process

of

are

not

to

be

considered

reproduction and

the

of making
precluded the possibility

good technique.
[19]

as

models

in the

necessity of making
them

also

examples

aROVNI"

R-

PLANE

PLANE

le

ARTICLE
The

Uses of Conventional Shadows

4. 5 AND

FIGURES
As

noted

render

those

will cast

and

in Article

drawings easy

wider

depth of

the

of the

II, one

of direct

deeper shadows

or

shadows

will

projectionsof parts

of the

purposes

casting of shadows

interpretation.
Evidently,the

than

those

parts which

It is also

depend upon the direction of light. That is,given a

a
by
buildingbeyond other parts will be measured

of

of

greatlyprojecting
parts

project less.

is to

drawings

architectural

on

the width

that

evident

building

certain direction of
the widths

light,

depths of

and

their shadows.

Inasmuch
is by

sun

the

as

of
lighting

convention

common

therefore assumed

are

be

to

for any

such

if

Now,

by

renderingof
from

only to

not
an

the forms
use

with

certain

For
direction

lower

of

the

letters.
in the

same

An
thus

In

the
drawings illustrating
of

renderingthe

will

generallybe
problems where
the

as

way

actual

denoted

considered

be

to

of its rays, which

at

an

is infinitesimal

lightbe always

of

drawings may

will be

readilyinterpreted
it will be

easier

ows
shad-

to cast

to choose

convenient

most

best

nearlyas possible

as

it will be much

that

in the

assumed

Furthermore,

cast.

direction which

it will therefore be

that

be

simple as possible.

as

diagonalof

in architectural
from

drawn

cube

the

to
being parallel

is called the

be

may

the
light,
of light

rays

"conventional

ground

ray,"

and

left front

its front

and

will hereafter

to the

corner

to
parallel

be

the

consider

practiceto

the upper

referred

front
to

as

in the

the

The

shadow

of

The

front elevation
shadow

side elevation

of A

in

capitalletters

these

has
lettering

been

adopted

possible.

as

somewhat
more
legiblethan the small
the small letters will be used
insufficient,

are

alone

is

plan will

will be

shadow

of A

will be

in side

by

the

as
letter,

"point A,"

elevations appear

plans or

Actual

etc.
on

the

pointswill

be

drawing.

lettered Ai.
be

lettered

Ais.

lettered A2.
will be

will be lettered

of A

letter R

will

easy

only their

in front elevation

The

will be

of A

The

letter

of

will be denoted

point A

The

to follow

of

method

uniform

problems,a

as

by capitalletters,as

the number

space

point

The

ray

denoted

text, at times,when

plan of

confounding the

solutions of

construction

former.

point in

The

The

universally
customary

of the cube

this direction

those

is further evident

others,and

construction

that

but

upon,

sun

The

work, being neglected.

different parts

the

of the sun's

(Figure 4.)

the purpose

Points

the bottom

comer,

having

ray

the

In

the

with

it has been

reasons

to
lightas being parallel

R."

"ray

with

above

rightback

plane.

will render

as

all the

which

sunlight. It

lightthan

the

convergence

direction

representedby

lightgenerallyagreed

directions of

direction

of the shadows

extent

direction of

forms

drawings, the

the
parallel,

conventional

certain

the direct rays

by

practical
purposes

to be

in architectural

appear
a

of different directions of

average

such

and

would

as

agreement

architectural

for

be

lightin architectural drawings.

of

source

considered

lightare

distances
common

the

as

parallel. Since

infinite distance,the rays of

objectswill

architectural

most

assumed

elevation

lettered

Ags.

A3.

will be lettered

A38

only to represent an actual

itselfwith its plan and elevation which
the anglewhich
be used only to denote
used

ray

having the

conventional

Avoid

direction.

lines.
forty-five-degree

are

the ray

makes

with the horizontal

and

front

planes.
The

plane
to

plane of

of vertical

both

horizontal

projections,as

the horizontal

It is evident

elevation AG

will
projections

from

of the

and
an

front

be referred

the "front

elevation

planes,as

the

inspectionof Figure

diagonalAH,

or

to

as

the

plane,"or

''planplane"

"front

or

plane"; the

"ground plane";the
plane perpendicular

"profileplane."
4,

of the ray R,

the

that
are

plan AF,

all the

[21]

the

diagonalsof

front elevation
squares;

that

AD

and

is to say,

the side
the

plan

FRONT

i^rcvxE

G-ROVKD

PLANE

FiGVRB

PLANE

g:

(ARTICLE
and

elevations

and

to the

of the

direction

of

this direction

While

The

Let

from

CH'

of cube

CD'

.-. CH

i.

CG'

AC
=

The

AB'

architects for all

with

plane will

determined

ordinary

cases,

specificcases.
be

referred

to

the

as

angle

It

r.

follows:

as

-7071
'
'

"

\/2

of r, the true

graphicalconstruction

Figures

tional
conven-

I
=

^vt

CH

in

the

with

y/i

tanr
.

castingof shadows

in

necessary

horizontal

the

is to be

angle

convention

whenever

with

makes

this

universal

assumed

be

course

ray

backward,

equallydownward,

moves

ray

in the

simple as possible.

as

lighthas become

4 that

Figure

edge

AB,

Then

be

of

angle which

true

is evident

the

of

may

lines; and the

forty-five-degree
geometricalproblems involved

are

lightwill

different direction

ray

right. Therefore

C'T'D)

5 and

6, the

constructions

two

angle which

the horizontal

with

makes

the
being essentially

same.

in

shown

That

plane,is

shown

Figure 6 is the

one

"

used

in

practice.

through any

other

radius

as

after the

plane.

problem
object of
where

those

the

arc

the line

the

revolved

about

angle r.

true

representing by plan and

the shadows

strike

the

and
are

the

agreed
the
of

into
with

the

upon,

A2

With

x.

C2

as

is the

where
|X)sition

it is

Then

A.

Figure

5 will render

casting of

these

C^ A2

the

positionof

the

parallelto

resolves
the

various

point
front

clear.

itself into

points

that

to

tangent

are

rays

and

center

C2 y, and

line

the construction

shadows

lightpassing through

of

rays

findingwhere
be

lightcan

solutions

in the

necessary

line

horizontal

the

of the

object and

shadows.
of

rays

axis

an

comparison

elevation

objectsreceiving the

elevations

and

as

been

horizontal

perpendicularA'l

desired; and

are

objectsthemselves

plans

R2 draw

Erect

been

draw

line,R2,
forty-five-degree

A2 A',.

A'l C2 A is the

which

they
As

any

given direction of lighthas

of

has

ray

the

of

point C2

point, as A2, on

describe

Hence,

When

Through

problems

plans and

their

representedonly by
of

in the

determining of

elevations,
shades

and

shadows.

ARTICLE
General Methods
As

intimated

of
at

which

those

will

tryingto

keep clearlyin
remember

According
requires various
in

dealingwith
1

3
4

"

"

"

"

rules

to

the

mind

the

and

by

forms,

problem

which

to

Of
are

these
outlined

oj Oblique Projection. (See

The

Method

oj Auxiliary

(See

thoroughlyfamiliar

with

Article

of each

cast

below.

oj Circumscribing Surfaces,

Slicing Method,

is to solve.

or

They

Article

(See

very

difficult

draftsman
He

is

apt

of
to

problem

in descriptive

littleexperience,

entangle himself

will be

shadows, however,
those

most

this

problem

generallyapplicable

called:

VH.)

Article

VHL)

(See Article IX.)

X.)
of these

them.

[23]

here

in

solution.

are

Method

preliminaryconsideration

the

The

The

he

an

is not

architectural

receive

Method

Shadows,

an

may

line of

methods, four, which

The

brief

reach

objectswhich

of the

of attack.

architectural

of the

nature

methods

character

methods

the shade

of

the powers

be reduced
to the problem
object,and finding the points

casting shadows

of

object. Generally speaking,this

quite within

one

CastingShadows

through pointsin

pass

another

it is

and

geometry,
if he

rays which

strike

rays

of

precedingarticle,the problem

in the

representing the

VI

follows,and

the

student

is

urged

to

become

S
"^^

~5:oE

ELEWtncttr

PLAN

FIGVR.E

1-

1-

ARTICLE

The

Method

VIII

FIGURE

The

is true

have

we

of

whose

shade
the

of

shade

whose

line

line

this

of

of

the

line

method

surface

one

surface

surface
the

of

application

whatever

depends

is also

shade

line

is to

and

tangency

the

surface.

given

the

for

whatever

For,

this

the

the

tangent

point

surfaces

which

at

will

be

on

the

surface

circumscribing

If, then,

surface
the

that

two

surfaces,

two

both.

to

about

of

of

tangency

common

it is evident

tangency
of

is true

is

circumscribe

we

of

of

point

point

determined,

line

the

crosses

at

such

and

readily

are

that

principle

other;

determined,

line

surface

circumscribing

of

be

shade

the

on

of

true

Surfaces

Circumscribing

of

point

line

of

surface

also

be

Thus

of

in

to

sphere

and

the
in

this

case

the

line
This
of

surfaces
of

the

the

be

method

is

in

this

B2

at

A2

and

B2

are

occasionally
can

are

with

it is often

given

be

the

B2

are

arcs

the

of

accurate

surface,

even

horizontal

line

It

to

when

that

is

shade

is of

assume

the

an

part

[27]

is not

shade

line

of

line

the

of

former

the

former;

line

of

to

find
of

the

sphere.

for

only

therefore

mathematically

as

latter

the
are

arc

the

shades

of

with
of

of

lines

arcs

circle.

are

tangency

auxiliary

of

the

coincident
the

They
of

cone

double-curved

to

finding

line

the

lines

accurately
the

circle

of

lines
shade

only

contours

sphere.
the

the

applicable

course

arc

shade

the

the

of

determine

to

of

exactness

of

line

shade

easy

and

impracticable

unless

enough

B2

the

and

it is

as

surfaces

shade

intersections

of

points

the

the

on

It

A2

The

convenience

circles,

given

points
above.

stated

convenient.

with

of

the

surface.

given

or

where

point

point

evidently

therefore

the

and

be

(Article XV).

quite
used

latter,

method
the

line

will

two

the

case

C2

that

on

of

the

and

surfaces

by

"

contours

of

and

A2

A2

It

however,

contour

line

C2

revolution.

whose

shade

determined

tangency

of

tangency

the

cone,

surface

given

8, points

lines

auxiliary

practice,
of

of

of

of

point

the

line

Figure

supposed

"

of

true

the

crosses

it will

here

be

will

tangency

cone

with

faces
sur-

of

those

tangency

circles.
certain

In

part

E.

ARTICLE

The

Method

IX

FIGURE

The

of

auxiliaries,

and

shadows

the

of

of

the

the

shadow

we

The

may

of

be
receive
The

will

line

one

may
at

the

application
cast

as

above

of

the

above

other

this

the

or

tangency

and

shadows

method

is

accurately

as

as

explained

will
will

they

ray

as

line

point

of

intersection

intersection

the

the

lines

made

possible..

clear

of

casting

[29]

the

by
It

construction.

by

the

of

lines

the

is

often

or

two

shadow

lines

the

shadow

of

tion
revolu-

of

shadows

all

which

points

at

of

surface

any
the

is

the

the
the

are

shadow

the

where

point

lines.
of

shadows

those

choice

(Article

lines,

two

point

tangent

or

of

or

their

the

point

shadows

shadows.
of

auxiliary
also,

possible,

accompanying

upon

include

surface,

intersection

the

through

the

intersecting

not

are

will

of

intersecting

if

(a)

surface

shade

are

the

the

the

they

of

that

principles
of

facilitated

much

simplify
be

if

have

we

along

intersection
of

the

(b)

line,

if

shadow

cross

if

lines,

that

back

that
that

and

those
the

pass

readily

auxiliary
points

crossing

crosses

from

we

arrive

of

those

the

upon
the

drawn,

to

tangent

intersection

depends

be

curves

be

points

method

this

auxiliary

is evident

tangency,

until

to

of

point

It
of

of

application
series

Shadows

Auxiliary

of

XIV
"

to

lines
choose

whose

shadows

such

Figure

9.

