WORKBOOK
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LATHE
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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the Publisher and Author have used their best efforts in
preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by
representatives. The advice and strategies contained in this book may not be suitable for the readers or
users situation. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any damage, loss or any other damages,
including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages including personal.
Notice
CamInstructor Inc. reserves the right to make improvements to this book at any time and without notice.
Trademarks
Haas is a registered trademark of Haas Automation, Inc.
All brands are the trademark of their respective owners.
Printed in Canada
Requirements
Use of the Multi-media CD/DVD requires a computer with speakers, and CD/DVD ROM.
June 18, 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON-1 ..ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ........................................................1
ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE # 1..................................... 2
ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #2...................................... 3
ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #3...................................... 4
ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #4...................................... 5
ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING - EXERCISE #5...................................... 6
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON-5 ..TURNING CANNED CYCLES ...............................................................................39
ROUGH TURNING CANNED CYCLE EXAMPLE ........................................................... 43
ROUGH BORING CANNED EXAMPLE ........................................................................ 46
LESSON-6 ..CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION...............................................................................49
CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - EXERCISE #1 ............................................................... 51
CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION BORING - EXERCISE #2 ................................................. 53
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Table of Contents - 2
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Table of Contents - 3
Table of Contents - 4
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-1
Page 1
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ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero).
Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian or Rectangular Co-ordinates.
INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING
All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location.
Each coordinate is based on how far the tool is to move from start to finish.
For an incremental move in X axis, we use U and for an incremental move in the Z axis we use W. G91 is not used.
STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND BACK
TO THE POINT O USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING
ABSOLUTE
Page 2
INCREMENTAL
O (Origin)
O1
12
23
34
45
56
67
78
89
9O
Lathe Lesson 1 - 2
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ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero).
Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian or Rectangular Co-ordinates.
INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING
All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location.
Each coordinate is based on how far the tool is to move from start to finish.
For an incremental move in X axis, we use U and for an incremental move in the Z axis, we use W. G91 is not used.
STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND BACK
TO THE POINT O USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING
ABSOLUTE
INCREMENTAL
O (Origin)
O1
12
23
34
45
56
67
78
89
9O
Lathe Lesson 1 - 3
Page 3
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ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero).
Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian Co-ordinates.
INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING
All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location.
Each coordinate is based on how far the tool is to move from start to finish.
For an incremental move in X axis, we use U and for an incremental move in the Z axis, we use W. G91 is not used.
STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND BACK
TO THE POINT O USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING
ABSOLUTE
Page 4
INCREMENTAL
O (Origin)
O1
12
23
34
45
56
67
78
89
9O
Lathe Lesson 1 - 4
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STARTING AT THE POINT A (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE TOOLPATH THROUGH ALL THE POINTS USING
ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING
ABSOLUTE
INCREMENTAL
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
FG
GH
HI
Lathe Lesson 1 - 5
Page 5
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BEGIN AT START POINT SP (X3.75, Z0.25), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM SP THROUGH POINTS A-K AND
BACK TO POINT SP, USING ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING
ABSOLUTE
INCREMENTAL
SP
(START POINT)
SP A
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
FG
GH
HI
IJ
JK
K SP
SP
Page 6
Lathe Lesson 1 - 6
CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
CODE
FUNCTION
Rapid traverse motion; Used for non-cutting rapid moves of the machine axis to a
location to be machined, or rapid retract moves after cuts have been completed.
Maximum rapid motion (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary on machine model.
G01
Linear interpolation motion; Used for actual machining and metal removal.
Governed by a programmed feedrate in inches (or mm) per minute. Maximum feed
rate (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary depending on the model of the machine.
G02
G03
G04
G18
ZX Plane Selection
G20
G21
G28
G40
G41
G42
G50
G52
G53
G54-59
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G00
LESSON-2
Page 7
Tool Description
# 4 Centre Drill
Boring Tool
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Turret #
Page 8
Lathe Lesson 2 - 2
FUNCTION
Rapid traverse motion; Used for non-cutting rapid moves of the machine axis to a
location to be machined, or rapid retract moves after cuts have been completed.
G01
Linear interpolation motion; Used for actual machining and metal removal.
Governed by a programmed feedrate in inches (or mm) per minute.
G02
G03
G04
G18
ZX Plane Selection
G20
G21
G28
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G00
G40
G41
G42
G50
G52
G53
G54-G59
G70
G71
G72
G73
G74
Drilling Cycle
G75
Grooving cycle
G76
Threading cycle
G80
G81
G96
G97
G98
G99
Lathe Lesson 2 - 3
Page 9
PROGRAMMING NOTE
As you may have noticed, there are no Incremental or Absolute modes included in the Preparatory
Commands (G codes). On a CNC turning center or Lathe, the mode is always set to Absolute and
diameter, if an Incremental movement is required the letters U or W are used for X or Z
respectively.
X OVERCUT
Most lathe tools have a radius on the front or cutting edge; it is referred to as Tool Nose Radius.
This radius must be compensated for in the calculation of the tool path much like the tool radius
offset in milling operations, this offset is known as Tool Nose Radius Compensation. We will discuss
this later on in this book but for now, know that when we program a facing operation we must
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account for the radius in our final X position of the facing move to create a flat surface. This extra
value that we program is sometimes referred to as overcut.
Page 10
Lathe Lesson 2 - 4
FUNCTION
M04
The M00 code is used for a Program Stop command on the machine.
It stops the spindle, turns off coolant and stops look-a-head processing.
Pressing CYCLE START again will continue the program on the next block of the
program.
The M01 code is used for an Optional Program Stop command.
Pressing the OPT STOP key on the control panel signals the machine to perform a stop
command when the control reads an M01 command. It will then perform like an M00.
Optional stops are useful when machining the first part to allow for inspection of the
part as it is machined.
Starts the spindle CLOCKWISE for most machining. Must have a spindle speed defined.
The M03 is used to turn the spindle on at the beginning of program or after a tool
change.
Starts the spindle COUNTERCLOCKWISE. Must have a spindle speed defined.
M05
STOPS the spindle. If the coolant is on, the M05 will turn it off.
