Level of Awareness of Pregnant Woman of Bagua II,

Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City on

Newborn Screening

A THESIS PROPOSAL TO THE FACULTY OF COLLEGE OF NURSING SOUTHERN

PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF SCIENCES AND HEALTH EDUCATION
IN FULLFILMENT OF THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN NURSING

By:
Hyran A. Kadatuan

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE SCIENCE AND HEALTH EDUCATION

Parang, Maguindanao
February 2013

THESIS ABSTRACT
1.Title: Level of Awareness of Pregnant Women of bagau II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato
City on Newborn Screening
1.1 Total number of pages:
2. Researcher:
Hyran Akmad Kadatuan
3. Date:
3.1 Place: Southern Philippines College of Sciences and Health Education, Parang
Maguindanao
3.2 Region: ARMM
4. Institution: SPCSHE
4.1 Classification: Private Academic
5. Subject Area: NRES 2
5.1 Description: Nursing Research 2
5.2 Course: Bachelor Nursing Research 2
6. Specific Location where copies can be found
6.1 School Library
6.2 Collge of Nursing

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF SCIENCES AND HEALTH EDUCATION

Poblacion 1, Parang Maguindanao
NURSING DEPARTMENT
APPROVAL SHEET
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN NURSING (BSN) this thesis entitled:
LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF PREGNANT WOMEN OF BAGUA
II, TANGAHAL SUBDIVISION, COTABATO CITY ON
NEWBORN SCREENING
Has been prepared and submitted by HYRAN AKMAD KADATUAN
Who hereby recommended for Oral Examination.
PROF. VIRGINIA S. MARGALLO, RN. MAN
Adviser
ACCEPTED AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN NURSING.
PROF. SOCORRO D. AQUINO, RN. MAED, MAN
Dean, Nursing Department
APPROVED, October 2011 by Tribunal of the Oral Examination.
PROF. SOCORRO D. AQUINO, RN, MAED, MAN
Chairman
PROF. GIRLIE G. HERMOSO, RN. MAN
Member

PROF. GINA DAYRIT, RN,MAN

Member

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval Sheet

Acknowledgement

ii

Thesis Abstract

iii

Table of Content

iv

List of Tables .

List of Figures .

vi

CHAPTER
I

THE PROBLEM
Introduction

II

1
.

Statement of the problem

Significant of the study

Scope and Limitation .

Definition of Terms

1-2
.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Newborn Screening

Newborn Screening in the Philippines

Importance of Newborn Screening among Newborn .

How Newborn Screening is Performed

Newborn Screening Test for Five Disorders .

.8

Department of Health on Newborn Screening

.9

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

10

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

11-12

III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design

13

Research Respondent .

13

Research Instrument .

13

Sampling Technique .

14

Data Gathering Procedure

14

Statistical Treatment .

14-15

IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The profile of the respondents, Age, Educational Attainment, Occupation,

Religion, Tribe

16

The level Awareness of Newborn Screening .

17

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Restatement of the problem, Methodology, Conclusion, Recommendation for

Further Study .

21-23

APPENDIX A .

24

APPENDIX B .

25-26

APPENDIX C .

27

APPENDIX D.