4.)

illustration,

"

plane

FIGVRE

lO

ARTICLE
The

SlicingMethod
FIGURE

This
vertical

method

from

rays
the

in

the

(a) cutting through

the

of

rays

slices

the

by

cut

in this

"

the

the

case

auxiliary planes

of

plans

be

sufficientlyexplained by Figure

at

i,

these

aid

of

Suppose
drawn.

point

in elevation.

line,

and

"

This
be

in

trustworthy,

be

care

exercised

since

slices

in

as

the

is

of

and

shade

object,

to

that

it with

receiving

and

shadow

those

in the

point

such

and

elevation

the

of the

student

by drawing
slices

cut

on

is often

of

of

will

as

It

plain that

is

by

cast

cast

his

necessary
him
The
where

case

in

enable

by
and

ingenuity

whatever

the

to

he

the

judgment

handle

his

more

of

have

alone.

several
in
in

the
and

constructions.

problems

hereafter
than

given
one

coincide

represent the plans

"

from

their

plans,

elevation
of the

to

line

slices

to

this

give

the

of

ray

that

of the
the

"

of

it

construction

construction
A

is

good

valuable

the

method

the

is
The

generally great.

deal

results

not
can-

of

points of tangency.

method.
most

where

account,
the

of

and

ingenuity
in the

struction
con-

rendered
the

applied to

of

is

single object may

advised

student

The

shadows
often
is

cannot

be

vantageously
ad-

most

urged

to

cise
exer-

specialapplicationof general principles

not

become

to

visualisingfaculty

Some

objects whose

contain

diflferent parts.

convenient

most

he

will

shadows

in Practice

and

entangled
a

little

XXIV

are

in

common

the
sense

processes
should

well.
under

method

Articles

is

not

be

light

point

surface,

involved,

are

the

accurately

with

on

this

application,since

rays

shadow.

it,on

use

of

slice is

XI

be

to

Even

making

the

Foregoing Methods

methods

hand;

chosen

are

slices

ways.

the

designs

methods

use

may

making

of

architectural

these

his

problems
use

most

of

one

any

5, 6

of the

constructed

elevation

slight inaccuracy

very

accurate

Applicationof

of
of

slicingplanes

3, 4,

be

casts

determining

ARTICLE
The

the

tempted

is necessary

2,

now

of slice i, the

which

tangency

slicingplanes
most

i,

"

scotia, being in

difficult

of

way

the

scotia.

crosses

of the
line

is rather

result

of the

of

plans

vertical,the plans

slices may

these

surface

the

no

The
are'

of the ray

constructions
of

easiest

of

points

there

making
choice

in the

the

When

error

in

lo.

planes

surface

the

end

on

the

of

elevation

Generally it

troublesome.

considerable

great

course

of

to

first

the

on

shadow

points

forty-five-degree lines

on

upper
the

point is

advantage.

generally

possibilityof

circles

through

ray

and

not

is,the

simple, and

is very
to

that

For

also

method

applied

which

Since

6.

elevations

the

i, at

at

slices is slow

may

That
The

auxiliary

point

at

the

5, and

3, 4,

planes.

horizontal

that

Then

shadow

Of

2,

slices.
forty-five-degree
the

slice

will

process

will,

with

be

the

object casting

(b) in determining

light,and

receivingobject.

with
of

in the

points

The
at

consists

planes parallel to

10

XXII,

only

XXIII,

convenient

[31]

but

and

necessary.

examples

of

shadows

nVA.*.'

M-

I"5

"^A,

t^t^
fe.

ABCP
OF
IS

THE

r^
THE

THE

JHADE

1-INE

.SPHERE

ITJ

ABXI^
LINTET

^liADOW

L5

ABCP'

^^

ENT

CONTD\'R

n'5

THEj

OF

ON

WALK

APPAB.

TKK

VR.

IPER..SPECTIVE,

11

R.

"

12

-i

fe

R.

-4r

VK.

A
\

3S

-A

r^.^

l^-

b!""M

'

^f^^L

-rI

/.

jy

C*. V

16

tt

i:

17

XII

(ARTICLE
8

The

"

when

that

plan

plan
which

points at

elevation

side

or

elevation

side

or

strike

rays

find

the

shadow, A2S,

of A

to

find

the

shadow

on

Since

"

lie

always

10

line of the
of

in

is

ray

point

lie

must

the

on

shade

line of any

or

elevation

to

it.

tangent

The

on

student

certain

kinds

in the shadows

of

and

are

The

"

the

this

plane;

Shadows

to

will

the

at

slope

such
is

The

"

and

the

of

plan

on

the

mistakes
to

by

the

The

by

must

tion
eleva-

rays

with

the

line

the

followingshadows

of

at

the

contour

plan

vation
ele-

or

17
the

others

prove

recur

as

straightlines

auxiliary

an

as

"

in architectural

often

very

Plane.
the

ings
draw-

(Figure 14.)

of this

shadow

The

jorms of the objectsreceivingits shadow.

line,and

the

passing through
plane

useful

draftsmen.

careless

Elevation

an

plane of

it contains

touches

which

contour

4 will hereafter

Section

in elevation

of

of rays.

this

But

perpendicularto

in

Shadows

of

in

on

Horizontal
and

that

Figure 16,

Left at

these

be

the

lies in

shadow

plane

of rays

that

is to say,

plane;

Plane,

is perpendicular
it will

be

Lines

(Figure 15.)

This

shown

in

and

The

Parallel

are

is

shadow

Figure

Perpendicular

to the

shadows

to the

inclined

an

15 will make
Elevation

Plane,

lines sloping downward

forty-five-degree

are

Elevation

line

whose

this clear.

(Figure 16.)

Angle of Forty-fiveDegrees,

an

above

explanation given

line.
fortj^-five-degree

Horizontal

whose

Parallel

Lines

to

construction

The

the

to

Plafie

Elevation,

given plane.

sloping Backward

is shown

this shadow

Front

the Plan

Perpe^idicularto

Line

which

Vertical Line

of the

that

construction

in

lie

tical
Ver-

on

As

shown

to

the

left

right respectively.
These

as, for
5

shadows

example,
"

The

shadow

plane

Shadow

the

of AB
of rays

and
in the

(Figure 17.) The

on

in Plan

Roof Plane

to

shadow

always

must

of revolution

the

with

jorty-ftve-degree
line,whatever

coincide

reasoning by

surface

AND

14, 15. 16

Perpendicular

plane, since

Shadow
as

used

line.
forty-five-degrec

Shadow

equal

Plane

the

The

"

Plane,

elevation

The

"

by

the

elevation

be

cannot

Lines
Straight

of Certain

in

frequent

very

Line

always

it will

directly

evidentlyeasy

XIII

capital. (ArticleXXIV.)

of a
is

point,the

in elevation

point of

thoroughly familiar

given

of this line is cast

hence

indicate

That

subjectsof

elevation

become

to

surfaces.

Shadow

shadow

in front

well

the Tuscan

the

line in front
For

of

it is

13,

this method

But

that

through

ray

double-curved

found

is to be

FIGURES
will do

plan.

find

impossible to

accompanying Figure

its shadow

ARTICLE

The

it is

Otherwise

of the

use

point,and

the

through

the

plan

the

by direct projectiononly

findingshadows

in

line.

in the

Thus

cylinder,by

used

point,

where

point

surface

of any

the

through

ray
The

"

be

can

representedby

ovolo.

0} the ray

plan

the

on

the

shadow

the
the

an

the

of

of B

surface

be

given surface.

the

to

of

may

C'T'D)

It is true,
surfaces

the

Vertical

on

case

is

is

The

AB.

the

to

then, that the shadow

parallelto
line

moves

in

Now

equal

Scries

to the

plan
plan

plane

right as

auxiliaries, as

as

of Horizontal

it is the

of this

profileof

in front

front

useful

often

Ai Bi in plan and

mouldings behind

horizontal

A^g, Djg.

are

will appear

hereafter,

capital. (ArticleXXIV.)

Tuscan
Line

passing through

mouldings

that the shadow

case

of

line,Aga C2S D2S Bas,

or

of

vertical line is in this

the

on

plane receiving them

the

is

elevation

is the

same

the cofitour

line

cut

plane is Ai Yj,

equal

the

to

b.

That

right section
of any
as

the

recedes.

[35]

Mouldings

Parallel

on

and

contour

face of those

the

plan

is,the front

of the

vertical

the

line
of

to

Front

It is evident

Ag Bg in elevation.

of the

Plane,

that

the

mouldings by
line which

elevation

of the

shadow

scries of horizontal

ings
mould-

mouldings.
on

any

those

surfaces

or

it cuts

mouldings;

and

VR

18

19

Plan

VR

ARTICLE
The

XIV

FIGURES
Rays
As
of

the

circle

any

be

through adjacent points of

section

circle

any

such
is

of

case

other

In
of

the

ellipseof

be
accurate

an

elevation

The
to
to

that

of

one

wall

and

to

the

The

use

In

the

the

wall
2

The

"

First

diagonals
of

tangency

of

CF\

be

the

and

median

easy

of

is to

to

of

the

of

course

than

cast

on

the

the

parallelto

in

and

such

If the

of

the

common

equal

an

find

shadow

the

within

these

it will

cases

is to

shadow

iaries
auxil-

will

times
some-

usually

be

cast

on

and

circumscribing octagon,

alone,

square

is to

inscribe

oblique plane, it

an

only.

for three

shadow
to

is

circle.

given

then

shadow

shadow

plane, that

own

finding the

be

the

cast

to

shadow

the

it is

best

always
of

that

cases;

plan plane, and

of

that

is Parallel

which

describe

of the

distance

circle

of the

of

do

to

circle

so.

parallel

perpendicular

one

that
of

square

point

here

The

shadow

center,

and

is to

(Figure i8.)
and

center

say,

center

distance

C2S,

to

distance

distance

the

radius

of the
at

at

to

used.

Plane.

as

which

merely

be

never

Elei^atimi

the

wall;

shown

are

would

shadow.

the

of

diagonal

the
this

through

ray

from

center

the

to

the

plans

to

With

center.

plans

the

practice,

In

of the

elevation

the

on

The

all necessary.

at

Wall

then

may

the

to

not

intelligible.

find

is Parallel

Plane

whose

Circle

shadow

of

circumscribing

the

of

lines

from

of

the

shadow

the

with

G,

H,

shadow

determine
the

inspection

an

of

of F

of

F2S and

the

to

AA

square

the

L2S

of

Plqn

and

Plane

This

BB.
then

are

square

F2S

on

in front
as

that

plan

of

the

These

the

Perpendicular

is

shadow

drawn.

The

indicated

at

on

the

determine

can

we

will

distance
this

[37]

the

to

aid

A2

A2^

medians

of

to

the

from

vation
Ele-

The

B2.

