Section I
PI, IPR Curves
Productivity Index - J -
Drawdown Pressure -p- The pressure drop between the reservoir ( ps)
and the flowing bottom hole pressure (pwf).
J=
q
p s p wf
(1-1)
r
q o
ln
.007082kh rw
(1-2)
which gives
q
.007082kh
=
=J
p p wf
r
o ln r
w
(1-3)
Skin Effect s
The pressure drop caused by the near wellbore skin effect is defined
by the equation
p s =
q
s
2kh
(1-4)
q o r
ln r + s
w
.007082kh
(1-5)
(1-6)
Ideal PI JI
q
JI =
p s p wf p skin
bpd/psi
(1-7)
bpd/psi
(1-8)
bpd/psi/ft
(1-9)
Actual PI JA
Ja =
q
p s p wf
Js =
q
h ( p s p wf )
Specific PI - Js
ft
(1-10)
Generally the length of a horizontal well is much greater than the reservoir
thickness. In this case the flow in the well can be described by
qh =
.007078k h hp
1
ln (4reh / L )
(1-11)
This gives:
Jh =
.007078k h h
1
ln (4reh / L )
(1-12)
.007078k h hp
q =
2
2
a + a ( L / 2)
ln
L/2
I h
I
h
ani
+ ani ln
L (rw ( I ani + 1) )
(1-13)
where
I ani =
L
r
a = .5 + .25 + eH
2
L/2
kh
kv
4 .5
.5
.007078k h hp
q =
2
2
a + a ( L / 2)
ln
L/2
I h
I
h
'
ani
+ seq
+ ani ln
L (rw ( I ani + 1) )
k
1
4 a H ,max a H ,MAX
'
2 +
= 1 ln
1
+
seq
r
(
)
1
3
+
k
I
r
w
s
ani
w
(1-14)
(1-15)
Homework #1
Problem #1
For a well that has the following;
spacing = 40 acres
ps = 2000 psi
= 2.5cp
h = 12 ft
casing 5 1/2
o = 1.25
k = 25 md
Find J and Js for this well. Calculate the pwf for a q of 100 bopd and 12
bwpd and also for 200 bopd and 25 bwpd.
Problem #2
Find the J and kh for a well with the following;
spacing = 40 acres
= 2.8 cp
ps = 3400 psi
qo = 250 bopd
GOR = 1200 ft3/bbl
casing 4
= 1.15
pwf = 1250 psi
qw = 500 bwpd
(1-16)
It can be seen that the relationship between q & p is a straight line that
passes through the origin.
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Drawdown psi
figure 1
(1-17)
With ps and J constant for any particular instant the plot of q vs BHFP will
be a straight line as shown in figure 2. The point when BHFP is zero or at
the greatest p is called the wells potential. It is the maximum rate that the
well could produce, it is noted that physically a BFP of 0 psi is basically not
attainable.
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
q bpd
figure 2
In the olden days this potential was to calculate the allowable for the well in
many states.
.007082k o h( p p wf
o o ln r r + s
w
qw =
.007082k w h( p p wf
w w ln r r + s
w
(1-20)
141.2q re
ln .5
kh
rw
(1-21)
A much more helpful equation would be one that uses the average reservoir
pressure which can be obtain in the field by means of a pressure test. This
equation is
_
p p wf =
J=
141.2 q re
ln .75
kh
rw
.007082kh
r
ln e .75
rw
(1-22)
(1-21)
.007082kh
r
ln e + s .75
rw
(1-22)
Figure 3
Factors influencing the shape of the IPR are the pressure drop and relative k
across the reservoir.
table 1
It can be seen that the majority of the pressure drop caused by production is
near the wellbore. This is confirmed by the radial flow equation. In this
situation even if the average reservoir pressure is above the bubble point, the
area around the wellbore is not, which causes the gas to come out of solution
figure 4
When zones of varying kh are opened in a well, the one with the highest kh
well contribute more to the production of the well, then the lower kh zones
will contribute, thus the average reservoir pressure of the high kh zones
drops faster than the other zones in the well. This causes the zones to start
flowing at different flowing bottom hole pressures. At the lower rates or
higher flowing pressures it is the zone with the lowest kh that have the
highest average pressure so that it produces first and then as the flowing
pressure drops below the average pressure of the other zones that start to
contribute to the flow. The PI of the well improves as more of the zones
contribute, so the PI improves with the lowering of the flowing pressure.
