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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.-332
vfkxe ,oa fodkl dk euksfoKku
(Psychology of Learning and Development)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- vfkxe osQ ekuorkoknh mikxek osQ y{k.kksa dh O;k[;k dhft, rFkk ekuorkoknh mikxe esa ^Lo* osQ ego
dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkjvf/kxe dk ekuorkoknh mikxe dk vFkZ (The Meaning of Humanistic Approach to Learning)^g;weSfuTe* (Humanism) 'kCn dh mRif g;weSuhvksjk (Humaniora) 'kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gSekuo 'kjhj rFkk mlds vklikl dk v/;;u djuk A vf/kxe
ds ekuorkoknh mikxe dh eq[; ckrsa fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) ekuorkoknh euksoSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj vf/kxe ,d vifjgk;Z vkSj vf}rh; izf;k lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gS A
(2) blds vuqlkj ^ekuo dks D;k gksuk pkfg,* ekuotkfr ls lEc) gS A
(3) ,d O;fDr vius vkSj vius okrkoj.k esa fHkUurk dj ldrk gS A og mjnk;h fu.kZ; gks ldrk gS vkSj izHkko'kkyh <ax ls vf/kxe
dj ldrk gS A
(4) ,d ckyd vf/kxe ds ;ksX; gksrk gS mls izse vkSj 'kkfUr ds lkFk lh[kus nsuk pkfg, A
(5) ekuo tkfr esa viuh leL;kvksa dks gy djus dh {kerk gksrh gS A
vf/kxe ds ekuorkoknh vf/kxe dh fo'ks"krk;sa

(Characteristics of Humanistic Approach to Learning)

vf/kxe ds ekuorkoknh vf/kxe dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk;sa fuEufyf[kr gSa

(1) ;g ekuo tkfr ds dY;k.k ls lEc) gS A
(2) ;g mikxe vf/kxe dks ekuo ds LokHkkfod okrkoj.kizse] 'kkfUr] lg;ksx] Lora=rk] lekurk esa djus ij cy nsrk gS A ;g HkkSfrd
ewY;ksa] /ku vkfn dks ego ugha nsrk A
(3) ;g lg&vfLrRo esa fo'okl djrk gS A
(4) lR;rk] vPNkbZ vkSj lqUnjrk ij vk/kkfjr vf/kxe dks Js"B ekurk gS A
(5) ekuorkoknh vf/kxe ds vuqlkj tc vf/kxe vko';drk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS rks og izHkkodkjh gksrk gS A
(6) ;g mPp Lrj ds vf/kxe ij cy nsrk gS ;Fkk Lo&v/;;u
(7) vf/kxe vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A
(8) vPNs vf/kxe ds fy, Lo&izsj.kk vko';d gksrh gS A
(9) Lo&fu.kZ; vkSj LokyEcu vf/kxe dks c<+krs gSa A
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;g mikxe vf/kxe ;ksX; oLrqvksa ds fy, Nk=ksa dks vf/kd mjnk;h cukrk gS A
(11) ;g vf/kxedkZ ds izfrf;kRedrk dks c<+krk gS A
(12) ;g Nk=ksa dh dyk esa #fp c<+krh gS A
(13) ekuorkoknh mikxe mRlqdrk dk iks"k.k djrh gS A
f'k{kk euksfoKku esa ekuorkoknh mikxe dk izHkko
(10)

(Impact of Humanistic Approach in Educational Psychology)

