Power Flow and Dynamic Optimal Power Flow

Including Wind Farms

Gonggui Chen, Member, IEEE, Jinfu Chen, and Xianzhong Duan, Member, IEEE

wind farms [1].

Various wind generators have been developed and different
wind generators have been built. Three types of typical
generator systems for large wind generators exist [1]-[2].The
first type is a FSWG system using a multi-stage gearbox and a
standard squirrel-cage induction generator, directly connected
to the grid. The second type is a VSWG system with a multistage gearbox and a doubly fed induction generator, its stator
winding is directly connected to the grid. The third type is also
a VSWG, but it is a gearless wind generator system with a
direct-drive generator, normally a low-speed high-torque
synchronous generator and a full-scale power electronic
converter are used. Since FSWG always draws reactive power
from the grid, in most cases, capacitors are connected in
parallel to the generator to compensate for the reactive power
consumption.
The power flow model for a FSWG system and a VSWG
system is discussed respectively. Since FSWG cant perform
reactive power compensation, the RX and PQ iterative models
are often used in the power flow calculation for the wind
power integrated system[3]-[4],but two iterative processes are
needed in both iterative model, which limit the calculation
speed of the DOPF considering wind farms. Actually,
absorbed reactive power of FSWG is a function of voltage,
hence, the P-bus model of FSWG is adopted in this paper[5].
Nevertheless, VSWG can perform reactive power
compensation, its generator bus can be dealt with as PV-bus in
power flow calculation.
In this paper, the problems of DOPF including wind
farms are researched. The expectation model of wind
generators' active power outputs is adopted. DOPF is a method
to schedule the online generator outputs with the predicted
load demands over a certain period of time so as to operate an
electric power system most economically. Normally, it is
solved by dividing the entire dispatch period into a number of
small time intervals, then a static economic dispatch has been
employed to solve the problem in each interval [5]-[7].In this
paper, DOPF model, which takes all conventional units cost
minimum as the objective function and takes the whole time
and the inherent relations of different intervals into account in
wind power integrated system, is established.
DOPF is a typical complex multi-constrained non-convex
non-linear programming problem in wind power integrated
system when considering the valve-point effect of
conventional generators. Moreover, it is mixed integer when
considering the discreteness of FSWG reactive compensation
devices. However, both lambda-iterative and gradient

Abstract--With the increasing levels of wind generator

penetration in modern power systems, one of major challenges in
the present and coming years is the optimization control, such as
optimal power flow including wind farms. The power flow model
for a fixed speed wind generator(FSWG) system and a variable
speed wind generator(VSWG) system is discussed respectively.
The expectation model of wind generators' active power outputs
is adopted. Dynamic optimal power flow (DOPF) is a typical
complex multi-constrained non-convex non-linear programming
problem in wind power integrated system when considering the
valve-point effect of conventional generators. Moreover, it is
mixed integer when considering the discreteness of FSWG
reactive compensation devices. DOPF model is established in this
paper, and then a novel shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA)is
proposed for solving the established DOPF model. According to
the principle of the nearest reactive power compensation, the
required reactive power of FSWG doesnt absorb from the
system as much as possible, but mainly from its reactive
compensation devices. Improved IEEE 30-bus system is used to
illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with
those obtained from particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithm. The test results show that the proposed method is
effective and has a certain practicality.
Index Terms-- wind power generation; power flow; dynamic
optimal power flow; shuffled frog leaping algorithm; reactive
compensation

I. INTRODUCTION

ITH the increase in the environmental awareness and

the passage of environmental regulations, the
environmental constraints are having a significant impact on
power systems. Making full use of wind energy to generate
electricity can not only reduce the environmental pollution but
also reduce the fuel cost of the power system, which brings the
considerable economic benefits. Wind energy is the worlds
fastest growing renewable energy source. With the increasing
levels of wind generator penetration in modern power systems,
one of major challenges in the present and coming years is the
optimization control, such as optimal power flow including
This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of
China(973 Program)(2009CB219700) and by the Science Research Program
of Education Bureau of Hubei Province under Grant No.D 20092906.
Gonggui Chen is with both the Collage of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
430074, China and the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hubei University for
Nationalities, Enshi 445000,China (e-mail: chengonggui@yahoo.cn).
Jinfu Chen and Xianzhong Duan are with the College of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan 430074, China (email: jinfu_chen@263.net; xzduan@263.net).

