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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.-341
foKku vkSj f'k{k.k
(Teaching of Science)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- foKku dh izfr dh ,d izf;k vkSj mRikn osQ :i esa ppkZ dhft,A
mkjeuq"; LoHkko ls gh ftKklq izo`f dk gksrk gS A mldh cqf) dkQh fodflr gksrh gS A viuh cqf) ds cy ij og vusd dk;Z dj ldrk
gS A og vius vklikl dh oLrqvksa o okrkoj.k dk fujh{k.k dj ldrk gS] muesa lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ldrk gS A rFkk vius iz{ks.k ds vk/kkj ij
Hkfo"; esa ?kVus okyh ?kVukvksa dk iwokZuqeku yxk ldrk gS A ekuo us viuh bl ;ksX;rk ds cy ij izd`fr ds lkFk lek;kstu LFkkfir djus es lQyrk
izkIr dj yh gS A ekuo us viuh ;ksX;rk o izo`f ds dkj.k HkkSfrd lalkj dh [kkst dh] bldh O;k[;k dh rFkk viuh vko';drkuqlkj blesa O;kid
ifjorZu Hkh fd, gSa A ekuo }kjk HkkSfrd txr dh [kkst] fujh{k.k] o.kZu] iz;ksx o ifjorZu gh ^foKku* dgykrk gS A
foKku dh izf;k ls gekjk rkRi;Z] foKku esa lwpuk ,df=r djus ds rjhds] fopkj] ekiu] leL;k dk lek/kku ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa foKku
lh[kus dh fof/k;ksa ls gS A rF;] ladYiuk] fu;e vkSj fl}kUr foKku ds mRikn ds fofHkUu vax gSa A
1. rF;rF; fof'k"V izekf.kr djus ;ksX; lwpuk dk ,d Hkkx gSa] tks izs{k.k vkSj ekiu }kjk izkIr gksrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, 0 C rkieku
ij ikuh cQZ cudj te tkrk gS ;k fQj vf/kd rkieku ij yksgk Hkh fi?kyus yxrk gS A
2 ladYiuk,ladYiuk, vewrZ fopkj gSa] tks rF;ksa ;k fof'k"V vuqHkoksa ds lkekU; vuqeku ls lacaf/kr gSa A ;s os ,dkdh fopkjkjk,
gSa] tks vdsys 'kCnksa }kjk izLrqr dh tkrh gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, iyax] isM+] fe=rk bR;kfn A
3 fu;efu;e ls gekjk rkRi;Z ,slh tfVy fopkj/kkjkvksa ls gS] tks f;kvksa ;k oLrqvksa ds O;ogkj ij vk/kfjr gSa ( tSls fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k
dk fu;e A
4 fl)kUrfl)kUrksa ls gekjk rkRi;Z ,sls fu;eksa ls gS] tks fdlh ?kVuk dk foLr`r fooj.k iznku djrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy, pkYlZ MkfoZu
dk f;k&izfrf;k fl)kUr A
foKku ds mRikn ds fofHkUu vaxksa ds chp laca/kksa dk vkjs[k fuEu izdkj gS
fu;e

