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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.O.-12
Hkkjr esa lekt
( Society in India )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k osQ lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjjk"Vh; ,dhdj.k dk vk'k; jk"V esa fofHk tkfr] keZ] oxZ ,oa Hkk"kkvksa osQ fo|keku gksus osQ ckotwn ukxfjdksa osQ ,oQ
lw=k esa caks gksus ls gSA ;g ,drk dh Hkkouk dk rhd gS] ftlosQ }kjk ukxfjdksa esa LokfHkeku] jk"V&dY;k.k ,oa cUkqRo dh Hkkouk
dks tkxzr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blh ls Hkkfor gksdj O;fkQ vius jk"V ls vuqjkx djrk gS rFkk mlosQ fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx djrk gSA
,dhdj.k dks ,oQ euksoSKkfud f;k ekuk tk ldrk gS] tks osQ ukxfjdksa esa ikjLifjd cUkqRo vkSj jk"V osQ fr viuRo dk Hkko
mRi djosQ laxfBr o l'kkQ cukrh gSA vFkkZr~ ,dhdj.k jk"V osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ gkFk esa og ifo=k Hkkouk gS tks HkkSxksfyd Hkk"kk]
keZ] tkfr] lEnk;] laLfr] lH;rk dh fHkrk gksrs gq, Hkh ukxfjdksa dks ,oQ lw=k esa ckak dj jk"V dh LFkfr dks lqn`<+ cukrh
gSA
jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k fdlh Hkh jk"V osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ fy, ,oQ egoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA Hkkjrh; lafokku fuekZrkvksa us fo?kVudkjh roksa
dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, ,oQ 'kfkQ'kkyh osQUnz dh O;oLFkk dh] ftlls ns'k ,drk osQ lw=k esa cakk jgsA fiQj Hkh jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k osQ
ekxZ esa vusd ckkk, [krjs osQ :i esa lkeus vk ldrh gSa] tks bl dkj gSa
1- Hkk"kkoknHkkjr esa vusd Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh yksx fuokl djrs gSAa oqQN yksx viuh Hkk"kk dks loZJ"s B le>rs gSAa nwljh Hkk"kk ls ?k`.kk
dk Hkko j[krs gSa vkSj Hkk"kk osQ uke ij naxs o minzo djrs gSAa Hkk"kk jktuhfrd tksM&+ rksM+ djus dk ,oQ egoiw.kZ ek;e fl gqbZ gSA
usrkvksa }kjk nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ rfeyukMq jkT; esa lkk kIr djus osQ fy, Hkk"kk osQ vkkkj ij yksxksa dh Hkkouk, HkM+dkbZ xbZA blls jk"Vh;rk
ij frowQy Hkko iM+rk gSA Hkkjr esa fnuksfa nu Hkk"kkokn dh leL;k c<+ jgh gS] tks jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k osQ ekxZ esa [krjk gSA
2- lkEnkf;drklkEnkf;drk jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k osQ fy, lcls cM+k [krjk gSA D;ksafd yksx vius lEnk; dh egkk dks
fn[kkus osQ fy, gksM+ djrs gSaA vius lEnk; dks nwljkas osQ lEnk; ls mQapk ;k egoiw.kZ fn[kkus osQ fy, vkil esa la?k"kZ mRiUu
gksrs gSa vkSj lkEnkf;oQ Hkkouk cyorh gks tkrh gSA jk"V&fgr dks Hkqyk fn;k tkrk gSA lkEnkf;drk Hkkjr dh Hk;adj leL;k gSA
3- lkekftd vlekurkHkkjrh; lekt esa oLrq lsok] laifk] 'kfkQ] fr"Bk] nkf;Rp vkSj lqfokkvksa dk forj.k vleku gS]
ftlls mQp&uhp dk Hkko mRi gksrk gSA kuh yksxksa }kjk fukZu yksxksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA vehjh o xjhch osQ chp ,oQ xgjh
[kkbZ fo|eku gks tkrh gS] ftlls jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k dks [krjk gks ldrk gSA
4- {ks=kh; fo"kerkHkkjr esa fofHk {ks=kksa osQ vleku fodkl dk jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k ij frowQy Hkko iM+kA tutkrh; lewgksa