B2a

the

give

points

from

without

shadow

of F

on

shadow

of

the shadow

at

in

Ci

those

to

Gi, the

reference

that, having

drawing

C2S equal
is

shadow

the
the

evident

curve

greatly

diagonal

drawing,

octagon.

through

It is further

tangents

tangents

Since

of C.

if

by drawing

diagonals.

C2S K2S,

circumscribing

and

readily draw

may

diagonals.

of the

the

shadows

lies at

of F

distance

shadows

we

of

shadows

the

etc.,

the shadows

side is the
to

will

circle.

shadow

18.)

readily find

can

the

determine

the

the

C2, K28, Dgs, "23.

parallel

whose

that

circle,the shadow

circumscribing octagon,

and

was

more

found

equal

of

cast

to

Now

shadow

easy

Parallel

to

course

(Figure

shadows

the

is of

its intersection

to

its

given circle,and

construction

wall

cases

given circle, we

Shadow

It is evident

GH

of

shadow

follows

side.

Plane.

we

Circle

necessary

downward

is the

the

center

method
the

construction

forty-five-degree line C2 C2S equal

the

along

these

solution

the

of

of the

right and

in

plans

only

given circle

to

the

circumscribing square

quite

the

gives

i8

the

the

it in the

use

the

casts

it
ellipse,

an

plan plane.

Shadow

that

to

of
of

it is

perpendicular

the

it is

case

the

of

to

Figure

reasoning of
The

"

this

equal
of

accurate

more

ray
accurate

If the

shadow

shadow

the

is

parallelto

through

about

circle.

the

be

plane

which

rays

its axis

to

plane parallelto

on

the

and

plan plane, however,

or

wall,

the

of

cast

accompanying

render

circle
is in

circumscribed

find the

to
to

the

convenient

octagon

cylinderof

If the

19

specialform.

center

shadow

enough

it is much

whose
most

inconvenient

be

as

of the

or

square
the

the

cases,

of

shadow

6)

"

AND

plane oblique

any

ellipse.

an

ellipseof

an

the

circle (Article XII

is

plane

18

circle form

by

cylinder cut

which

on

"

the

In

of any

of Circles

Shadows

the

shadow

diagonal

the

of the

of

determined

points, since
the

radius
to

the

they will

accurately.
of

square

circle, it is

plan, and

hence

to

VR

Plan

VR

19

XIV

(ARTICLE
3
to the

Tiie

"

Plan

Shadow

oti

Plane.

preceding,and

need

i8 that he

in

example,

the

perpendicular
4

of

the

The

"

The

plan of

C
For

as

axes

the

the shadow

of it in the

radius

is

at

of
ellipse

shadow
solution

in

shadow

is often

of

reasonable

wall

third

The

to the Plan

case,

plan of

the

of the circle

the elevation

of whose

as

on

42,
a

of

axes

is
is

of the

an

same

and

for

as

43,

problems given hereafter,as

in the

XXIV.)

L39]

46, 49,

with

the

other
That

circle whose
the
case

student
of the

plan plane and

Passing through

elevation

axis

Plafte.

is the

shadows

is

C2E2

become

the Center

(Figure 19.)

of the circle is

of the

shadow

or

A2

the

Bg.

center

given

circle.

of DG.

is,the semi-major and

should

in

See, for

cases.

the

D2 D2S G2 G2S, having

radius

given

frequently

etc.

the Front

The

circles
occur

third

parallelto

Vertical Plane

whose

equal to C2 F2.
a

first and

forms

radius, CE,
forty-fivc-degree

F2 E2, and

auxiliary,and

the

is the circle

XY

on

All three

circle

plane is Xi Yi.

being equal,the ellipseis

useful

exactlythe

of the three

shadows

it involve
that

Figures

Plane,

the

Angle of Forty-Five Degrees

elevation,C2 D2S,

very

is

Wall

to the

Perpendictdar

case

accuracy.

behind

exemplifiedin

an

equal to

The

40.

in elevation

one
ellipse,

an

this shadow

of the

Left

Circle

of a

in this

of

forms

the

with

on

of a Circle Parallel

its center, and

This

arcade

plane,is

to the

with

memory

Figure

Plane

of construction

in detail.

familiar

so

Elevation

to the

method

given

the circle is Ai Ei Gi.

that

But

The

an

in

elevation

Shadow

this shadow

plan.)

Parallel

from

of

shown

Circle Backward

It is evident

be

them

shadows

arcade
to

here

should

draw

can

practice. The

be

not

Every draftsman
Figure

Wall

(Figure i8.)

C'T'D)

(See

s?mi-minor

C2 F2.

familiar

of the Tuscan

with

the

use

ticle
capital. (Ar-

A
A
iS
/

Z^
I

It

"

^^x'A.
\

\
N.

'IS

C:

4r

rC

VRE

VR

I G

R.

A
3

t.E=NGTH
.U5BN

OF-

IK

JSas

IlE^

EU%^

FRONT

"TIDE

-^

.i^lLOKT

2.

"\"t
\l\

/
\
/

^
\

y-

"^3B 3i

R.

VK.

29

XVI

ARTICLE

FIGURES
The
same

general principles involved

those

as

The

"

the

on

the

lines of
2

of

draw

the

the

of

cylinder.
the

Aig Bjg.

circle

Ej Dj.

We

we

parallelto
3

The

"

of

be

vertical

of

tangency

these
the
of

of

line

to

It will
the

from

has
a

The

"

the

of

be

is cast

that

noted

determine

lines

the

of

the

by drawing

remember

of

other

The

ends

D2

of

we

the

of

shadow

is in

the

base

two

lines.

shade

the

plan

the

to

this

is

plane

and

shade

the

draw

the

From

this

Bjg Ei tangent

lower

the
and

plane

profileelements

on

base,

inder
cyl-

the
find

base.

the

base
this

of
to

the

on

is C.

upper
with

and

E2

The

and

From
vation
in ele-

lines

the

that

them

to

visible

line

shade

Ai

tangent

circle

be

for

the

to

Since

of

the

the

base.

The

the

will

points
of

elevations

by drawing

not

of

point

exact

the

case

of rays

determined,

given

tural
architec-

in

in this

planes

which

lines, from

course,

Ci

"

normal

radius

the

of

should,

the

the

to

shade

the

oftenest

occurs

section.

right

vertical,and

be

of

which

case

circular

will

plans

normal

diameter

the

of

Axis,
below

is in front
side

by

of

of
of

the

the

such

cylinder

column.

tangency

line.

A2 A2 is nearly one-sixth

of

the

diameter

Line

Parallel

to

the

This

shadow

is

the

given

elevation

of rays

line

equal

to

the

of the

cylinder being

the

whose

profilein

at

the

example

shadow

side

of

in

the

front

same

elevation

[43]

Plane

Elevation

on

semicircle, whose

distance

distance

A2 B2,

of

is

on

"

equal

the

to

front

plane

diagonal

of

column.

Horizontal

for

column,

"

width

The

(Figure 28.)

elevation

plane

shadow

diameter

diameter

is the

Shadow

the

the

than

side

line is A3, the

AB

axis

points of tangency

exact

to

D2.

From

lines tangent
forty-five-degree

be

plan

is determined

width

distance
line

will

plans

(Figure 27.)

shade

the

the

base

center

and

Aig Di

other
the

base

one

itself,and

parallelto

the

shade

the

cylinder.

vertical

of

is evident

It

Hence

profile line.

Vertical

at

in

The

convenient

whose

and

case,

be

greater

plans

E2

Cylinder,

all vertical

planes

give
and

lines

coincides

plane

own

If

with

the

whose

circle
shadow

the

by drawing

Di

the

cylinder with

by drawing

circle

right

square

the

but
a

should

It

whose

these

of

Upright

an

the

drawn.

are

tangents,
a

of

cylinder are

planes

lines

of

is that

the

at

profile elements

the

its

on

shadow

Ei and

the

Then

D.

and

Cg

through

rays

in elevation.

shadow

the
shade

the

and

EF

cylinder

Ag

the

cylinder.

coincide
of

of the

shadow.

(Figure 26.)
will

to

draw

cylinder is

base

elevations

base

and

plan

shadow

and

plane

the

in

plane
the

only

cast

Cig.

the

that

of the

cylinder,and

bases

along

lines, A, B, C

element

both

the

back

pass

the

cylinders are

any

of the

complete

its Bases,

of

one

on

the

the

lower

tangency
the

Shadow

drawing
elements

of

points

to

with

of

complete

determine

oj

shade
an

be

ABCD

may

of

shadows

shadows

to

we

the

profilelines

Plane

is at

base

of the

now

its

Dg

Bg

Hence

of

ends

the

lying in

base

upper

and

Cg

its shadow

lines

lower

the

may

base

Ag

and

Let

the

plane, cast

cylinder.

to

necessary

the

(Figure 25.)
the

cylinder only along

the

07i

shadow

shadow

The

The

plans

of

be

to

lines

the

Figure 26,

it will

the

Here

plane

circle

shadows.

as

of these

tangency

on

these

plane,

in

cones.

on

30
shades

the

Plane.

parallelto

Cylinder

lines tangent

of

be

AND

of

any

Dg,

29
of

of the

and
to

tangent

Cylinders

shadows

cylinder

lines

28.

27.

of

determination
and

Draw

Dg.

shade

always
of

cylinder

points
the

will

on

the

Bg, Cg

be

can

Shadow

shadow

center

Ag,

tangency,

lies in

Cg

of the

of rays

The

of

the

shades

Cylinder

any

shadow

26,

25.

in

the

finding

and

Bg

cylinder

"

shadow

Ag

shadows

of

plane

of
the

cast

at

the

are

points

that

To

plane

Bg Dg

in

Shadow

plane.

any

involved

Shadows

and

Shades

The

as

given

of
the

is the

the

center

line
axis.

front.

Cylinder of Circtdar
is in

in front
Then

the
of the

the

It is evident

of

axis

that

tion
Sec-

inder
cyl-

In

this

elevation

of

axis.

side

the

the

line A3 X3
forty-five-degree

shadow

that

this

FICVRE

25

26

FICVRE

28

R,E

1"

JEBN

IN

FRONT

"1X"?4T10N'

^^

'WKT

"i

h'S"

R.

F.

E.

F.

whose

major

major

axis

of shadow

C3, the
5

of this

The

"

C2,

in front

Shadow

axis.

The

Shadow

the

from

side

will

begin

Figure

tower,

plan,

in

seen

covered

in the

thoroughly

shades

below

and

The

column,
52;

of BX

architectural
forms
with

are

the

concave;

in these

there

different

is

cases,

familiar.

[45]

the

in the

the

the

to

with

evident

that

on

in the

line

of

the

at

B,

B2S

to

line

est
highline
and

shadow,

no

tion,
eleva-

the

A28, may

be

B2S Y2S.

than

do

and

32;

31

in the

any

Some
be

draftsman

other

in the

building

the like.

the

that

line,as

shadow

principlesto

all of which

y of

horizontal

evidently cast

the

arches, and

the

0}

from

struck

shadow

B2S

horizontal

base. Figure 43;

difference

this

ellipse

Cylindrical Part

distance

The

at

niche. Figures

soffits of

of the

axes

semicircle

frequently, perhaps,

more

no

be

course,

exemplified
at

line will

points of

intermediate

cinctures

but

face

ellipse

an

elevation

It is also

C2 A2S B2S will be tangent

will,of

in barrel- vaults ; in the

equal

(Figure 30.)

of the

of shadow

work

minor

the

on

this is also

C2 Ags B2S, is

shadow

CD

part

curve

shadow
in

shadows

The

line XY

the

in front

axis.
Plane

that

show

in Section,
the

casts

If necessary,

B.