M08
M09
Coolant ON command.
M10
Open Chuck
M11
Close Chuck
M12
Tailstock Quill IN
M13
M17
M18
M19
Spindle Orientation
M21
Tailstock Forward
M22
Tailstock Backward
M23
M24
M30
M41
M42
M43
M44
M00
M01
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M03
NOTE: On the Haas lathe only one "M" code can be used in each block. The "M" codes will be the last
command executed in a line, regardless of where it's located in that block.
Lathe Lesson 2 - 5
Page 11
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of rapid move.
G00 is used when you are positioning the tool in fresh air.
Used incorrectly, rapid traverse will break a tool very easily and possibly remove the part
from the chuck.
This G code provides for straight line (linear) motion with programmed feedrate for all axis motions
from point to point. Motion can occur with both axes at once.
All axes specified will start at the same time and proceed to their destination and arrive
simultaneously at the specified feedrate.
To program a feedrate, the F command is used. The F command is modal and may be specified in a
previous block.
G01 is used for
Page 12
Drilling a hole
Turning a diameter
Lathe Lesson 2 - 6
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MACHINE DEFAULTS
When the machine tool is powered on the control automatically recognizes a series of codes. On
the Haas lathe the G codes listed below are set when the lathe is powered up:
Lathe Lesson 2 - 7
Page 13
O00023
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Safety
Startup
Block
Page 14
Lathe Lesson 2 - 8
N210 M05
Send to machine
zero X-axis first to
avoid any crash.
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N240 M30
Note:
Depending on the setup of the lathe and to avoid any crashes while returning to machine zero it is
usually best to move to machine zero in only one axis first. You need to be aware of where the tool
is located and on its journey to machine zero, will it collide with anything?
Lathe Lesson 2 - 9
Page 15
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Page 16
Lathe Lesson 2 - 10
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G41 will select tool compensation to the LEFT of the contouring direction; generally G41 is used for
boring. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation (tool
radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up.
G42 will select tool compensation to the RIGHT of the contouring direction; generally G42 is used
for turning. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation
(tool radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up.
Lathe Lesson 2 - 11
Page 17
Page 18
Lathe Lesson 2 - 12
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-3
DRILLING
Page 19
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Before most drilling operations take place a starting drill must be programmed to make a small
hole for the larger drill that will follow. The tool used to make the starting hole is known as a
center drill, sizes of center drills vary and the use of the different sizes is governed by the size of the
drill that will be used after. The following is a chart that will assist in choosing the proper size of
the center drill and programming the correct Z depth.
On most engineering drawings the finished depth of the hole will be given from the front edge of
the part to the end of the parallel part of the hole (not including the drill point). This poses a
programming problem because we program from the point of the drill so any Z depth we specify
has to include the length of the drill point. To do this we have a calculation to perform based on
the diameter of the drill and the angle of the drill point (usually 118). Quite simply the
calculation is as follows:
Where DIA. refers to the drill diameter and the constant is stated in the following chart
DRILL ANGLE CONSTANTS
Page 20
60= 0.866
110= 0.350
75= 0.652
80= 0.596
82= 0.575
118= 0.300
90= 0.500
150= 0.134
100= 0.420
180= 0.000
120= 0.289
135= 0.207
Lathe Lesson 3 - 2
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Tool #6 (#4 CENTRE DRILL) FACE MUST BE CENTRE DRILLED BEFORE DRILLING
Tool #7 ( 0.25 DRILL) DRILL HOLE 0.75 DEEP
%
O00084
N3G18 G20 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99
N5T0600 M41
N9S2500 M03
N11G00 X0 Z1.0 T0606 M08
N13Z0.05
N15G98
N17G01 Z- 0.269 F7.0
N19G00 Z.1
N21G00 X0 Z1.0
N23G28 U0 M09
N25G28 W0
N27M01
N29T0700 M41
N33S2000 M03
N35G00 X0 Z1.0 T0707 M08
N37Z0.05
N39G01 Z-0.375 F10.0
N41G00 Z.05
N43Z-.35
N45G01 Z-0.825
N47G00 Z.05
N49 G00 X0 Z1.0 T0707
N51G28 U0.
N53G28 W0.
N55M30
%
Feed =
in/min
Lathe Lesson 3 - 3
Page 21
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X
Z
R
F
This G code permits the inclusion of multiple axis motions on one block of program. It is used to
reduce the length of program.
All Z axis motions are in ABSOLUTE with any other axis motions unaffected.
In a canned cycle drill, the cutter moves at rapid to the X and Z axis specified, then to a Z value in
front of the hole at rapid rate to the R Plane, which is a point clear of the work piece. From the R
Plane the drill feeds to the Z-depth at the specified feedrate. When the cutter reaches the Z depth, it
retracts at rapid rate to the R Plane.
Example of G81:
%
O00187 (G81 Drilling)
N1 G28 (Return to Machine Zero)
N2 T0606 (1/4 DIA. DRILL - Tool 6 Offset 6)
N3 G97 S1500 M03
N4 G54 G00 X0. Z1. M08 (Rapid to Initial Start Point)
N5 G81 Z-0.625 R0.1 F0.005 (G81 Drilling Cycle)
N6 G80 G00 Z1. M09
N7 G28
N8 M30
%
Page 22
Lathe Lesson 3 - 4
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This G code is similar to G81 but is used for drilling when the tool must be withdrawn periodically
to allow chips to be removed from the hole.
This cycle allows the tool to rapid to the R Plane, feeds towards the Z depth in increments
(traversing to the R Plane and back to the point where drilling was interrupted after each
increment) until the tool reaches the final Z depth.
Lathe Lesson 3 - 5
Page 23
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%
O00121 (G83 Peck Drilling)
N1 G28
N2 T0707 (1/4 DIA. DRILL - Tool 7 Offset 7)
N3 G97 S1900 M03
N4 G54 G00 X0. Z1. M08 (Rapid to Initial Start Point)
N5 G83 Z-1.0 Q0.2 R0.1 F0.005 (G83 Peck Drilling Cycle with Q)
N6 G80 G00 Z1. M09
N7 G28
N8 M30
%
Page 24
Lathe Lesson 3 - 6
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Tool #6 (#4 CENTRE DRILL) FACE MUST BE CENTRE DRILLED BEFORE DRILLING
Tool #7 ( 0.25 DRILL) DRILL HOLE TO APPROPRIATE DEPTH
Feed =
in/min
Peck = 0.125
Lathe Lesson 3 - 7
Page 25
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Page 26
Lathe Lesson 3 - 8
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-4
LINEAR INTERPOLATION
Page 27
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of rapid move.