28

BIBLIOGRAPHY

29

30

CURRICULUM VITAE

Chapter I
Introduction

Newborn Screening (NBS) is a simple procedure to find out if your baby has a congenital
metabolic disorder that may lead to mental retardation and even death if left untreated. It is
important to have Newborn Screening for most babies with metabolic disorders look normal at
birth. One will never know that the baby has disorder until the onset of sign and symptoms and
more often ill effects are already irreversible. Even if there is no family history of any of these
disorders, babies are still at risk. For babies that start to become ill soon after birth, Newborn
Screening may save valuable time and resources in making a definite diagnosis.
Early identification of these disorders allows treatment that may prevent growth
problems, health problems, mental retardation, and sudden infant death. Newborn Screening is
ideally done on the 48th hour or least 24 hours. Some disorders are not detected if the test is done
earlier than 24 hours. The baby must be screened again after 2 weeks for more accurate results. It
is a simple procedure using the heel prick method, of few drops of blood are taken from the
babys heel and blotted on a special absorbent fiber card. The baby is dried for 4 hours and sent
to the Newborn Screening Laboratory (NBS Lab). And it can be done by a physician, a nurse, a
midwife or medical technologies (Belvez Pat, March 14, 2009: www.savebabies.com).
Globally, Newborn Screening is the largest genetic testing effort for newborns in the
United States. Its purpose is to identify newborns that are at risk for metabolic, endocrine, or
hematologic disorders. A review of the literature was conducted to determine the benefits of
Newborn Screening; specimen collection timing and handling; ethical considerations of
screening; as well as current practice regarding consent, notification of results, and follow-up
procedures. The use of tandem mass spectrometry for expanded newborn screening and

2
Postmortem diagnosis of unexplained infant death was also reviewed. This article is intended to
educate health care providers in the areas of controversy that surround the U.S newborn
screening program, with the hope of encouraging further research in this important area of
newborn care.
Each state also requires testing for certain other conditions in which early treatment may
prevent or lessen serious consequences such as mental retardation. The conditions tested vary by
state conditions often included in testing are galactosemia, hemeglobinopathies such as sickle
cell disease and thalsemia, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.Screening tests are easy and
inexpensive. They require a blood sample taken from the infants heel and are usually performed
shortly before discharge. Only one blood sample is needed for all tests. Further testing to confirm
any abnormal tests results (March of Dimes, February 18, 2009: www.medheadline.com).
Locally, Newborn Screening are required and practiced not only by the hospitals but also
the rural health unit and health centers. The department of health supports health institutuion for
them to strengthen this program. Newborn Screening Reference Center, University of the
Philippines Manila created under Republic Act 9288.
The Department of Health under Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARRM)
conducted a survey regarding Newborn Screening on 2009. It showed that only 1 percent of the
total newborn babies had undergone Newborn Screening in the specified region.
The researcher is encourage to undertake this study to aware the mothers in recognizing
their responsibility in promoting their childs right to health and protecting their child from
preventable causes of disability and death through newborn screening.

3
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aims to determine the Level of Awareness of Pregnant Women of Bagua II,
Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City on Newborn Screening. Specifically, this study sought to
answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Age
b. Educational Attainment
c. Occupation
d. Religion
e. Tribe
2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents about Newborn Screening?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The outcome of the study will be greatly benefited by the following:
To the pregnant, and children, this study will make them know the importance of
Newborn Screening among their newborns and provide proper knowledge and information about
Newborn Screening.
To the furthermore, this study is also beneficial to the nursing students for them to
improve academic performance.
To the Department of Health personnel, who are involve in the initiation or programs
regarding newborn screening, the information gathered from this study would serve as their basis

4
to identify, update or make some changes in their methods and strategies in the implementation
of the program.

To the health care providers, especially nurses, midwives and nursing students, who take
their part in the implementation of newborn screening, this study will provide them valuable
information as well as feedback which will be a basis that will help them determine the effective
approach in giving health teachings among pregnant women in the community and for them to
improve their teaching strategy to become more effective and efficient teacher.
To the future researches of the findings of this study can serve as basis and references if
they are planning to conduct similar study.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focused on the determination of the Level of Awareness of Pregnant Women
of Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City on Newborn Screening. The respondents of the
study are pregnant women selected from Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision. The range of
respondents age is 16-25 years old. Pertinent data will be obtained from the researchers
formulated survey questionnaire. Only those pregnant women have their children are involve in
the study. The data will be gathered are being tabulated and interpreted.

5
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Level of Awareness- refer of the pregnant women to be aware about the newborn
screening test, and to give enough knowledge and information about it.
Pregnant Women- refer to the pregnant women who will deliver and take care of her
child.
Newborn Screening- is a procedure to find out if the baby has a congenital abnormality
that may lead to mental retardation.
Demographic Profile- basic information and/or personal circumstances of the
respondents.