Such

others

which

and

major

of the

Elevation

the

to

this line is

; that

circle in this elevation.

reasoning will

distance

vault.

The

section.Figure

cylinders,and
the

at

is

D3 E3

cylinder;that

the

Hence

is in front

AB

as

of the

diameter

cylinder.

Parallel

Line

C2.

at

appear

surfaces.
42;

AB

Similar

vault

through

elevation.

Cylindricalforms
curved

niche

line of the

B2 B2S, of the ray

found

far below

springingof the

of BC

shadow

of the

is

elevation

in side

is the

elevation,the shadow
as

Horizontal

of the

axis

of a Cylindrical Barrel-Vault

face

level of the

the

axis

of the

"

minor

diameter

(Figure 29.)

the

on

is the

in front

0}

cylinder,which

whose

circle,is

Niche.

point of the
at

E2, which

the

on

D3 E3 and

being equal

center

center,

is

axis

is D2

Semicircular

line of shadow

the

plane cuts

C'T'D)

XVI

(ARTICLE

with

metrical
geo-

circular
circular

of these

applied in
should

are

mining
deter-

become

ARTICLE

The

Shadow

of

XVII

Circular

FIGURES

part

Li

L2

H2

M2

K2

M2

M,

Ml

of

the

H2

K2

of

the

part

of

the

spherical

points
1

It is

strike

the

only

the

the

direct

of

the

cast

of

plans

niche,

It is not

2.

of

is its

it is

plan.

auxiliary

shadows

of

impossible

these

on

draw

surface
of

these

(Article IX.)
the

to

line

face

with

readily

are

points

centers

as

iary
auxil-

of these

each

of

Since

niche.

the

planes

those

whole

the

of

these

on

and

planes,
to

necessary

points

the

shadows

the

the

that

of

shadows

represent

to

find

to

shadows.

that

is evident

It

The

niche.

the

planes parallel

the

C2SJ of C

shadows,
and

of

vertical

two

the

Mi

proceed, therefore,

method

the

Lis

surface

because

We

9.)

"

Li

the

on

projection

XII

by

line

is, circles

Spherical Head

32

and

niche

shadow

niche

face

the
to

that

cast

by

Zi be

Yi
to

not

AND

31

of

(Article

of

part

necessary

shadows,

will

line.

and

Xi

elevation

found

be

by

parallel

are

front

line

cannot

head

Wi

planes

found.

face

spherical

Let

"

these

to

the

on

is the

with

Niche

shadows.
2

The

"

circles

on

circle

2,
4

have

"

"

H2

from

C2

to

the

to

the

E^

F2

B2

with

D2

points

whose

The

shadow

line

is

tangent

shadow

line

is

tangent

In

practice

the

the
at

H2,

has

particular
the

the

to

than

more

niche

of

and

case

axis

axis
one-

different
be

may
of

at

K2S

of the

adopted.

the

on

of

the
the

shadow

represented
niche
axis

C2

at

the

be

may

of

taken
the

from
32

shadow

of

radius
those

shows

found

[47]

on

by

the

fact
This

for
these

C2
here

elevation

of

D2.
and
of

F2

such

niche,

with

G2

is often
is also

may

Mi-

forgotten.
often

drawings

ray

K,

as

Lis

line, Li

three
the

point

every

Ei

niche.

the

the

L2S.

through

B2

niche,

plan by
This

Hg.

at

Ci

of

line

in

Ai

the

intersection

the

Hence
the

of

quite accurately enough

drawing

Figure

surface

cylindrical part

be

of

found

position

column,

of

and

F2 G2

Ei

the

niche.

may

line

length

is in

points

fall

lines

the

D2

the

be

face

and

L2S.

or

of

elevation
be

may

form

Corinthian

the

K2S,

Bg

cylinder

the

to

third

line

must

i,

the

to

and

Lgp,

Ai

on

face

niche

the

shadows

line

shadow

points H2,

trifle

right

the

and

circle

directly, since

cast

from

cut

G2

of the

shadow

The

K2

If

Ai

also

YZ

on

the

those

sha:dows

finding

M2

of

Evidently

"

by

that

and

their
5

is in

and

WX

point

every
and

"

planes

Now

"

at

forgotten.
small

scale

points, tangent
CK

at

to

distance

Mg.

given,

the

shadows

the

slicing

other

in
method.

the

methods
heads

which
of

the

(Article X.)

first

are

two

suited
flutes

IGVRE

33

Elevation
_

^F

IGVR

IG

VR.E

."E LEVANT

.53

ION

"iTIOM

XVIII

(ARTICLE
of the

sphere

base

to

construct

It is not

sections,or

the

triangles,and
equilateral

in the

lines drawn
In

two

of the

the

from

plan Ai Ei Bi

of the

of

the

the

axis

minor

the

sphere;

on

the

shadow

line.

circumscribe

remember

axis

of the

major

axis

minor
of the

minor

the

being

axis

as

reasoning giving the proofs in the foregoing

to

shade

remember

line

simply the

by determining

with

make

lines Ai Ei and

line,draw

shade

of the

these

about

eUipseof shadow,

diameter

the

method

of

structing
con-

sphere.

extremities

the

of the

axes

to

It will suffice for him

6.

of the

the extremities

to them

equal

should

student

shadows

and

rays

following section

and

determine

To

"

direction

shades

the

plane; through this point draw

the

important that
that

the

the

that

on

perpendicular

C'T'D)

the

major

It is desired

Bi Ei.

the

axis.

angle

which

(Figure 33.)
to

determine

the

angle Ei Ai Ci.
Revolve
Then
a

the

square.

If

AB

positionof Oi

is

Through

triangleA, O'l Ci
the

line about

the shade

revolved

the

now

revolved

Then

shade

The
axes

are

horizontal,coincidingin plan
Then

Si Qi O'l is one-half

Then

with

Ai E'l Ci
of

Ai E'l Bi.

is one-half
a

of

and

square,

equilateral.
line be revolved

back

trianglesSi Oi Qi and

the

major

it is

Ei is E'l; of Ai Ei is Ai E'l.

Si, parallelto Ai E'l.

O^

angle Ai O'l Qi
shade

triangleswhose
the

until

axis

an

of

to

its

originalposition,Ai Ei Bi, Ai Ei

will be

to Si Oi,
parallel

position of Si O'l.
in

Now

Oi Si Qi

is

O'l draw

as

O'l;

axes,

minor

which
axes

lines of
bases
are

are

Hence

Ai Qi

the

elevation

sphere in plan

and

of the

minor
the

to

axes

diameter

in direction

perpendicular
respectively

to

the

with

Oi Qi

angle Ei Ai Ci

the

equal

coincide

O'l Ai Qi,

30".

the

rays

0\

Qi

Si Qi.

angle

Hence

whose

vertices

are

at

the

two

eral
equilat-

extremities

of

sphere.
in

of the

[51]

and

thirtydegrees.

each circumscribing
ellipses^

and
ellipses,

of the

direction

are

is

plan
rays.

and

elevation

respectively,and

the

major

EE"
!"" [

M-'

c:

R-

.3

^-

H.

XIX

ARTICLE
The

Shadows

of Dormers,
FIGURES

The
the

on

Since

Shadows
roof

the

Ass
of

Ags

is

in

which

is

to

the

It is
the

the
is

does

CD
the

the

Figure
the

same

is

that

Shadows
The

needs
In

plane

such

chimney

shown
the

to

side

the

on

of the

of

is the

of

in

points
the

this

side

A2

we

this

of the

side

the

ray

level

line

shadow

The

ray.

roof.

the

of
the

along

A,

as

the

case

elevation

pass

Agg

point,

any

strikes

in

use

we

The

Aga,

shadow

with

(d)

that

hip-roof.

The

is

Fas Has,
XIII

(Article
method

of

"

line

horizontal

elevation,

front

in

(b) that

plane,

elevation

the

to

which

FG,

shadow

the

roof

as

of

Ggs

Fas

the

slope

same

perpendicular

elevation

front

in

points

cast

given points

various

through

rays

those

line

elevation, a
the

the

of

been

have

by BC.

is cast

Bga

shadow

the

cast

to

shadows

the

when

C2S

which

at

shadows

proceeding

before

case,

shadow

the

parallelto FG;
the

dormer

(Figure

same

involved,

the

front

in

slope

that

as

roof

its front

A2

37
roof

D2

of

such
be

devices

the

and

have

the
the

elevation

in

may

Figure
of

which

elevation

front

time-saving

equal

(a) the

line

Roofs.

on

used

objects
a

is

elevation,

using

shadow

From

itself

object

that

i); (c) that

"

horizontal

ray

elevation

front

evident

is, in front

XIII

A3a.

line,

Y3.

X3

of

3).

"

is

shadow

the

obtaining

37.)
used

in

the

preceding

of

cases

shadows

of

and

dormers,

comment.

with

draw

simply drawing

side

be

the

here

further

to

contour

(Article

of Chimneys

dealing

be

and

shadow,
that

the

on

it will

which

"

is

the

line

the

by

shadow

through

the

the

given above.

method

no

will

36 shows

as

shadows

example,

construction

where

represented by

shadow
on

find

To

36.)

way.

perpendicular line, has

the

shadow,

same

cast

be

Roofs

on

37

point

represented
of

the

the

cast

not

line AE,

eaves

roof,

which

FH,

of
the

the

cannot

elevation, give the levels

forty-five-degreeline

parallelto

to

is

elevation

in

For

plan

roof

the

Ags

course,

necessary

and

35

find

to

AND

36

35,

(Figures

whose

side

cast

roof.

side

of the

of

the

be

of

from
in

roof

plane

elevation

that

is clear

the

only

plane

may

the

on

it is

and

front

advisable,

shadow

of

A^,

dormer,

It
strike

the

Roofs,

on

inclined

point

object

the

on

Dormers

35),

an

A3

other

any

of

(Figure

roof

elevation,
through

of

Chimneys, Etc.,

object
line

position

made

to

do

whenever

on

C2

which

E3 F3

when

with

duty

of
the

G2

the

reference
as

side

to

is to

will represent

face.

[53]

as

Through

A2

be

Then

the

side

of

us

draw

elevation

be
the

the

X3

Y3,

Y3
of

the

for

will

generally

as

making

By

whatever

the

apt

angle Y3

Ag

D2

side

C2

at

the

of

depth

the

in

have

become

represent

chimney,

or

it would

should

necessary
un-

side.

the

roof, wall,

that

suppose

X3

it is

used

object

draftsman

The
let

elevation,

may

profileof

example,

cast.

front

elevation

side
the

in

elevation

elevation.