G00 is used when you are positioning the tool in fresh air.
Used incorrectly, rapid traverse will break a tool very easily and possibly remove the part
from the chuck.
This G code provides for straight line (linear) motion with programmed feedrate for all axis motions
from point to point. Motion can occur with both axes at once.
All axes specified will start at the same time and proceed to their destination and arrive
simultaneously at the specified feedrate.
To program a feedrate, the F command is used. The F command is modal and may be specified in a
previous block.
G01 is used for
Page 28
Drilling a hole
Turning a diameter
Lathe Lesson 4 - 2
FACING
FACING
After a work piece has been loaded into a lathe the first operation should be to face the end of the
part to make it flat. This will allow the later turning and boring operations to start the cut without
having a sometimes large interrupted cut due to an uneven face. There are fixed or canned cycles
that can be programmed to do this but for now we will talk about manually programming this
operation.
A safe starting position away from the Outside Diameter (OD) of the rough material should
be determined, as well as from the uneven front face of the raw material (X and Z).
Depth of the face cut should be made from the safe position to the Z position required,
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If the material has a rough bore the X coordinate for facing should be programmed a
sufficient amount smaller than the Inside Diameter (ID) of the bore, as there is no need to
go to X0 this will eliminate fresh air cutting.
Dont forget the overcut! The usual amount of the overcut is not much more than the
radius of the facing insert, if too much overcut is programmed damage to the insert itself
may occur due to rubbing of the cutting edge on the material.
%
O43
N1 G20
N2 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99
N3 T0100 M41
N4 G50 S1200
N5 G97 S500 M03
N6 G00 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0101 M08
N7 G96 S700
N8 G01 Z0 F0.012
N9 X-0.05
N10 U0.05 W0.05
N11 G00 X1.7 Z0.25
N12 G28 U0
N13 G28 W0 M05
N14 M01
N15 T0100
N16 M30
%
(Program number)
(Verify inch units)
(Safety block)
(Tool call T01 with gear selection)
(Specify maximum RPM to 1200)
(Start spindle 500 RPM CW)
(Rapid to X1.7 Z0.25 safe position)
(Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM)
(Feed to Z0 finish front face of part)
(Program tool to X-0.05 overcut by 0.05)
(Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05)
(Rapid back to safe position)
(Return to X machine home position)
(Return to Z machine home position)
(Optional stop)
(Tool offset compensation canceled)
(Program End)
Lathe Lesson 4 - 3
Page 29
FACING EXAMPLE
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Example program to only face rough material (shown as a dashed line 1.625 diameter)
This example takes 2 face passes The first rough face pass 0.005 away from the finish face.
For the second finish pass face at Z0. Z0 = finished face of part. Tool T01 is being used.
%
O43
(Program number)
N1 G20
(Safety block)
N5 T0100 M41
N7 G50 S1200
N17 X-0.05
N23 Z0
N31 G28 U0
N34 T0100
N35 M30
(Program End)
%
Page 30
Lathe Lesson 4 - 4
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This Example program faces the front of the part, one rough cut, one finish cut.
After facing the front of the bar stock the diameters are rough turned, leaving a small amount of
material for a finish pass.
For this example a maximum cut of 0.25 off the diameter is being taken, leaving 0.03 on the
diameter and 0.005 on all Z faces. A finishing pass will be programmed in the next exercise.
The bar stock is 1.5 diameter
X0 is centerline of the part, Z0 is the front face (far right) of the part
All X positions are diameter, all Z positions past the front face are ZAfter facing the tool is retracted in X&Z (U&W) a small amount (0.05) then rapids to the X diameter
of the first Z feed across the rough OD of the part.
The tool is once again retracted in X&Z (U&W) then rapids back to a safe position in Z, and then
brought to the next position in X diameter for the next feed across and so on.
The 0.0625 x 45 chamfers will be added later in the finishing tool path
In this example the rough turning passes will machine past the left end of the part by 0.2. The
reason for this is to remove material prior to the parting off operation; this will leave less material
for the parting tool to remove.