10
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
According to Faye Glenn Abdellah in 1960, the concept of health may be inferred to be
the dynamic pattern of functioning. There is a continued interaction with the internal and external
forces that results to minimize vulnerabilities.
She sought to change the focus of care from the disease to the patient, and proposed
problems-centered approaches to care. She identified 21 nursing problems, or areas vital to the
growth and functioning of humans that require support from nurses when persons are for some
reason limited in carrying out the activities needed to provide such growth. These areas are
hygiene and comfort, activity, safety, body mechanism, oxygen, nutrition, elimination, fluid and
electrolytes balance, sensory functions, emotions, interrelatedness of emotions and illness,

communication, interpersonal relationships, spiritual goals, therapeutic environment,

individuality, optimal goals, it use of community resources; and role of society.
The researcher choose Abdellahs theory because the concepts are identifying individuals
health problems and since newborn screenings primary goal is to detect the childs illnesses or
deformities and to prevent further complication similar to what Abdellahs model and conceptual
basis.
Abdellahs 21 nursing problems are nurse-centered, whereas Hendersons 14 basic human
needs are patient-centered. It means that the work of Abdellah is taken from the viewpoint of the
practicing nurse while that of Henderson is taken from the viewpoint of the patient.
11
The Conceptual Framework is focused to the level of awareness of the newborn
screening. The conceptual framework as shown in the diagram is presented by two boxes, the
first box was the independent variables which consists of the demographic profile of the
respondents such as age, educational attainment, occupation, religion and tribe. The second box
were dependent variables such as the awareness of the pregnant women about the newborn
screening.

12
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Independent Variables

Respondents Demographic
Profile:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Age
Educational attainment
Occupation
Religion; and
e) Tribe

Dependent Variables

Pregnant Women:

Level of Awareness towards

Newborn Screening

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram showing the relationships of the respondents profile with the level of
awareness in Newborn Screening.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the description of research design, research locale, respondents of
the study, research instruments, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment of data.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers utilized a non-experimental descriptive design in order to obtain the
desired data. It describes the level of awareness of pregnant women on newborn screening in
Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City and the relationship of their demographic profile to
their level of awareness.
RESEARCH LOCALE
The researchers conducted the study at Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City.
The researchers conducted the study to our respondents about the Level of Awareness of
Newborn Screening among the pregnant women.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
The respondents of this study are the selected pregnant women ages at 16-25 years old
who undergone their child on newborn screening of Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato
City. The number of respondents who were included in the research is 25 pregnant women.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The survey questionnaire used in obtaining information from the respondents. The
instrument has divided into two parts: the first part consist of demographic profile of the
respondents age, educational attainment, occupation, religion and tribe. The second part is 1-10
14
item statement which measures the level of awareness of the pregnant woman regarding newborn
screening with the following scale to be answered by 1- not aware, 2- aware to some extent and
3- aware to fullest extent.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Non probability convenience sampling was used in this study. Based on the record of the
Barangay health unit situated in Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City with pregnant
woman ages 16-25 years old with the total of 25 respondents were taken as samples.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Prior to the distribution of questionnaires, a letter of permission for the approval of this
study is given to the Dean of Nursing. Upon approval, a letter of permission for the approval of
this study is given to Barangay Chairman of Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City and
followed by a letter is addressed to the 25 respondents with the objectives nature and purpose of
the study where clearly explained and to answer the following questions. The retrieval of the
questionnaires was done. The data were then checked before tallying was done, the results were
forwarded to the statistician for computation. Data encoding and data analysis and interpretation
of the result was done.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The data gathered from the respondents were tallied and processed statistically by using
the frequency, mean and percentage.