For

its width.

shadow

side

front

the

representing

possible.

is two-thirds

in

contour

same

Ag

B2
vation
ele-

resenting
rep-

(V

ARTICLE

The

XX

Shadows

FIGURES

The

Shadow

Here

these

objects might
Assume

of

the

is the

which

lines,

part

E2S

F2S

in
is

It

one

from

rays

just

The

drawn

the

elevation

part

is

E3

D3

F3

casts

F3,

buttress

and

lower

edge
the

be

to

the

of
of

of

the

of

planes

the

though

steps,

the

A3

G3

this

In

right side

Then

I3.

buttress.

the

of

the

assume

the

case,

raking

top

position

profile

of

the

of

the

buttress,

etc.

direct

by

and
of .the

buttress

face

elevation

shadows

upper

what

A3

the

the

front

side
at

the

cast

of

the

to

etc.

now

to

face

front

of

lines.

plan by

the

(Figure 38.)

of Steps.

projection,

comers

of

of the

buttress

shadow

casts

in

F3S

"39

exactly
riser,

any

in

as

shs^ow
side

the

Fsg,

E^

as

on

preceding
back

which

is

article.
buttress

the
In

step.

any

elevation,

to

this

case,

shadow

the

elevation.

evident

which
on

proceed

Flight

38

elevations

reference

G^,
is

shadow,

the

in

of

with

I3S H3g

side

front

side

elevation

determine

whose

on

the

use

represented

steps

Kss

now

may

to

be

side

drawing

we

the

Raking

the

casts

may

By

of

line

here
We

edge

the

profile

steps

steps

of

it is convenient

Buttress

Steps

on

that

receive

step,

since

its
as

the

shadow,

E2S

F2S,

raking
and

may

has
be

edge
the

repeated

of

the

buttress
direction

same

on

the

others

[55]

is
with

similarly

situated

reference

without

being

to

them

cast.

with

reference

all,

the

shadow

to

all
of

the
that

XXI

ARTICLE

The

Shadows

of

FIGURES

is

The

determination

First

find

far

as

below

at

the

given

Y3

line

side

in

this

line

eaves

line

of

is in

the

B2

of

the

wall.

direct

by

wall

the

on

Behind

Wall

It

41

is done

case

C2

front

of

the

shadow,

offers

and

projection,

The

of

depth

difficulty.

no

of

shadow

The

arcade.

the

over

(Article VII.)

elevation

of

of

the

the

wall,

portico.

at

draw

we

then

the

The

the

of

part
of

of

scale

line

rest

C2, D2,

larger scale,

it at

repeat

wall,

lookouts

the

of

shadow
we

the

on

face

the

ends

the

construct

shadows

the

represents
the

the

the

as

shadows
we

form

cast

shadows

the
of

AND

40

on

line

this

is determined

shadow

the

forty-five-degree line Ag Bgs.

scale,

the

X3

the

the

cast

To

shadow

the

by
Next

of

the

Its Roof

and

Arcade

an

X3

the
in

E2.

Since

shown

in

to

construction

is

as

so

right

impracticable
termined
de-

thus

having

and

41,

necessary.

position

the

is

construction

Figure

elevation,
such

elevation

the

the

Y3

as

of

elevation

the

on

Y3

X3

apparent

will

to

as

that,

truly

need

if

sent
repre-

detailed

no

explanation.
It
of

the

what

has

been

parts
be

cannot

of

will

cast

in

here

necessary

end

right

the

portico,

real

cast

shadow^s.

Those

light.

to

because
We

shadows

good

it is

impossible

therefore
which

imaginary

many

then

to

the

cast

shadows
be

to

prove

such

shadows,

tell from

of

all parts

covered

by

the

as

inspection

an

of

other

the

arch

elevation

an

those

except

of

shadow

such

shadows

are

just

evidently

which

of

course

imaginary.
In
of

this

figure,

good

many

shadows

to

the

casting objects

projections

of

the

objects casting

imaginary
more

them.

shadows

apparent,

(Article

have
and
XII

[59]

to

"

been

drawn,

illustrate

the

i.)

also, merely
fact

that

shadows

to

render
are

the

merely

relation

oblique

-12

XXII

ARTICLE
The

Shades

and

Shadows

on

Circular Tower

with

the

determination

shades

and
these

shadows

these

of

shades

and

circles,cylinders

Roof

42

shadows
and

of

Wall

involves

(Articles XIV,

cones.

already stated

methods

the

only

and

XV,

finding

for

Proceed

XVI.)

termine
de-

to

singly.

Represent

"

of

Conical

FIGURE
The

and

Roof

right

elevation

side

the

of

profilelines

the

by drawing

tower

and

of wall

roof, X3 Y3,

the

on

front

elevation

elevation.

in such

Assume

in

this

that

position
that

case

the

left profile line of the

the

is

tower

one-third

engaged

will

tower

of

wall

in the

its diameter

profilein

the

as

serve

side
main

of the

building.
2

the

The

"

roof

shades

drawing

shade

cone

is evident

shade

line

The

shade

the

the

to

these

where

point W2,

of

of

the

the

of

tower

and

and

B2

are

the

Ci

base

are

and

Bi

tangents.

its base.

near

of

plane

Bi

tangency

points

conical

the

the

shade

part of the

tangent

the

line

This

right.

cylindrical parts of

direction

the

on

Ci

plan

with

the

of

plans

the

Then

on

and

Ais,

at

determined
are

C2.

shadow

The

in

precision

lines of

shade

of

feet

the

the

(invisible).

rapidly toward

the

on

of

those

to

part 0} the
A

apex

These

plan.

on

rays

be drawn

is found

tower,

tower.

In

in

from

way.

by drawing

elevation

these

elevations

are

roof,

the

of

part

imagination.

similar

found

are

curved

the

to

on

passes

part may

lines

the

plan

on

found

are

radius

J2S, M2S,

at

U2.

The

"

found

by

shadows

direct

these

through
should

be
It

points,

sufficient

should

be

such

Thus

by drawing

where

point

of

tower

that

the

to

plans

the

and

shadow

circle

the

each

the

which

to

the
of
the

crosses

the

plan
the

I2 K2,

shadow

such

of

the

shade
and

are

rays

points

of the

lines

this

the

tower.

is

point J

point

is

termined,
de-

Then

J2.

is found

elevation

back

passing

lines of the

tower,
of

in

tower

the

plan,

shade

the

to

elevation

The

line

in

top part of the

the

tower.

shade

cross

tower

shadows

cast

of

lines
the

to

tangent

which

four

or

and

H2

lines, drawing

these

tower.

shadow

these

are

line

Three

tower.
on

E2 F2, G2

points'on

different

circle

the circles

shade

the

of

etc., where

plan

plan tangent
on

whose

strike

rays
of

of

points

in

of

in

rays

of the

its shadow

the

these

points Jgs, M2S,

those

lines

elevations

shadows

the

J,s Ji

ray

casts

circtdar

the

finding where

determine

by drawing

along

which

and

to

noted

found

are

rays

the

on

projection, using plans

tower,

the

off

the

points

normal

elevations

A2 C2

line, Q2 O2S,

normal

and

from

run

shades

"

Ti Ui

that

of

The

conical

the

on

shadow

Ai Ci

The

cone.

and

rooj
the

Aia Ci.
and

Ai Bi

the

will

The

and

(visible) and

A2 B2

It

N2

radii

lines of

are

the

the

conical

by casting

Ais Bi

tangents

by drawing
the

the

on

is found

cone

at

J2S

'

by drawing

the

It should

E, and
of

is not

the

circle

drawn

from

with

such

The
of

the

in

also

be

noted

EF

which

that

does

Lis in plan,
elevation.

point Lgs
tower.

J2

found by drawing

In

will
any

be

profile point L2S

its shadow

the

very

ccmmon

at

the

same

level

generated by

from

as

the

the

in

plan

of
the

of

It will
the
is

point

In

Li.

which
of

the
line

L2S

this

the
of

the

in

case,

plan

elevation
L

line

casting

vertical

is

point

the

that
on

point

the

ray

nearly coincides

very
of

the

line L2S J2S

a

of the

shadow

the

profilepoint

shadow^
about

the

from

seen

at

determining

at

is not

EF
be

tower

profile point

revolution

[61]

line.

shadow

from E2.

error

line

the

shade

profileof

the

on

the

of

is, at L, the point which

forty-fivc-degree

surface

with

its intersection

forty-five-degreeline

that

"

to

the

cast

Avoid

by drawing

case

from

J2 J2S

ray

the

shadow

in

shadow.
crosses

the axis

axis, points

on

the

-i^HfVcx/
.

)JSa"

c;

or-

r:K

XXll

(ARTICLE
situated

profileare
Hence

in the
is true
5

of

The

"

symmetricallywith
of

case

the

pointson
shadow

Ni yi in plan.

(ArticleXIII

in this and

The

"

parts of
the

lower

at

be

must

scale.
made

the method

at

of

Where

the

of the

The

"

of

A,

may

and

C and

by casting the

the

on

the

to

the direction

pointson

of

the axis in

light.
tion
eleva-

in

drawing

and

hand,

form

of the

shadow

shadow

Since

it.

the

surfaces, it

the

of

plan
being

curve

below

of visualisation

times

line
is the forty-five-degree

this

is

be

enough

the upper

him

the

to

points in

to

determine

the

parts of the corbels

the cylinder.

on

find the

in such

by

line

beforehand.

known

impracticableto
help

determined

shadow

of the circle

shadow

must

shadow

instances,or

slicingmethod

tower

on

the

of the

circle EF

on

circumscribingsquare

impracticableto

desirable

shadow

of the

it is

and

it is often

lines,the shadow

of the

of the

begun by drawing

This

tower.

them

on

the

are

Since

drawing

(ArticleX)

or

(ArticleIX).

of the roofof the

shadow

of

true

points should

three

or

corbels

double-curved

largerscale

of its shade

is

the

points in

general form

power

accuratelythe

shadow

part of the

Two

detail is repeated mg^ny

same

having determined
is the shadow

GH

be

are

student's

much

the conical

on

the

cases,

auxiliaryshadows

the scale

at

The

axis, with reference

surface, what

By passing from

circle

parts of the corbels

small

the

cylinder,the shadow

such

is determined.

O2S

of

O2 N2
3.)

"

in similar

shadows

of the

in front
on

profile.
line

of the

its elevation, the line N2

shadow

those

symmetrical shadow

C'T'D)

the

at

to

largescale,to

roof of the

main

roof of the
the

roof.

main

in which

the

may
The

be

at

it

copy

building.

tower

the shadow

construct

the detail

draw

on

Since

cast

shadow

the smaller
the shadow

after

drawing.
of

cone

by casting the shadows

of the circle EF

of the circle may

shadow

rately
accu-

large scale,and

is found

then be inscribed.

(Article
XIV.)
8

The

"

shadow

Evidently,in
and

upper
would

so

lower

Shadows
9

edges of

nearly coincide

without

"

of the circle

this case,

The

that

GH

shadows

of

two

the

shadow

the

and
the

the wall

on

are

the filletover

appreciableerror
of circles

EF

there

to

IK

be
on

of the

building is found

main

similarly. (ArticleXIV

"

circles casting, respectively,

parts of the required shadow,"

gutter moulding.
of

of the

one

with

coincident
the main

wall

cylindricalparts of

the

At

the scale

circles may

be

given, however,

cast, and

the two

2.)
the

shadows

that of the other

be

sumed
as-

it.
are

to

tower
^

[63]

be found

as

above.

projecteddirectlyon

plan, complete

the

struction.
con-

ratelyand

quickly from

sufficient accuracy
Let

it be

of the torus.
run

off into

for

rendered

most

that

remembered
It is

space

and

without

memory

The

shadows

Cast

the shadow

of the top 0} the

Cast

the

of the

"

"

the ray

shadow

A2 A2S from

the shadow
"

A2,

"

line

shade

do

this with

wholly within, the apparent profile

that if completed it would
so

lies

inside part of the shade

of
profile
now

be

to

drum

of the

of

the drum

of AB

the shadow

and

are

to

scale.

tangent to, and

the

able

be

object

the

as

"

shown

in

Figure 45.

found.

column

parallelto

the

on

the

on

AB

wall,as explained in Article

wall, by
from

of

use

the

plan,

point A2S

or

XIV

"

2.

by merely drawing

where

the

ray

crosses

lino of the circle.