osQ }kjk {ks=kh; fiNMs+iu ij 'u mBk;k tk pqdk gSA Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; fo"kerk dh n`f"V ls vusd jkT;ksa esa vjktdrk o v'kkfUr cuh
gqbZ gSA
5- tkfrokntkfrokn dh Hkkouk viuh tkfr ls isze djuk fl[kkrh gSA tkfrokn ,oQ ,slk tgj gS] tks jk"Vh; psruk lekIr
dj nsrk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k jk"Vh; fgrksa dh mis{kk gksus yxrh gSA Hkkjr esa tkfrokn dh Hkkouk fnu&frfnu c<+ jgh gSA iatkc eas

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gkus okyk flD[kksa osQ vkUnksyu dk vkkkj Hkh tkfr gh Fkk] D;ksafd vYila[;oQ tkrh; lewg gksus dk cksk muesa xgjk gks pqdk FkkA
bl dkj tkfrokn dh Hkkouk jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k osQ fy, [krjk gSA
iz'u 2- fookg dh ladYiuk dh ppkZ dhft,A Hkkjr esa fookg osQ ifjorZu'khy izfr:iksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjfgUnw ekU;rkvksa osQ vuqlkj fookg ,d ifo=k tUe&tUekUrj dk cUku gS] ftls dHkh rksM+k ugha tk ldrkA Hkkjrh;
laLo`Qfr esa O;fDr osQ fy, pkj eq[k dkZO;ksakeZ] vFkZ] dke o eks{kdks vko';d ekuk x;k gS vkSj ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd fookg
osQ }kjk gh bls iw.kZ fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fgUnw thou ifr esa bldk fo'ks"k ego gSSA
,MoMZ osLVjekoZQ osQ vuqlkj] uj vkSj ukjh osQ e; U;wukfkd LFkk;h lacak] tks iztuu dh f;k ls ijs cPpksa osQ tUe osQ
mijkUr Hkh cuk jgrk gSA
fookg osQ dkj
Hkkjr esa fookg osQ nks Lo:i pfyr gSa
1- ,dy fookg]
2- cgq&fookgA
,dy fookg esa ,d ifr osQ lkFk ,d gh iRuh jg ldrh gS] tcfd cgq&fookg osQ vUrxZr nks Lo:i gksrs gSacgq&iRuh fookg]
cgqifr fookgA
pfyr Lo:iHkkjr esa eq[;r% ,dy fookg dk gh pyu gSA
ifr&iRuh dks pquus dh ifr;k
Hkkjr esa ifr&iRuh dh p;u dh rhu ifr;k fu;ekuqlkj ikbZ tkrh gSaA igyh] vUrookg gS] ftlesa vuqykse o frykse fookg
osQ fu;e 'kfey gSa_ nwljh] cfgookg vkSj rhljh] r; fd, x, fookgA
1- vUrfoZokgkeZ'kkL=kksa osQ vuqlkj R;sd fgUnw dks vius o.kZ ;k tkfr osQ vUnj gh fookg djuk gksrk gSA ysfdu vkt vusd
mitkfr;k mRi gks xbZ gSa] blfy, O;fDr tkfr esa gh ugha] mitkfr esa Hkh fookg lEcUk LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA ;gh vUrookg
osQ fu;e Hkh dgrs gSaA
vuqykse fookgvuqykse fookg og fu;e gS ftlosQ }kjk ,d iq#"k dks vius o.kZ rFkk tkfr dh fLFkfr dh L=kh ls gh fookg
djus dh vuqefr kIr gksrh gSA ;fn oj dh vis{kk dU;k dh tkfr dh lkekftd fLFkfr mQph gks] rc ,sls fookg dks frykse fookg
dgk tkrk gSA ijUrq keZ xzUFk ,sls fookg dh vuqefr ugha nsrs gSaA
2- cfgookgcfgookg ,slk fu;e gS] ftldk ikyu fgUnqvksa esa dBksjrk ls fd;k tkrk gSA bldk vkkkj xks=k] oj vkSj fi.M
dh kkj.kk, gSaA cfgookg bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd fgUnw iq#"k vius gh xks=k] oj vFkok fi.M dh dU;k ls fookg lEcUk
LFkkfir ugha dj ldrk gSA bl dkj bldh rhu 'kk[kk, gSa
(i) xks=k cfgookgxks=k 'kCn ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xks=k dk rkRi;Z ,d fo'ks"k LFkku ij jgus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ lewg ls FkkA
Le`fr;ksa dh jpuk ls igys rd ,d gh xks=k osQ L=kh&iq#"k osQ chp fookg lEcUk gksus osQ mnkgj.k feyrs gSa] blosQ i'pkr~ bl dkj
