ree RELIABILITY OF STRUCTURES Andrzsj S. Nowak Kevin R CollinsMcGraw Hill Higher Education {ips y Tae crm Compe Ie ANd Pine in ‘hint to Ae het os pm eo Ot Ss Corin ‘gol nt panna ne cat in ee ‘Pepe ire ere ‘tne ep rim P (Coerpan oP ‘Sean st” Cod Ze ‘ee Cine ‘Spree ‘ppc a Ta en Pre Dy & Conga Uh Cn Clg abe ae ly ces Ady ona Kea Calin 12 sane matin {Seo Engst 2 Rey ting Ctl Ke ABOUT THE AUTHORS See eee een Riiccerctetamn cece manatee elcome lernesees Secs eee Eesrciearemaneaccmemmtse tems aePREFACE, inn osc wetwerseny tte nn eeepc wins scl ly wy. Th le er {rip Tie el fe els es oe a pec ie fort dines src dng apse de mcd dad eet cn de pr fr sed oe Sng rt lg my i tin of ay of ‘Casco etna a ini Tepe sy ey oi al pr a cn a mds scone ber 1 apm ces pe 1Se maersanresins erent STinusas oe pot ecortu permeate maton erences Sica eee ee Sierra ‘he nr Sos ea shan psa ch ec ay sac memes ng sip pa Si hn ta dn ni a ei SSSESE Speen pent aye Seay tne (etn ert! sad peal pet of snub. Thee we ‘Nolet aoe he spt al paca we ie ee any pete mint ptr en Bran gitee: Rrubeetracar ae ton ts en ri oS ee es Sennen the ers conteCONTENTS: roca 2 Random Vara Fendt 313 Ato 735 2 econ Ps COR HE » SET tint 24, Sen aes ear eeeee fore28 bowtie Frat 202 At to Function of Ramon Vara Ser earner i / 482 Prat ee sme ts 2 EE Ray e522 rg ST ead lin 482. 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Cec niet ily hice” Rm mememmetn Nate = = 06-329 = 0907 ‘Tele hd te pt ee eee [frm tasso ayant etme he0< pve ey a me te ee raw! en 28710vote ein ert (DE, 193 oe ame (Sefen-o-fiem—r 99 4 om ‘eum sary Site sang cme sha ecm Ssod, ae Feats nxt atic oie mipmons] on ‘4 SYSTEMS WITH HQUALLY CORRELATED ELESENTS ‘oo ingested 1) *='Goacr nse min neesune The eet af he Fler Lacon earagiy Kobe cae he aoe ph 1 Teanga cenr cay ee {trees eu tuyere nd elon ince ANSE i ot yb me ea nde AX Serie tnt Eel Cored Pres ess tm comport of ona, Star (195 ea he lowing Yfewe — om th yd i ch 0 a 6 i ‘Sterns puro cee oH bv a 925 tae ‘aberarn panda! a 99 engh 9, ee alr ee Ftsuat hy cning Hy 925 meyer’ mi th ‘a ete "30 a a) Ret = 300; epic ee ‘Heck gettin ot tet va roasted same te ein lina ‘Torte rm sve ont pe Roo Semen Twos ah mesos B= au ai Se my ee a nar fo Cafone ‘erty ft ee nt 42 rt sts ith uly Corned aie Hemet nahe oa von Enon 25ams im iy Wb 9:9 ec ee am a iy on 928 | saint? - | 3 me i : 23 Be I fa | oma Yes ied 9 1) a 929 cee "Tm Sn ied be gg 230 a sateefmend wen mawhese IGM ty eee had coms cmasies 4 SytogyC ot ms Eien Eee 2 ee aad oan) 0% senescent oe a) Ra, oan tery nl ect er fr ain no ted ‘ret fie tne rma! nator eine {en wid don gE om ne 92869, eo enone om» So ft mth al he 929 ee 0 ‘ee om p= Ui 49 een eee 9 Now hem un he yan um=R 30 analy ine fr sytem fae = te oan Sin 5.928 928.9930 9 we ova an ‘Sn Pon ra en wh aco ee ere Pome at oa™ cee may 96 Spe tg od ne ” TT omy net mae eit fran ‘Sut sts omg 93h me pi an ol istisrnems abe, Bebe iseap ets Bierce ath cei ns a. 8xara Spay 25 Se hy Comite ee = nea ete como ne oitetiti wee ao Mron « ‘pi