Lathe Lesson 4 - 5
Page 31
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%
O00081
(PROGRAM NAME, ROUGH TURNING EXERCISE)
N1 G20
(Verify inch units)
N3 G40 G54 G80 G97 G99
(Safety block)
N5 T0100 M41
(Tool call T01 with gear selection)
N7 G50 S3500
(Specify maximum RPM to 3500)
N9 G97 S500 M03
(Start spindle 500 RPM CW)
N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, tool nose compensation (TNC), coolant on)
N13 G96 S600
(Specify constant surface speed 600 SFM)
N15 G99 G01 Z0.005 F0.010
(Feed to Z0.01 0.01 from finish front face of part G99=Feed per revolution)
N17 X-0.05
(Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05)
N19 U0.05 W0.05
(Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05)
N21 G00 X1.7
(Rapid out for second finish facing cut)
N23 Z0
(Move to Z Zero for final facing cut)
N25 G01 X-0.05
(Move tool to X-0.05, overcut by 0.05)
N27 U0.05 W0.05
(Incremental pull off from part face X0.05 Z0.05)
N29 G00 X1.7 Z0.25
(Rapid back to safe position for start of rough turning)
N31 G96 S700
(Constant surface speed engaged at 700 SFM)
N33 G42 X1.405
(Move to the first X diameter cutting position, TNC right)
N35 G01 Z-2.2
(Feed to full length of part plus another 0.2 to allow for the parting tool)
N37 U0.05 W0.05
(Retract off part in feed mode)
N39 G00 Z0.25
(Rapid to safe position in front of part)
N41 X1.250
(Move to the second X diameter cutting position)
N43 G01 Z-1.495
(Feed to length of 0.5" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish)
N45 U0.05 W0.05
(Retract off part in feed mode)
N47 G00 Z0.25
(Rapid to safe position in front of part)
N49 X1.0
(Move to the third X diameter cutting position)
N51 G01 Z-1.495
(Feed to length of 0.5" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish on z)
N53 U0.05 W0.05
(Retract off part in feed mode)
N55 G00 Z0.25
(Rapid to safe position in front of part)
N57 X0.905
(Move to the fourth X diameter cutting position, plus 0.030" on 0.875"
diameter)
N59 G01 Z-1.495
(Feed to length of 0.5" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish)
N61 U0.05 W0.05
(Retract off part in feed mode)
N63 G00 Z0.25
(Rapid to safe position in front of part)
N65 X0.655
(Move to the fifth X diameter cutting position, plus 0.030" on 0.625"
diameter)
N67 G01 Z-0.370
(Feed to length of 0.375" shoulder, leaving 0.005 for finish on Z)
N69 U0.05 W0.05
(Retract off part in feed mode)
N71 G00 Z0.25
(Rapid to safe position in front of part)
N73 G40 G00 X1.7 Z0.25
(Cancel TNC offset, rapid to original start position)
N75 G28 U0
(Rapid to X machine home position)
N77 G28 W0 M05
(Rapid to Z machine home position)
N79 M30
(Program end)
%
Page 32
Lathe Lesson 4 - 6
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In the previous Example the part was rough turned, now we will add the finishing tool path to the
rouging program. The continuation of this program is show below
The first part of the program rough turns the part and then a tool change takes place to load up the
finish tool
The tool used to finish the contour will be a carbide insert with a 0.032 tool nose radius - Tool # 2
(End of roughing tool path on previous page - continue finish cut here)
N73 G40 G00 X1.7 Z0.25
N75 G28 U0
N79 T0202
N85 G00 G42 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on)
N87 G96 S700
(Feed to Z0.05 from finish front face of part & 0.05 below chamfer)
N93 Z-0.375
N95 X0.875
N97 Z-1.5
N99 X1.3125
N101 X1.375 Z-1.5625
N103 Z-2.2
Lathe Lesson 4 - 7
Page 33
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N105 X1.625
N111 G28 U0
N115 M30
(Program end)
Page 34
Lathe Lesson 4 - 8
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O49
Lathe Lesson 4 - 9
Page 35
Page 36
Lathe Lesson 4 - 10
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Lathe Lesson 4 - 11
Page 37
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(CUT OFF)
N137 T404
N147 Z-2.0
N149 X1.6
N150 G99
N155 G28 U0
N169 M30
(Program end)
Page 38
Lathe Lesson 4 - 12
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-5
Page 39
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Page 40
Lathe Lesson 5 - 2
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P
Q
U*
W*
I*
K*
D*
F
R1*
S**
T**
* Indicates optional
** Rarely defined in a G71 line
Lathe Lesson 5 - 3
Page 41
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This canned cycle is used after the roughing canned cycle is finished. It does not have to be run
directly after the roughing cycle but can be run in the same main program. The start and finish
blocks of the original definition of the profile that was used in the rough cycle are used to define
the contour of the finish cycle. It is recommended that the same start point is used for both rough
and finish cycles to ensure safe tool paths of both operations.
Page 42
Lathe Lesson 5 - 4
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In the previous lesson the part shown below was programmed as an exercise, the program in the
previous lesson did not use canned cycles to rough the diameters. In this example program the part
will be programmed using canned cycle G71 to rough the diameters of the part and G70 to Finish
machine the contour
Z Zero is at the right face of the part
The part is being made from 1.5 diameter bar stock
This Example program faces the front of the part, then a series of rough cuts and one finish cut.
After facing the front of the bar stock the diameters are rough turned, leaving a small amount of
material for a finish pass.
For this example a maximum cut of 0.1 off the diameter is being taken, leaving 0.03 on the diameter
and 0.005 on all Z faces.
In this example the rough turning passes will machine past the left end of the part by 0.2. The
reason for this is to remove material prior to the parting off operation; this will leave less material
for the parting tool to remove
Material:
Alum T6061
Lathe Lesson 5 - 5
Page 43
(Safety block)
N5 T0100
N7 G50 S3500
N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on)
(Specify constant surface speed 700 SFM)
(Feed to Z0.01 0.01 from finish front face of part G99=Feed per revolution)
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N17 X-0.05
N23 G71 P25 Q47 U0.03 W0.005 D0.1 F0.010 (G71 Rough Turning Cycle)
N25 G00 G42 X0.4187
(Feed to Z0.05 from finish front face of part & 0.05 below chamfer)
N31 Z-0.375
N33 X0.875
N35 Z-0.875
N51 G28 U0
Page 44
Lathe Lesson 5 - 6
N61 G00 G42 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on)
N63 G96 S700
N67 G28 U0
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N71 T0600
N73 G50 S3500
N77 G00 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0606 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on)
N79 G00 X0 Z0.25
N83 G80
N85 G28
N91 G00 G54 X1.7 Z0.25 T0707 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on)
N93 G00 X0 Z0.25
N101 M30
(Program end)
Lathe Lesson 5 - 7
Page 45
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Material: Aluminium
CS=700ft/min
1.
2.
3.
4.
1/2 diameter drill has already been used to drill though the part, front face has been faced
Example shows below the Rough and Finish Boring Tool path using the above drawing
Use G71 (Roughing Towards The Chuck In Z Axis) G70 for finish cut
Leave 0.010 on diameters, Leave 0.003 on faces for finish cut
1. Depth of Cut=0.030
O67
N1 G20
(Safety block)
N5 T0800
N7 G50 S3500
N11 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 T0808 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on)
N13 G96 S700
Lathe Lesson 5 - 8
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(Program end)
Lathe Lesson 5 - 9
Page 47
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Toolpaths are programmed using the coordinates of the true profile, much like a mill but because there are
many possible positions of the tool point called the command point or Tool Tip Orientation. You have to
enter the position from
1-9 in the tool (T) column on the offset page during part set-up.