osQ fookgksa ij dBksj frcUk yxk fn, x,A ,d xks=k osQ lnL; vius dks jDr&lEcUkh ekurs gSaA
(ii) oj cfgookgoj dk lkekU; vFkZ gS fd tks f"k&eqfu ,d gh fopkjkkjk ls tqMs+ gksa os ,d gh ifjokj osQ lnL;
ekus tkrs gSa vkSj buesa vkil esa jDr lEcUk Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd muosQ iwoZt lxs HkkbZ Fks vkSj iwoZ ih<+h esa
muosQ ,d gh firkeg FksA blh n`f"V ls os ,d gh ifjokj ;k oa'k osQ gksus osQ dkj.k ,d&nwljs ls fookg ugha djrsA
(iii) fi.M cfgookgfi.M dh O;k[;k nks vkkkjksa ij dh xbZ gSA ferk{kjk osQ vuqlkj fi.M dk vFkZ leku jDrd.kksa ls gSA
vFkkZr O;fDr;ksa esa ,d lkekU; iwoZt osQ jDr dk lekos'k gS] mUgsa lfi.M dgk tkrk gSA nk; Hkkxbldk vFkZ pkoy osQ fi.Mh
:ih xksyksa ls yxk;k tkrk gS] tks Jk osQ le; fir`O;ksa dks vfiZr fd;k tkrk gSA bl dkj ,d gh iwoZt dks fi.Mnku djus okys
O;fDr vkil esa lfi.M gksrs gSaA blhfy, lfi.M O;fDr;ksa esa cfgookg osQ fu;ekuqlkj fookg lEcUk LFkkfir ugha gks ldrsA
3- r; fd, x, fookgHkkjr esa vfkdka'k fookg ekrk&firk o ?kj osQ cqtqxks dh lgefr ls r; fd, tkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh
yM+osQ o yM+dksa dh vuqefr Hkh yh tkrh gSA tc fookg ekrk&firk }kjk fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g fookg r; fookg dh Js.kh
esa vkrk gSA
iz'u 3- D;k xko dks ,d Lok;r bdkbZ ekuk tk ldrk gS\ mfpr roZQ nsrs gq, vius mkj dks Li"V djsaA
mkjHkkjr osQ fopkjdksa osQ }kjk bl er dk fojksk fd;k x;k fd xko ,d NksVk x.kra=k gSA mUgksaus vius v;;uksa }kjk fl

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fd;k fd Hkkjrh; xko foLr`r lekt vkSj lH;rk dk gh ,d vax jgk gS vkSj ;g NksVk x.kra=k ugha gSA D;ksafd xko fuoklh jkT;
;k fj;klr osQ lEcUkksa osQ ckjs esa tkx:d FksA mudh bl tkx:drk dk n'kZu bl ckr ls gksrk gS fd os ml jktk dks T;knk ilUn
djrs Fks] tks mudh ywVekj djus okyksa o lSU; cyksa ls j{kk djrs FksA ;fn jktk ;k kku LFkkuh; HkqRolEi tkfr dk gks] rks mldh
tkfr okys ladV osQ le; xko dh lgk;rk djrs FksA vR;kpkj osQ fo# os lkewfgd la?k"kZ djrs FksA xko osQ fuokfl;ksa o 'kkldksa
osQ chp lEcUk tfVy FksA fuokl osQ fy, tehusa rks Fkha] ysfdu Je&'kfDr dk vHkko FkkA tk }kjk tc iyk;u dj fn;k tkrk
Fkk ;k la?k"kZ fd;k tkrk Fkk] rc jktk osQ lkeus dfBukb;k mifLFkr gksrh FkhaA
vr% ;g dguk loZFkk xyr Fkk fd fczfV'k&iwoZ Hkkjr osQ xko NksVs x.kjkT; gqvk djrs FksA ysfdu ;g Hkh >qByk;k ugha tk
ldrk fd lM+dksa dk u gksuk vkSj ?kfV;k lapkj lkkuksa dh otg ls xkoksa esa Lok;krk dh lhek, lhfer Fkha vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
osQ mPp Lrjksa dh jktuhfr ls os vyx&Fkyx iM+ tkrs FksA jktk osQ }kjk xzke fuokfl;ksa dks nSfud f;kdykiksa o vU; ekeyksa
esa mUgsa Lo'kklu djus osQ vfkdkj fn, x, FksA ;kfu thou osQ dbZ igyqvksa dks ljyhr dj fn;k FkkA ysfdu xko esa
dkuwu&O;oLFkk fo|eku FkhA xzke iapk;rksa }kjk LFkkuh; ekeyksa dk fuiVkjk fd;k tkrk FkkA blfy, bl rF; dks c<+k&p<+kdj xko
dks NksVk x.kjkT; dguk Bhd ugha gksxkA
iz'u 4- Hkkjr osQ ^vU; fiNM+k oxks* dks fdu izeq[k leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\
mkjlkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd vkfn n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d mfpr Lrj ls uhps jgus okys oxks dks vU; fiNM+k oxZ dgk tkrk