dk v/;;u (Study of Child of Learner)f'k{kk euksfoKku bl n`f"V ls ekuorkoknh gS fd ;g eq[;r% cPps ;k f'k{kkFkhZ
ls lEcfUkr gS A ;g cPps ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa euksoSKkfud nksuksa rRoksa dk v/;;u djrk gS %
(i) 'kkjhfjd rRo (Physiological aspect)f'k{kk euksfoKku ckyd ds O;ogkj ds 'kkjhfjd vkpkj ;Fkk&ukM+h laLFkku vkSj xzfUFk;ksa dk
v/;;u djrk gS A
(ii) euksoSKkfud rRo (Psychological aspect)f'k{kk euksfoKku ckyd ds O;ogkj ds dbZ euksoSKkfud vk/kkjksa dk Hkh
v/;;u djrk gS ;Fkk
(i) ewy izo`f (Instincts)
(ii) laosx (Emotions)
(iii) euksHkko (Sentiments)
(iv) lq>ko] udy] lgkuqHkwfr
(v) pfj=
(vi) Le`fr
(vii) lh[kuk
(viii) fpUru vkSj rdZ
(ix) dYiuk rFkk leL;k lek/kku
(x) cqf)ek
(xi) O;fDrRo vkfn A
(2) #fp;ksa ,oa vfHk#fp;ksa dk {ks=k (Areas of Interest and Aptitudes)ekuookn bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd ladqfpr :f<+;ksa rFkk
fojfDr ds vkn'kksZ ds fy, O;fDr dh :fp;ksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dk neu ugha djuk pkfg, A :fp;ksa rFkk vfHk:fp;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, volj
iznku fd;s tkus pkfg, A f'k{kk euksfoKku :fp;ksa rFkk vfHk:fp;ksa dh izd`fr] fodkl rFkk muds ewY;kadu dk foLr`r v/;;u djrk gS A
O;fDr;ksa dh :fp;ksa rFkk vfHk#fp;ksa dks le>us ds fy, fofHkUu ijh{kkvksa rFkk #fp lwfp;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
(3) O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dk v/;;u (Study of Individual Differences)ekuookn euq"; dh HkykbZ vkSj [kq'kh ij cy nsrk gS
A mldk fo'okl gS fd euq"; gh lHkh oLrqvksa dk ekin.M gS A euq"; dh [kq'kh rHkh laHko gks ldrh gS] tc ge O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dks
Lohdkj djrs gq, mudk v/;;u djsa vkSj mUgha fofHkUurkvksa ds vuqlkj O;fDrRo ds fodkl ds fy, mfpr volj iznku djsa A f'k{kk euksfoKku
fofo/k izdkj dh O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa] muds dkj.kksa rFkk f'k{kk esa muds ego dk foLr`r v/;;u djrk gS A
(4) vfHkizsjd rRo (Motivational aspect)Nk= ds fy, vfHkizsj.kk ,d cgqr cM+h leL;k gS A thou vkSj f'k{kk esa lQyrk ,oa
miyfCk;ka izk;% vfHkizsj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSa A i;kZIr vfHkizsj.kk ds ifj.kkeLo:i /;ku] #fp] jpukRedrk ,oa dq'kyrk dk fodkl gksrk
gS A f'k{kk euksfoKku iqjLdkj] n`';&J`zO; lk/kuksa] le;&le; ij yh xbZ ijh{kkvksa rFkk Nk= dsfUnzr f'k{kk }kjk dsfUnzr f'k{kk }kjk Nk=ksa dks
vfHkizsfjr djus ds rjhdksa dk v/;;u djrk gS A
(5) ewyizo`fr;ksa rFkk laosxksa dk mnkkhdj.k (Sublimation of Instincts and Emotions)ekuokokn ekuoh; fot; vkSj fu;a=.k ij
cy nsrk gS A ;g ewy izo`f;ksa rFkk laosxksa ij vk/kkfjr gS A ckyd izd`fr ls gh fuekZ.kdkZ gS A mlesa laosxkRed 'kfDr Hkjiwj gksrh gS A f'k{kk
euksfoKku ewy izo`f;ksa rFkk laosxksa dh izd`fr rFkk muds fu;a=.kdkjh fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u djrk gS A f'k{kk dh vk/kqfud fof/k;ksa tSls
(i) dke djrs gq, lh[kuk]
(ii) izkstsDV fof/k]
(1) cPps

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g;wfjfLVd fof/k
(iv) Ldwyksa esa Lok; 'kklu
(v) Hkze.k ,oa ;k=k,a
(vi) fofo/krkiw.kZ dk;Ze
(vii) n`';J`O; lk/ku
(viii) rdZ&fordZ] lEesyu] fopkj&foe'kZ
(ix) xyZ xkbM] ,u0lh0lh0] LdkmV vkUnksyu
(x) [ksys
