JAYBEE L. RIVERA ASSIGNMET NO.

1
BSIT 2D-G2
Student no.: 2008-100566

1. DATA COMMUNICATION
The distance over which data moves within a computer may vary from a few thousandths
of an inch, as is the case within a single IC chip, to as much as several feet along the
backplane of the main circuit board. Over such small distances, digital data may be
transmitted as direct, two-level electrical signals over simple copper conductors. Except
for the fastest computers, circuit designers are not very concerned about the shape of the
conductor or the analog characteristics of signal transmission.

Frequently, however, data must be sent beyond the local circuitry that constitutes a
computer. In many cases, the distances involved may be enormous. Unfortunately, as the
distance between the source of a message and its destination increases, accurate
transmission becomes increasingly difficult. This results from the electrical distortion of
signals traveling through long conductors, and from noise added to the signal as it
propagates through a transmission medium. Although some precautions must be taken for
data exchange within a computer, the biggest problems occur when data is transferred to
devices outside the computer's circuitry. In this case, distortion and noise can become so
severe that information is lost.

Data Communications concerns the transmission of digital messages to devices external

to the message source. "External" devices are generally thought of as being independently
powered circuitry that exists beyond the chassis of a computer or other digital message
source. As a rule, the maximum permissible transmission rate of a message is directly
proportional to signal power, and inversely proportional to channel noise. It is the aim of
any communications system to provide the highest possible transmission rate at the
lowest possible power and with the least possible noise.

2. NET WORK MANAGEMENT

NETWORK MANAGEMENT refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools

that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked
systems. [1]

* Operation deals with keeping the network (and the services that the network
provides) up and running smoothly. It includes monitoring the network to spot problems
as soon as possible, ideally before users are affected.
* Administration deals with keeping track of resources in the network and how they
are assigned. It includes all the "housekeeping" that is necessary to keep the network
under control.
* Maintenance is concerned with performing repairs and upgrades—for example, when
equipment must be replaced, when a router needs a patch for an operating system image,
when a new switch is added to a network. Maintenance also involves corrective and
preventive measures to make the managed network run "better", such as adjusting device
configuration parameters.
* Provisioning is concerned with configuring resources in the network to support a
given service. For example, this might include setting up the network so that a new
customer can receive voice service.

A common way of characterizing network management functions is FCAPS—Fault,

Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security.

Functions that are performed as part of network management accordingly include

controlling, planning, allocating, deploying, coordinating, and monitoring the resources
of a network, network planning, frequency allocation, predetermined traffic routing to
support load balancing, cryptographic key distribution authorization, configuration
management, fault management, security management, performance management,
bandwidth management, Route analytics and accounting management.

Data for network management is collected through several mechanisms, including agents
installed on infrastructure, synthetic monitoring that simulates transactions, logs of
activity, sniffers and real user monitoring. In the past network management mainly
consisted of monitoring whether devices were up or down; today performance
management has become a crucial part of the IT team's role which brings about a host of
challenges—especially for global organizations.

3. DATA

DATA is a collection of facts, figures and statistics related to an object. Data can be
processed to create useful information. Data is a valuable asset for an organization.
Data can be used by the managers to perform effective and successful operations of
management. It provides a view of past activities related to the rise and fall of an
organization. It also enables the user to make better decision for future. Data is very
useful for generating reports, graphs and statistics.

Information

INFORMATION is the manipulated and processed form of data is called information. It

is more meaningful than data. It is used for making decisions. Data is used as input for
processing and information I output of this processing.
CITATION

wikipedia.NETWORKMANAGEMENT.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management.November 22 2009

preety123. Define Data And Information. Explain With Examples?

http://www.blurtit.com/q779557.html.November 22 2009

Christopher E. Strangio.DATA COMMUNICATION BASICS.

http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html.Novm
ber 22 2009