gSA fiNM+k oxZ 'kCn lekt osQ detksj oxks osQ fy, fo'ks"kdj tutkfr] vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vU; fiNM+s oxks osQ fy, ;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
fiNM+s oxks dh leL;k,fiNM+s oxks dh leL;kvksa dk lekkku le;&le; ij ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk jgk gSA fiQj Hkh vusd
leL;k, fo|eku gSa] tks fuEuor gSa&
1- f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fiNM+siu dh leL;kHkkjr esa f'k{kk fo'ks"kdj mPp o rduhdh f'k{kk cgqr egaxh gSA blfy, vkfFkZd
o lkekftd nksuksa dkj ls gh fiNM+us dh ijs'kkuh bl oxZ dks mBkuh iM+rh gSA blfy, ;s ns'k dh xfr esa Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus esa
vleFkZ jgrs gSaA bl oxZ esa f'k{kk osQ fr psruk dk vHkko jgk gS] ftlosQ pyrs ;g mPp f'k{kk kIr djus dh lksp dks fodflr
ugha djrs vkSj blosQ dkj.k ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa budk frfufkRo de ik;k tkrk gSA
2- mPp oxks }kjk HksnHkko o vR;kpkj dh leL;kmPp tkfr;ksa }kjk fiNM+s oxks ij vusd dkj dh fu;ksZX;rk, ykn nh
tkrh gSa vkSj lkFk gh HksnHkko Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vU; fiNM+s oxks esa vkus okyh vusd nfyr tkfr;ksa osQ lkFk 'kks"k.k dh ?kVuk,
gksrh gSaA fiQj Hkh ljdkj dk ;kl bl ekeys esa tkjh gS fd vR;kpkj o 'kks"k.k rFkk HksnHkko dks [kRe fd;k tk losQA
3- vkfFkZd leL;k,bl oxZ dh vkfFkZd leL;k us bl oxZ dks xfr osQ ekxZ ij pyus esa vusd leL;k, [kM+h dh gSaA
vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh u gksus ls .kxzLrrk dh leL;k Hkh cuh jgrh gSA vkdfLed t:jrksa dks mkkj ekx dj iwjk fd;k tkrk
gSA C;kt dh mQph njsa bUgsa vkxs c<+us ls jksdrh gSaA fu;fer jkstxkj u feyus ls budh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh ugha jgrhA
4- jktuhfrd vR;kpkj dh leL;kjktuSfrd n`f"V ls ns[kk tk,] rks ;g oxZ dkiQh fiNM+k gqvk gSA jktuSfrd psruk dk
vHkko ik, tkus osQ dkj.k jktuSfrd Lrj ij vR;kpkj fd;k tkrk gSA jktuSfrd tkx:drk dk orZeku esa dkiQh ;kl fd;k tk
jgk gSA lEHko gS fd jktuSfrd tkx:drk jktuhfrd mRihM+u dks de djsxhA
iz'u 5- Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k osQ vkFkd vk;ke dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
mkjlekt esa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ,d egoiw.kZ f;k gksrh gSA 'kgjh lekt dks ,d tfVy lekt osQ :i esa ekuk x;k gSA
blfy, bldk dY;k.k Hkh forj.k .kkyh ij fuHkZj djrk gSA oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ laxBu dk rjhdk fofHk lewgksa vkSj oxks
dh mRifk esa lgk;d gksrk gSA lekt esa mifLFkr lalkku muosQ chp leku vkSj <ax ls forfjr fd, tkrs gSaA
kphu dky ls ysdj Lora=krk osQ i'pkr rd dh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ ifjs{; esa vyx&vyx Lo:i ns[kus dks feyrs
gSaA mudk o.kZu bl dkj fd;k x;k gS
'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,
cktkj vkSj O;kikjh oxZ dh fo|ekurk 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dh egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA ;g cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj okf.kT; dk
okg gS] ftlosQ dkj.k lkekftd&lkaLfrd i`"BHkwfe okys yksx 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa laxfBr gksrs gSaA 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa vkS|ksxhdj.k]