figure- 5
Vogels Method
Vogel developed an empirical equation for the shape of the IPR curve.
p
p
q
= 1 .2 _wf .8 _wf
q'
p
p
(1-23)
(1-24)
p
wf
qvm qsl = .8q' _
1 p wf
_
(1-25)
The value is always positive, and at the end points, pwf = p and pwf = 0 it is 0.
Standing rewrote the equation
p wf
q
= 1
q'
p
1 + .8 wf
p
(1-26)
this gives
J =
p wf
q'
(1 + .8
)
p
p
(1-27)
as pwf goes to p
J* =
1.8q'
p
J* =
1.8 J
p
1 + .8 wf p
(1-28)
combining
(1-29)
.007082k o h
o o ln re r .75
(1-30)
o of
=
J *p k o
o o p
J *f
(1-31)
by using
(1-32)
Homework #2
1)Take the data from problem 1, homework on and calculate the J of a
horizontal well with a 1000 horizontal section and a formation thickness
of 25 and effective radius of 450 from the well bore. Change the L to
1500 and find J.
Calculate J if the well has a vertical k of 15 md and 30 md.
2) Well #2A is flowing at 1120 bopd through 2 7/8 tubing. There is
zero water cut, and the GLR is 820 scf/bbl. A pressure survey on the well
shows that the flowing pressure at 6470 is 675 psig, while the pressure
build up shows a static pressure of 2080 psig at a datum level of 6500.
Using Vogels method, draw the IPR curve, and estimate the wells
potential.
Reservoir analysis indicates that the ratio of the value of kro/oo @ 2080
psi to its value at the static pressure of 1500 psig is 1.57. Estimate what
the wells potential rate will be when the static pressure dropped to 1500
psig.
Fetkovichs Approximation
Since Vogels method is not always in accordance with field data, Fetkovich
suggested
2
q o = C p 2 p wf
(1-34)
the equation becomes
2
q o = J ' p 2 p wf
( )
q o' = J ' p 2
(1-33)
.007082khk ro
o o ln(re r )2 pi
w
J'=
if
(1-35)
(1-36)
Fetkovich assumed that the log log plot of qo vs p2 is a straight line with a
unity slope, n=1.
Using Fekovich
1) plot the q vs p2
2) Find the slope of line
3) Calculate J using one of the flow rates
4) Using J calculate the wells potential and pwf for any other rate.
5) If only rate and pressure is known assume a slope of 1
2
.703kh( p s2 p ws
)
Tz ln( r r )
w
(1-37)
2
q sc = C ps2 pwf
(1-38)
where
C=
.703kh
(1-39)
T z ln( r r )
w
2
log q sc = log C + log ps2 p wf
(1-40)
it can be seen that this is a straight line on a log-log plot with unity slope.
Rawlins and Schellhardt modified the equation 1-11 to
2
q sc = C p s2 p wf
(1-41)
ps2
q ' = q
2
2
p s pwf
2
q = C p s2 p wf
Homework #3
Given:
PI = 1410 psia
#
0
1
2
3
4
qo
pwf
bpd
psia
0
72
118
155
208
1410
1170
1050
888
632
Skin Factor
To include skin equation 1-37 can be written as
qsc =
2
.703kh ( p s2 p ws
)
Tz ln( r + s .75)
rw
(1-42)
so C will be
C=
.703kh
T z ln( r
rw
+ s .75)
(1-43)
Non-Darcy Flow
Aronofsky and Jenkins used the Forchheeimer flow equation for a more
exact solution
q=
2
)
kh ( p 2 p wf
(1-44)
where
tD =
.000264kt
ct rw2
1424 zT
kh
rw
kh
(1-45)
(1-46)
6 10 5 k s0.1h
2
rw h perf
)
.703 10 3 k h h ( p 2 p wf
q =
2
2
zT
a + a ( L / 2)
ln
L/2
I h
I ani h
ani
+ Dq
+
ln
(
)
L
r
I
(
1
)
+
w
ani
(1-47)
I h
I ani h
ani
.75 + Dq
+
ln
(
)
+
L
r
(
I
1
)
w
ani
(1-48)
)
.703 10 3 k h h ( p 2 p wf
q =
2
2
zT
a + a ( L / 2)
ln
L/2
q is mscfpd
q
2
p p wf
2
mscf/psi2
(1-49)
Water Cut
%
Water rate
bpd
Oil rate
bpd
pwf
psi
47
90
125
162
85
60
48
45
40
54
60
73
7
36
65
89
1300
920
630
310
figure 6
The shape of the water cut curve is typical of a high-pressure water.