(xi) iqLrdky; v/;;uvkfn fofHkUu ewy izo`f;ksa rFkk laosxksa ds mnkhdj.k esa vR;ar mi;ksxh gS A
(6) Lora=krk ,oa vuq'kklu (Freedom and Discipline)ekuorkokn Lora=rk esa fo'okl j[krk gS A Lora=rk vPNkbZ dk
lk/ku gS A euksfoKku cPps dh Lora=rk iznku djus esa fo'okl j[krk gS A vk/kqfud euksoSKkfudksa dk fopkj gS fd Nk=ksa us vius vkidks <w<+uk
gS rks mUgsa ^i;kZIr Lora=rk iznku dh tkuh pkfg, A ;fn mUgsa viuh 'kfDr;ksa dks iw.kZ :is.k fodflr djuk gS rks mUgsa mfpr vuq'kklu vkSj
izf'k{k.k Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg, A vr% vuq'kklu] Lora=rk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ij gh vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg, A
(7) vlk/kkj.k cPps vkSj ekuorkokn (Exception Children and Humanism)ekuorkokn O;fDrRo iw.kZ fodkl ij cy nsrk gS A
lHkh izdkj ds cPpksaizfrHkk'kkyh] fiNM+s gq, rFkk fodykaxdks viuh 'kfDr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, mfpr volj iznku fd;s tkus pkfg, A f'k{kk
euksfoKku lHkh izdkj ds vlk/kkj.k cPpksa dk v/;;u djrk gS vkSj muds fodkl ds fy, fofHkUu fof/k;ksa ,oa mfpr dk;Zeksa dk lq>ko nsrk
gS A ,sls cPpksa ds lkFk ekuorkiw.kZ O;ogkj gksuk pkfg,] vFkkZr lgkuqHkwfr vkSj izse dk O;ogkj djuk pkfg, A
(8) funsZ'ku vkSj ekuorkokn (Guidance and Humansim)ekuorkokn euq"; dh HkykbZ vkSj [kq'kh esa fo'okl j[krk gS A bl ms';
dh iwfrZ ds fy, funsZ'ku dh vko';drk gksrh gS A funsZ'ku dh izd`fr rFkk funsZ'ku fof/k;ksa'kS{kf.kd] O;kolkf;d] O;SfDrddks f'k{kk euksfoKku
esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS A
iz'u 2- oS;fDrd fofHkUurkvksa ij okrkoj.k osQ izHkkoksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjO;fDrxr fofHkUurk dk vFkZ (The meaning of individual difference) fofHkUu n`f"V;ksa ls O;fDr esa fHkUurk dks O;fDrxr
fHkUurk dgrs gSa A ;g loZekU; gS fd dHkh Hkh nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr ,d tSls ugha gksrs A muesa dqN u dqN vyxko vo'; gksrk gS A
blh dks /;ku esa j[kdj vk/kqfud f'k{kk 'kkfL=;ksa ls f'k{kk dks O;fDrxr fHkUurk ds vuq:i cukus ij tksj fn;k gS A fofHkUu euksoSKkfudksa dh
[kkstksa ls bl ckr dh iqf"V gqbZ gS fd izR;sd O;fDr ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrk gS bldh f'k{kk ,oa lekt esa mi;ksfxrk gS A vkt foKku ds ;qx
esa gesa fofHkUu ;ksX;rkvksa okys O;fDr dh vko';drk gS A ftlls os lekt ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns lds A fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa esa 'kkjhfjd] ekufld
vkSj lkaosfxd vkfn vusd izdkj dh fHkUurk, feyrh gSa A d{kk ds 5060 cPpksa esa bls vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS A blfy, v/;kid vkSlr
ckyd dks /;ku esa j[kdj f'k{k.k fof/k viukrk gS ijUrq blls es/kkoh vkSj lkekU; dksfV ds ckydks dks fo'ks"k ykHk ugha gksrk A f'k{kk dks mi;ksxh
cukus ds fy, O;fDrxr fHkUurk ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kk iznku djuk vfr vko';d gS A O;fDrxr Hksnksa ds v/;;u ls Nk=ksa dh O;fDrxr ;ksX;rkvksa
dk irk yxkdj mudk mfpr fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS A
O;fDrxr fofHkUurk dh ifjHkk"kk, (Definitions of individual difference)
(1) tsEl Msoj (James Drever) ^^,d lewg ds O;fDro esa] lewgksa ds vkSlr ls ekufld vFkok 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krkvksa dk fopyu
gh O;fDrxr fofHkUurk gS A **
(iii)

