1.
Some lipids are considered to be amphipathic because they have a polar and non-polar part.
2.
3.
Figure 1
4.
5.
6.
Unsaturated
Unsaturated
18:2 cis 9, 12
18:0
18:2 Trans 9, 12
Write them in order of increasing melting point (Lowest Highest)
18:2 cis 9, 12-----> 18:2 Trans 9, 12 ----> 18:0
7.
18:1 cis 9 oleic acid ---> 18:2 cis 9, 12 linoleic acid ---> 18:3 cis 9, 12, 15 a-linolenic acid
8.
9,12,15
18: 3 cis 3, 6, 9
A glyceride is a molecule made from a linkage(s) between two other molecules. State the
names of those two molecules.
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty Acid
10.
11.
A diglyceride contains how many of the linkages mentioned in question 9 and 10.
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 2 Esther linkages
12.
13.
14.
The Sphingolipids ceramide is formed between a sphingosine molecule and an N-linked fatty
acid molecule.
15.
The linkage formed from the reaction of the amino group on sphingosine and a carboxylic
group from another molecule is called an amide bond linkage.
16.
A cholesterol ester molecule is formed from a carboxylic group of the fatty acid molecule and a
hydroxyl group of a cholesterol.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
What Apo lipoprotein does a nascent (newly-formed) chylomicron need to obtain in order for it
to be able to get rid of its main lipid content? Apo c-II
23.
From which other lipoprotein does the nascent chylomicron obtain the Apo lipoprotein in
question 22? HDLs
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Cholesterol is produced naturally in cells and so there is no need for LDLs to be too high.
a. Cholesterol is stored as cholesterol esters in cells
(1 mark)
b. Cholesterol is converted into its storage product in cells by the enzyme ACAT) (1mark)
c. High levels of LDLs can lead to which condition?
Atherosclerosis (1 mark)
32.
HDLs are released from the liver and small intestine. (2 marks)
33.
HDLs take up excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, other lipoproteins and cell
membranes. (3 marks)
34.
The Apo lipoprotein Apo A1 is responsible for activating the enzyme PCAT present on HDLs.
What is the function of PCAT? To esterify cholesterol to cholesteryl esters. (1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
In the Liver
HDLs
35.
LDL lipoproteins can be modified by chemical reactions such as oxidations. Such modified
LDLs lead to the formation of what medical condition?
(1mark) Atherosclerosis
36.
Lipoprotein (a) is associated with what medical condition? Coronary artery disease (1 mark)
37.