15
Frequency. This was used to describe the frequency of the responses of the respondents falling
in the different items as to their demographic profile in terms of their age, educational
attainment, occupation, religion and tribe.
Mean. These was used to determine the degree of responses of the selected individuals on their
level of awareness of pregnant women on Newborn Screening.
Percentage. This was obtained through getting the total number of responses.
All responses to the items are weighing using the 4 point interval scale. The following means
ranges and description as well as interpretation is assign to the scale of the questionnaire. The
result are categorized as follows:

SCALE

RANGE OF MEAN

DESCRIPTION

1.00-1.66

not aware

1.67-2.33

aware to some extent

2.34-3.00

aware to fullest extent

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Newborn Screening
According to Pat Furlong (2000), Newborn Screening is a practice of testing for every
newborn for certain harmful or potentially fatal disorder that isnt disorders, often called inborn
errors of metabolism, which interfere with the babys use of nutrients to maintain healthy
tissues and produce energy. Other disorders that may be detected through screening include
problems with hormones or the blood.
With a simple blood test, doctors can often tell whether newborns have certain conditions
that could eventually cause problems. Most states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the
U.S. Virgin Islands now have their own mandatory newborn screening programs. (In some states,
such as Wyoming and Maryland, the screening is not mandatory).
The federal government has set no national standard; screening requirements vary from
state to state, as determined by individual state public health departments. As a result, the
comprehensiveness of these programs varies, with states routinely screening for anywhere from
four to ten disorders. Among the disorders are Congenital Hypothyroidism, Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia, Galactosemia, Phenylketonuria, G6PD deficiency, Severe Mental Retardation,
Death, Death or Cataracts, Severe Anemia, Kernicterus (Pat Furlong, 2000).

Newborn Screening in the Philippines

The following test are mandated in the R.A. 9288 or Newborn Screening Program of
2004. Newborn Screening is available in practicing health institutions (Hospitals, Lying-ins,
Rural Health Units and Health Centers) with cooperation with Department of Health. If babies
7
are delivered at home, babies may be brought to the nearest institution of offering newborn
screening. However, now there is also a simple method by which the newborn screening can be
made possible even at home. The urine sample of newborn can be absorbed on filter paper and
sent to laboratories which may run the test. The reports are simple enough to be understood by
the parents. A negative screen means that the result of the test is normal and the baby is not
suffering from any of the disorders being screened. In case of a positive screen, the newborn
screening nurse coordinator will immediately inform the coordinator of the institution where the
sample was collected for recall of patients for confirmatory testing. Babies with positive results
should be reffered at once to the nearest hospital or specialist for confirmatory test and further
management. Should there be no specialist in the area, the newborn screening secretariat office
will assist its attending physician.
The Department of Health on Essential Newborn Care, a new program to address
neonatal deaths in the country. Under the umbrella of the Unang Yakap Campaign, Essential
Newborn Care is an evidenced based strategic interventions aimed at improving newborn care
and helping cub neonatal mortality (National Center for Environmental Health, 2002).
Importance of Newborn Screening among newborns

According to Journal of the American Medical Association (2006), Newborn Screening

test for a set of congenital or inherited disorders. It is a crucial that these disorders are detected as
early as possible. Children diagnosed with one of the tested congenital disorders can continue
to live normal and healthy lives as long as they are given treatment on time and consistently
follow up with a specialist. An affected baby looks healthy at birth because symptoms do not
8
begin to show until a much later age. Once the signs and symptoms set in the ill effects are often
already permanent. If these conditions are left untreated, they may cause health complications,
inhibit mental development or become fatal (Journal of the American Medical Association 2006).
How Newborn Screening is performed
According to Lashley E. (2002), that in the first 2 or 3 days of life, the babys heel will be
pricked to obtain a small blood sample for testing. Most states have a state or regional laboratory
perform analyses, although some use a private laboratory. This process is ideally done during the
48th and 72nd hour of life. A negative screen means that results are normal. A positive screen will
require the newborn to be brought back to her pediatrician for further testing.
It is generally recommended that the sample be taken after the first 24 hours of life. Some
tests, such as the one for Phenylketonuria (PKU), may not be as sensitive if theyre done too
soon after birth. However, because mothers and newborns are often discharged within a day,
some babies may be tested within the first 24 hours. If this happens, the Attending Physician
(AP) recommends that s repeat be taken no more that 1 to 2 weeks later. Its especially important
that the Phenylketonuria (PKU) screening test be run again for accurate results. Some states
routinely do two tests on all infants (Lashley, 2002).