Individual differences are variations or deviations from averages, of the growth with respect to mental or physical
characteristics in the individual member of the group.

Vkbyj ds vuqlkj (Leona Tyler) 'kjhj ds vkdkj vkSj :i] 'kkjhfjd dk;Z] xfr dh {kerkvksa] cqf)] miyfC/k] Kku]
:fp;ksa] vfHko`fk;ksa vkSj O;fDrRo ds y{k.kksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh fHkUurkvksa dk vfLrRo fl) gks pqdk gS A
(2) Y;wuk

Measurable differences have been shown to consist in physical size and shape, physiological function, motor capacities,
intellegence achievement and knowledge, interests, attitudes and personality traits.

okrkoj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Environment)ckyd ds O;fDro ds fodkl esa okrkoj.k ds egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dh mis{kk ugha dh
tk ldrh gS A oa'kkuqe ds v/;;u ls ,d rF; Li"V gksrk gS fd ckyd oa'kkuqe ls vusd 'kfDr;k ,oa {kerk, xzg.k dj tUe ysrk gS] fdUrq
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bu 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl okrkoj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gS A ;fn ckyd dks vPNk okrkoj.k fey tk, rks og viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djds izfrf"Br
thou O;rhr dj ldrk gS A okrkoj.k dks gh iks"kd vFkok i;kZoj.k dgrs gSa A i;kZoj.k 'kCn dh jpuk nks 'kCnksa ds feyus ls
gbZ^ifj+vkoj.k* A ^ifj* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS^pkjksa vksj* rFkk ^vkoj.k* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS^<dus okyk* A bl izdkj i;kZoj.k ls rkRi;Z bu lc
oLrqvksa ls gS] tks O;fDr dks pkjksa vksj ls <ds gq, gSa A nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd okrkoj.k ds varxZr os lHkh ro lfEefyr
gSa] tks ekuothou dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrs gSa A
okrkoj.k dks Li"V djus ds fy, dqN fo}kuksa us bldks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS] ftudk mYys[k ;gka djuk mfpr gksxk
(1) ,uh ,ukLVklh^^okrkoj.k esa os lHkh oLrq, lfEefyr gSa] tks O;fDr ds fi=ksd ds vfrfjDr mlds lHkh i{kksa dks izHkkfor djrh
gSa A **
(2) cksfjax] ySaxQhYM ,oa osYM^^,d O;fDr ds okrkoj.k ds varxZr mu lHkh mstukvksa dk ;ksx vk tkrk gS] ftudks og tUe
ls e`R;q rd xzg.k djrk gS A
(3) ts- ,l- jkWl^^okrkoj.k ,d ck 'kfDr gS] tks gesa izHkkfor djrh gS A**
(4) oqMoFkZ ^^okrkoj.k esa ls leLr ck ro lfEefyr gSa] ftUgksaus O;fDr dks thou izkjaHk djus ds le; ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA**
(5) Mxyl o gkWySaM^^okrkoj.k 'kCn dk iz;ksx mu leLr ck 'kfDr;ksa] izHkkoksa vkSj n'kkvksa ds ;ksx dk o.kZu djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gS] tks thfor izkf.k;ksa ds thou] LoHkko] O;ogkj] fodkl vkSj ifjiDork dks izHkkfor djrs gSa A
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gSa fd okrkoj.k fdlh ,d ro ;k 'kfDr dk izfrQy ugha gksrk gS A bldh jpuk esa vusd ro ;k 'kfDr;ksa
dk lkewfgd :i esa gkFk gksrk gS] tks ckyd ds fodkl dks xHkZdky ls gh izHkkfor djrs gSa A okrkoj.k dh jpuk djus okys roksa ds vk/kkj
ij okrkoj.k ds nks eq[; izdkj gSa
1. HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k] ,oa
2. lkekftd okrkoj.k A
HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k esa izd`fr ds lHkh ro tSls fLFkfr] LFkykd`fr] tyok;q] feh] [kfut] ouLifr] ,oa tho&tarq vkfn lfEefyr fd,
tkrs gSa A HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k ekuo ds f;kdykiksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS A lkekftd okrkoj.k ekuo leqnk;ksa dh miyfC/k dk izfrQy gksrk
gS A blds varxZr jhfrfjokt] ijaijk] Hkk"kk f'k"Vkpkj vkfn vkrs gSa A lkekftd okrkoj.k ds :i fd, tk ldrs gSa
1. lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k
2. ekufld okrkoj.k A
lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k f'k"Vkpkj dk izf'k{k.k nsrk gS] tcfd ekufld okrkoj.k ckyd dh ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku djrk
gS A bl izdkj ;s lHkh izdkj ds okrkoj.k O;fDr ds thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa] tSls'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] ekufld ,oa vkfFkZd dks izHkkfor djrs
gSa A
okrkoj.k ds ego dh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh A dqN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd ekuo fodkl esa oa'kkuqe ds leku gh okrkoj.k Hkh
egoiw.kZ gS A jkcVZ vksou dk fopkj gS fd O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa okrkoj.k dk izeq[k LFkku gS A tkWu ykWd tSls fo}ku~us rks okrkoj.k
dks gh loksZifj ekuk gS A muds vuqlkj ckyd dk efLr"d tUe ds le; dksjh IysV ds leku gksrk gS A okrkoj.k ds laidZ esa vkus ij efLr"d
lHkh IysV ij Kku vafdr gksuk vkjaHk gks tkrk gS A izfl) O;ogkjoknh euksoSKkfud okVlu us rks ;gk rd dgk fd eq>s uotkr f'k'kq ns nks]
eSa mls MkWDVj] odhy] izksQslj] dykdkj] O;kikjh tks pkgw cuk ldrk gw A bl izdkj dqN euksoSKkfud oa'kkuqe dh iw.kZ mis{kk djds okrkoj.k
dks loksZifj ekurs gSa A
ckyd ij okrkoj.k ds izHkko (Influences of Environment of Child);g rF; fufoZokn lR; gS fd okrkoj.k ckyd ds fodkl
dks izHkkfor djrk gS A bl {ks= esa euksoSKkfudksa us vusd iz;ksx djds bl rF; dh iqf"V dh gS A ;gk ns[ksaxs fd ckyd ds O;fDrRo ds fdufdu
i{kksa ij okrkoj.k dk izHkko iM+rk gS A
(1) 'kkjhfjd varjfo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksxksa ds 'kjhj esa fofHkUurk, ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA buds dkj.k oa'kkuqe us gksdj
okrkoj.k gksrk gS A ;gk ij kat cksat dk v/;;u bl rF; dh iqf"V ds fy, fn;k tk ldrk gS A mlus vesfjdk esa jgus okys ;gwfn;ksa ,oa
tkikfu;ksa dk ijh{k.k djus ij fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd okrkoj.k ds dkj.k mldh yackbZ esa o`f) gqbZ gS A