O;kikj rFkk okf.kT; vkSj kS|ksfxdh fodkl osQ fof'k"V eqs lfEefyr jgrs gSa

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1- ijEijkxr 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkkbl dkj dh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr kphu o e; dkyksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k
gSA nksuksa dkyksa dh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk ij jks'kuh Mkyh xbZ gS vFkkZr~ nksuksa dkyksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ Lo:i dks Li"V fd;k x;k
gSA
kphu dkykphu dky ls gh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk egoiw.kZ Hkkx jgh gSA flakq ?kkVh lH;rk fodflr
'kgjh lH;rk osQ :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA flakq ?kkVh dh lH;rk osQ v;;uksa }kjk Li"V gks tkrk gS fd flakq ?kkVh esa 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa
dk fodkl gqvk vkSj ogk os iQys&iwQys FksA kphu dky esa O;kikj vkSj okf.kT;] dyk vkSj f'kYi] Js.kh O;oLFkk] kphu Hkkjr esa
lkekftd oxZ tSlh fo'ks"krkvksa esa 'kgjh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk osQ Lo:i dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tks kphudkyhu 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
gekjs le{k Lrqr djrk gSA
e; dkye; dky esa dLcksa vkSj m|ksxksa o O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dk fodkl gks pqdk Fkk vFkkZr~ bls fodkl dk ;qx Hkh
dgk tkrk gSA e; dky esa dLcksa] 'kgjksa vkSj m|ksxksa osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kikj vkSj okf.kT;] mRiknu dh O;oLFkk] mRiknu
dh kS|ksfxdh] lekt esa fo|eku fofHk oxks tSlh fo'ks"krk, 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fp=k.k Lrqr djrh gSaA
2- vkSifuosf'kd 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkkbl dky esa fczfV'k 'kklu dk cksyckyk jgkA mUgha osQ }kjk Hkkjrh; laj{k.k esa O;kikj
pyk;k tkrk FkkA khjs&khjs mUgksaus vius vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dks pgq vksj iSQyk;k vkSj 'kgj dks iru dh vksj kosQy fn;kA blh
dky esa 'kgjh gLrdyk dk fouk'k] vkkqfud m|ksxksa dk fodkl] uohu lekftd oxZ_ tSls igyqvksa us mifuosf'kd 'kgjh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks Li"V fd;k gSA bl dky esa vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lUnHkZ esa iru ls ysdj vkkqfud m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk rd dk fp=k.k
Lrqr fd;k gSA
3- Lora=krk osQ i'pkr 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkkLora=krk osQ i'pkr 'kgjksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa vusdksa ifjorZu gq,] blesa oqQN
ifjorZu ,sls Fks] ftUgsa tuleqnk; }kjk vklkuh ls Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh og fo|eku jgsA vfkdka'k ifjorZuksa dh otg
ubZ ljdkj }kjk fu;ksftr lkekftd&vkfFkZd lqkkj FksA Lora=krk osQ ckn tks vFkZO;oLFkk mfnr gqbZ] mldh fo'ks"krk, bl dkj Fkh&
(1) vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj mldk Hkkobl uhfr osQ ek;e ls ns'k dh vkfFkZd mfr djuk FkkA bldk o.kZu djus osQ
fy, fuEufyf[kr igyqvksa dks vkkkj cuk;k x;k
(i) fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