These are the eight possible tool positions, the ninth position is a neutral one, sometimes used when no tool
offset is needed.
Once the tool position has been determined, the position is entered as the appropriate number in the chart
below in the T column. This chart is only a graphic representation of a lathe offset page.
TOOL #
1
2
3
4
5
Page 48
Lathe Lesson 5 - 10
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-6
CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION
Page 49
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XZ PLANE
G02
U.25 W-.25
I 0.25 K0
F15.
Clockwise
Incremental Distance
from the tool start point to the center of arc
G03
U.125 W-.125
I 0. J-.125
F15.
Counter
Clockwise
Incremental Distance
from the tool start point to the center of arc
When the machine is required to move in a straight line under a controlled federate, linear interpolation is
used (G01). When it is necessary to travel in the circular motion in any plane (XY, YZ, XZ), circular
interpolation is used (G02, G03).
The velocity at which the tool is moving is controlled by the feed rate (F) command.
All circular interpolation moves are defined and machined by programming three pieces of information into
the control.
3. ARC CENTER: INCREMENTAL DISTANCE FROM START POINT TO ARC CENTER (I AND K)
Page 50
Lathe Lesson 6 - 2
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When programming lathe coordinates only the top half of the part needs to be profiled,
because the part is turning around, the full round part is machined.
Dont forget to program in diameters and double the radii to calculate diameter positions
The front finished face is Z0.
Note that when programming fillets and radii for turning, most of the time it is easier to do
so incrementally (U and W).
POSITION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X
0
U
-
Z
0
W
-
I
-
K
-
0.375
0.0625
-0.0625
-0.0625
-0.0625
Lathe Lesson 6 - 3
Page 51
O63
(PROGRAM NUMBER)
N1 G20
N3 G0 T0202
(TOOL CALL)
N4 G50 S3500
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(FEED TO X0 + OVERCUT)
N9 G0 Z.1
N12 X___
N21 U0.1
N25 M30
(PROGRAM END)
Page 52
Lathe Lesson 6 - 4
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Lathe Lesson 6 - 5
Page 53
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Page 54
Lathe Lesson 6 - 6
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USE THE CHART BELOW TO WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF THE TOOL AS IT MOVES AROUND
THE BORE.
I = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE X-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF
ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT)
K = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE Z-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF
ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT)
POSITION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Lathe Lesson 6 - 7
Page 55
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PROGRAMMING NOTE
BEFORE MACHINING A BORE IN A SOLID PIECE OF STOCK A HOLE WILL HAVE TO BE DRILLED TO
ALLOW THE BORING BAR TO DO ITS JOB.
POSITION
1
2
3
Page 56
COORDINATES TO DRILL
X
U
Z
0
Lathe Lesson 6 - 8
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Lathe Lesson 6 - 9
Page 57
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Page 58
Lathe Lesson 6 - 10
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Lathe Lesson 6 - 11
Page 59
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Page 60
Lathe Lesson 6 - 12
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Lathe Lesson 6 - 13
Page 61
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USE THE CHART BELOW TO WORK OUT THE COORDINATES OF THE TOOL AS IT MOVES AROUND
THE BORE.
I = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE X-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF
ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT)
K = INCREMENTAL DISTANCE ALONG THE Z-AXIS FROM THE TOOL START POINT TO THE CENTER OF
ARC (ARC PIVOT POINT)
POSITION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Page 62
Lathe Lesson 6 - 14
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PROGRAMMING NOTE
BEFORE MACHINING A BORE (ID) IN A SOLID PIECE OF STOCK A HOLE WILL HAVE TO BE DRILLED TO
ALLOW THE BORING BAR TO DO ITS JOB.
POSITION
1
2
3
COORDINATES TO DRILL
X
U
Z
0
Lathe Lesson 6 - 15
Page 63
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O187 (Lesson-6-Ex-3)
Page 64
Lathe Lesson 6 - 16
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Lathe Lesson 6 - 17
Page 65
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Page 66
Lathe Lesson 6 - 18
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Lathe Lesson 6 - 19
Page 67
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Page 68
Lathe Lesson 6 - 20
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PROGRAMMING NOTE
BEFORE MACHINING A BORE (ID) IN A SOLID PIECE OF STOCK A HOLE WILL HAVE TO BE DRILLED TO
ALLOW THE BORING BAR TO DO ITS JOB.
POSITION
1
2
3
X
0
COORDINATES TO DRILL
U
Z
Lathe Lesson 6 - 21
Page 69
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O1345 ( Lesson-6-Ex-4)
Page 70
Lathe Lesson 6 - 22
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Lathe Lesson 6 - 23
Page 71
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Page 72
Lathe Lesson 6 - 24
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-7
Page 73
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G41 will select tool compensation to the LEFT of the contouring direction; generally G41 is used for
boring. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation (tool
radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up.
G42 will select tool compensation to the RIGHT of the contouring direction; generally G42 is used
for turning. The tool is compensated for the radius of the tool tip. The value of the compensation
(tool radius) must be entered in the controller registry during set-up.
Page 74
Lathe Lesson 7 - 2
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The shift direction is based on the direction of the tool movement relative to the tool, and which
side of the part it is on.
When thinking about which direction the compensated shift will occur in tool nose compensation,
imagine looking down the tool tip and steering the tool.
Tool nose compensation works by shifting the Programmed Tool Path to the right or to the left.
The programmer will usually program the tool path to the finished size.
When tool nose compensation is used, the CNC control will compensate for the radius of the insert
based on instructions written into the program.
At the CNC machine Tool Nose Compensation accomplishes its job by reading ahead one or two
blocks to determine how it must modify the current programmed block of code.
This is done, so that the control can calculate in advance, how to position around radiuses and
angles with a specified tool nose radius.
This is referred to as Block Look-A-head Or Look-Ahead Processing.
Tool nose compensation does not need to be used when the programmed cuts are solely along the
X axis (diameters) or Z axis (faces).
Cutter compensation comes into effect on angled cuts and radius cuts.