technique methods in conventional approaches to the problems

are calculus-based techniques and require a smooth and
convex cost function and strict continuity of the search space.
In this paper, a novel SFLA is proposed for solving the
established DOPF model. The SFLA is a mimetic metaheuristic that has been developed for combinatorial
optimization problems to seek a global optimal solution[8][9].The algorithm is a population-based cooperative search
metaphor inspired by interacting virtual population of frogs
partitioned into different memeplexes, and contains elements
of local search and global information exchange. The local
search is completed using a PSO [10]-like method adapted for
discrete problems but emphasizing a local search. To ensure
global exploration, the frogs are periodically shuffled and
reorganized into new memplexes in a technique similar to that
used in the shuffled complex evolution algorithm[11].
Improved IEEE 30-bus system is used to illustrate the
effectiveness of the proposed method compared with those
obtained from PSO algorithm. The test results show that the
proposed method is effective and has a certain practicality.
This paper is arranged as follows. Firstly, the power flow
model for a FSWG system and a VSWG system is described
respectively. DOPF model is established in section III. The
SFLA and the detailed methods of algorithm for solving
DOPF are discussed in section IV. Numerical results of SFLA
and PSO in DOPF of improved IEEE 30-bus system are
compared in section V. Conclusions and discussions are
provided in section VI.

s=

(2)

It can be clearly shown that FSWG bus cant be dealt with

as PQ-bus in power flow calculation. It can be known from (2)
that P is a constant and Q is a function of voltage, hence, the
P-bus power flow model of FSWG bus is adopted.
Therefore, if calculating the flow of the power system with
wind farms by Newton-Raphson method, only one element
Vi Qi/ Vi needs to be modified in the Jacobian matrix and
the calculation process has no difference with the conventional
process based on Newton-Raphson method.
As it is well known, VSWG has increased year by year
over the past 10 years[1]. Because VSWG can perform
reactive power compensation, its generator bus can be dealt
with as PV-bus in power flow calculation, and the power flow
calculation has no difference with the conventional process
based on Newton-Raphson method.
III. DOPF MODEL
Due to the random variation of the wind velocities and load
demands, it is difficult to research the DOPF in the power
system including wind farms. For simplifying this problem,
the dividing-stage strategy is adopted in this paper. According
to the wind velocity forecasting curves and the load
forecasting curves in the planning horizon, the expectations of
wind generators' outputs and the load demands at dispatch
interval can be calculated.
A. Constraints
Constraints include equality and inequality constraints. The
equation constraint is the power flow formulation constraint
while inequality constraints including generator power output,
ramp rate and bus voltage are as in(3)-(5). For the FSWG bus,
absorbed reactive power from the power system is bounded as
in(6). The constraints of real power generation limit and the
ramp rate are taken into account as in (3).

The well-known advantages of FSWG are it is robust, easy

and relatively cheap for mass production. Although the market
share in FSWG has decreased, the market interest in FSWG
may increase if it is demonstrated that High Voltage Direct
Current Transmission (HVDC) technologies-based wind farms
consisting of such FSWG are robust to grid faults[1]. Since
FSWG always draws reactive power from the grid, in most
cases, capacitors are connected in parallel to the generator to
compensate for the reactive power consumption. the P-bus
power flow model of FSWG bus is adopted in this paper.
The simplified equivalent circuit of a FSWG is shown in
Fig.1. Where xm is the excitation reactance, x1 and x2 are the
stator and rotor reactance respectively, r2 is the rotor
resistance and the stator resistance is ignored, s is the slip of
the FSWG.

t 1
max P , Pt 1 D T Pt min P
+ U Ri T
i ,min i
Ri
i
i,max , Pi

i N gen

(3)

t
QGi,min QGi
QGi,max , i N gen

(4)

Vi,min Vit Vi,max , i N

(5)

t
min
Qab
Qab

(6)
where Pi,min and Pi,max are the maximum and minimum limits
of the power generation of unit i, Pit is the real power output of
unit i at the tth interval, Pit-1is the real power output of unit i at
the t-1th interval; URi is the up-ramp limit of the ith generator
(in units of MW/time-period),and DRi is the down-ramp limit
of the ith generator (in units of MW/time-period) ;T is time
interval, Ngen is the number of conventional generating units,
and N is the number of system buses (excluding slack bus); Vit
is the voltage magnitude output of bus i at the tth interval; QtGi
is the reactive power output of conventional generating unit i
at the tth interval; Qabt is the absorbed reactive power of wind

Fig. 1. The equivalent circuit of FSWG

From the Fig.1, the following equation can be obtained:

P ( s 2 x 2 + r22 )
V 2 Px
, Q = (
+
s ), x = x1 + x2
r2 s
xm r2

2Px2

V 2 V 2 + V 4 4 P 2 x2
Q=
+
= f (V )
xm
2x

II. THE POWER FLOW METHOD INCLUDING WIND

FARMS

V=

V 2r2 + V 4r22 4P2 x2r22

(1)

So, the following equation can be derived:

2

farm bus at the tth interval; max is the maximum value of the
variable, min is the minimum value of the variable.
After calculating the power flow, the state variables, power
loss and real power output of the slack bus generator
corresponding to the current control variables are available.
The real power output of the slack bus generator will be set to
the limit if it violates the limit. After handling overlimit of the
real power output of the slack bus generator, the system power
balance constraints as in(7) must meet, otherwise adding (7) as
penalty terms to the objective function to form a generalized
objective function. Details of the generalized objective
function used in this paper are given in section C.
P t =

N gen1

i =1

Pit + Pslt + Pwt , av Plst Pldt = 0

are constrained by adding them as penalty terms to the

objective function as in (10).
The FSWG always draws reactive power from the grid.
According to the principle of the nearest reactive power
compensation, the required reactive power of wind farm
doesnt absorb from the system as much as possible, but
mainly from the wind farm reactive compensation devices.
Because reactive power compensation devices are group
switched capacitors in wind farms, the maximum of absorbed
reactive power of wind farm from the grid is set to one set of
group switched capacitors which is considered by generalizing
the objective function using penalty terms. Considering
efficiency maximization of wind farm reactive power
compensation devices, the injected reactive power of wind
farm bus is not constrained.
To sum up, the above problems are generalized as follows:

(7)

Where Pt is the unbalance of the real power at the tth

interval,Ngen-1 represents the number of conventional
generating units excluding the slack bus, Pslt is the real
power output of the slack bus generator after handling its
overlimit at the tth interval, Plst is the total power loss at the tth
interval, Pldt is the total load expectation at the tth interval,
Ptw,av is the expectation of wind generators' real power outputs
at the tth interval.

min{
T

min F = F
t =1 i =1

( )
Pit

t =1 i =1

t =1iNPQ

KQ

t =1iNgen

lim 2
t
(QGi
QGi
) + KC

T
lim 2
t
Qab
Qab
+ KD
t =1
t =1

(10)

( P ) }
t 2

Where KV, KQ, KC and KD are variable overlimit penalty

coefficients which are set to 1, 1, 1000 and 1000 respectively;
Vit is the voltage magnitude of bus i at the tth
interval(excluding the slack bus and PV bus ); QtGi is the
reactive power output of generator i at the tth interval; Qabt is
the absorbed reactive power of wind farm bus at the tth
interval; Vilim and QGilim denote the violated upper or lower
limits; Qablim denotes the violated lower limit that is defined
as:

B. Objective Function
Due to the fact that wind generation does not consume the
fuel, the utility must purchase all the energy produced by wind
generating units. Consequently, the objective is to minimize
the following total incremental fuel cost function F associated
to Ngen dispatchable units for T intervals in the given time
horizon, subject to the above-mentioned equality and
inequality constraints.
T N gen

T Ngen

F ( Pit ) + KV (Vit Vilim)2 +

max
max t
lim Qab , Qab > Qab
Qab
=
t
t
max
Qab , Qab Qab

(8)

(11)

Where Qabmax is the upper limit value of the absorbed reactive

power of wind farm bus which is set to 1Mvar in the paper.
(2) For the DOPF problem including VSWG, the real
power outputs of conventional generating units are control
variables which are self-constrained. Voltages of PQbus, the
reactive power outputs of conventional generating units and
the system power balance are constrained by adding them as
penalty terms to the objective function as in (12).

The inclusion of valve-point loading effects makes the

modeling of the fuel cost function of the unit more practical.
This increases the non-linearity and local optima in the
solution space. Also the solution procedure can easily trap in
the local optima in the vicinity of optimal value. The fuel cost
function of the ith unit F (Pit) with valve-point loadings are
represented as follows [12]:
(9)
F ( Pit ) = ai + bi Pit + ci Pit 2 + ei sin( fi (Pi,min Pit )

min{

where ai, bi, and ci are cost coefficients and ei, fi are constants
from the valve-point effect of the ith generating unit.