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dk izHkkodSaMksy }kjk fd;k x;k v/;;u Li"V djrk gS fd cqf) dk fodkl oa'kkuqe dh mis{kk okrkoj.k ij fuHkZj gksrk
gS A mlus kal ds 552 fo}kuksa dk v/;u djds irk yxk;k fd muesa ls vf/kdka'k /kuh oxZ ls lacaf/kr Fks A vr,o mudks f'k{kk xzg.k djus
dh mi;qDr lqfo/kk, miyC/k gqbZ A LVhQSal us Hkh cqf)yfC/k ds laca/k esa viuk fopkj izdV fd;k gS fd ;fn ckydks adks vPNs okrkoj.k esa
ikyk tk, rks mldh cqf)yfC/k esa o`f) gksrh gS A
(3) O;fDrRo ij izHkkome okrkoj.k esa iyus ij ckyd ds O;fDrRo dk fodkl cgqeq[kh gS A ;fn fu/kZu ekrkfirk ds ckyd dks
me okrkoj.k esa ikyk tk, rks og vPNs O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k dj ldrk gS A bl lEcU/k esa dwys dk v/;;u egoiw.kZ gS A mlus 71
lkfgR;dkjksa dk v/;;u djds irk yxk;k fd muesa ls nks lkfgR;dkj fu/kZu ifjokjksa ds Fks A fdarq me okrkoj.k ds dkj.k os nksuksa
egku~lkfgR;dkj cu lds A
(4) ekufld fodkl ij izHkkookrkoj.k dk ekufld fodkl ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gS A blds fy, xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; {ks= ds ckydksa
dks fy;k tk ldrk gS A uxjh; ckydksa dh vis{kk xzkeh.k ckydksa dh ekufld ;ksX;rk dk foLrkj de gksrk gS A bl izdkj ,d v/;;u xksMZu
}kjk ukfodksa ds cPpksa dk fd;k x;k A ;s ckyd uxjksa ls nwj ufn;ksa ds fdukjs jgrs Fks A ;gk dk okrkoj.k xank gksus ds dkj.k bu cPpksa dk
ekufld fodkl ;Fkksfpr ugha gks ldk A
(5) O;kolkf;d n{krk ij izHkkobuds vfrfjDr vU; vusd v/;;u okrkoj.k ds ego dks Li"V djus ds fy, fd, x, gSa A buesa
ls dqN dk ;gk o.kZu djuk mfpr gksxk A
1. heSu dk v/;;uheSu us 71 cPpksa dk cqf) eki muds ?kjksa ij jgus ij gh fd;k A budh cqf)yfC/k dk e/;eku 101.4 Fkk
A blds ckn bu cPpksa dk vukFkky; ds me okrkoj.k esa j[kk A bldk izHkko ;g jgk fd mudh cqf)yfC/k 10 rd c<+ xbZ A
2. tqM+ok cPpksa ij izHkkoU;weSu] heSu] gkWyftaxj us tqM+ok cPpksa ij v/;;u fd;k A ;g ekU;rk gS fd tqM+ok cPpksa esa 'kkjhfjd ,oa
ekufld lekurk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS A tqM+ok cPpksa ds ,d tksM+s esa ls ,d cPps dks xko ds QkeZ ij vkSj nwljs dks uxj esa j[kk A cM+s gksus
ij bu cPpksa esa cM+k varj ns[kk x;k A xko dk cPpk de cqf)eku vkSj vf'k"V Fkk A blds foijhr uxj esa cM+k gksus okyk ckyd f'k"V vkSj
dq'kkxz cqf) okyk Fkk A
3. HksfM+, }kjk ikys x, cPpsftax egksn; us 30 O;fDr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS] ftUgksaus vius izkjafHkd thou ds vusd o"kZ taxyh thoksa
vFkok taxyh tkfr ds yksxksa ds lkFk O;rhr fd, A vr,o mu ij tkuojksa tSlh vknrksa dk izHkko LFkkbZ :i esa vafdr gks x;k A muesa ls vf/
kdka'k tkuojksa dh Hkkfr pyrs Fks vkSj mudh gh rjg [kkrs Fks A ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks lH; cukus esa cgqr le; yxk A
blh izdkj ,d ckyd dks tUe ds ckn ,d HksfM+;k mBk ys x;k A yxHkx 11 o"kZ dh mez esa og f'kdkfj;ksa }kjk idM+k x;k A ml ckyd
esa lHkh vknrsa HksfM+;ksa ds leku fodflr gks xbZ A og gkFk&iSjksa ds lgkjs i'kqvksa dh Hkkfr pyrk Fkk rFkk mudh Hkkfr gh cksyrk Fkk A
mi;qZDr lHkh rF; okrkoj.k ds ego dks Li"V djrs gSa A egku~fo}ku eSdkboj us okrkoj.k ds ego dks Li"V djrs gq, fy[kk
gS^^okrkoj.k ekuo thou ds izR;sd Hkkx varfuZfgr gSA og ekuo'kfDr;ksa dks funsZf'kr vFkok foeq[k] izksRlkfgr vFkok fu#Rlkfgr
djrk gS A og mudh ok.kh dks <kyrk vkSj mlds 'kkjhfjd <kps dks ifjofrZr djrk gS A blls vf/kd okrkoj.k] O;fDr esa fo|eku
jgrk gS A og mlds efLr"d ,oa Hkqtkvksa ij vafdr jgrk gS A okrkoj.k ,d izdkj ls O;fDr ds jDr esa ,djl gks tkrk gS A
iz'u 3- vius fo|ky; esa fof'k"V vko';drkvksa okys fo|kFk;ksa dh fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa igpku dhft, rFkk
mudh lkekftd] euksoSKkfud rFkk 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dh iwr osQ fy, vkiosQ }kjk viukbZ tkus okys j.kuhfr;ksa dk
mYys[k dhft,A
(d) vfkxe o lkekftd Lrj esa detksj ckfydk (fo|kFkhZ)
mkjde ekufld {kerk okys Nk= os Nk= gksrs gSa ftudh ekufld {kerk lkekU; Nk=ksa dh ekufld {kerk ls de gksrh gS A ;|fi muesa
'kkjhfjd leL;k ugha gksrh ijUrq d{kk&d{k esa leaftr ugha gks ikrs A
igpku (Identifications)de ekufld {kerk okys Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj dks fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk;sa gksrh gSa
(1) mudh 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k gksrh gS A
(2) vf/kxe fd;s x;s fo"k;oLrq og 'kh?kz Hkwy tkrk gS A
(3) og d{kk esa vf/kd /;ku ugha nsrk A
(2) cqf)

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Bksl ms';ksa ds izn'kZu ij fo'oluh;rk fn[krk gS A