Lathe Lesson 7 - 3
Page 75
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(Safety block)
N5 T0200
N7 G50 S3500
N11 G00 G42 G54 X1.5 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, TNC, coolant on)
N13 G96 S700
N15 G99 G01 X 0.5125 Z0.05 F0.006 (Feed to Z0.05 from finish front face of part & 0.05 below chamfer)
N17 X0.625 Z-0.0625
N19 Z-0.375
N21 X0.875
N23 Z-1.5
N25 X1.3125
N29 Z-2.2
N31 X1.625
N37 G28 U0
N41 M30
(Program end)
%
Page 76
Lathe Lesson 7 - 4
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O1345
N1 G20
N7 G50 S3500
N11 G99
N13 G00 X1.7 Z0.25 T0808 M08 (Rapid to Safe position, coolant on)
N15 G96 S700
Lathe Lesson 7 - 5
Page 77
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N47 G28 U0
N51 M30
(Program end)
Page 78
Lathe Lesson 7 - 6
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-8
GROOVING/PART-OFF
Page 79
GROOVING
GROOVING
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When a circular slot or groove is needed in a part a special shaped tool may be needed. A grooving
tool is the tool that is most commonly used. It comes in many shapes and sizes but usually has one
thing in common, which is that it feeds straight in along the X axis and plunges into the part. A
grooving tool is typically used to plunge into the part and make a groove around the part, but some
grooving inserts are designed to cut in the X and Z axis direction.
N93 Z-0.375
N102 M01
(OPTIONAL STOP)
Page 80
Lathe Lesson 8 - 2
PARTING-OFF
PARTING-OFF
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Parting-off is very similar to grooving but instead of stopping at a required depth of groove, the
part-off tool is able to go right to the center of the part to allow the finished part to fall away from
the chuck of the lathe. The design of the tool may be similar but the intent is very different.
N97 G28 W0
N98 G28 U0
N102 M01
(OPTIONAL STOP)
Lathe Lesson 8 - 3
Page 81
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Page 82
Lathe Lesson 8 - 4
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Machining Process
1. Face.
2. Turn outside diameter one cut.
3. Groove two slots
4. Dwell at bottom of each grooving cut. This ensures a clean cut at the bottom of the groove.
5. Cut-off.
6. Z zero is the front face of the part
7. The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide
8. Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool
9. Machine to finish depth with every plunge
10. Material is 1.125 aluminum
Lathe Lesson 8 - 5
Page 83
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O186
(SAFETY BLOCK)
N5 T0100
N7 G50 S3500
N17 X-0.05
N27 X1.15
(CANCEL TNC)
N31 G28 U0
N33 G28 W0
Page 84
Lathe Lesson 8 - 6
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N45 Z-0.250
N47 X1.2
N53 X1.2
N61 X1.2
Lathe Lesson 8 - 7
Page 85
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N69 X1.2
N77 X1.2
Page 86
Lathe Lesson 8 - 8
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Cut-Off
(CUT OFF)
N85 G28
N87 M30
(PROGRAM END)
Lathe Lesson 8 - 9
Page 87
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X
X-axis absolute pecking depth, diameter value
Z*
Z-axis absolute location to the furthest peck
U*
X-axis incremental pecking depth, diameter value
W*
Z-axis incremental distance and direction (+or -) to the furthest peck
I*
X-axis pecking depth increment, radius value
K*
Z-axis shift increment between pecking cycles
D*
Tool shift amount when returning to clearance plane (Caution see NOTE)
F Feed rate
* Indicates optional
The G75 canned cycle can be used for grooving an outside diameter with the added bonus of a chip
break. A small retract move while cutting the groove allows the chip to break.
The G75 cycle is non-modal.
With G75 either a single pecking cycle can be performed, as for a single groove, or a series of
pecking moves can be performed for multiple grooves. G75 can also be used to cut-off the part by
using the single pass options.
When a Z or W code is added to a G75 block and Z is not the current position, then a minimum of
two pecking cycles will occur, one at the current location and another at the Z location.
The K code is the incremental distance between Z axis pecking cycles. Adding a K will perform
multiple evenly spaced, pecking cycles between the starting position and Z.
When I is added to a G75 block, then pecking will be performed at each interval specified
by I, the peck is a rapid move opposite the direction of feed and the peck distance is obtained from
Setting 22 on the Haas control.
Page 88
Lathe Lesson 8 - 10
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At block 61 the grooving canned cycle G75 is being used to cut-off the part at the end of the machining
operations.
The X-0.030 is the destination that the tool will arrive at along the X axis. This move is at a feed rate of
0.002 per revolution.
In this block the I value is set to 0.1, this is the X-axis pecking depth increment, a radius value. As the
tool moves to the X position it will cut for 0.1 and then retract to break the chip. This retract move
is a small amount and on the Hass lathe is governed by Setting 22. The Hass lathe used in the
machining videos has Setting 22 set to 0.01
When the G75 cycle is complete it will return to the starting X position at rapid.
Lathe Lesson 8 - 11
Page 89
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Page 90
Lathe Lesson 8 - 12
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Machining Process
Face.
Turn outside diameter one cut.
Groove two slots using G75 Grooving Cycle
Cut-off using G75 Grooving Cycle.
Z zero is the front face of the part
The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide
Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool
Machine to finish depth with every plunge
Material is 1.125 aluminum
Lathe Lesson 8 - 13
Page 91
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O186
(SAFETY BLOCK)
N5 T0100
N7 G50 S3500
N17 X-0.05
N27 X1.15
(CANCEL TNC)
N31 G28 U0
N33 G28 W0
Page 92
Lathe Lesson 8 - 14
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N45 Z-0.250
N47 X1.15
N49 G75 X0.750 Z-0.332 I0.1 K0.03 F0.002 (G75 - GROOVING CYCLE)
N51 X1.15
N55 G75 X0.875 Z-0.957 I0.1 K0.03 F0.002 (G75 - GROOVING CYCLE)
N57 X1.15
Lathe Lesson 8 - 15
Page 93
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Cut-Off
N65 G28
N67 M30
(PROGRAM END)
Page 94
Lathe Lesson 8 - 16
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Lathe Lesson 8 - 17
Page 95
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Page 96
Lathe Lesson 8 - 18
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Lathe Lesson 8 - 19
Page 97
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Page 98
Lathe Lesson 8 - 20
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Lathe Lesson 8 - 21
Page 99
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Page 100
Lathe Lesson 8 - 22
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
LESSON-9
THREADING
Page 101
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X*
Z*
U*
W*
K
I*
D
P
A*
* Indicates optional
The G76 canned cycle can be used for threading both straight and tapered threads. G76 can be
used to create multiple cutting passes along the length of a thread.