fl)kUr

fu;e

ladYiuk,

rF;
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iz'u 2- foKku f'k{k.k esa ^ifj;kstuk fofk* osQ izR;;] ykHk rFkk lhekvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjlk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa ifj;kstuk dk vFkZ gksrk gSms';iw.kZ dk;Zdyki A ;s dk;Zdyki fdlh fLFkj ;k O;ogk;Z izfr:i dk cukuk] ,d
pkVZ cukuk ;k ,d iz;ksx djuk gks ldrs gSa A dqN vPNh foKku ifj;kstuk,a gSdEI;wVj }kjk vkj{k.k] foeku dk xUrO; rd mM+uk] iupDdh
tkZ bR;kfn A ifj;kstuk fof/k esa leL;k lek/kku ;k oSKkfud fof/k ds pkj pj.k lfEefyr gksrs gSa] tks bl izdkj gSa
1- leL;k
2- ifjdYiuk,
3- iz;ksx
4- fu"d"kZ
ifj;kstuk fof/k esa dqN fo|kFkhZ vius v/;kid dh lgk;rk ls fdlh leL;k dks pqurs gSa vkSj blds lek/kku gsrq ifjdYiuk, cukrs gSa
A blds i'pkr~ mu ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k ;k lR;kiu ds fy, ijLij ppkZ djrs gSa] lanHkZ lkfgR; dk v/;;u djrs gSa A mi;qDr dk;Zfof/
k dk fodkl djrs gSa rFkk iz;ksx dks lEikfnr djus ds fy, mi;qDr izdkj ds miLdjksa dk vfHkdYiu rFkk izcU/k djrs gSa vkSj vUr esa iz;ksx
ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa A
ifj;kstuk fof/k ds ykHk rFkk =qfV;ksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj ls gS
ykHk1- blls foKku esa #fp fodflr gksrh gS A
2- blls fofHkUu oSKkfud vo/kkj.kkvksa rFkk lkekU;hdj.kksa dh le> cks/k fodflr gksrh gS A
3- blls vkRefo'okl] lg;ksx] usr`Ro rFkk laosxkRed fLFkjrk dk fodkl gksrk gS A
4- blls ftKklk esa lao/kZu gksrk gS rFkk oSKkfud eukso`f] foKku esa #fp] foKku ds izfr lEeku dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gS A
5- blls vewrZ rFkk Bksl fuf'pr] nksuksas gh izdkj ds oSKkfud dkS'kyksa dk fodkl gksrk gS A
6- blls ckn ds thou esa [kkyh le; dk lnqi;ksx djus ds fy, oSKkfud 'kkSd dk fodkl gksrk gS A
=kqfV;k1- ;fn v/;kid us mfpr izf'k{k.k izkIr ugha fd;k gS] rks ;g fof/k mlds fy, vR;Ur dfBu gS A blds fy, igys ls gh dk;Ze
cukus rFkk dk;kZUo;u ds fy, dkQh ifjJe dh vko';drk gksrh gS A
2- blesa i;kZIr ek=k esa lkexzh rFkk midj.kksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gS A
3- blesa le; cgqr yxrk gS A
3- pwfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fofHkUu lewg vyx&vyx leL;kvksa ij dke djrs gSa] vr% blesa mi;qDr leUo; dh vko';drk gksrh gS A
4- ,d cM+h d{kk esa tgka fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gks v/;kid dks dkQh dfBukb;k vk ldrh gSa A
iz'u 3- foKku v;kid osQ :i esa vius foKku iz;ksx'kkyk osQ ego dks vuqHko fd;k gksxkA vius fo|ky; dh
foKku iz;ksx'kkyk dh ,d :ijs[kk [khafp;s rFkk lqkkj gsrq lq>ko nhft,A
mkjfoKku iz;ksx'kkyk ds dk;Z dk ego bl izdkj gS
iz;ksx'kkyk dk;Z dk egofoKku ,d mRikn vkSj ize nksuksa gS A izk;ksfxd dk;Z ds fcuk foKku ds v/;kiu dh dYiuk djuk vlaHko
gS A foKku f'k{k.k ds fdlh Hkh dk;Ze esa iz;ksx'kkyk mi;ksx ij vf/kd cy nsuk pkfg, A
iz;ksx'kkyk dk;Zdyki ds ek/;e ls foKku v/;kiu ds fuEufyf[kr ize ms';ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS
(i) oSKkfud ldYiukvksa vkSj fl)kUrksa dk fodkl]
(ii) oSKkfud vUos"k.k dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa vkSj dk;Zfof/k;ksa dh le> esa lq/kkj]
(iii) oSKkfud vfHko`f;ksa] :fp vkSj vkLokn&cks/k dk fodkl]
(iv) oSKkfud fof/k esa izf'k{k.k]
(v) oSKkfud rjhds ls fdlh ,d dk;Zdyki dk vfHkdYiu vkSj ;kstuk vkfn A
foKku f'k{k.k ds ms';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd foKku iz;ksx'kkyk midj.kksa rFkk miLdjksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr lfTtr gks] rkfd
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izR;{k izs{k.kksa vkSj iz;ksxksa ds ek/;e ls Lo&vuqHko izkIr gks ldsa A ,d vPNh foKku iz;ksx'kkyk ds fuEufyf[kr y{k.k gksrs gSa
[kqyh txg
izHkkoh v/;kid fun'kZuksa] O;fDrxr vkSj y?kq lewg dk;Z ds fy, yphysiu dk izko/kku
i;kZIr HkkSfrd vkSj inkfFkZd lqfo/kk,
jlk;uksa vkSj midj.kksa ds fy, i;kZIr HkaMkj.k lqfo/kk,
leqfpr vPNs izdk'k vkSj okru dh O;oLFkk] vkSj
ty vkSj xSl] vkfn dh fu;fer vkiwfrZ A