(5) 'kh?kz ifj.kke pkgrk gS A
(6) mlesa vlQyrk dk Hk; gksrk gS A
(7) LokfHkeku de gksrk gS A
(8) vkRefo'okl dh deh gksrh gS A
(9) ckrphr de djrk gS A
(10) ekalis'kh; leUo; Bhd ugha gksrk A
(11) fofHkUu dk;Z ;Fkk [kkus] iguus] Luku djus vkfn esa dfBukbZ eglwl djrk gS A
(12) dgs gq, dk;ks dks leL;k le>rk gS A
(13) /kheh xfr ls lh[krk gS A
(14) vf/kd iqujko`f vkSj vH;kl pkgrk gS A
(15) d{kk&d{k f;kvksa esa lf;rk ls Hkkx ugha ysrk A
(16) Bksl mnkgj.kksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gS A
de ekufld {kerk okys Nk=kksa dk f'k{k.k (Teaching of Students with Low Mental Ability)
(1) ,sls Nk=ksa ds fy, Bksl vuqHkoksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, A
(2) lkekU; Nk=ksa dh vis{kk muds fy, iqujko`f vkSj vH;kl vf/kd viukuk pkfg, A
(3) vf/kxe dk;Z NksVs NksVs pj.kksa esa djuk pkfg, A
(4) vf/kd ls vf/kd muds /;ku dks dsfUr djuk pkfg, A
(5) lQyrk dk vkHkkl djus ds fy, muls vklku iz'u iwNuk pkfg, A
(6) mUgsa 'kh?kz izfriqf"V (feed back) vkSj 'kkcklh nsuh pkfg, A
(7) okrkZyki ds dkS'ky ds fy, bUgsa izf'k{k.k nsuk pkfg, A
(8) buds fy, ,sls vf/kxe f;kvksa dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, ftlls ;s vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk Hkkx ys lds A
(9) :fpdj vf/kxe vuqHkoksa ds lkFk ikB~;p;kZ dks iw.kZ djuk pkfg, A
(10) Nk=ksa esa ?kqyus&feyus ds fy, i;kZIr iz;kl djuk pkfg, A
(11) budk /;ku vkd"kr djus ds fy, f;kvksa esa cnyko ykuk pkfg, A
iz'u 3- ([k) vkFkd o lkekftd Lrj esa detksj ckfydk fo|kFkhZ
mkjlkekftd n`f"V ls vykHkkfUor oxZ yM+fd;ksa dk gS A ;|fi Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fy, leku volj dk mYys[k gS
rFkkfi yM+fd;ka mis{kk dk f'kdkj jgh gS A ubZ f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa Hkh leku f'k{kk dh ckr dgh x;h gS vkSj Nk=kvksa dh vko';drkvksa ds
vuqlkj f'k{kk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gS A
yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors contribution to negative attitude towards the education of
(4)

girls)
(1) izkjEHk

ls gh ;g ekuk tkrk jgk gS fL=;ksa esa iq#"kksa tSlh {kerk ugha gksrh A fL=;ksa esa usr`Ro vkSj lkgl dh deh gksrh gS A
(2) fL=;ka LokyEch ugha gks ldrh vkSj viuk fu.kZ; ysus esa leFkZ ugha gksrh A
(3) fL=;ksa ds lkFk dqN ,slh dfe;ka tqM+h gqbZ gS ftudh mis{kk lekt ugha dj ldrk A mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d fo/kok larkujfgr L=h iq#"kksa
ds leku ugha gks ldrh A
(4) fL=;ksa ls lEcfU/kr vusd lkekftd cqjkb;ka gksrh gSa ;Fkk&ngst izFkk] dU;k fo;] rykd] cky fookg vkfn A buls ckfydkvksa dk
vkRe&izR;; izrkfM+r gksrk gS A bu cqjkb;ksa ds dkj.k lekt yM+fd;ksa dks cks> le>rk gS A
(5) miyfC/k;ksa dh n`f"V;ksa ls Hkh Nk= vkSj Nk=kvksa dk vUrj fd;k tkrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy,&yM+fd;ksa dks ewy :i ls x`fg.kh gh le>k
tkrk gS A xjhc ifjokjksa esa yM+fd;ksa ls dke djk;k tkrk gS A os ?kj dk dk;Z vkSj cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djrh gSa A bu lcds dkj.k yM+fd;ksa
dh f'k{kk misf{kr gks tkrh gS A
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yM+fd;ksa dh ;g mis{kk lekt esa gh ugha] fo|ky; ikB~;p;kZ] ikB~; iqLrdksa vkSj ;gk rd fd Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk gS A
yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk esa f'k{kd dk ;ksxnku (The Contribution of Teacher in Girls Education)f'k{kd ds :i esa ,d O;fDr
d{kk&d{k esa ikB~; lkexzh esa fHkUurk LFkkfir dj ldrk gS A ikB~;&oLrq esa fHkUurk ds rhu {ks= gksrs gSa
(1) izdj.k lEcU/kh fo"k;oLrq (Thematic content)fofHkUu izdj.k esa vusd ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk izdj.k feyrk gS ftUgksaus ohjrkiw.kZ
dk;Z fd;k gS A bu ohjrkiw.kZ dk;ks ds eq[; fopkjksa dk iz;ksx Nk=kvksa dks izsfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS A
(2) Hkk"kk;h fo"k;oLrq (Linguistic Content)Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa Hkk"kk ds rRoksa dh vf/kdrk gksrh gS] fopkjksa dh
iz/kkurk ugha gksrh A blesa ls dqN vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds }kjk fL=;ksa ds Lrj dks pk mBk;k tk ldrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy,^^D;k rqe ,d yM+dh
ds leku xkrs gks \**
(3) f'k{kd O;ogkj (Teacher behaviour)dHkh dHkh f'k{kd vius O;ogkj ls fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr;ksa dks vk?kkr igqpkrk gS A mnkgj.k
ds fy,,d lg&f'k{kk d{kk ;k Nk=ksa dh d{kk esa f'k{kd cksy ldrk gS
^^mUgsa ,d yM+dh ds leku O;ogkj ugha djuk pkfg, A* ,slk dgus ls yM+fd;ksa esa ghurk mRiUu gks ldrk gS ;k Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa fHkUurk
dh Hkkouk vk tkrh gS A
yM+fd;ksa dks ldkjkRed lEeku iznku djuk (To contribute to conveying a positive image of girls)
(1) yM+fd;ksa dh {kerkvksa dh iz'kalk djuk]
(2) muesa vkRe fo'okl dh izsj.kk nsuk vkSj vkRe lEeku ds fy, yM+us dh izsj.kk iznku djuk]
(3) LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk dks izksRlkgu nsuk]
(4) yM+fd;ksa dks bl ckr dh izsj.kk nsuk pkfg, fd os lHkh {ks=ksa esa lQy gks ldrh gSa A
(5) yM+fd;ksa dks cks> u le>uk] oj dU;k dks fo; ij jksd vkfn A
(6) fL=;ksa dh miyfC/k;ksa dks mfpr <ax ls izLrqr djuk pkfg, A

vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds Nk=k (Students from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes)
iz'u 3- (x) vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tu&tkfr osQ fo|kFkhZ
mkjlekt ds nks ncs gq, oxZvuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj tutkfr gSa A f'k{kk rks nwj bUgsa leku jktuSfrd lkekftd vkSj vkFkd vf/kdkj
Hkh ugha izkIr Fks A bu nksuksa dh vkilh fLFkfr;ka Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gSa A vk/kqfud ;qx esa bu oxks ds vko';drkvksa dks le>uk vko';d gS A
I. vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=k (Students from Scheduled Castes)Hkkjr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd n`f"V ls vR;Ur
fiNM+h gqbZ tkfr gS A lafo/kku ds funsZ'kd ds fl)kUrksa esa bUgsa pk mBkus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds izko/kkuksa dk mYys[k gS A ;s tkfr;ka vNwr
ekuh tkrh gSa D;ksafd ;s yksx lkQ lqFkjs ugha gksrs Fks vkSj lQkbZ] twrs cukus] ejs tkuojksa dks dkVus vkfn dk dk;Z fd;k djrs Fks A
;s yksx is'kksa esa yxs gq, Fks ftUgsa vU; tkfr;ka ugha djrh Fkha A os lkoZtfud oLrqvksa ;Fkk dqvksa] rkykcksa] ufn;ksa] vkfn dk iz;ksx ugha
dj ldrs Fks A muds f'k{kk xzg.k djus ij izfrcU Fkk A bu lcds dkj.k os fofHkUu mRFkku ds voljksa dk ykHk ugha mBk lds A blfy, ;s
thou ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa fiNM+ x;s A
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk mjnkf;Ro jkT;ksa ds ij gS A mlus lkekftd xfr'khyrk ykus ds fy, bu tkfr;ksa dks fo'ks"k lqfo/kk iznku dh gS
A vusd ;kstuk;sa ;Fkkeqr f'k{kk] Nk=o`f;ksa] eqr iqLrdsa ,oa dkfi;ka] gksLVy vkfn 'kq: dh x;h gSa A bu mik;ksa ds ek/;e ls muds Nk=ksa
ds fiNM+siu dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS A buds fy, fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa vkSj ;kstukvksa ;Fkkf'k{kk dh jk"Vh; uhfr (NPE, 1986
la'kksf/kr 1992) lekurk ds O;ogkj dks viuk;k x;k gS A izksxzke vkWQ ,Dlu (PoA-92) esa Li"V :i ls dgk x;k gS
The drop out rate among SC and ST students continues to be very high at all levels of edcuation.

ih0 vks0 ,092 us bu tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS vkSj mudk ewY;kadu fd;k gS A
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds f'k{kk dk izlkj (Spread of Education of Schduled Castes)vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds f'k{kk ds izlkj dh rhu
voLFkk;sa gSa
(1) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds vyx fo|ky; [kksyuk]
(2) la;qDr fo|ky;ksa esa lekurk ds fy, iz;kl]
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(3) bu