The height of the thread is specified in K, this height is defined as the distance from the crest of the
thread to the root.
The calculated depth of the thread will be K less the finish allowance. On the Hass lathe Setting 86
(THREAD FINISH ALLOWANCE) is this stock allowance for a finish pass allowance, if required.
The depth of the first cut of the thread is specified in D. This also determines the number of passes
over the thread based on the value of K and the cutting method used.
The depth of the last cut on the thread can be controlled with Setting 99 on the Hass lathe
(THREAD MINIMUM CUT). The last cut will never be less than this value. The default value is .001
inches/.01 mm.
The feed rate is the Lead of thread. The F feed rate in a G76 threading cycle is 1.0 divided by the
number of threads per inch = F. (1.0 divided by 11 TPI = F.0909091)
Page 102
Lathe Lesson 9 - 2
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X*
Z*
U*
W*
I*
F
* Indicates optional
The G92 is a modal canned cycle. It can be used for simple threading.
Since it is modal, you can do multiple passes for threading by just specifying a new X location for
successive passes. For example:
N16 G92 X.523 Z-0.8 F0.0909 M24
N17 X.520
(Additional Pass)
N18 X.515
(Additional Pass)
N19 X.5135 (Additional Pass)
Straight threads can be made by just specifying X, Z and F. By adding I a pipe or taper thread can
be cut.
Lathe Lesson 9 - 3
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At the end of the thread an optional chamfer can be performed. The size and angle of the chamfer
is controlled with Setting 95 (THREAD CHAMFER SIZE) and Setting 96 (THREAD CHAMFER ANGLE).
The chamfer size is designated in number of threads, so that if 1.000 is recorded in Setting 95 and
the feed rate is .05, then the chamfer will be .05.
If relief is provided for at the end of the thread, then the chamfer can be eliminated by specifying
0.000 for the chamfer size in Setting 95. The default value for Setting 95 is 1.000 and the default
angle for the thread (Setting 96) is 45 degrees.
A chamfer can improve the appearance and functionality of threads that must be machined up to a
shoulder.
As the Lesson-9 Example part has a 0.125 wide undercut M24 will be programed as no chamfer is
required.
Page 104
Lathe Lesson 9 - 4
THREADING
THREADING
The portion of the example CNC program below cuts the .625-11 UNC thread on the Lesson-9
Example part, the drawing is shown below.
At block N93 the G76 threading cycle is used to cut the thread in multiple passes. The G92
threading cycle is used at block N95 and N97 to perform spring passes.
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These spring passes are sometimes referred to as ghost passes. The threading tool is not
moved any deeper but cuts along the path previously cut to clean up and get a good finish on the
threads.
N89 G00 G54 X1.25 Z0.25 T0505 M08 (RAPID TO SAFE POSITION & PICK-UP OFFSETS)
N91 X0.650 M24
N93 G76 X0.5135 Z-0.8 K0.0558 D0.0176 F0.0909 ( G76 OD THREADING CYCLE MULTIPLE PASSES)
N95 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909
(SPRING CUT)
(SPRING CUT)
N99 G28 U0
Lathe Lesson 9 - 5
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D0.0176 is the first pass cutting depth. This determines how many cuts will be taken to reach the
final depth.
F0.0909 is the feed rate. The threading feed rate is the thread distance per revolution. The
calculation for this thread having 11 threads per inch is 1 divided by 11 which is equals to 0.090909.
Page 106
Lathe Lesson 9 - 6
G92 is being used in the Example program to perform two spring passes
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The G92 is a modal canned cycle. It can be used for simple threading. Once the first G92 block is
input with all the relevant values, additional threading cuts can be made by just the input of the
desired X value.
X0.5135 is the root diameter of the .625-11 UNC thread. The root diameter was identified in the
Machinerys Handbook.
Z-0.8 is the absolute Z-axis target location. This is 0.050 past the end of the thread.
F0.0909 is the feed rate. The threading feed rate is the thread distance per revolution. The
calculation for this thread having 11 threads per inch is 1 divided by 11 which is equals to 0.090909.
Lathe Lesson 9 - 7
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Page 108
Lathe Lesson 9 - 8
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Machining Process
1. Face.
2. Rough Turn OD
3. Finish Turn OD
4. Groove undercut for thread 0.125 wide
5. Thread .625-11 UNC.
6. Cut-off.
7. Z zero is the front face of the part
8. The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide
9. Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool
10. Material is 1.125 aluminum
Lathe Lesson 9 - 9
Page 109
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%
O1294
(Lesson-9-Example)
(Safety Block)
N5 T0100
N7 G50 S3500
N11 G00 G41 G54 X1.5 Z0.25 T0101 M08 (Rapid to safe position, TNC, activate offset)
N13 G96 S700
N17 X-0.05
Page 110
Lathe Lesson 9 - 10
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N31 Z-0.875
N33 X0.925
N37 Z-1.5
N39 X1.25
N41 G40 G00 X 1.5 (Q end of geometry, machine off of part and cancel compensation)
N43 G00 X1.25 Z0.25
N45 G28 U0
Lathe Lesson 9 - 11
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(FINISH CUT)
N49 T0202
N55 G00 G42 G54 X1.25 Z0.25 T0202 M08 (Rapid to safe position, TNC, coolant on)
N57 G96 S700
N61 G28 U0
Page 112
Lathe Lesson 9 - 12
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N75 Z-0.750
N77 X1.15
N81 X1.15
N83 G28
Lathe Lesson 9 - 13
Page 113
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N93 G76 X0.5135 Z-0.8 K0.0558 D0.0176 F0.0909 ( G76 OD threading cycle)
N95 G92 X.5135 Z-0.8 F0.0909
(Spring cut)
(Spring cut)
N99 G28 U0
Page 114
Lathe Lesson 9 - 14
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(CUT OFF)
N103 G00 T404
N115 X1.15
N119 Z-1.485
N125 X1.15
N127 Z-1.5
N135 M30
(Program end)
Lathe Lesson 9 - 15
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Page 116
Lathe Lesson 9 - 16
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1. Face.