T Ngen

t =1 i=1

t =1iNPQ

F ( Pit ) + KV (Vit Vilim)2 +

KQ

C. Evaluation Function
We must define the evaluation function for evaluating the
fitness of each individual in the population. In the most of the
nonlinear optimization problems, the constraints are
considered by generalizing the objective function using
penalty terms.
(1)For the DOPF problem including FSWG, the real power
outputs of conventional generating units and switching group
numbers of wind farm reactive power compensation devices
are control variables which are self-constrained. Voltages of
PQbus and wind farm bus, the reactive power outputs of
conventional generating units and the system power balance

t =1iNgen

t
lim 2
(QGi
QGi
) + KD

(12)

( P ) }
t 2

t =1

IV. SFLA AND IMPLEMENTS

The SFLA is a population-based cooperative stochastic
search method that mimic natural biological evolution and the
social behavior of species. The algorithm has been developed
to arrive at near-optimum solutions to complex and large-scale
optimization problems which cannot be solved by gradientbased mathematical programming techniques. The SFLA
consists of a set of interacting virtual population of frogs
partitioned into different memeplexes. The virtual frogs act as
3

hosts or carriers of memes where a meme is a unit of cultural

evolution. The algorithm performs simultaneously an
independent local search in each memeplex. The local search
is completed using a PSO -like method adapted for discrete
problems but emphasizing a local search. To ensure global
exploration, the virtual frogs are periodically shuffled and
reorganized into new memplexes in a technique similar to that
used in the shuffled complex evolution algorithm. The strategy
of local search and global information exchange make frog
leap out of local optimum and towards the global optimum
solution (food place) with great probability.

slack bus generator, the system power balance constraints as

in(7) must meet, otherwise adding (7) as penalty terms to the
objective function to form a generalized objective function. In
this paper, Eq. (10) (for the FSWG)and Eq. (12) (for the
VSWG)are used as the fitness or evaluation function. This is a
generalized fitness function used to evaluate the fitness of the
candidate solution of each frog individual. Finally, according
to the assessment value of the evaluation function for all frogs,
the frogs are sorted in ascending order.
D. Partition the Frogs into Memeplexes
Partition the sorted F frogs into m
F1FkFm, each containing n frogs, such that

A. Representation
For the DOPF problem including the FSWG, there are T
dispatches by Ngen-1 conventional generating units and one
wind farm (many wind farms may be inferred by analogy). An
frog array of control variable vectors is

S Frogs

P11 P12 P1t

P21 P22
P2t

=
1
2
Pnt
Pn Pn
Q1 Q 2
Qct
c
c

P1T

P2T

T
Pn
QcT

F k = [SFrogs [k + m(l 1)]], k = 1,2,", m l = 1,2,", n

E. Local Search
In each memeplex, record the frogss position with the best
and the worst fitness as Fb and Fw respectively. Also, record
the frogs position with the global best fitness as Fg. Then, the
position of the frog with the worst fitness is adjusted as
follows:

(14)

where SFrogs is frog vector, F is the number of population

frogs, Pnt is the real power output of nth generating unit at the
tth interval, Qct is the number of group switched capacitors in
wind farm at the tth interval.
For the DOPF problem including the VSWG, there are T
dispatches by Ngen-1 conventional generating units. An frog
array of control variable vectors is

S Frogs

P11
P12

1
P2
P22

=
1
2
Pn 1 Pn 1
P1
Pn2
n

P1t
P2t
Pnt 1
Pnt

P1T

P2T

PnT1
PnT

(16)

For example, for m=4, frog ranking 1 goes to memeplex 1,

frog ranking 2 goes to memeplex 2, frog ranking 3 goes to
memeplex 3, frog ranking 4 goes to memeplex 4, frog ranking
5 goes to memeplex 1, and so on.
Where SFrogs[k+m(l-1)] is the solution value of the k+m(l-1)th
frog.

(13)

Frogs = 1,2," F

memeplexes

( D j ) = rand ( ) ( Fb Fw )
new Fw = old Fw + D j

( Dmax D j Dmax )

(17)

Where rand() is a random vector between 0 and 1; and Dmax is

the maximum step size vector allowed for a frog. If the
evolution produces a better solution, it replaces the worst frog.
Otherwise, the calculations in (17) is repeated but with Fb
replaced by Fg. If no improvement becomes possible in this
case, a new solution within the feasible space is randomly
generated to replace the worst frog. After that, the n frogs of
current memeplex are sorted in ascending order again. If Fb of
current memeplex is better than Fg, it replaces Fg. The above
procedure then continue for a specific number of local
iterations.