oi he nn cme ili 92 Pee Rites ander geen coe cess os ae JGes)fen= ° that =A) ‘econ ty abit ation ova) est nse net te ats Reon ago mica ABT stage Ratna A a en one EiBa-nem eaten ov. RR Ha = BORE Seesain went ecg asain ee naan sea ne in) -nroet ‘apn The ea mgt By roe Suibloa teense eno cs Fone 216 286 95 SYSTEMS WITH UNEQUALLY CORRELATED ELEBIENTS tute eas aso, ed te pc ca sytem wih al ene oy oie a ss yy wt oe ‘equ sol Tt ne ofr cn, a EIGN aa eat t ree ‘eget ag hide Rc = +) += IRcnet enti : ni tonne : _ pega ay eine Bera ce creer ' [pea RESIS eater a - sss tht = ae?) sro en z uluasnieacanneenee : pein Bo a 938 wf F 4] ove 35) oe cette ste “ fen ro om aera. 40h hora 2 cg re siete Feta hate ty rcs f= Roce oan Shining thon 934 nda ing 930 wha ‘halen jt th we ed pen ea ce eteponerse ta SERRE wpe ne 22 eat Feman =< mm m=m Remi lace in hbo sang i 48. Es a =e ‘essen ryote 20 10°, SE tte ce oem cme Ft ane at sigma’ peices do hentia =f as tain pay tr etn i gei {catynson iectonpedepennay cachet ates ‘ede rbecan oot lye Pitecnne sey elite aly pe ‘Siinsanogciy sere Fn hese aly ‘pie gh seins yc ge ST ini ee pi Se 952 Sere tem Conia te vitstnen lly = pete pay fe Ten et apc tay coed ae by 9 We a bes ls coos TOR wept cing =the= cra Sy ay ces i epi a ot e ona by ig et ‘Sema et 98), nate J fo(ef)foms om fren. a ng Ep 941 wh cal rae od te one taructccn 8eied wig 94th = Sp menecaenng 94th ‘icon mie ne et as le 99. ee at Mga ee nt. ‘Sonn Ft es publ sig A TE sotemi Scams pase lng oi wl me For pe i = 8TH rane [Reap =m. 09) : ES] ane 4, aes) = 10" Peni C6261 = 16 AZHZH ZZ HZ EME Serie enna A dl fh ing comb eof er iy. ‘nee Cerne con a Scop ay Soy ded cen "Atherstone nelly ox ‘guise wy nips set aon omy ‘harcoinoune hel rans poe hie Rome ‘eet onic see wa oe lhe Kept ety ied Sens hendent Petpet etd te suas Sy tre op neon ee See [21 Sfemmayseose ay inh ‘judas cts Geese crac teton sng po eng.10 UNCERTAINTIES IN THE BUILDING PROCESS nin ie pee, oligo cand ‘singh neue Thapar eo om eet {nldetberiow mcrae src tty a ‘Since nittneor nibs ant tc ‘Eitri be ter ctscatprind cng cme pees a yoy act ese ‘Shc Caan sched ce coal egy ‘rue Sey ap be perme ty etre he ste th tr Ps ie ls weds met By ‘ah a ars cay Te 5 een “re worl cme hm re ro eg lp of wate a ut Repent al Ka Ci Tee ee elo ES tly Seats crn 10 nec Shae me deux cme ib sit ‘vigor aswae Theor nt ied ane ween ee Tyme 00 poe¥ T T (ace ee te cre Se ee tose is poe mw tai Snr enema eer nem ese snore) wn thaw ore yes sea am rnc as Seige oy day tmnt ins 7 a “i ae i its pty Sor fr fas pay to irene fovea ane ‘gsi cies seek Upeiton enn he es ik ‘ep ny bres et un ml ae al ‘Snes frac ingen aa sor rcs Ale 17 1D: aa, MoreSe ree ome Sora ace ce erm Spectr sree ae Srocieeeteeeieeemrenae (ee ig teeter rpm ne eel een Bae he abt mee Seema armancre ar aaensseate eer feet ror Sousa ‘senses eeprom ‘en of ero ied rl mel we tn > aan sgn oy aa eb ise ig, Hn leit ae she ‘the sia sce mpc. “th ho rome fe bin snd esa ‘puny pet nde the net de. ne pzoe sty by Pie (97, hei err oe tats