Exact post-scheduling SINR analysis for

orthogonal random beamforming systems

be denoted by
Fhk (x) = Pr{xm x, xm }

M

= Pr zm xc + zl , zm

l=1

Chanhong Kim and Jungwoo Lee

Derived are the exact cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of each
users feedback signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and the
post-scheduling SINR in orthogonal random beamforming systems
with M transmit antennas and K single-antenna users considering
both user feedback and scheduling. A key contribution is to derive
the exact CDF of the post-scheduling SINR by direct integration, and
it is veried by Monte-Carlo simulations. It is also shown that the
existing approximate CDF is different from the exact distribution for
SINR smaller than 0 dB.

(3)

l=m


where we use the fact that the denominator (c + M
l1,l = mzl ) is always
positive.
Since xms are not independent from each other, Fhk (x) cannot
be easily obtained from simple order statistics [6]. Instead, we try to
directly integrate the region R = {(z1 , z2 , . . . , zM )|0 zm x(c+
M

zl ), m} using the JPDF given of zms. Fhk(x) can be written in
l=1,l=m

Introduction: Since orthogonal random beamforming (ORBF) was rst

proposed in [1], it has been considered a practical scheme for a Gaussian
broadcast channel with M transmit antennas and K single-antenna users.
To analyse the performance of ORBF systems such as sum-rate,
throughput, and average BER, it is necessary to know the statistical
distribution of the scheduled users signal-to-interference-plus-noise
ratio (SINR). In the literature [1 5], however, performance analysis
has been done with an approximate cumulative distribution function
(CDF) of the post-scheduling SINR, which assumes an unrealistic
feedback scheme.
This Letter studies the exact statistical distribution of the post-scheduling SINR in the orthogonal random beamforming system with M
transmit antennas and K single-antenna users considering both user
feedback and scheduling. The probability distributions of each users
feedback SINR and the post-scheduling SINR are derived rigorously
by direct integration and multinomial distribution. It is also shown
that the derived CDF of the post-scheduling SINR happens to be the
same as the the existing approximate CDF for SINR higher than 0 dB.
System model: Let us consider a Gaussian broadcast channel with M
transmit antennas (M orthonormal random beams) and K singleantenna users. If the transmit power is equally allocated to M beams,
the received signal at the kth user is given by

yk =


M
1 
h T w m s m + nk ,
M m=1 k

k = 1, . . . , K

an integral form as


Fhk (x) = e

M


zm

m=1

dz1 dz2 dzM

(4)

We change the variable zms as z1  y1 ,z2  y2 , . . ., zM21  yM21 ,

z1 + ... + zM  y. Since the determinant of the corresponding
Jacobian is equal to 1, dzl...dzM dyl...dy1...dyM21dy. Thus, (4) can
be rewritten as
1
Fhk (x) =



ey 1dy1 dy2 dyM 1 dy

(5)

where, from (3),


x(c + y)
S = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yM 1 |0 ym
, m,
1+x

y cx
and
y1 + + yM 1 y
1+x

(6)

To calculate the last integral, for a, b 0, let



In (a, b) := 1dx1 dx2 dxn

(1)

(7)

S n (a,b)

where
where hk is the kth users M 1 channel vector composed of IID
complex Gaussian random entries with distribution CN(0, 1), wms are
orthonormal random beamforming vectors, sm is the transmitted
symbol at the mth beam, and nk is an IID complex additive white
Gaussian noise with distribution CN(0, N0).
M SINRs of the kth user can be calculated as [1]

SINRk,m

|hTk wm |2
=
 T 2 , m = 1, . . . , M
M /r +
|hk wl |

S n (a, b) = {(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )|0 xk a, k,

b a x1 + x2 + + xn b} , Rn

(8)

In(a, b) can be computed in a closed form of Lemma 1, which can be

easily proven with mathematical induction.
Lemma 1 For n 1,

(2)
In (a, b) =

l=m

where r Es/N0 and Es E[|sm|2]. It is assumed that all the users

have the same average SNR (r). Each receiver feeds back its
maximum SINR hk along with the corresponding index ik. Thus, hk
and ik can be written as hk max1m M SINRk,m and ik arg
max1m M SINRk,m , respectively. The transmitter assigns sm to the
user with the largest SINR among candidates whose feedback index is
m. The post-scheduling SINR gm can then be written as gm
maxk[Km hk (m 1, . . . , M) where Km is the user index set of the
mth beam given by Km {k|ik m, k 1, . . . , K}.
CDF of each users feedback SINR: In (2), let |hTk wm|2 zm , M/r c,
and SINRk,m xm for convenience. Since SINRk,m is IID over k,
the subscript k is omitted. Now (2) can be rewritten as

(m = 1, 2, . . . , M ). Since zms are IID with x2(2)
xm = zm /c +



n+1
1
n+1
(1)r
kb raln
r
n! r=0

(9)

where kxl x if x 0, otherwise kxl 0.