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foKku iz;ksx'kkyk ds dqy {ks=Qy ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,
,d le; esa dk;Z dj jgs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k]
lqfo/kktud :i ls dk;Z djus ds fy, vko';d U;wure LFkku]
HkaMkj.k ds fy, vuq"kaxh LFkku dh vko';drk A
ge vius ek/;fed Ldwyksa ds fy, foKku iz;ksx'kkyk dh ljy ijarq lqfo/kktud :ijs[kk izLrkfor djrs gSa vfHkfoU;kl ;kstuk dks
nsf[k, A blesa nks fun'kZu dejs vkSj ,d HkaMkj&o&rS;kjh dejk gS A nks izn'kZu dejksa dks iz;ksxhdj.k ;k foKku Dyc dk;Zdykiksa ds dejksa esa
cnyk tk ldrk gS A dsoy fun'kZu est+ esa ikuh dh VksafV;ka vkSj flad gSa A jlk;uksa vkSj vU; inkFkks dks nhokjksa ds vanj cus gq, 'kks dslksa
esa j[kk tkrk gS A vU; ewY;oku~ miLdjksa vkSj [krjukd jlk;uksa dks LVksj dejs esa j[kk tkrk gS A tc dHkh vkSj vf/kd vkfFkZd lgk;rk
miyC/k gks] rc v;kid bl ;kstuk esa lq/kkj dj ldrs gSa A vkidks ;g vo'; ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd ^foKku iz;ksx'kkyk dHkh Hkh bruh
vPNh ugha gksrh fd mlesa fdlh ifjorZu dh t:jr u gks] ;k dHkh Hkh bruh cqjh ugha gksrh fd mldks csdkj le> dj R;kx fn;k
tk, A*
(i) iz;ksx'kkyk miLdkj dh [kjhn vkSj j[k&j[kkoizR;sd iz;ksx'kkyk esa miLdkjksa dh [kjhn vkSj j[k&j[kko dh vko';drk gksrh gS A
iz;ksx'kkyk miLdjksa dh [kjhn dk vk/kkj D;k gS \ 'kk;n vki bl ckr ls lger gksaxs fd blesa bl izdkj dh fopkj.kh; ckrsa gksaxh
(i) ctVh; izko/kku]
(ii) fofHkUu izk;ksfxd dk;Zeksa dh vko';drkvksa dk fof'k"Vhdj.k vkSj
(iii) iqjkus iM+ x, vkSj dke u vkus okys miLdjksa dk iqu% LFkkiu A
miLdj dh vf/kizkfIr ds fy, ,d Lohdk;Z dk;Zfof/k viukbZ tkuh pkfg, A lcls igys vkidks miLdj dh ,d ,slh lwph cukuh vko';d
gS] ftlesa ifj'kq) fof'kf"V;k vkSj mudh vko';d ek=k, nh xbZ gksa A ;g lwph vkidh laLFkk ds v/;{k }kjk vuqeksfnr vkSj Lohd`r gksxh A
mlds ckn dh vke dk;Zfof/k fofuekZ.k Qeks ;k Fkksd@iznk;dksa ls VsaMj izkIr djuk gS A vkerkSj ij [kjhn dk vkWMZj fuEure dher crkus dksV
djus okyh QeZ dks fn;k tkrk gS A dqN jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk funs'kky; ,slh Qeks ;k iznk;dksa ds ukeksa dk vuqeksnu djrs gSa] ftu ij vki viuh
vko';drk ds inkFkZ ;k miLdj ds iznk; dk vkWMZj ns ldrs gSa A vkids fy, t+:jh gS fd vki viuh laLFkk esa vuqlj.k fd, tkus okyh vf/
kizkfIr izki.k dh dk;Zfof/k ls ifjfpr gks tk;sa A
vf/kizkIr miLdj ds vuqj{k.k dk ego Hkh blh ds cjkcj gS A fo"k; v/;kid] iz;ksx'kkyk lgk;d vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mfpr ns[kHkky
vkSj j[k&j[kko ls miLdj yEcs le; rd dk;Z dj ldrs gSa A
(ii) foKku lkexzh dk HkaMkj.kjlk;u] miLdj vkSj vU; lkefxz;k egaxh gksrh gSa vr,o mudk dejs esa lko/kkuhiwoZd HkaMkj.k djuk
pkfg, A egxs miLdjksa vkSj jlk;uksa dks iz;ksx'kkyk izHkkjh ds lqjf{kr dCts esa j[kk tkuk t:jh gS A HkaMkj d{k dk vkdkj esa dkQh cM+k gksuk
t+:jh gS A vkSj mlesa vusd QV~Vs 'kSYQ vkSj [kkus gksus pkfg, A dkap ds lkekuksa] vEyksa] jlk;uksa vkSj vU; miLdjksa ds fy, vyx&vyx
'kSYQ gksuh pkfg, A pht+ksa dks bl <ax ls j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd mudks rRdky forfjr fd;k tkuk laHko gks A
(iii) lqj{kk dk izca/kfoKku iz;ksx'kkyk ds laHkkfor [krjksa dk LFkku gksus ds ukrs] v/;kidksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa nksuksa ds fy, iz;ksx'kkyk
dk;Zdykiksa ds nkSjku lko/kku jguk t+:jh gS A iz;ksx'kkyk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Lora=rk ij cgqr&dqN vadq'k yxkuk iM+rk gS A fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
iz;ksx'kkyk miLdkj] vfXu'kkedksa vkSj izkFkfed mipkj dh isVh QLVZ&,M ckWDl ds bLrseky esa izf'kf{kr djuk egoiw.kZ gS A [krjukd jlk;uksa
dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh igqp ls ckgj j[kuk t+:jh gS A iz;ksx'kkyk esa dk;Z djus ds nkSjku fuEufyf[kr iwoksZik;ksa dh tkudkjh gksuk t+:jh gS
mu inkFkks] fo'ks"kdj jlk;uksa dh izd`fr dk Kku ftuds fy, cgqr /;ku vkSj lko/kkuh dh t+:jr gksrh gS]
vfXu'kkedksa vkSj vfXu fudkl ds LFkku dh tkudkjh]
izkFkfed mipkj isVh ds LFkku dh tkudkjh]
xSl] ikuh] fctyh vkfn dh ykbuksa ds eq[; can fu;a=dksa ds LFkku dh tkudkjh A

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