(15)

B. Initialization
For the complete F population frogs, the candidate solution
of each individual frog is randomly initialized within the
feasible range in such a way that it should satisfy the
constraint given by (3).
Set F=100, m=20,where m is the total number of
memeplexes. Set I= 150,where I counts the number of global
evolutionary steps. Set J=10, where J counts the number of
local evolutionary steps. Initialize global iteration count I=0
and local iteration count J =0.

F. Shuffling of Population
After a pre-specified number of memetic evolutionary steps
within each memeplex, the population is forced to be shuffled,
and then sorted in order of ascending evaluation value. Set
I=I+1, and if I<150, go to step D. Otherwise, break and
output.
As mentioned above, periodic shuffling strategy promotes a
global exchange of information among the frogs and helps to
concentrate the search in the direction of the most promising
region identified by individual memeplexes.

C. Power Flow and Fitness Calculation

Through the power flow calculation including wind farms,
the state variables, power loss and real power output of the
slack bus generator corresponding to the current control
variables have been able to get. The real power output of the
slack bus generator will be set to the limit if it violates the
limit. After handling overlimit of the real power output of the

V. CASE STUDY
To verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the adopted
SFLA for DOPF problems including wind farms, the modified
IEEE 30-bus power system is used as the test systems. The
procedure has been implemented in Matlab 7.0 programming
4

language and numerical tests are carried on a Pentium 4 2.4G

computer. The wind farm including 60 wind generators with
the same type, the rating power of which reaches 36MW, is
connected to the system at the bus 9. For the single FSWG, its
rating voltage is 690V, the excitation reactance xm is
2.2059,the sum of the stator reactance x1 and rotor reactance
x2 are 0.1998[15]. The time when the wind velocities vary
quickly is selected as the planning horizon. For simplifying
the analysis, the load size is considered invariable in the
planning horizon. The planning horizon is divided into 4
intervals, and every interval is 0.5hr. The wind generators'
outputs are shown in Tab. I. The modified IEEE 30-bus
system data are given in[13]-[14]. The parameters of the
conventional generating units are shown in Tab. II and Tab.
III.
For the DOPF problem including the FSWG, the maximum
capacity of the reactive power compensation is 40Mvar which
constitutes of 40 set of group switched capacitors with per unit
1Mvar. So, the upper limit value of the absorbed reactive
power of wind farm bus is set to1Mvar in the paper.

respectively. It is clearly shown that, by using SFLA, the total

production cost savings of 97.525 $/h is obtained compared
with PSO algorithm. Hence, it is justified that SFLA approach
gives the exact minimum dispatch solution. Tab. VI shows the
best, worst and average cost values for different methods after
20 independent trials. From the results, the superiority of the
SFLA strategies over PSO can be noticed. The difference
between the best and worst solutions are 209.606 $/h with
SFLA. At the same time, the difference between the best and
worst solutions is 339.463 $/h with PSO. Moreover, the best
and worst solutions obtained by SFLA are very close to the
average value, which proves that SFLA is more robust and
consistent. In conclusion, it is clearly shown that SFLA is the
most accurate and gives the exact minimum dispatch solution.
TABLE IV
BEST SOLUTION OBTAINED USING THE SFL METHOD

TABLE I
THE WIND FARM DATA IN DIFFERENT PERIODS
Stage

P t w,av (MW)

36

20

30

TABLE II
THE PARAMETERS OF CONVENTIONAL GENERATING UNITS
Generator
G1
G2
G22
G27
G23
G13

Stage

P G1(MW)
P G2(MW)
P G22(MW)
P G27(MW)
P G23(MW)
P G13(MW)
QC(Mvar)
V 9 (p.u.)

16.79337
52.57853
15.00158
24.23038
17.10053
29.14841
19
1.002233

16.00307
56.33035
21.25102
28.8381
17.75523
30.8165
19
1.001151

15.43871
59.91267
23.53374
31.05797
23.67985
37.74098
20
1.000501

4.695837
56.26969
20.73734
31.43005
18.68731
28.99891
20
1.00284

Total production cost :4069.938 $/h

TABLE V
BEST SOLUTION OBTAINED USING THE PSO METHOD

ai
bi
ci
URi
P i0
ei
fi
DRi
2
($/h) ($/MWh) ($/MW h) (MW/h) (MW/h) (MW) ($/h) (rad/MW)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

2.00
1.75
1.00
3.25
3.00
3.00

0.0200
0.0175
0.0625
0.00834
0.0250
0.0250

21.6
18
14.4
10.8
14.4
18

21.6
18
14.4
10.8
14.4
18

25.97
60.97
21.59
26.91
19.2
37

300
200
150
100
200
200

0.2
0.22
0.42
0.3
0.35
0.35

TABLE III
THE PARAMETERS AND LIMITS OF CONVENTIONAL GENERATING UNITS

Generator

Qi,max
(MVAr)

Qi,min
(MVAr)

V i,max
(p.u.)