Since S = S M 1 (x(c + y)/1 + x, y), Lemma 1 can be applied to (5) as
F hk (x) = 1

1
(1 + x)M 1

(1 rx)

min(M 1,1/x1)



(1)r

r=0

r+1

(10)

M 1 (r+1)cx/1rx

where x is the smallest integer not less than x.

CDF of post-scheduling SINR: By using the independence of over gm
with a multinomial distribution for |Km| dm for m 1, . . . ,M, we
have

l=1,l=m

and variance of 1/2 per each degree of freedom, the joint probability
density
M function (JPDF) of zms is denoted by f (z1, z2 , . . . , zM)
e 2 m1zm (zm 0, zm). The CDF of each users feedback SINR can

ELECTRONICS LETTERS 1st March 2012 Vol. 48 No. 5

F g1 ,g2 ,...,gM (x1 , x2 , . . . , xM ) =


M

m=1

K
pm Fhk (xm )

(11)

Since the channel is assumed to be IID, all the pms are identical, i.e. m,
pm 1/M. The marginal CDF Fgm(x) is nally obtained as

Fgm (x) = 1

1
M (1 + x)M 1

min(M 1,1/x1)



(1)r

r=0

r+1

K
(1 rx)M 1 e(r+1)M /r(1rx)

(12)

Numerical results: In the literature [1 5], the asymptotic behaviour and

the closed form bounds of sum-rate capacity are analysed by the
approximate CDF, which is given by

Fs (x) = 1

M /rx

e
(1 + x)M 1

K

(13)

(x 0)

which is the CDF of max1k K SINRk,m [1]. However, Fs (x) cannot

always be the post-scheduling SINR because (13) assumes that all the
SINRs of users are fed back to the transmitter. But in ORBF feedback
systems, each user feeds back only one SINR. It is observed that
Fgm(x) Fs (x) when x 1. For 0 x , 1, however, Fs (x) is not
exact any more. To verify (12) numerically, two theoretical CDFs and
two empirical CDFs are plotted in Fig. 1. Simul. (sm) denotes the
empirical CDF of gm (m 1, 2). In Fig. 1, the two empirical CDFs
match with the derived result (12), but not with (13) when 0 x 1.
0.020
0.018
0.016

theo. (12)
theo. (13)
simul. (s1)
simul. (s2)

0.014
Pr(SINR <= x)

Conclusion: A key contribution of this Letter is to derive the exact

post-scheduling SINR distribution for orthogonal random beamforming
systems by using direct integration. It is shown that the approximate
distribution in the existing literature happens to be exact when
SINR . 0 dB, and it is not when SINR , 0 dB. The exact distribution
can be used to obtain performance measures such as throughput, BER,
and sum-rate more accurately, especially in the low SNR regime.

0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004

Acknowledgments: This research was supported in part by NRF programmes (20100013397, 2010-0027155), the Seoul R&BD Program
(JP091007, 0423-20090051), the KETEP grant (2011T100100151),
the INMAC, and BK21.
# The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012
3 September 2011
doi: 10.1049/el.2011.2650
One or more of the Figures in this Letter are available in colour online.
Chanhong Kim and Jungwoo Lee (School of Electrical Engineering,
Seoul National University, 599 Kwanak-Ro, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul
151-744, Korea)
E-mail: junglee@snu.ac.kr
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Inc., 2003, 3rd edn.)

0.002
0
12.0

11.5

11.0
SINR, dB

10.5

10.0

Fig. 1 Comparison between theoretical and empirical CDFs of postscheduling SINR (M 2, K 30, r 210 dB)

ELECTRONICS LETTERS 1st March 2012 Vol. 48 No. 5