ic ner es Seed Seat oct Ss ya ‘neues a a ed by ee ecw at ‘Sra fy. comap nom 1) 9 ge ‘cena en aon nang ee tye cite ten Rom (99) a Nad St pe rt tte oo ne es noe oa ace oan the eee ae ‘Srp trae oe ratte Bek Ctl ae Sie nes ode be sche ane nce ‘ei omaaiateoerh n eee $i ptt cyl ‘Sec inn ho cmon cto Serio ow oo comes i par Kove ta a. Ths ti fh po rat pie sede mace etl ny Intra py cate ene mesos a te ‘dig scoops stn esr sor ing ul tee gen acne ota nes Set aol ma i pant ary So ‘Reema garry sl ms res tnte estore witht pinned ign ahi, dvs curr emcncn ee airars reek tetesng poo geeun ecg cea tmp comet, ‘eon i dom ple aii ose ey to Gomme space eines) enna mean orn ross no sca a nin Oe a Seis Consonants pute rm be sped ‘Geinetotutie onsen Er ferent wanton! astone da ir of eat meena ear eee pace Te seme ps wh pa eee en ey Ritz todo seting ue rte hao ahd be 5 Nato cei el fe ae. 1 Dont mii ero wich ae mar FA icuRe 3 Ae pair my oe oh ses pee monger Fre ce oath igi Siting Teenager ond "i ew Spc ee ny fe > seen ety i a 6 Beemer tae tection bee 1. Bese per ananeto do te wc ne acaped ace cms te eguschw dp am come pes nt ee ty gute Tc cure coy yet a osm anoralcln escapee ony rafts de) nin scene cig theo ee "ene ngs th sme of este yt a, loaning eh Seal meee ot hn Gru rece ‘fest manent page ee ce inte urs er pul Hower a ch pe stenarisipoag tsp ona on ‘ewe ot ining cy spe he ron ‘cums eaaer onesie tt sey ee eq) ome een) ot ‘eevee knw sag oe ne i et ‘Sytem We eat nce fon fos ran seescien geeenersntoms amet Sete eee aeaiens oae Selecta Seino rnc ae rar nie nui of sec ‘ict ee manejo cay Seeee Tipe can be ppd fev evr lement efor 8 we SS anc fe ralecmabwmee arr Fos ms aon ra, 1) a Ee Mane, 197. sass av una e ‘Sorc crs sae at tee dia hed cay fe a Js ering in ibe ke om monet o Seema pl ncn em ce i espe ‘ate vtec noe pene ch emp ai. ces, ipo reagent ea we SeBsitarii Ansett coher Ee tn ps cnet eo “Gen nari ran by Mao 197 wr om in vce fer a ot set on ‘genre antec yep, he ey Fah Foden sometime ps ‘nme A ge te of ar me ei ec Een a ty se i em {llc A 1 proof en eal es ne ‘ein prem a ey Sree ren the ap ah “eh i fy ors ay cin +, sigma es ope win ca taEE GRE 4 tn sar aa ie a> et dnt atc rol aise main fang canton tae ie es, Rinne escent ins mits "hese nie to of da expen sheeted The tempest sp na rane iene, (Choma rr toe saan) me of rong sts a est ‘aan tei we ot cd ‘Sina (hive tastemes eon pings prope, sven ‘ees gn ns nwo er) rane eines ‘tice Drees renin ‘SSksivin son eye in es aa if en trl pat a rte ig eo Node ean oasopeal cron gh ys “Se me omen fe ee ce se wot ate tn fe ct eesti en + tof ie tne wh a wih wa sees + Shab ation he de ndings fr ange, 1 Getter fey. {Gn hee ioc soc wha ra Sst nti espero, ses ones eric mesa vie oa open {Scbetlcnaln bese tego enzo pte : 1 Gned gato chg iybeapa TERE ttne gent feist ps ‘tsps dodge igen se inet Rech eo Beppe fer nexptcd sp, {I Star al mena gn ‘Sri tna a rt cn ph Dep fom pans ig ah ara ec ea, 4 APPRONCHTTO ERRORS Arta in ge 10, poy of aden ay ont cn ‘es an soaps ee Ics