Leonise Gelito, Godwin Evan Halfon*, Antonio Hernandez, and Jose Carmelo Javier
Department of Chemistry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment entitled, Analysis of Hydrocarbons", are to
differentiate various types of hydrocarbons; to device a scheme to distinguish
hydrocarbons from each type; and to characterize an unknown hydrocarbon through
parallel chemical tests. Hydrocarbons are divided into Aliphatic (saturated or
unsaturated) and Aromatic (with or without sidechain). Chemical Analysis is a foolproof
way of correctly evaluating the reaction of an unknown sample to a given chemical test
with the use of reference standard. The reference standards used for this experiment
were Hexane, Cyclohexane, Naphthalene and Toluene. There are also three tests
utilized to characterize the unknown sample, which are the Nitrate, Bromine and
Permanganate tests.
Introduction
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds. Containing only carbon and
hydrogen, they can be straight-chained, branched chain, or cyclic molecules. Carbon
tends to form four bonds in a tetrahedral geometry. Hydrocarbon derivatives are formed
when there is a substitution of a functional group at one or more of these positions.
Hydrocarbons are usually of general use by utilizing chemical reactions that are either
classified as addition or bond-rupture reactions.
Four different hydrocarbons are usually the most common subject to test for the
analysis of hydrocarbons. These are the Hexane, Cyclohexane, Naphthalene and
Toluene. These four are also classified to different types of hydrocarbons, which are the
Saturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Alkylated
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Non-alkylated Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Refer to Figure 1.
Hexane
Cyclohexane
Naphthalene
Toluene
Figure 1: Hydrocarbons
Class of
Hydrocarbon
Saturated
Aliphatic
Unsaturated
Aliphatic
Sample
Hexane
Cyclohexane
Aromatic
without side
Naphthalene
Bromine Test
Orange color
Purple color
(-)
(-)
(-)
Clear colorless
Brown precipitate
(-)
(+)
(+)
Yellow precipitate
Purple color
(+)
(-)
(-)
Yellow precipitate
Yellow color
Purple color
(+)
(-)
(-)
chain
Aromatic with
side chain
Toluene
Permanganate
Nitration Test
Test
In
the
Nitration
Test,
concentrated
positive
result
for
the
Aromatic
In
the
Permanganate
Test,
0.1%
Hydrocarbons with side chain. The positive result will be determined if the reaction
shows a brown precipitate.
Tests
Nitration
Bromine
Permanganate
Reagents
1:1
conc. H2SO4 and conc. HNO3
5% Br2 in CH2Cl2
Positive for
Visible Result
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated
Decoloration of solution
Hydrocarbons
(colorless)
Alkylated Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Brown precipitate
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
Saturated
Unsaturated
Aromatic
Alkylated
Non-alkylated
Experimental
Nitration Test: Ten drops each of the sample were placed in four separate test
tubes. Then ten drops of the nitrating reagent were added to each of the sample. The
mixtures were shaken and placed in a hot water bath for 5 minutes. 20 drops of distilled
water were added to each of the test tubes. And lastly, the observations were recorded.
Bromine Test: Ten drops each of the sample were placed in four separate test
tubes. Then ten drops of the bromine reagent were added to each of the sample. The
mixtures were shaken and the observations were recorded.
Permanganate Test: Ten drops each of the sample were placed in four separate
test tubes. Then five drops of 0.1% of KMnO4 and five drops of 10% NaOH were added
to each of the sample. The mixtures were shaken and placed in a hot water bath for 2
minutes. And lastly, the observations were recorded.
References
Klein, D., (2012). Organic Chemistry. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
R.J. Fesseden and J.S. Fesseden, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, California, U.S.A,
Pacific Grove, 1990, Pages 103, 431, 477.
Michelle, J. Sienko, Robert A. Plane, Chemistry, 5th Edition, London, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1981, Pages 455-465.