INTRODUCTION
For low wind speed, the turbine speed becomes low when
operating with MPPT. For this situation the frequency
becomes lower and the SCIG cannot supply directly the load
for fixed or quasi-fixed applications. Under variable wind and
variable turbine speed is the same. Therefore, a series
converter configuration (rectifier-inverter or back-to-back
converter) must be used to decouple frequency of the
generator and the load [2,6,10]. However, the converter power
rating in these situations cannot be reduced.
In contrast, if the turbine speed is close or equal to their
rated values and no series converter is used, the load can be
supplied directly from the generator (if the frequency of the
generated voltage is close or equal to the nominal frequency of
the load). The SCIG excitation can be controlled by a
STATCOM with reduced converter power rating, with
approximately 30% to 50% of generator rated power [16].
Also, for low wind speeds the power of the wind turbine is
below to the nominal level. In this situation, if a series
converter configuration is used, this must process about 50%
to 60% of rated turbine power, approximately, depending of
the specific turbine dynamic features.
In both situations the converters have reduced power rating
and using the STATCOM it is allowed voltage and frequency
variation within acceptable safe limits. These statements are
only valid for isolated systems, which can operate at a variable
frequency close to its nominal value without compromising
the load [4]. Furthermore, the SCIG operates with high
efficiency if the frequency varies freely with the speed [15].
This paper proposes a wind energy conversion system
based on VSWTs using SCIGs. Proposed system uses a
STATCOM with reduced converter power rating for generator
excitation and active power control. A shunt active filter based
also on reduced converter power rating to compensate
unbalanced and non-linear loads and battery energy storage
across the converters dc link is utilized. The proposed system
is suitable for stand-alone wind energy generation, operates
under MPPT mode using tip speed ratio (TSR) control, and
the maximum available active power requires low active
power of the converters to control active and reactive power
flows.
PROPOSED WECS
1600
1400
Power [W]
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
RPM turb
0.1047 Rturb V w
(1)
where RPM turb is the turbine shaft speed, Rturb is the blades
length and Vw is the wind speed.
Turbine speed is calculated by (2).
RPM turb = RPM SCIG GBratio
(2)
(3)
(3)
Vd _ ref =
(4)
f =
RPM SCIG 60
RPM nom
(5)
Pmed = Vd I d + Vq I q 3 / 2
(6)
(7)
B. SAF Control
The shunt active filter control uses the PQ theory for
harmonics and phase unbalance compensation, and is similar
to the theory presented in [14]. However, it also uses the
control of active power to charge the battery bank. This
characteristic is exploited to limit the active power of the
STATCOM. Thus, the maximum power processed by the
STATCOM is 600 W, while the maximum power transferred
to the battery bank by SAF is 400 W. Through (8) is
calculated the SAF active power.
PSAF _ dc = Vdc I SAF _ dc
(8)
(9)
(10)
I =
~
~
P V + Q V
V2 + V2
~
~
P V Q V
V2 + V2
(11)
(12)
(P~ + P
ref _ SAF V
V2 + V2
~
+ Q V
(13)
C. Inverter Control
The load side converter operates as inverter and the
synthesized output voltage remains at fixed voltage value
under load variation and wind turbine lower speeds. Fig. 9
presents the inverter control. The inverter control uses a
classical control implemented in dq axis, where the d axis
voltage Vd _ inv is compared with a constant value. The result
is two compensated variables in dq axis, Vd _ inv * and Vq _ inv * .
Frequency of synthesized voltage is constant and is equal to
the minimal frequency defined for the generator/load
connection. Furthermore, f inv is equal to 55 Hz. This
frequency determines the control angle generated by the
resettable integrator.
IV.
SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 10. Simulation results for: (a) wind speed in m/s, (b) generator speed in
RPM and (c) turbine reference power in W.
Figure 12. Simulation results for: (a) generated voltage in V, (b) STATCON
current in A, (c) SAF current in A, (d) load current in A and (e) battery current
charge/discharge in A.
Figure 11. Simulation results for: (a) turbine reference power in W, (b) SCIG
power in W, (c) frequency of the generated voltage in Hz, (d) f and (e) SCIG
peak voltage in V.
Figure 13. Simulation results for: (a) generated voltage in V, (b) SCIG current
in A, (c) load current in A.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
CONCLUSIONS
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to CNPq, CAPES, Post-Graduation
Program in Electrical Engineering - PPGEE of the Federal
University of Santa Maria for their financial support and to
CEEMA-UFSM for the use of all its laboratorial infra-structure.