The

shadow

of

L, M, N, P, S, T, U, V,
8

base, plinth,etc.,

small

at

is

the

lie wholly within

not

of the

line

to draw

fault

common

very

drawings

should

He

the construction.

making

the shade

C'T'D)

XXIII

(ARTICLE

The

the
and

determination

torus

hence

on

the

the

wall

is most

shadows

of the shadow

of the

points on

plinth,which

[67]

by determining the plans of points

readilyfound

of these

needs

the wall
no

by

direct

projection.

completesthe
explanation,

shadow.

Shades

The

XXIV

ARTICLE

"

and

Shadows

FIGURES
Tuscan

The

third

of

diameter

find

shades

First

the

The

capital

its lower

shadow

in

and

of Vignola.

Capital

48

The

is assumed

column

be

to

engaged

one-

behind.

shadows

capital and

the

on

the

filleton

the

of

"

wall

Tuscan

AND

47

46.

is that

shown

here

of

the

on

part of the column.

upper

This

abacus, A2S B2s-

has

depth equal

torus,

the

to

of the

projection

fillet.
2

"

the

in

as

shade

The

"

is found

The

shade

line, F2 G2S H2,

The

shade

line

The

shadow

0}

the

front

"

shadow
radius

is

shadow

The

shadow

of JK

J2 Q2
where

below

the

of

and

neck, is found
the

by drawing

the

line

shade

C2S D28

E2

radius

in

in

the

same

direction

of

way.

normal

plan

the

to

found

at

The

the

19,

of

plan

of

back

line

K2

line

vertical

abacus,

neck

of

the

on

the

K2
the

on

column,

to

and

capital

line

J2,

K2

the

J2, equal

XIII

the

on

cincture
on

Q2

column.

Being

line

Kgs.
neck

of

K2S,

and

of

distance

that

plan

tJie column.

whose

This

front

is

in

is Q2,

center

line in

level

same

and

C2S

as

same

axis.

of the

way.
of
y2 Z2 a2

cur\'e

XIV

Find

^4.)

"

shadows
We

5.)

"

The

torus.

the

oval

the

Z2are

(Article IX

the

on

and

a2

in

the

(Article

torus.

D2S

Find

Oi bi

is

Then

the

is found

X2

W2

the ovolo.

4.)

"

of

and

points "23

the
line

whose

line

shade

is

on

same

plane

(Article
the

find

to

finding of
11

igs and

other

The

of
then

highest point

of

the

two

points

back

along

the

shadow

with

shadow

pass

situated

symmetrically

ovolo

the

the

will

reference

circle

W2

the

circle

The

shadow

"

curve

The

of the
shadow

"

slicing method;

intersection, ng,

torus.

the

point

kgs of the

ovolo

the

on

W2

X2

is

elevation
The

the

X2

having

k2s has

of

point

D2S

the

on

g2

where

g2s

cincture

it leaves

h2 of the

intersection

the

the

(m

neck

of

the

column

this

is found

shadow

X2

is

readily

of the

ovolo

(ArticleIX.)
the

by

of

use

readily be

may

is found

W2

cincture

auxiliary shadows

auxiliary oblique plane Oi bj.

already determined,

of the

of
or,

the

the

and

the

drawn

plan;

without

that

astragal H2

point P28

shadows

of

of HF

found

the

F2

may

and

of

the

column

intersection

be

may

of

the

drawn

oval

from

curve

imagination

y2 Z2

a2

with

the

with

shade

(ArticleIX.)

is

point G2

neck

The

k2s exactly.

G2S of
ovolo

the

on

found.

been

line I2S k2s evidently determines

oval

from

ray

been

g2s

gas
after

accuracy

of

points.

shadow

"

sufficient

the

line whose

shade

line

shade

i2sg2s of

shadow

points

part of the

the

of the

"

two

the

along

and

below)

The

10

13

the

same

point f2s

The

shadow

of

use

the

the

the

the

of

crosses

points

"

(Section

12

of

part C2 D2 of the

plane.

KJ

e2s.

by passing

the

the

edge of

Kg,

forty-five-degree

axis.

the

the

abacus.

is the

radius

below

oblique

same

of

these

be

evidently

to

V2S

the

the

the

on

through

^rays

the

the

edge of

its shadow

front lower

the

U2S

on

shadow

the

plane,

P2 Q2

of

"

is,its shadow

that

by

portion

4.)

The
"

of

astragal

is found

left lower

the

equal

distance

the

at

(ArticleXVI"

the

the

on

column

the

of

of

"

whose

axis

the

to

The

6
circle

or,

lower

is the

rays.
5

by

ovolo

The

XXIII.

"

perpendicular

to

ovolo.

the

on

Article

by passing

astragal
on

be

the

the

below

determined

lower

[69]

back

along

the

from

ray

the

intersection

(Article IX.)

m2.

cincture

exactly
of

at

circle of

it may

be

by passing
the

cincture

found
back
on

by

use

along
the

of

the

the
ray

plan,
from

oblique plane

or

the

whose

XXIV

(ARTICLE
is

plan

Oi bi (ArticleIX), and

14

The

"

Now

shadow

proceed

15

The

"

the shadow

the

(Figure 47.)
16

The

The

"

These
which
any

have

less

18

shown,
two

have

and

that

of the

From

19

course,

work

the

the wall
detail

the

by drawing

needs

may

G2 until

through C2 and

rays

explanation.

no

since

furnish

they

of

example

good

of processes,

number

method

only

of

being

left at the

been

4,

"

cast

analysis

an

of which, however, present

none

and

auxiliary shadows
the

on

of

angle

also

vertical

XIV
the

by

Similar

been

venient
con-

very

the

tions
preliminaryconstruc-

4.

"

slicingmethod.

though it would

accurate,

has

(ArticleIX)

auxiliary plane passing through

degrees.
forty-five

Article

determined

nearly so

would

This

been

have

no

simpler in analysis,since

been

have

process.

the

of

construction

3s and

at

4s,

"

the

its

"

4.)

This

it is often

in the

found

the

actual

torus, the

shadow

latter

being

of the

the shadows

of the

front

on

the

dotted

plane

of

the

line.

inner

Evidently,the

the shade

pointswhere

there

torus

line of the

torus

front

planes of

drawings

of the

shadow

of

at

torus

the angle forty-fivedegrees with

shadows

shadow

very

on

for

flat tori

such

small

scale

as

usually occur

by casting

the

shadow

tori.

the construction

the

the shadows

accurately enough

axis, making

envelope of

Article XIV

plain that

it is
be

may

Figure 48 shows

through

it,as

shadow

This

H2 F2.

on

it involves

Article XIII

one

this construction

"

H2F2

equatorialcircle of the

equatorial circles

the left

below

shadow.

its actual

with

equatorial circle.

in architectural

it was

47

but

the wall

by merely casting on

coincides

cincture

the

found

be

G2 may

of the

use

not

shows

of

plan.

singly.

have

and

is determined

nearly enough

edge

explained fullyin

to

might

involved

lower

auxiliary shadows

will coincide

the

of the

shadows

the

explained in

Figure

cur\^es

crosses

with

that

the

shadows

"

other

considered

laborious, however,

it would

cifid

C2 J2

been

be noted

been

the

and

column, backward

These

of

of the

use

the wall

on

the astragal,and

astragal,which

complicated because

in this
case;
of the

of

column

imagination.

the

by

scale.

of points C2S

have

when
difficulty
It should

axis

shadow

small

at

is found

capitaland

by

cast

circle of the

casting of the

is somewhat

I2S is

P2s

shadows

shadows

of the

from

be drawn

then

may

the column

on

shadow

is the

shadow

they intersect the

17

G2S

equator

drawings

the shadow

this cincture
the

cast

I2S P2s

in

"

to

shadow

of

be omitted

0}

C'T'D)

on

the

oblique plane

will be called the oval

useful

in

curve

of

on

the

torus.

[?']

plane passing back

vertical

the circles of

of the

finding exactly particularpoints

preceding problem.

front

plane.
the

The

of shadow

torus.

student
in

This

to

shadow

is,of

(ArticleIX

and

should

problems

be familiar
to

follow,as

-4

Aic^

//

ARTICLE

The

XXVI

and

Shades

Shadows

FIGURE

The

the

of

the

The

shade

The

shadow

shade

point

Bgs
4

line

and

of

The

the

elevation

are

line

Shadow

"

are

found

The

shade

The

shade

"

"

4),

"

obtained

on

Shade

"

it

shade

front

XIV

H2

edge of
of

middle

F2

of

by

the

on

the

on

the

this

of

and

A2
the

on

method

below

cincture

cincture

it

found

are

in

as

moulding

shadow

required

the

(Article XXIV.)

ovolo.

of

points

direct

by

rays

used

for

and

plan

the

Axial

projection.

of

through

of

also

as

whose

cone

hg, etc.,

g2,

circle

points

shadow,

on

the

method

the

by

circles

of

shadow

this

is that

is found

baluster

cincture

required

of

part

the
the

shadows

scotia

the

below

cincture

auxiliary

below

the

on

by determining

of

the

of

apex

that
is at

of
A

the
and

auxiliary

cast

are

cincture

intersection
for

of

on

on

the

circles

auxiliary

the
scotia

below.

profile

whose

G2.
lower

below

of the

the

along

baluster

the

is that

as

way

it is found

on

of

the

of

been

the

on

of

cincture

back

have

part

torus

same

below

edge

points

passing

might

I2 is that

lines

the

level.

same

the

lower

the

and

by

A2

and

echinus

the

in
cincture

the

on

are

circle

the

the

finding points

then

lower

the

the

on

and

slicing method

"

below
8

of

be

The

on

.7

of

(Article

hg, etc., may

echinus

echinus,

50

on

is determined

echinus
the

Baluster

(Article XXIV.)

profile point C2S

oblique plane

lines

the

Shadows

shadows.

the

of

shadow

The

"

shadows.

g2,

on

abacus

the

edges of

capital.

"

the

the

of

Tuscan

"

3
of

shadow

"

case

on

it and
as

is that

cincture

[75]

in
on

is found

G2

F2

torus

of

section
a

K2

L2.

the

edge

above.

of

the

cincture

of

the

circular

on

cylinder.
as

in

the

case

torus.

the

scotia

.")