tkfr;ksa ds f'k{kk ds fy, fo'ks"k izksRlkgu nsuk A

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa ds lq/kkj esa f'k{kk ,d egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk iznku dj ldrh gS A f'k{kk ls mUgsa ukSdfj;ka fey ldrh gSa] vius
dk;Z dj ldrs gSa vkSj viuh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj yk ldrs gSa A
,d O;fDr dks lkekftd n`f"V ls xfr'khy gksus ds fy, vusd ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS ftuesa O;fDro eq[; gS A izk;% mPp
tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa dks viuh miyfC/k;ksa ds fy, ifjokj] fe=ksa vkfn ls izksRlkgu feyrk gS ijUrq vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dks fujk'kk dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS ftlls mudk fu"iknu vPNk ugha gksrk vkSj os i<+kbZ NksM+us ds fy, foo'k gks tkrs gSa A bu tkfr;ksa ds Nk=ksa dh bl izo`f dks
cnyus dh t:jr gS vkSj ;g cnyko rsth ls vk jgk gS A vkj{k.k vkfn dks lqfo/kk ds dkj.k mudh f'k{kk esa fodkl gks jgk gS A ljdkj
blds fy, vuojr iz;kl dj jgh gS A mUgsa lHkh {ks=ksa esa ;su dsu izdkjs.k lHkh lqfo/kk;sa ns jgh gS ftlls ;ksX; Lrj ij igqp tk;sa A
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds Nk=k (Students from Scheduled Tribe)vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksx misf{kr LFkkuksa] fc[kjs xkoksa vkfn esa
fuokl djrs gSa A bUgsa Hkkstu] oL=] lqj{kk vkSj f'k{kk ds fy, vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A izR;sd jkT; esa izkFkfed Lrj viuh
ekr` Hkk"kk i<+us dh Lora=rk gS A QyLo:i bl tkfr dks vf/kxe dh Hkk"kk ek/;e ds tfVy dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A
Nk=kksa esa fuEu 'kS{kf.kd Lrj ds dkj.k (Causes of Poor Educational Status of Students of ST)(1) ikB~; iqLrdksa dh lkexzh
muds i;kZoj.k ls esy ugha [kkrh gS A f'k{kdk dk ;g mjnkf;Ro gS fd og muds i;kZoj.k ls tksM+dj i<+k;s ftlls Nk= vkSj f'k{kd ds e/
; lapkj dk vUrj u gksus ik;s A ijUrq Hkkjrh; fo|ky;ksa esa bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk ugha gS A
(2) tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k de gS vkSj os fc[kjs gq, gS rFkk buesa vfr de la[;k esa Nk= i<+rs gSa A bu fo|ky;ksa dh
j[k&j[kko dh vusd leL;k;sa gSa A izk;% buesa f'k{kdksa dk vHkko gksrk gS A ;gk f'k{kdksa dks 'kS{kf.kd vkSj lkekftd nksuksa ds fodkl djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gS A ,sls esa LFkkuh; f'k{kd gh bl dk;Z esa ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSa A
(3) bl {ks= ds Nk=ksa esa f'k{kk izkIr djus dh vfHk:fp dk vHkko gksrk gS A oLrqr% mudh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk mudh lkekftd] vkFkd
vkSj lkaLd`frd vko';drkvksa dh iwr ugha gks ikrh A os ckgjh yksxksa dks lansgkLin n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa A
(4) tutkrh; {ks=ksa esa f'k{kd vkSj Nk=ksa ds e/; i;kZIr lkekftd nwjh gksrh gS A oLrqr% f'k{kd dks mUgha ds chp dk gksuk pkfg, tSlkfd
jktLFkku esa f'k{kk dehZ ;kstuk blds fy, pyk;h x;h gS A
(5) budh f'k{kk budh vko';drkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg, ftlls Nk= bls mi;ksxh le> ldsa vkSj i<+us esa :fp ys ldsa A
(6) tutkrh; Nk= [kqys okrkoj.k esa dk;Z djus ds vknh gksrs gSa vkSj izd`fr ls vkd"kr jgrs gSa A os d{kk&d{k esa i<+uk ilan ugha djrs
A ;fn mUgsa [kqys okrkoj.k esa isM+ksa ds uhps i<+k;k tkrk gS rks muds vfHko`f vkSj vf/kxe esa i;kZIr lq/kkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS A
(7) ;s Nk= izk;% fo|ky; esa vuqifLFkr jgrs gSa] D;ksafd ?kj ds dk;ks vkSj d`f"k f;kvksa esa bUgsa vius ekrk&firk dh lgk;rk djuh iM+rh
gS A
(8) ;s Nk= izk;% xjhc ifjokjksa ds gksrs gSa A ;gk vkokxeu dh lk/kuksa dh i;kZIr dfBukbZ gS A mudh Hkk"kkxr detksjh gksrh gS A ,sls
esa f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;kl djuk iM+rk gS A
(9) f'k{kdksa dks Nk=ksa dks fo|ky; Hkstus ds fy, muds vfHkHkkodksa vkSj leqnk; dks izsfjr djuk iM+rk gS A blds fy, mUgsa le; le;
ij fof'k"V ;kstuk;sa vkSj izksRlkgu fn;k tkrk gS A
bl izdkj ;s Nk= loZFkk vyx okrkoj.k ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSa vkSj lEHkor% ml izFke ih<+h ls lEc) gksrs gSa tks i<+us ds fy, vkrh
gS A buds ekrk&firk nknk&nknh vkfn us rks fo|ky; gh ugha ns[kk gksrk gS A ,sls esa budh fof'k"V vko';drk;sa gksrh gSa ftldks iwjk djuk
mjnk;h ljdkjksa dk dZO; gS A

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