[11]
[12]
APPENDIX
Machine specifications
Rated voltage:
Rated current:
Frequency:
Rated speed:
Rated Power:
[13]
380 V (Y connected)
2.3 A
60 Hz
1760 RPM
1 kW
[14]
Parameters
[15]
[16]
voltage
[V]
0.00
22.73
33.90
50.50
72.30
96.40
current
[A]
0.52
0.71
0.85
0.97
1.00
1.05
voltage
[V]
137.20
176.80
201.20
220.60
225.60
229.80
current
[A]
1.23
1.31
1.65
1.96
2.30
3.00
voltage
[V]
251.20
262.00
290.00
311.00
328.60
360.50
[17]
[18]
Mittal, R., Sandhu, K.S., Jain, D.K., Low Voltage RideThrough (LVRT) of Grid Interfaced Wind Driven PMSG,
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 4, no.
5, July 2009.
Teninge, A., Roye, D., Bacha, S., Duval, J., Low Voltage RideThrough Capabilities of Wind Plant Combining Different
Turbine Technologies, EWEC09, Poster Session PO. 357,
Marseille, 2009.
Simes, M.G., Chakraborty, S., Wood, R., Induction Generators
for Small Wind Energy Systems, IEEE Power Electronics
Society, Newsletter 19, 2006.
Simes, MG., Farret, F.A., Alternative Energy Systems Design and Analysis with Induction Generators, Second
Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, EUA, 2008.
Perumal, B.V., Chatterjee, J.K., Analysis of a Self Excited
Induction Generator with STATCOM/Battery Energy Storage
System, IEEE, Power India Conference, 2006.
Goel, P.K., Singh, B., Murthy, S.S., Kishore, N., Isolated
WindHydro Hybrid System Using Cage Generators and Battery
Storage, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58,
pp. 1141-1153, 2011.
Jayaramaiah, G.V., Fernandes, B.G., Novel Voltage Controller
for Stand-alone Induction Generator using PWM-VSI, IEEE
Industry Applications Conference, 41st IAS Annual Meeting,
vol. 1, pp. 204-208, 2006.
Molinas, M., Suul, J.A., Undeland, T., Improved Grid Interface
of Induction Generators for Renewable Energy by use of
STATCOM, International Conference on Clean Electrical
Power, ICCEP '07, pp. 215-222, 2007.
Singh,B., Murthy, S.S., Gupta, S., STATCOM-Based Voltage
Regulator for Self-Excited Induction Generator Feeding
Nonlinear Loads, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 5, October 2006.
Wu, J.C., AC/DC Power Conversion Interface for Self-excited
Induction Generator, Renewable Power Generation, IET, vol. 3,
Issue 2, pp. 144-151, 2009.
Reis, F.S., Ale, J.A.V., Adegas, F.D., Tonkoski Jr, R., Slan, S.,
Tan, K., Active Shunt Filter for Harmonic Mitigation in Wind
Turbines Generators, 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, Jeju, Korea, June 2006.
Dib, S., Ferdi, B., Benachaiba, C., Wind Energy Conversion
Using Shunt Active Power Filter, Quatrime Confrence
Internationale sur le Gnie Electrique CIGE10, Algrie,
Novembre 2010.
Kuo, S.C., Wang, L., Analysis of Isolated Self-excited
Induction Generator Feeding a Rectifier Load, IEE Proc.-Gener.
Transm. Distrib., vol. 149, no. 1, January 2002.
Watanabe, E.H., Aredes, M., Akagi, H., The P-Q Theory for
Active Filter Control: Some Problems and Solutions, Revista
Controle & Automao, vol.15, no.1, 2004.
Ouazene, L., McPherson, G., Analysis of the Isolated Induction
Generator, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. 102, no. 8, August 1983.
Kuperman, A., Rabinovici, R., A Capacitor Emulating Solidstate Voltage Regulator for Autonomous Induction Generators,
ACEMP'04, Istambul, Turkey, 2004.
Abdullah, M.A., Yatim, A.H.M., Tan, C.W., Saidur, R., A
review of maximum Power Point Tracking Algotithms for Wind
Energy Systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
pp. 3220 3227, 2012.
E.G. Marra, Gerador de Induo Associado a Inversor PWM
Operando com Freqncia Constante, PhD thesis, Faculdade de
Engenharia Eltrica e de Computao, Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil, 1999.