Newborn Screening Test for Five Disorders

According to Kayton A. (2007), Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) results from lack or
absence of thyroid hormone, which is essential to growth of the brain and the body. If the
disorder is not detected and hormone replacement is not initiated within 4 weeks, the babys
9
physical growth will be stunted and she/he may suffer from mental retardation. Congenital
Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an endocrine disorder that causes severe salt lose, dehydration
and abnormally high levels of male sex hormones in both boys and girls. If not detected early,
babies may die within 7-14 days. Galactosemia (GAL) is a condition in which the body is unable
to process galactose, the sugar present in milk. Accumulation of excessive galactose in the body
can cause many problems, including liver damage, brain damage and cataracts. Phenylketonuria
(PKU) is a metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly use one of the building blocks
of protein called phenylalanine. Excessive accumulation of phenylalanine in the body causes
brain damage. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD deficiency) is a
condition where the body lacks the enzyme called G6PD. Babies with this deficiency may have
hemolytic anemia resulting from exposure to certain drugs, foods and chemical (Kayton A.,
2007).
Department of Health on Newborn Screening
According to Katharina A. (2010), the Department of Health and other health
organizations strongly recommend babies to undergo Newborn Screening. Sometimes, some
parents decline for various reasons, such as religious concerns. In these cases, they are asked to
acknowledge in writing that they understand the benefits of Newborn Screening and that they

know they may be placing their newborn at risk for undiagnosed congenital conditions by
declining the test. This dissent from is included in the newborns medical record and is recorded
in the National Newborn Screening Programs database.

Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This chapter presents the finding of the study, the analysis and the interpretation of the
data. This study presentation of the profile of the respondents and the level of awareness of
pregnant woman on the newborn screening among the selected respondents in Bagua II, Tanghal
Subdivision Cotabato City.
The Profile of the Respondents
There were twenty-five (25) respondents who responded on this study the Level of
Awareness of Pregnant Woman on Newborn Screening in Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision,
Cotabato City. The respondents were selected pregnant women who were present during the
survey in Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City. The profile of the respondents is
described according to their age, educational attainment, occupation, religion and tribe.
Table 1: Shows the frequency and percentile distribution of the respondents Age.
Age

16-17

28%

18-19

16%

20-21

36%

22-23

4%

24-25

16%

TOTAL

25

100%

16
As shown in Table 1: The data in the age distribution of the respondents reveals that 36%
comprise the age of 20-21, followed by ages 16-17 with 28%, then ages 18-19 and ages 24-25
with 16% and only 4%belongs to ages 22-23. Based on the result of the study it reveals that the
highest age of the respondents are 20-21 years old with 36% and ages 22-23 are 4%only.
Table 2: Shows the frequency and percentile distribution of the respondents educational
attainment
Educational attainment
Elementary Level
High School Level
College Level
College Graduate with Master

F
5
10
7
3

%
20
40
28
12

Degree
Total

25

100%

Table 2 the data distribution of the respondents according to their education show that the High
School Level compromises 40%, followed by 28% College Level, the Elementary Level with
20% and with Master Degree 12%. This means that the majority of the respondents belong to
those who are High School Level and College Level.