(ii) vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ ljdkjh fofue;
(iii) m|ksxksa dk khjs&khjs fofu;a=k.k
(vi) ljdkjh uhfr;ka vkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl
(v) ubZ vkfFkZd uhfrA
bu igyqvksa osQ ek;e ls vkS|ksfxd uhfr o mlosQ Hkko dks Li"Vrk ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
(2) laxfBr vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=kblosQ vUrxZr 'kgjh m|ksxksa dh lajpuk] muosQ Lo:i vkSj laxBu dk o.kZu fd;k x;k
gSA 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dk Lo:i }Sk gSA blesa vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd {ks=kksa dk lekos'k gSA ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl osQ laxfBr
{ks=k bl dkj gSa] ftl ij ljdkj }kjk vfkd cy fn;k x;k(i) mRiknu dh ifr (ii) y?kq m|ksxA
mRiknu ifr esa iwthoknh vkSj iwoZ&iwthoknh nksuksa dk gh Lo:i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ogha y?kq m|ksxksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckVk
x;k gS] ftldh igyh Js.kh esa y?kq m|ksx vkSj oqQVhj m|ksx o nwljh Js.kh esa ijEijkxr fofk;ksa ls vkkqfud oLrq, cukus dk m|ksx
rFkk rhljh Js.kh eas vkkqfud y?kq bdkb;k lfEefyr jgrh gSaA
(3) 'kgjh lkekftd oxZblosQ vUrxZr Hkkjr esa rhu eq[k 'kgjh lkekftd oxks dk mn; gqvk vkSj bldh tula[;k esa
Hkh egoiw.kZ o`f gqbZA lkFk&gh&lkFk bUgksaus viuh 'kfDr dks Hkh c<+k;kA ;s oxZ bl dkj gSa(i) iwthoknh oxZ (ii) 'kgjh Jfed
oxZ (iii) 'kgjh e;e oxZA budk o.kZu ;g Li"V djrk gS fd bu oxks osQ fodkl dh D;k f;k jgh] fdl dkj bUgksaus vius
vkidks fodflr fd;kA ;g oxZ viuh egoiw.kZ frf;k esa fodklh; pj.k dks Lrqr djrs gSaA
(4) tkfr vkSj O;olk;Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ ;g kkj.kk fodflr gqbZ fd 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ijEijkxr O;olk; osQ lkFk
tkfr dk lkgp;Z cgqr de gks x;k gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh Lohdk;Z gS fd 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa O;kolkf;d xfr'khyrk dh nj mQph gSA bu
kkj.kkvksa dks foDVj Mhlwtk (1968) osQ }kjk vkSj lquank iVokZu (1974) osQ }kjk Hkyh&Hkkfr cryk;k x;k gSA lkFk gh 'kgjh Hkkjr
esa O;kikfjd leqnk; dk o.kZu Hkh tkfr vkSj muls tqM+s O;olk; osQ ifjs{; esa fd;k x;k gSA bl dkj Lora=krk i'pkr~ dh 'kgjh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks mi;qZDr igyqvksa osQ Li"Vhdj.k }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

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iz'u 6- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa tkfr osQ ego dh O;k[;k dhft,A

mkjtkfr fujarjrk osQ lUnHkZ esa ;g oQguk mfpr gksxk foQ tkfr O;oLFkk ,oQ xfr'khy okLrfooQrk Fkh] ftloQh vkarfjoQ
lajpuk o oQk;ks esa vR;fkoQ ykspiu fo|eku FkhA czk.kh; n`f"VoQks.k ls ns[kk tk,] rks ;g O;oLFkk oQBksj ,oa can O;oLFkk FkhA
ijUrq ,sfrgkfloQ n`f"VoQks.k viuk;k tk, rks] ;g rF; Li"V gksrk gS oSfnoQ oQky ls vkt roQ ifjorZu oQk e tkjh gS] D;ksafoQ
;g O;oLFkk oQkiQh ykspiw.kZ jgh gSA ;gh yksp oQk xq.k bloQh fujarjrk oQks cuk, gq, gSA
tkfr ,oa jktuhfrtkra=k o f=kLrjh; iapk;rh jkt osQ :i esa foosQfUnzr jktuhfr osQ vkus ls jktuhfr vke O;fDr osQ Lrj