af eas nie qe fers om ely pes cain ss ‘Se inpovng Sesh cnn se fp egy a ce ‘us Mert Heid he st et acing ‘one peamane the ng ces cher Ne era ee petra ne nope eer om pga nen ‘Gre tqemy en be eb ccnmag weg pou A, thc omlontn a i ieee oon Ce ee +E) ICME 5 Aytonrs he isco ie cn eps cing a met scon fe ste gh he ein tea sees ing tyne sn os steve te orca i eset aed er ‘ey ‘nescence arte Foran ec ‘desta dace precise eee ‘Sree foGosbp use a here eed ‘erats cane of ern, Thy ua eats, SedtneaaneiSyinieot ss Aner Secae tem canMss SER adnan wineltctonsews pes as CURE 66 acre cian tei nsec weg ome (Soro Una tg scarp ‘Sic ge pn 0 = nt nt un cig elt tt ‘PERSIA ae be sna peg Egeshy eunagh mc nam cata ese Semitviympsisromed oy te manga ating ‘ey Thebes tent rece flo {Deva ctr ade rnc i te fens 2 Gael ni arom i ath ‘cpa demoed fr 152 midges ii te rs on ae 108 Tear parte ‘png ten yee gt apn oem yea ak ‘ied ps Teas oa es a me ‘et tbh oo IGOME Bisa tert bk ‘Te ety nde ce ig po teat aon five ‘esting wnt ito eso age 19 "RCURE49 Syn i ssn Pe 1053 eam-Catn Comecion aka aa nd ol et Te OT ye ous aa SES2S1D4, Vem ouTer Atos “ae sy cone preset Pgs 1a 112,‘opie kod eas 1.9.8 mes ‘Anite ies un ned he AASHTO men {Super penge oma MOM ma nd MOU ae partly cones Reshsy only sparred sng Monte CEs pec 2 Seen singer cd ry Be Se pti (BAN ad posi 4. De onium ay tna bh ead 1055 Paty ig ramets1055 Compe se ed GirGUE 3 Say peel nn ge M6 er Apt a MOS Comptes mse tn Ame ee ep ceetrma Cnc gh = 21 MP corning tected se yatta areata ‘he nett eo ting he orm ty of art ‘ho eligi oom ee) san a ey "Metre eee) gm he rent ele cxeiquer sn ner mbt eyo ‘Sink er taltrCoeqens bang cmiss Tastee ch poe teedagan yee onpib ene eet ang Poa ‘pent Tne timing 028 Aauedapai homeBIBLIOGRAPHY ‘Ave A Ca MN Wg Cer “ine eet vi sy amar se Te Yee 192 tg ee a Spc rc Uh Py i Me ie re pine here oer se ey Cn nui Roe a 12, Ani oo Se Hy. apn fc AASITO 6 ncn thoy Ppt Oe AITO) 88 "om as ard Ba espns Wat non et eC ido Amon nn Citi ASC 0964, Mk Se ar to fates rage Ca tn ie A 0 Rs Pri ALA. ali ‘Arn oct hl an ASCE. 1, Land ean Fs ei "Sa x He ens Ness nr Srs AMASCESme 98 ee tok ender nA 8 ne Pay ans pe Pao ‘eH hye Pi Ce in Pi on a cr’ a tn aay Nea ep buna tt Ie Pt Mal ret Bg rin ponpater rn stn an mat Os Beate a rie SECT RR cacamencim ete si suger an as CE eee eeontaoet ee ego cst Ec rctenngetc mers Liv ata St EE paneer met ee a nant cies tian ec maces ce See men ocho oo orn ee Pereira naimateame tnt open totsmnttat onset nest one et Cae omer CEerae Seaman age ra awe CRETE wen natant eee rar eee ich eeemornceer at meee ag REA yam mn pa ee pin attri sod Meer Gai 6 Map Cl 8 Does ‘Riker 37 Wagon 8 Nee eS ‘ap Mn ea A Co 2 Pe ‘ecient St ‘an te ie ee Sa Lao Sie ‘om ra er 291298 anes i Rel and tee ara ‘Sri nena 0m ye 50 st nay ei Sn lg oneal ‘nurs lca en ee ae rca pea sm ‘arte mpi hy A 19 er Sn De ‘at ain Pay Than Ayes ee = teal nt dementia ‘uns VB Blige GMa A.C. 182 “Proity sisi Rebecca home ery er sementteemtsics ‘hen gl M185" Mh Rens Ml Mason ed aig” ean tet oe