V i,min
(p.u.)

P i,max
(MW)

P i,min
(MW)

G1
G2
G22
G27
G23
G13

150
60
62.5
48.7
40
44.7

-20
-20
-15
-15
-10
-15

1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05

0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95

80
80
50
55
30
40

0
0
0
0
0
0

Stage

P G(MW)
P G(MW)
P G(MW)
P G(MW)
P G(MW)
P G(MW)
QC(Mvar)
V 9 (p.u.)

15.50798
55.58199
15.52584
24.0506
13.74985
30.48537
13
0.996392

18.61479
58.06763
22.72584
25.46362
18.34612
27.81001
18
0.999926

23.59918
60.42182
25.04765
27.01519
19.81417
35.45648
24
1.00421

15.44862
55.50448
21.66839
22.91067
17.26542
28.0251
26
1.008378

Total production cost: 4167.463 $/h

TABLE VI
COMPARISON OF BEST, WORST AND AVERAGE COST VALUES
Algorithms
SFLA
PSO

Best ($/h)

Worst ($/h)

Average ($/h)

4069.938
4167.463

4279.544
4506.926

4174.741
4337.194

For the DOPF problem including the VSWG, the VSWG

can perform reactive power compensation, so the bus 9 is
converted to PV-bus in power flow calculation, and the power
flow calculation has no difference with the conventional
process based on Newton-Raphson method. An frog array of
control variable vectors is as in (15), and the evaluation
function is as in (12), the rest is the same with that mentioned
above. Due to space limitations, the same conclusion obtained

To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach

for DOPF problems, simulation results have been compared
with the PSO method. Owing to the randomness in intelligent
algorithms, two algorithms are executed 20 times when
applied to the test system.
For the DOPF problem including the FSWG, Tab. IV and
Tab. V list the best control variables found by the SFLA and
PSO algorithm for the modified IEEE 30-bus system
5

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matlab power system simulation package. [Online].Available:
http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower.
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generation dispatch based on probability security criteria, IEEE
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will not be repeated.

VI. CONCLUSION
Considering the valve-point effect and ramp rate limits of
conventional generators, as well as the discreteness of the
reactive compensation devices including the FSWG, DOPF
model, which takes the all conventional units cost minimum as
the objective function and takes the whole time and the
inherent relations of different stages into account in wind
power integrated system, is established. The power flow
model for FSWG and VSWG is discussed respectively. The Pbus model of FSWG bus is adopted, and VSWG bus is dealt
with as PV-bus in power flow calculation in this paper. A
novel SFLA is proposed for solving the established DOPF
model and the detailed methods of the algorithm are given.
For the DOPF problem including FSWG, according to the
principle of the nearest reactive power compensation, the
required reactive power of wind farm doesnt absorb from the
system as much as possible, but mainly from the wind farm
reactive compensation devices. Improved IEEE 30-bus system
is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method
compared with those obtained from PSO algorithm. The test
results show that SFLA gives the exacter minimum dispatch
solution and achieves better economic efficiency compared
with PSO algorithm.

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Gonggui Chen was born in Hubei, China in 1964. He received his B.S.
degree in physics from Huazhong Normal University, and M. Eng. degree in
computer technology from Huazhong University of Science and
Technology(HUST), in 1987 and 2004 respectively. He is at present an
associate professor with the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hubei University
for Nationalities, and currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering in HUST. His research interests include power system analysis
and operation, distributed generation and application of artificial intelligence.
Jinfu Chen was born in Fujian, China in 1972. He received his B.Eng. and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Huazhong University of Science
and Technology (HUST) in 1996 and 2002 respectively. Dr. Chen is an
associate professor in the College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at
HUST. His research interests include electric power systems analysis and
operation and distributed generation.
Xianzhong Duan was born in Hunan, China in 1966. He received his B.Eng.
and Ph.D. degrees from Huazhong University of Science and
Technology(HUST) in 1987 and 1992 respectively. He currently works as a
full professor in the same university. Dr. Duan is currently with the College of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering at HUST. His preference includes
power system analysis and planning, voltage stability, FACTS and application
of IT in the power system.

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