figure 7
Homework #4
1) A well completed with perforations from 9897 9932 feet from the
surface in 5 casing, has an initial reservoir pressure of 3572 psig
and a fluid gradient of .35 psi/ft. The well was tested using at 130
bopd and no water with a bottom hole flowing pressure of 500 psig,
using 2 tubing.
Is it possible for this well to produce without a pump? Possible
rate?
Keeping a fluid level 200 above the pump for efficient pump
loading what is the maxium rate that can be produced? Use
both straight line and Vogel.
The fluid properties, 1.15 stb/rb, viscosity of 2.6cp.
Reservoir properties, perm of 5.7 md, re of 1980 ft.
Would further treatment help this well?
2) The following data was collected on the J. J. Fed #1
TD 4501
Perfs 4448-4456 in 4 casing
2 2/8 tubing set at 4400 with no packer
tubing
psig
casing
psig
BHP
psia
884
860
810
750
700
847
827
780
727
674
897.2
871.6
825.8
770.2
718.0
Rate
mscd
0
299
649
825
1026
PI and IPR
Summary
The ability of a well to produce fluids.
The uses of the Productivity Index and IPR Curves
Find the wells potential, q, the maximum production rate.
Predict production rates for planning production schedules and sizing
production equipment
Reference point for the comparison of wells in a field.
Find Flow Efficiency of the well to plan or verify completion
techniques.
During production monitoring to help diagnose production problems
if any.
Equipment or reservoir problem
Selecting testing procedures to identify production problems.
Comparing the PI of the field test to a calculated PI to verify reservoir
properties or an indication of skin in the well.
Productivity Index J
Simplest of the methods, one production and pressure point and a straight
line. But the least accurate for calculating the wells potential, greater error
as pwf is lower.
Very good for calculating flow efficiencies, FE.
IPR Curves
A very high accuracy if obtained by using a multipoint production test data.
For one point tests
Vogel Method
Reasonable accuracy for the plot and the potential. Problem is that
good mobility data is needed for a calculated ideal curve and for
future average reservoir plots.
Fetkovich Method
Not as accurate as Vogel. But because of the straight forward method
easier for a quick calculation.
Gas Wells
Multi-point tests are the norm for gas wells. One-point test assumes a
straight line at 45 degrees or an assumed value for the field.
Pressure depletion gas wells have a constant productivity index,
calculated using the square of the pressures.
Flow Efficiency
The Flow Efficiency of the well which is the ratio of the actual PI to
the ideal PI is used to check if the well is a candidate for a work over
to remove damage. Also it can be sued to verify a stimulation job. If
FE < 1 possible damage, FE > 1 a stimulated zone.
Nomenclature
h
J
k
L
p
pwf
ps
pskin
q
qsc
q
re
reh
rw
s
seq
T
thickness ft
Productivity Index bpd/psi
Permeability md
Length of Horizontal section ft
Pressure psi
Bottom hole pressure flowing psi
Bottom hole pressure shut in psi
Delta pressure skin psi
Flow rate bpd
Flow rate gas mscfpd
Well potential bopd, mscfpd
radius effective ft
radius horizontal effective ft
radius wellbore ft
skin
skin effective horizontal
Reservoir Temp Ro
formation volume factor rb/stb
viscosity cp