Ree el cams etl eat ogy Saeco ae nm eer oni naar cdi races alien ene peeery meres Ce tte ES a yen ne ey a8 ner Aaa of Laan Sy Sm Benin. aa nna an nea Fo “Solin Eent cn HEE cian Ot on {W191 ate ass, Reig, MA Ata Ms. Se ee re meg atari a ‘Kaa 199 "Saey. Bio Codes wen Rei" Todcry Rov 108 a a ot enki ese SAP ae a mp ps Om eo Ss Lint RET, tna a Do Scarce Sy ind Cs and A. ven, 1972 “Rone Praca Apion of Sta Be er academe eines meee eters ee vain Senna gare eee ie ean ya yt acai tm mi Pa" HBC mo upto ay Cura ange Eg PR teeter nn, aie eae eee Riser ot “ie triers ae eke 1 ono ry tad Petit gan eng BC ne 8 in Pi gr, ont A nt ai 18 ai pn ie ge “re ait er he RT nos arn eae ae tow oh 5 1m ale Ch rN Ta ry tout len po nl Sead at ny heen nih ing Pro te Rt OMCE SL, De enna pein ny np i ce wt an Ar te ois oe MCE De i ly mt ager se nD mi ik Br ra My pe rei’? BET lh Reng: Aon Py 9 ig i Rey Nera ree i Cpe eo 8690308 pti St Pare onan Sore Oe ind reo er ipl Te Pn a en Sl Aen" hor pt ail rg ra it ct i, Noni lpr. 1a gs 20200 Meme! eve Ne EA eho ene eee oe a er cr er re EERE mc tn eae sR oran nea haekee ne adie oe sal hd Naan 80 af aly Pred Roa re eG era ce mecca SESE iene SE pee ny tng ‘hot ant ee Pa seat EE Gah oh er of a aa ays a rt hi gee EST nad my eS nat ngs PD. er te ep gw a it ‘Waa hs toca ty ema ier Bs ara of “Seomot ingen 2 a “tp Heo a nr das PD se, ‘Totes ACA SNe iE Tin 9 Pent Die Mt Be ‘tC PE ae 18S ay Thy an ys “tine Pn Man 9 Ap of Sr ssi nary Boeing. “aie nn tS ‘a, Me of Core By of Cr tds ‘ie mew in C8) Ope BIST weet paresis eae ion neces ears Eee cee aac eee ne soma SEE Sate le ewcummanprnmer oven ma ens Lai Pox of eK Ferm Ph EE Ete cee aren er sd Spt tr ts Danan igre nea oe ihre Sec Sey Sg neon gio avmear tateAppendix A ‘ACRONYMS ‘SE tnt ey mgt ec ee Sesh oonen os or ie a Sect sing 3 Inher Cafe usin Olas 3 ddr es ‘il co Sunde ‘ico Caper py Hees Pog ee ‘VALUES OF THE CDF ©(z) FOR THE STANDARD. NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION ‘ta dence ‘Neg Reh Cot ins fhe COP hen ese wee of hee eral ai gi ram oso 455! ese er ses wl ac 9-9 id 11), ea do ht sta he oy al 1 lin as oe aed“ Tec ae i ibechtin E01 Thsvihewtiphgaedin dee Teal | octet L191 129801 mt !‘Appendix C VALUES OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION '() FOR sks?‘ction eas ‘ee nt wate ADT 58 Se oyoh Te Poe “ave,eal, no 9,292,298, 318 commit, = oes | 7 =e “ar freee ‘Serine ep 25 recy ogra, 58 q eas Mlomttndatrinttin oes Reeae ait Saas Seo 6 | Sic > =, poorer ree ay eee sete, en ae aoe = SST | sano ome SEyrtaatan cae Span | ‘tet pam eSiiente pemrrness” | = ae F enn ae seek aie = saan =e =F a Sa eens Se an, ee :eet, oe ao. oa mc ee — Sele era ae aS 7 i depen cn) cian ee rr | aaa So ™ ae i SE wane SLSR Aeneas ° J eee ee Mceaaipanayeniee Sa waitin Pr cavers’ Set sa K oh eee ae =e ores ==. tan ws Simran 18 oe ease ey ce et 3 Reng 11 038 Si ‘opin co 178,198 ey Seay in 1,18comment aa Seawrenions peer eR an ee re es s rr ete mematicnntly Eh. Se oes Suyeaetann 30 T EE eee an uv w ooremianie! ¥ %