17
Table 3: Shows the frequency and percentile distribution of the respondents Occupation
Occupation
Housewife
Student
Government Employee
Total

F
15
7
3
25

%
60
28
12
100%

Table 3 presents the data on the percentage distribution of the respondents. It shows that 60%
Housewife followed by 28% Student and 12% Government employee. This data indicates that
the majority of the respondents are Housewife.
Table 4: Shows the frequency and percentile distribution of the respondents Religion
Religion
Islam
Roman Catholic
Total

F
23
2
25

%
92%
8%
100%

Table 4.the data distribution of the respondents according to their Religion shows that Islam
compromises 92% and Roman Catholic with 8%. It indicates that Islam Religion are the majority
of the respondents.

18
Table 5: Shows the frequency and percentile of the respondents Tribe
Tribe
Maguindanaon
Iranon
Maranao
Cebuano
Total

F
18
3
2
2
25

%
72
12
8
8
100%

Table 5 presents the data on the percentage distribution of the respondents. It shows that there are
72% Maguindanaon, followed by 8% Maranao and 8% Cebuano, and Iranon with 3%. The data
indicate that the muslim tribes are the majority of the respondents particularly dominants by
Maguindanaon.

Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The study used a non- experimental descriptive design in determining the level of
awareness on newborn screening of pregnant women in Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato
City. The respondents were composed of 25 pregnant women on Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision,
Cotabato City.
The study determined the level of awareness on newborn screening of pregnant women in
Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City.
Specifically, the study also aimed at finding answers to the following sub problems:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of Age, Educational
Attainment, Occupation, Religion and Tribe?
2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents about Newborn Screening?
The study was conducted among selected individuals as research respondents, used a descriptive
normative research design with a structured research survey research survey questionnaire as the
primary research instrument in the data gathering procedure and with certain statistical tools used
appropriately in the analysis and interpretation of data in this study.

22
Summary of the Findings

Seeking the level of awareness of pregnant woman on Newborn Screening among selected
individuals in Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City has yielded the following major
findings of the study:
1. The percentage age of the respondents is 36 percent with ages of 20-21 years old at the full term
of early adulthood stage.
2. There are 40 percent High School level, 28 percent College level and 12 percent College
Graduate with Masteral Degree which signifies that education High School and College level
dominates.
3. Housewife comprises 60 percent, 28 percent student and 12 percent Government Employee. It
indicates that majority of the respondents are housewife.
4. According to Religion it shows that Islam comprises 92 percent and Roman Catholic with 8
percent. This indicates that Islam Religion is the majority of the respondents.
5. Maguindanaon comprises 72 percent; 12 percent Iranon; Maranao and Cebuano with 8 percent.
The result presents that Muslim tribes are the majority respondents particularly dominated by
Maguindanaon.
6. The level of awareness of pregnant woman in Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City on
newborn screening has obtained overall mean of 1.96 percent having a description of aware to
some extent. The most emphasized awareness of pregnant woman on newborn screening were the
presence of Newborn Screening and least emphasized was its ability to detect Phenylketonuria
and Galactosemia with the mean of 1.

23

Conclusion
In view of the major findings revealed that in the study the researchers have come to
conclusion that the level of awareness of pregnant woman of Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision,

Cotabato City on newborn screening has apparently inferred the description of aware to a least
extent on the category of the responses. This appears that the level of awareness of pregnant
woman is lack of dissemination information of the newborn screening and the pregnant woman
has less knowledge on the possible occurrence of child disorders. The mothers of Bagua II must
have to undergo health education on their Barangay Health Centers in order to submit their
babies after post-partum delivery. It must be emphasized to them the early detection of child
illnesses such as Congenital Hypothyroidism, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Galactosemia,
Phenylketonuria, G6PD deficiency, Severe Mental Retardation, Death, Death or Cataracts,
Severe Anemia, and Kernicterus.
Recommendation
In the light of the major findings and brief conclusion, the researcher offer the following
suggested recommendations:
1. The researcher recommends on pregnant woman to undergo newborn screening after
delivery for early detection of illness or deformities and from treatment for the newborn.
Making them aware in the health status of their baby.
2. The researcher recommends for Department of Health, health care provider or
practitioner to monitor neonatal cases of abnormalities existing in Cotabato City.
24
3. The researcher recommends for the Department of Social Welfare to be aware of
whatever congenital or newborn deformities in Cotabato City and extender services for
the treatment of those cases.
4. Finally, the researcher recommends for nursing community to conduct health teaching
towards newborn screening to enhance the efficiency of the nurses in doing such newborn
screening procedure and for the mothers to know beneficial effects of the procedure.
Recommendation for Further Study