XXVII

ARTICLE

The

Shades

and
with

Shadows

of

Consoles

and

Cornice

from

and

shadows

The

shades

and

shadows

imagination,
The
of

left

faces
the

the

cast

of

and
and

This
The

auxiliary
a

The

practice

of
left

as

F.

tip

modillions

rib

of

the

leaf

of

form

the

the

scrolls

shadows

of

the

rectangles

which
found

shadow^s
may

be

is

of

direct

of

modillions

simplified

the

may

on

leaf

sketched

direct

by

direct

by

projection.
and

projection

and

the

faces

scrolls.
the

within
and

left

the

leaf

Then
the

of

cast

of

these

of

drawn

around

right

the

of

ows
shad-

the

modillion.

shadows

The
shadows

In

projection.

scrolls

the

band.

modillion

the

right

under

place

found

are

rectangles containing

drawn

in

direct

by

found

are

wall

the

of

the

be

readily found

console

Y3.

two

on

the

then

Etc.

are

the

shadow

the

scrolls

Next,
scrolls

the

of

circumscribing
it from

tion.
imagina-

Fas-

E2S

right

face

of

circumscribing

found.

similarly

by

the

X3

of

of

cornice
on

console

the

cast

rib

be

may

of

are

the

of

the

elevation

of

forward

of

and

shadows

Next,

the

shadows

shadow

and

first the

forward

shadow

side

Head,

Door

5 1

the

0}

modillions

and

modillions

containing

the

motddings

the

on

faces

the

gives

on

cast

modillion,

shadow

right

console

of

the

section

the

modillions,

rectangles

rectangles,

casts

shadows
the

the

using

"

case

of

the

and

"

the

shades

Modillions,

FIGURE

The
"

over

the

console

Points

of

at

such

at

I2S J2S with

the

found

are

The

scrolls.

those

shadow

of

the

in

the

left

face

part

of

same

of

the

way,
the

by using

lower

right edge

scroll
GH

of

the
also
the

projection.

to

on

the

drawings

form

shown

[77]

scales

as

those

good

of

effect.

drawings

ordinarily

rendered

in

li

ARTICLE

The

Shades

Shadows

and

with

XXVIII

Domical

on

Seen

Roof,
FIGURE

The

"

circular

parts
2

The

the

window
is

5
to

side

of

the

of

and

the

the

dotted

The

shadows

plans

being

"

H2S

of

shadows

the

of

shadows

The

elevation,
interior

H2

the

line

the* part

is not
in

the

this

of

G2

wall

the

of

D2S

at

E2S

and

and

dome

F2S

the

is

be

niay

shadow

found

on

mining
deter-

by

the

cornice^ G2S
12-

is

It

circle

of

the

is

H28,
be

to

dome,

found

as

the

true

shown

here

way,

by

the

intersection

of

the

the

in

that

noted

same

for

convenience,

but

12.

cornices

on

l2s" of HI
the

is found

by direct

the
in

profilesof

latter
the

are

the

the

motddings

cylindrical part

(the line Q3

P3

barrel-vaidted

Q3S

at

of

the

wall

projection, plans being

K

practically parallel to
heads

"

elevations

surface
shadow

fascias.

face of

of

in Section

52

inner

in

these

the

and

on

breaks

on

on

the

Building,

found

are

direct

by

jection,
pro-

used.

shadow^

profiles,since

BAG

H2

dome
line

The
"

of

G2S

cornice

The
"

these
6

shadow

plans

jamb

actually
3

the

shadow

of

BAG

The

(Article XVII.)

"

of

use

shadow^

niche.

Ags C2S, of

B2

Circular

being

here

used

of
as

the

such

[79]

and

the

may

part

windows

side

of
are

be
the

used.

assumed

to

cylindrical
to

be

elevations).

found

be

wall
with

(Article XVI

equal

and

which

on

the

"

help
6.)

parallel
they
of

fall.
their

F.

--Nb

XXX

ARTICLE

The

Shades

Shadows

and

of

in

Figure

The

shadow,

"

of

of

that
the

the
than

did

figure

57

of

The

Parthenon.
that

line

the

neck

abacus

on

and

the

the

shadows

results

were

here

copied

construction.

accurate

forty-five-degree
the

of

nature

figure,

the

of

permit

not

the

is

abacus

f^"^l ^dge

^^^

of

from
scale

Capital

Doric

(Article

Ags-

A2
of

the

is

column

XIII

i.)

"

found

by

projection.
3

The

Lis

from

etc.,

Mis,

The

the

front

shadow

edge

the

of

abacus

on

elevation,

its side

from

shade
is

Other

O.

the

on

details

of

is

echinus

shade

The

the

line

of

shadow

determined
this

by
is O2

cone

present

"

and

the

found

is

echinus

by

constructing

the

constructing

elevation,

its front

J2S K2S

plan,

I-2s M2S,

no

assuming
I2 in

difficulty.

the

echinus

as

with

coincident

the

cone

elevation.
The

shadow

Fgs

G2S

is cast

by

lines

show

the

shade

line

echinus.

Figure
the

this

plan.

apex

the

of

"

whose

of

shadow

"

Jis Kis

of

scale

D2SJ

taken

larger

at

left edge
C2S

Ags

is

56

drawing

the
the

of

shadow

where

parts

The
"

direct

of

in

56

Figure

in

from

determined

was

shown

example

The
shown

AND

56

FIGURES

Greek

edges

57
of

shows

the

imaginary

shadow

of

this

capital

on

wall

lintels.

[83]

behind

it.

The

dotted

the

shadows

LINTFJ-

r.

UmUS

XXXI

ARTICLE

The

Shades

and

Shadows

of the

FIGURES

In

Figure

Since
connection

the

left of

elevation,
Then

casting
and

be

with

the

the

axis

the

part

detail

the

front

of

those

memory
The

shadows

the

cast

heretofore.
of

of

the

which

those

it is
on

the

shades

as

impracticable
in

wall

to

the

X3

Y3

on

line

X3

Y3

that

line

shades

case

with
cast

of

be

taken

will

should
orders

at

small

Figure

58

become

quite

such

supposed

are

as

as

to

those
fall

familiar

unbroken

side

been

to

and

plained
ex-

before
shadows

these

able

capital

wall

in

order

the

to

order.

the
have

of
with

be
the

on

on

which

parts

should

and

themselves,
scales,

various

in

diameter

wall

the
of

it.

plan,

the

the

of

elevation

principles

the

on

face

the

side

the

behind

wall

than
of

one-sixth

represent

with

accordance

and

the

to

in

rather

order,

elevation,

represent

shadows

the

of

front

diameter

its lower

of

elevation
the

in

draftsman

The

follow

side

the

shadows

the

parts.
to

of

and

Determine

orders

the

right

59

one-third

engaged
use

line

then

the

to

to

case

draw
If

figure

be

to

this

column.

the

to

in

elevation,

the

of

shadows
those

with

is assumed

convenient

proceed
in

column

the

58

it will

AND

58

Order

Tuscan

Roman

from

draw
base.

by

ings,
mould-

etc.

Figure
that

might

59

be

shows

placed

the
on

shadow
the

column

of

detached

being

shown

column

by

on

dotted

[85]

wall
lines.

behind

it, the

lines

of

imaginary

lintels

FIGVRE

61

--:^
\

S.
\
r
i

r.

C;

F.

XXXU

ARTICLE

The

Shades

and

Shadows

Figure

being
of

the

in

as

shades

the

and

preceding

shadows

the

of
in

example,

AND

62

63

mutular

Roman

unbroken

an

Order

Doric

Roman

of

order

Doric

of

one-sixth

wall

Vignola,

the

back

of

diameter

column
the

axis

column.

the
No

principles

new

construction

of

of

smaller.

in

shade
At

the

The

or

small

student

the

but

do

scale,

may,

of

curves

the

not

the
small

the

will

real

cast

of
breaks

scale,

have

difficulty

no

lintel

with

the

and

other

the

when

as

dotted
here

in

analyzing

the

Figure

62

shows

in.
is

shown,

drawn

curved

and

scales,

being

profiles

forty-five-degree
of

enlarged

at

lines

lines,

at

mouldings,

made

up

of

scale

the

almost

Figure

practically

being

60,
all

shadows.
the

left

shown
be

drawn

imaginary
order

crown-moulding

shadow

without
at

the

of

of
and

details

various

shadows
wall

the

on

perpendicular,

shadow,

line,

of

the

column,
shadow

horizontal,

five-degree
cones,

and

involved,

are

shadows

show

63

unengaged
that

or

and

6i

an

Note

wholly

details

or

shown.

Figures
those

of

shows

6o

engaged,

61,

60.

FIGURES

the

of

considered

lower
in

edge

Figure
as

of
60.

the
The

cylindrical.

[87]

mutules

guttae

may
under

be
the

drawn

taenia

as

are

single fortyactually parts

K.

ARTICLE

The

and

Shades

XXXIV

Shadows

according
FIGURES

The

order

behind
of

it.

the

The

volutes

and

then

part

Ags
The

shown

shadow

of

other

Figure

68

the

parts
shows

Figure
of

found

are

inscribing
B2S

in

67
abacus

the

by casting
these

in

shadow
of
the

the

shades

shadows

the

cast

shadows
shadows

wall

is the

and
of

engaged
is

auxiliary
on

the

is

shadows
a

detached

the

of

67

AND

of

68

of

direct

the

oblique
of

require
column,

[91]

the

projection,

no

ovolo

plan

of

of

the

the

with

lintel

the
faces

capital.

comment.

etc.,

being

circumscribing

projections

the

of

diameter

lower

the

rectangles

the

shadow

Order

Scamozzi

to

one-third

by

Ionic

Angular

lines.

used.
faces

of

in

column

the

the

of

wall

shadows

The

the

volutes.

volutes,
The

R.

XXXV

ARTICLE

The

Shades

and

Shadows

FIGURES

Figure
is

The

is

shades

partial

help

tips
such

shadows,

those

on

of

of

volutes,

evidently

the

leaves

the

modillions

order

according

behind

wall

order

The

Vignola.

to

it.

be

and

determined

shadows

and

shades

the

leaves

those

regarding

by

may

of

whole

the

found

abacus,

shades

these

the

capital

on

certainty, however,
the

the

in

difficulty.

no

be

70

Corinthian

the

determining

rnay

AND

column

the

Order

Corinthian

shadows

be

drawn

from

capital.

tori, and

according

geometrically

must

the

on

of

parts

as

imagination,

other

to

methods

or

with

the

model.

shadow

reasonable

for

leaves

many

of

of

present

the

69

shadows

diameter

method

of

as

but

given;
actual

an

The

will

the

and

lower

entablature

the

on

shades

the

practicable

no

on

previously
of

the
of

shadows

There
The

shows

69

one-third

engaged

the

of

those

be
as

circles

shadow.

cast

may

of

the

from
in

explained

is

the

tips

of

the

those

leaves, and
the

of

ribs

of

shadow

the

the

It

of

those

similar

being

process
The

difficulties.

same

abacus,

the

of

the

XXVII.

the

to

of

shadows

imagination,
Article

subject

shadows

containing

Around

drawn

wall

by casting

of

the

ribs

leaves,

the

that

of

to

in

capital

determined

be

may

rectangles

with

containing
of

oblique
casting

Figure

69

imately
approxwhich

leaves

those

projections

cast

was

of
of

shadows

the

in

this

way.
In

that
in

Figure

case

elevation.

Figure

69

it is assumed

shadows

the

If

70

the

shows

of
wall
the

that

modillions
were

the
A

unbroken

shadow,

with

entablature
and

B
the

dotted

fall

along

returns

on

shadow
lintel

top

of

would

lines,

[93]

the
take

of

an

the

taenia
the

wall
at

form

unengaged

at

A28

the

and

shown
column.

right

of

Bgs

and

by

the

the

column.

are

dotted

not

In

visible
line.