roQ igqpus esa liQy jgh gSA jktuhfr esa laxfBr ny O;oLFkk oQh vko';oQrk osQ oQkj.k tkfr xBcUku mRiUu gq,] ftlls mitkfr;ksa
}kjk jktuhfr esa lf; HkwfeoQk fuHkk loQus esa l{ke gqbZA cktkj oQh vFkZO;oLFkk oQk mn; gksus ls ikjaifjoQ vkfFkZoQ O;oLFkk oQk
iru gqvkA blls tkfr;ksa oQh ikjaifjoQ jktuSfroQ HkwfeoQk oQk ego oQe gksus yxkA bl oQkj ;g lR; gS foQ xfr'khyrk okLrfooQ
:i ls tkfr ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk&lkFk pyrh jgh gSA lkFk gh vuqoQwyu Hkh oQjrh jgh gSA blhfy, ifjorZu oQh 'kfDr;ksa ls vuqoQwyu
oQjuk gh tkfr O;oLFkk oQh fujarjrk oQk ,oQ eq[k ro gksrk gSA
vkkqfuoQ jktuSfroQ O;oLFkk esa tkfr
vkkqfuoQ le; esa tkfr }kjk tkrkaf=koQ jktuSfroQ f;k ls lkeatL; LFkkfir oQjuk LohoQkj oQj fy;k gSA tkfr;ksa esa jktuSfroQ
psruk tkxh gSA vius jktuSfroQ ms';ksa osQ fy, fofHk ny vkUnksyu fofHk lkekftoQ lewgksa oQks lf; cukrs gSaA blfy, jktuSfroQ
nyksa osQ R;k'kh oQks pquus oQk vkkkj tkfr dk gh gksrk gSA blosQ lkFk jktuhfr o tkfr osQ chp osQ lEcUkksa oQks jktuSfroQ
lf;oQj.k osQ :i esa Lrqr foQ;k x;k gS] tks rhu oQkj osQ gSa
(i) vuqyEc lf;oQj.k (Vertical Mobilisation)
(ii) {kSfrt lf;oQj.k (Hotrizontal Mobilisation)
(iii) foHksnkReoQ lf;oQj.k (Differential Mobilisation)
bu rhuksa :iksa }kjk tkfr o jktuhfr osQ lEcUkksa oQks le>kus oQk ;kl foQ;k x;k gSA
iz'u 7- o`gr ijaijk D;k gS\
mkjHkkjr tkfr O;oLFkk dk ,d vuks[kk osQUnz gSA gekjs lekt esa dksbZ Hkh lewg blosQ Hkko ls ugha cp ik;k gSA Hkkjr esa
tkfr O;oLFkk dk vkjEHk ,d mi;ksxh laLFkk osQ :i esa gqvk Fkk] ysfdu i{kikrh eukso`fk;ksa osQ dkj.k tkfr O;oLFkk us tfVyrk
dk :i kkj.k dj fy;kA blfy, blesa vusd fo'ks"krk, fo|eku gSa] tks bl dkj gSa
tkfr O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,
1- ine (laLrj.k)tkfr;ksa dk ,d fo'ks"k ine ik;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr mQp&uhp dh ,d fuf'pr O;oLFkk dks O;fDr;ksa
dk laLrj.k (ine) dgk tkrk gSA bl laLrj.k esa czk.kksa dh fLFkfr lcls mQph gksrh gSA blosQ ckn {k=kh;] oS'; vkSj vUr esa
'kwnz tkfr;ksa dks LFkku nku fd;k x;k gSA ;s lHkh fLFkfr;k tUe ls gh fukkZfjr gSaA buesa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
2- lekt dk [k.MukRed foHkktulEiw.kZ lekt dks fofHk [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA R;sd [k.M osQ lnL; dh
lkekftd fLFkfr] in rFkk dk;Z fuf'pr gksrs gSa vkSj ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd bu fLFkfrn dkZO;ksa osQ vuqlkj gh O;ogkj gksrk
gSA bldk mYya?ku djus ij n.M fn;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;Z tkfr iapk;r }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
3- Hkkstu vkSj lgokl ij frcUktkfr O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr Hkkstu vkSj lkekftd lEcUkksa ij vusd frcUk yxk;s gSA
xSj&czk.k osQ gkFk dk cuk Hkkstu czk.k ugha dj ldrk gSA bl lEcUk esa iDosQ Hkkstu dh vis{kk dPps Hkkstu ij vfkd dBksj
frcUk FkkA lkFk gh lkekftd lEidZ osQ lEcUk esa Hkh tkfr&O;oLFkk }kjk frcUk yxk;s x,A bldk ms'; tkfr dh Js"Brk dks
cukdj j[kuk gksrk FkkA
4- lkekftd vkSj kkfeZd fu;ksZX;rk,tkfr O;oLFkk dh f;k esa oqQN O;fDr;ksa dks lkekftd o kkfeZd {ks=kksa esa oqQN
fofHk dkj osQ vfkdkj kIr gq, vkSj oqQN dks vusd vfkdkjksa ls oafpr dj fn;k x;kA bl lEcUk esa lcls T;knk vNwr tkfr;ksa