1. Perception of Mothers towards Newborn Screening in Cotabato City.

2. Knowledge and Practices of Health Practitioners towards Newborn Screening in
Cotabato City.
3. Mothers Attitude on Newborn Screening to Prevent Child Disorders in Cotabato
City.

25
APPENDIX A
Interview Questionnaire
Kindly answer the questions as honestly as possible. Check the box that corresponds for your
answer.
Part I. Personal Profile
Direction: Please provide the necessary information.
Name(Pangalan): __________________
Age(Edad): _____________
Occupation(Trabaho): _________________
Religion: ___________________

Tribe:
Maguindanaon

Maranao

Cebuano

Iranon

Others: ________

Education:
Elementary Level
High School Level
College Level

College Graduate
with Master Degree
Others:____________

26
APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire
Part II: Level of Awareness: Instruction: Below are the levels of awareness of pregnant women
on Newborn Screening. Please encircle the corresponding answer in each number.
Scale
1- Not Aware
2- Aware to a least extent
3- Aware to some extent
1.Are you aware of the presence of Newborn Screening?

(Alam mo ba ang tungkol sa Newborn Screening?)

2. Are you aware that Newborn Screening is mandatory
At birth?

(Alam mo ba ang Newborn Screening ay gingawa

pagkatapos manganak?)
3. Are you aware that Newborn Screening is done thru heel
pricked procedure?

(Alam mo ba na ang Newborn Screening ay ginagawa sa

Pamamagitan ng pagsugat sa talampakan?)
4.Are you aware that Newborn Screening is done 2-3 days
after birth?
(Alam mo ba na ang Newborn Screening ay natatapos sa
Loob ng dalawa o tatlong araw pagkatapos manganak?)
5.Are you aware that Newborn Screening should be
available at any hospital?
(Alam mo ba na ang newborn Screening ay ginagawa
Sa lahat ng ospital?)
6.Are you aware that Newborn Screening is governed
by DOH?
(Alam mo ba na ang Newborn Screening ay meron sa
DOH?)
27
7.Are you aware that Newborn Screening could help
detect Congenital Hypothyroidism?
(Alam mo ba na ang Newborn Screening ay
Nakakatulong upang malaman ang Congenital
Hypothyroidism?)
8.Are you aware that Newborn Screening could help
detect Mental Retardation?

(Alam mo ba na ang Newborn Screening ay

Nakakatulong upang malaman ang Mental Retardation?)
9.Are you aware that Newborn Screening could help
detect Phenylketonuria?
(Alam mo ba na ang Newborn Screening ay
Nakakatulong upang malaman ang Phenylketonuria?)
10.Are you aware that Newborn Screening could help
detect Galactosemia?

(Alam mo ba na ang Alam mo ba na ang Newborn Screening ay

Nakakatulong upang malaman ang Galactosemia?

28
APPENDIX C
07 October 2011
Socorro D. Aquino, RN MAED, MAN
Dean of Nursing
SPCSHE

Dear Madame Aquino,

Greeting of Peace!
We, the undersigned, BSN III students of Southern Philippines College of Sciences and Health
Education (SPCSHE) currently doing a research entitled LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF
PREGNANT WOMEN OF BAGUA II, TANGHAL SUBDIVISION, COTABATO CITY ON

NEWBORN SCREENING. The said study is part of the course requirements in Nursing
Research 2.
In line with this we would like to request from your good office to allow us to conduct the above
mentional research at Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City.
Hoping for your kind consideration.
Thank you and more power.