ARTICLE

The

Shades

and

XXXVI

of

Shadows

FIGURE

Figure

on

wall

only

used
for

of
in

some

the

the

these

the

shades

column.
and

approximate,

capital.
shadows

shows

behind

is the
the

Compare
models

cases

differences

are

of

not

method

same

shade
orders

quite

like

between

the

here

as

of

these

of

shadows

and
The

the

that

in

the

capitals

shadows

the

in

for

on

shown

Figures

the

capital

composite

detailed

shown

Capital

G^mposite

71

shown

capitals

shown

the

77,
in

two

[95]

page

for

93,

in

this

78

and

Figures
cases.

the

casting

69,

79.
and

of

casting

It

the

Vignola,

shadows

in

and

70

of

the
should

the

be

noted
fact

being
is of

leaves

shadow

preceding

This

shadow

the

of

the

figures
that

partially

thian
Corin-

with

the

cast

sity
neces-

the

models
accounts

SHADOWS

AND

SHADES
PHOTOGRAPHED

FIGURES
The
the

following

conventional
The

method

horizontal
laid

was

drawn.

which
of

edge
tip
with

the

the

cube,

of the

rod

fell

the

on

with

in

rays
the

direction

that

plane

upright

on

vertical

line

the

shadow

rays

center

and

the

rod

of

to

ray

time

of

place

the

with

twice
the

day,

o'clock

had

sun

at

the

diagonal
diagonal,

representing
When

the

size

of

the

circle

the

length
vertical

one

shadow

of

shadow

that

opposite

the

coincided

described
of

comer

had

sun

would

the

square.

the

tional
conven-

plane.

in

the

of

the

morning,

in

altitude

and

morning

latitude

the

same

the

point

any

the
in

the

convenient

circle above

the

on

once

and

year

Upon

of

the

to

casting

ray

horizontal

the

each

rod

cube.

tip to

circle

the

on

angle

the

square

square.

Boston.

follows:

as

direction.

point

any

Emmel,

was

sharp pointed rod,

that
the

and

equal

the

conventional

from

the

board,
Now,

bottom

rod

fell

of

radius

square.

half-past eight

and

the

photographs

were

rays

photographs

in

again
The

place.

Philadelphia,

half-past three

near

the

panying
accom-

in

the

o'clock

in
not

the

having

the

altitude

more

the

high

wide

angle

with

the

the

with

base

screen

The

with

rays

the

screen.

twisted

forty-five

kept

were

screen

so

was

insure

to

the
then

was

coincided

screen.

of

the

plane

base

foot

ing
twist-

by
make

vertical

the

by continually twisting the

time

would

horizontal

The

placed.

was

horizontal

the

on

had

screen

any

plane

experiments

forty-fivedegrees

being made

were

the

described

above

rod

direction

conventional

approach

rod

at

at

this

keep

to

as

forty-five-degreeline.

upright

the

made

rays

This

on

these

In

obtained

horizontal

circle.

being properly levelled, it

with
the

When

reference
shadow

to

of

the

the

tip

was

horizontal
was

on

easy

to

tell when

by watching
or

very

the

near

the

the

shadow

circle, the

taken.

could
and

experiment,

the

line

plane.

making

of this vertical

photographs

eight inches

rod

vertical

line

evidently be

vertical

placed.

were

drawn

was

shadow

the

on

its

rod

models

of

vertical

the

of

could

plane

shadow

the

foot

foot, when

approaching

tip of

The

rod

with

the vertical

to

the

base

while

the

board

were

the

the

screen

of

The

the

this line

on

its

through

with

angle

point

light until

the

degree

of

side

the

the
the

the

the

to

until

which

this

Upon

convenient

toward

the

the

the

had

altitude

about

time

axis

with

before

screen

its steadiness.
a

did
the

required

that

made

sunlight, having

Charles

paper

direct

to

Mr.

simple,

the

to

by

very

diagonally opposite,
ray

light made

of

was

On

of the

side

tip of

as

tip of

reference

with

angle forty-five degrees

At

the

made

At

as

exposed

afternoon.

The

an

the

varying according
were

light

was

square

the

from

of

has

part of August.

the

inches

square

hence

models

mounted.

represented

horizontal

is, the

photographs
latter

the

of

was

the

paper

of the

shadow

course

hours

at

the

line drawn

of

length

comer

the

of

for this purpose

placed, perpendicular

was

the

cube, and

the

that

of

comer

on

the

the

of

sun

afternoon,

center

that

altitude;
The

this

angle

same

whenever

Hence,

the

square

of

diagonal

It is evident
make

With
On

of paper

sheet

81

photographs

direction

required

TO

72

furnished

were

experiments, eight

eight inches,

was

models

the

obtaining

these

In

out.

described.

was

of

of

from

made

are

The

drawing-board,

was

square

plates

ten

direction.

MODELS

FROM

than

exactly

the

angle

give absolutely
changing
of the
one

sun

results.
and

of models

during

degree

and

the
as

for

only

exact

of

time

the

infinitesimallyshort

an

Several

plates in

consumed

angle

with

[96]

the
in

the

photographs

covered

camera

making
screen

time,
were

any
was

one

kept

no

made
several

lot of
correct

of

method
at

the

taking

time

minutes.

photographs

of

The
was,

by twisting the

such
each

tion
variaever,
howscreen

THE

SHADES

IONIC

THE

ORDER

FIGURE

Figure

shows

72

column

is

column

shown

is

against

the

placed

not

engaged,
seven

screen.

the
but

and

shades
is

placed

inches;
Both

and

shadows

on

the

pedestal

axis,

pedestal
and

72

of
with

Ionic

the

order

unmoulded

an

is

OF

SHADOWS

AND

eleven

model

[99]

were

inches

square

of

the

pedestal

The

square.

with

Erechtheum
under

the

screen.

it.
back

of

The

Athens.

at

The

diameter
the

pedestal

of

the

was

i
I

SHADES

THE

THE

AND

SHADOWS

IONIC

ORDER

FIGURE

Figure

being

73

placed
and

far

shows

enough

the
in

and

shades
front

of

the

shadows

screen

of
to

OF

73

the

show

base.

[lOl]

order

same

the

whole

as

of

the

the

figure,

preceding

shadows

on

the

screen

the
of

pedestal
the

ital
cap-

THE

SHADES
THE

IONIC

ORDER

FIGURE

Figure

being

turned

74

shows

toward

the
the

shades

front,

and

as

of

shadows

happens

on

the

OF

SHADOWS

AND

74

the

same

side

of

[ 103]

order

portico

as

the
which

preceding,
is

more

the

than

side

one

of

bay

the

capital

deep.

THE

SHADES
THE

SHADOWS

AND

ANGULAR

IONIC

FIGURE

Figure

pedestal
base

on

76
is
the

placed

shows
far

the

enough

shades
in

and
front

shadows
of

the

of

OFORDER

76

the

angular

screen.

"

[107

Ionic

the

show

to

screen

whole

order
of

according
the

shadows

Scamozzi.

to

of

the

The

capital

and

THE

SHADES
THE

AND

SHADOWS

CORINTHIAN

OF

ORDER

FIGURE

77

Figure
column

77
is

placed

the

shows

on

axis

with

shades
the

and

shadows

pedestal,

and

of
the

the

back

[109]

Corinthian
of

the

order,

pedestal

is

according
set

against

to

the

Vignola.
screen.

The

^^^J^

THE

SHADES

SHADOWS

AND

THE

ORDER

CORINTHIAN

FIGURE

Figure

column
the

78
is

whole

placed
of

the

shows

on

shades

the
axis

shadows

with
of

the
the

and

capital

and

and

the

base

78

of

shadows

pedestal,

OF

the

Corinthian

pedestal
on

[Ill

the

screen.

is

set

order,
far

enough

according
in

front

to

of

the

Vignola.
screen

The
to

show

THE
THE

IONIC

SHADES
AND

AND

8o

The

shows

capitals

the
have

shades

return

shadows

and

on

the

of

side

CAPITALS

PILASTER

CORINTHIAN

FIGURE

Figure

OF

SHADOWS

two

80

pilaster

corresponding

[115]

capitals
to

the
"

pQaster

angular
whose

side

Ionic

and

is one-half

the

thian.
Corinits

face.

THE
A

SHADES
MODILLION

AND

SHADOWS

AND

OF

FIGURE

Figure

8i

that

the

cast

shadow,

tip

of

shows
the

as

the

acanthus

is the

case

shades
leaf
with

and
of
the

shadows

the

modillion

modillions

of

OF

CONSOLE

81

Corinthian

does
shown

[117]

not

in

modillion

project
Figures

forward
51

and

and
far

69.

of

an

enough

Ionic
to

console.
receive

Note

light

and

ALPHABETICAL

Page.

Arcade,

shadow

of

INDEX

Figure.

Page.

59

40

Line,

75

50

Line, vertical,

perpendicular

shadow

Baluster,

shades

and

shadows

on

of

35
shadow

of

shadow

of

inclined

on

plane
Chimneys,

shadows

of

Line, vertical,

roofs

on

FiGDRB.

plane,

plan

to

35

IS

35

17

tal
horizon-

on

Circles,

shadows

of

mouldings
...

order,

Composite
and

shadows

shades

Roman,

of

Method

of

Method

of

Method

of

oblique projection

....

shades

Cones,

and

shadows

of

surfaces

circumscribing

shadows

Consoles,

of
.

Conventional
Cornice

direction
door

over

of

Method

of

slices

shades

head,

shadows

auxiliary

light

shadows

Modillions,

and

of
.

shadows

of

Corinthian

27

29

31

10

77,93,

51,

69,

47

31,

32

45

29

69

48

117

order,

shadows

and

25

shades

Roman,

shadow

Niche,

of

in

....

Niche,
Cylinders,

shades

and

shadows

of

horizontal

line

on

of
Oval

shadow

Dome,

shadow

curve

of in section
.

Doric

column,

shadows

shades

and

Paper

shades

and

Pediments,

Greek,

suitable

for

rendering

lems
prob-

of

17

....

Doric

order,

shadows

Roman,

shadows

Flutes

of

Front

plane,

of

definition

methods

of

suitable

Pilaster

capitals,shades

shadows

Importance

of the

of

of

those

study

actual

of

ows
shad-

Slicing

and

shades

order, Roman,

of.

80

33

33

of
of shadows

problems

perspectives

to

....

method

Spheres,
Ionic

of

definition
of

of

definition

definition

Shadow,

Similarity
of

shadows

shadows,

Shade,

33

study

definition

of rays,

Real

23

of shadows

Importance

and

115

Planes

definition

architects

53-55

lems
prob-

of

in

to

drawing

17

of

casting

shadows,

Imaginary

roofs

on

shadows

columns,

for

Pencils

General

81

on
...

of

Dormers,

shadows

and

shades

shadows

of.

ows
shad-

Steps,

shadows

on

of

order,

Ionic

Ionic

and

Scamozzi,

to

shadows

order, Greek,

and

shades

oblique

vertical

horizontal,

Line,

shadow

plane

of

shades

Tower

with

shadows

ows
shad-

on

Torus,

True

horizontal,

washes
Plates

and
conical

shadows

of

roof,

shades

and

of

Line,

laying

lettering the

of
.

Ionic

of

System

order, according

shades

for

Suggestions

and

shades

angular,

of

shadows

an

of

angle

of conventional
shades

and

Tuscan

base,

Tuscan

capital, shades

rays.
shadows

and

of

shadows

of
....

shadow

of

on

Tuscan

shadow

of

on

Urn,

shades

Uses

of

order,

shades

and

shadows

of

cylinder
horizontal,

Line,

and

shadows

of
.

niche

shadows

conventional

Line,

perpendicular

shadow

to

front

plane,
Vault,

of

[118]

shadow

of

in

section.

45

30

81