2. Rough Turn OD
3. Finish Turn OD
4. Groove undercut for thread 0.125 wide
5. Thread .500-13 UNC.
6. Cut-off.
7. Z zero is the front face of the part
8. The grooving\part-off tool is 0.118 wide
9. Program right hand side of grooving\part-off tool
10. Material is 1.125 aluminum
Lathe Lesson 9 - 17
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Page 118
Lathe Lesson 9 - 18
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Lathe Lesson 9 - 19
Page 119
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Page 120
Lathe Lesson 9 - 20
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK LATHE
APPENDIX
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Page 122
Lathe Appendix - 2
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Lathe Appendix - 3
Page 123
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Page 124
Lathe Appendix - 4
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Lathe Appendix - 5
Page 125
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Page 126
Lathe Appendix - 6
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Lathe Appendix - 7
Page 127
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XZ PLANE
1. Tool #1 (OD Roughing Tool) Create A Toolpath To Rough The Above Profile
Feed =
in/min
2. Tool #2 (OD Finishing Tool) Finish The OD Using The Profile Created In The First Operation
Feed =
in/min
3. Tool #9 (0.125 Right Hand Groove Tool) Machine Both Grooves By Plunging In The Middle Of
The Groove, Then Retract And Move Over To The Left And Right To Finish
Feed =
in/min
Page 128
Lathe Appendix - 8
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O00014;
Lathe Appendix - 9
Page 129
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Page 130
Lathe Appendix - 10
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Page 131
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Page 132
Lathe Appendix - 12
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Lathe Appendix - 13
Page 133
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Page 134
Lathe Appendix - 14
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Page 135
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Drill
Decimal Drill
Decimal
Drill
Decimal Drill
Decimal
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Size
Equiv.
Size
Equiv.
Size
Equiv.
Size
Equiv.
80 = .0135
43 = .089
8 = .199
25/64 = .3906
79 = .0145
42 = .0935
7 = .201
X = .397
1/64 = .0156
3/32 = .0938
13/64 = .2031
Y = .404
78 = .016
41 = .096
6 = .204
13/32 = .4063
77 = .018
40 = .098
5 = .2055
Z = .413
76 = .020
39 = .0995
4 = .209
27/64 = .4219
75 = .021
38 = .1015
3 = .213
7/16 = .4375
74 = .0225
37 = .104
7/32 = .2188
29/64 = .4531
73 = .024
36 = .1065
2 = .221
15/32 = .4688
72 = .025
7/64 = .1094
1 = .228
31/64 = .4844
71 = .026
35 = .110
A = .234
1/2 = .500
70 = .028
34 = .111
15/64 = .2344
33/64 = .5156
69 = .0292
33 = .113
B = .238
17/32 = .5313
68 = .031
32 = .116
C = .242
35/64 = .5469
1/32 = .0313
31 = .120
D = .246
9/16 = .5625
67 = .032
1/8 = .1250
1/4 (E) = .250
37/64 = .5781
66 = .033
30 = .1285
F = .257
19/32 = .5938
65 = .035
29 = .136
G = .261
39/64 = .6094
64 = .036
28 = .1405
17/64 = .2656
5/8 = .625
63 = .037
9/64 = .1406
H = .266
41/64 = .6406
62 = .038
27 = .144
I = .272
21/32 = .6563
61 = .039
26 = .147
J = .277
43/64 = .6719
60 = .040
25 = .1495
K = .281
11/16 = .6875
59 = .041
24 = .152
9/32 = .2813
45/64 = .7031
58 = .042
23 = .154
L = .290
23/32 = .7188
57 = .043
5/32 = .1563
M = .295
47/64 = .7344
56 = .0465
22 = .157
19/64 = .2969
3/4 = .750
3/64 = .0469
21 = .159
N = .302
49/64 = .7656
55 = .052
20 = .161
5/16 = .3125
25/32 = .7813
54 = .055
19 = .166
O = .316
51/64 = .7969
53 = .0595
18 = .1695
P = .323
13/16 = .8125
1/16 = .0625
11/64 = .1719
21/64 = .3281
53/64 = .8281
52 = .0635
17 = .173
Q = .332
27/32 = .8438
51 = .067
16 = .177
R = .339
55/64 = .8594
50 = .070
15 = .180
11/32 = .3438
7/8 = .875
49 = .073
14 = .182
S = .348
57/64 = .8906
48 = .076
13 = .185
T = .358
29/32 = .9063
5/64 = .0781
3/16 = .1875
23/64 = .3594
59/64 = .9219
47 = .0785
12 = .189
U = .368
15/16 = .9375
46 = .081
11 = .191
3/8 = .375
61/64 = .9531
45 = .082
10 = .1935
V = .377
31/32 = .9688
44 =.086
9 = .196
W = .386
63/64 = .9844
Page 136
Lathe Appendix - 16
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Lathe Appendix - 17
Page 137
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Lathe Appendix - 18
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1. Locate the DVD/CD that came with the workbook (fixed to the back cover).
2. Insert the disc into the DVD/CD ROM tray of your computer.
3. When the AutoPlay window is displayed select Open folder to view files as shown below:
Lathe Appendix - 19
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5. Double-click the Discriminator21017.exe file as shown below. This will start the installation process.
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the installation.
2. Locate the What you need to complete this course section on this page and click on the
Discriminator link to download the Discriminator installation file. Make sure you save the file to a
place on the hard drive that you can be easily located.
3. Once the file has downloaded locate it and double-click the Discriminator.zip file to extract the
installation files onto your hard drive. Make sure you extract the files into a new folder on your hard
drive and remember where the folder is located.
4. Open the folder the files were extracted to and double click on Discriminator21017.exe.
5. Follow the instructions on the screen.
Page 140
Lathe Appendix - 20
Lathe Appendix - 21
Page 141
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Page 142
Lathe Appendix - 22
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