Sincerely yours,
HYRAN A. KADATUAN
Researchers

Noted by:
VIRGINIA S. MARGALLO, RN. MAN
Adviser

Approved by:
SOCORRO D. AQUINO, RN. MAED, MAN
Dean
29
APPENDIX D
07 October 2011
HON. ULAMBAI USMAN
Barangay Chairman
Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision
Cotabato City

Dear Chairman Usman

Greeting of Peace!

We, the undersigned BSN III students of Southern Philippines College of Sciences and Health
Education (SPCSHE) is currently doing a research entitled Level of Awareness og Pregnant

Women of Bagua II. Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City on Newborn Screening. The said
research work is part of the course requirements in Nursing Research 2.
In line with this, may we humbly request for your approval to allow us to conduct interviews
with pregnant women in Bagua II, Tanghal subdivision, Cotabato City, as our respondents and
rest assure of the confidentially of gathered data.
Looking forward for your kind considereation.
Thank you very much to the support.

Sincerely yours,
HYRAN A. KADATUAN
Researchers
Noted by:
VIRGINIA S. MARGALLO, RN, MAN
Adviser
Approved by:
SOCORRO D. AQUINO, RN, MAED, MAN
Dean
30
CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Hyran Akmad Kadatuan

Nickname: hyhy
Birthday: October 18, 1990
Age/ Sex: 21/ Female
Rank in the family: Eldest
Religion: Islam
Tribe: Maguindanaon
Nationality: Filipino
Home Address:#31 Nayon Shariff Kabunsuan, Cotabato City
Mother: Bahiya Akmad Kid

Father: Quezon B. Kadatuan

Educational Background:
Elementary: Notre Dame University-Elementary Training Department
High School: CCSPC- Laboratory High School
College: Southern Philippines College of Sciences and Health Education

29
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Sarah Jane Mandugay Mohamad
Nickname: ajen or jane
Birthday:December 07, 2011
Age/ Sex: 19/ Female
Rank in the family: Eldest
Religion: Islam
Tribe: Maguindanaon
Nationality: Filipino
Home Address: Bagua II, Tanghal Subdivision, Cotabato City

Parents: H. Gapor E. Mohamad and Darwisa M. Mohamad

Educational Background:
Elementary: Mindanao State of University
Dalican Pilot Elemetary School
Cotabato City Central Pilot School
High School: Notre Dame RVM Cotabato City
College: Souther Philippines College Of Sciences and Health Education

According to Betty Neuman systems model is based in General System Theory and
reflects the nature of living organism as open system. General system theory states that all
elements in a complex organization are in interaction. Within the model, Neuman syhnthesizes
knowledge from several disciplines and incorporated her own philosophical beliefs and clinical
nursing expertise particularly in mental health nursing.
The model draws from Gestalt Theory, which describes homeostasis the process by which
an organism maintains its equilibrium, and consequently its health under varying conditions.
Neuman describes adjustment as the process by which the organism satisfies its needs. Many
needs exist and each may distract client balance or stability; therefore the adjustment process is
dynamic and continuous. All life is characterized by this ongoing interplay of balance and
imbalance within the organism. When the stabilizing process fail to some disharmony for too

long is consequently unable to satisfy needs, illness may develop when illness as a compensatory
process fails completely, the organism may die. The Gestalt approach considers individual within
the organism-environmental field and views behavior as a reflection of relatedness within the
field.
Neuman adopts the concepts of levels of prevention from Caplans conceptual model and
relates this prevention levels to nursing, primary prevention is used to protect the organism
before it encounters harmful stressors. Primary prevention involves reducing the possibility of
encountering the stressor of strengthening the organism to decrease its reaction to the stressor.
Secondary and tertiary prevention are used following the organisms encounter with stressors.
Secondary preventions attempt to reduce the effect or possible effect of stressors through early
diagnosis and effective treatment of illness symptoms. Tertiary prevention attempt to reduce the
residual stressors effect after treatment.