dks fu;ksZX;rkvksa dks >syuk iM+kA mUgsa eafnjksa esa tkus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA Ldwyksa esa f'k{kk ikus] oqQ,&rkykcksa ls ikuh ykus] lkoZtfud
LFkkuksa ij cSBus vkfn ij dM+s frcUk FksA
5- is'ks ij frcUktkfr O;oLFkk us ;g fukkZfjr fd;k fd R;sd O;fDr dks ogh dk;Z djuk gS] tks mldh tkfr osQ fy,
fuf'pr fd;k x;k gSA czk.kksa dks kkfeZd dk;Z djuk] {kf=k;ksa dks 'kklu o j{kk djuk] oS';ksa dks O;kikj djuk vkSj 'kwnzksa dk dk;Z

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lsok djuk vkfnA is'kksa dks cnyuk tkfr O;oLFkk esa mfpr ugha le>k tkrk FkkA bl ij dBksj frcUk FkkA
6- fookg lEcUkh frcUkR;sd tkfr esa vUrfoZokg osQ fu;e dk ikyu djrs gq, viuh gh tkfr osQ vUnj fookg dks
lEi djuk gksrk gSA osLVjekdZ us blosQ lUnHkZ esa fy[kk gS fd vUrfoZokg gh tkfr&O;oLFkk dk lkjro gSA ;g frcUk vfkd
Hkko'kkyh Fkk fd ;fn dksbZ bldk mYya?ku djrk Fkk] rks mls tkfr ls fu"dkflr dj fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ;g fu"ks/ vc Hkh fuHkk;k
tkrk gSA
7- vknj frekubl fo'ks"krk dks ?kq;sZ }kjk ugha crk;k x;k] ysfdu bldk Hkh egoiw.kZ LFkku gSA blosQ vUrxZr ;g kkj.kk
gS fd czk.k dk ckyd Hkh firk osQ leku vknj.kh; gS] pkgs dksbZ Hkh O;fDr mlls mez esa fdruk gh cM+k D;ksa u gksA ;g ekuk
tkrk gS fd R;sd O;fDr dh lsok djuk gS] ysfdu czk.k osQ ?kj {kf=k;] oS'; rFkk 'kwnz tkfr osQ yksx vfrfFk ugha gksrs gSaA bl
dkj osQ vknj freku dkiQh yEcs le; rd Hkkoh jgsA
8- vkfFkZd vlekurkblosQ vUrxZr bl ckr ij dk'k Mkyk x;k gS fd tkfr O;oLFkk esa ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd fuEu tkfr
osQ dk;Z pkgs thou;kiu dh n`f"V ls og egoiw.kZ gksa] ewY;ksa dh n`f"V ls ghu le>s tkrs gSaA blfy, mldh vk;] lEifk vkSj
lkaLfrd miyfCk;k Hkh de gh ns[kus esa vkrh gSaA muesa f'k{kk dk vHkko ns[kk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; tkfr O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk Hkh
;gh gS fd mPp tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkh mQph jgh gS vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr fuEu gh jgh gSA
Hkkjrh; lekt esa mi;qZDr fo'ks"krkvksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq vkt buesa ifjorZu gks jgs gSa] rFkkfi ;g vfkd Hkko'kkyh
ugha gSA
iz'u 8- o`gr ijaijk D;k gS\
mkj;fn fdlh xko dk v;;u fd;k tk, rks Li"V gksrk gS fd ogk osQ kked fo'okl] O;ogkj vkSj o`gkj lH;rk osQ
e; vUr%f;k fo|eku gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ,e- eSfj;V us Li"V fd;k gS xzkeh.k thou&'kSyh osQ laLdkj vkSj fo'okl ij dh fn'kk
esa tkdj o`gr~ lkaLfrd ijEijk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj vU; roksa }kjk uhps dh rjiQ xfr'khy gksus ls o`gr~ ijEijk dh LFkkuh;
vfHkO;fDr Li"V gksrh gSA eSfj;V }kjk vUr%f;k dh nksgjh f;k dks Li"V djus osQ fy, lohZdj.k o LFkkuh;dj.k tSls 'kCnksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA o`gr~ ijEijk dk :i lqlaLr gSA blesa jkek;.k] egkHkkjr tSls xzUFkksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA o`gr~ ijEijk
osQ n'kZu gesa osnksa esa gks ldrs gSaA blosQ vUrxZr kked xzUFkksa esa euhf"k;ksa osQ f'k"V vkSj Kku ls ifjiw.kZ fopkjksa dk n'kZu fo|eku
gSA

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