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GRADE 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES

CHEMISTRY FOCUS:
ACIDS & BASES
Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases
Acid

Substance that produces Hydrogen ions (H+) or


Hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water

Base

Substance that produces Hydroxide ions (OH) when


dissolved in water

Lowry-Brnsted Definition of Acids and Bases


Acid

Proton (H+) donor

Base

Proton (H+) acceptor


HN O3 + NaOH NaN O3 + H 2 O

Nitric Acid +Sodium Hydroxide ( base ) Sodium Nitrate (salt )+water

Nitric Acid donates a single proton; Sodium Hydroxide accepts it


Acid-Base reactions are called protolytic reactions or protolysis
Common Household Acids & Bases
Acetic Acid
Lactic Acid
Ascorbic Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Carbonic Acid

CH3COOH
C3H6O3
C6H8O6
H2SO4
HCl
HCO3

Also ethanoic acid. In vinegar


Found in dairy products
Vitamin C
Car Batteries
Stomach Acid
Soft Drinks

Caustic Soda
Ammonia
Milk of Magnesia
Baking Soda
Washing Soda
Bleach

NaOH
NH3
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
CNa2O3

Oven cleaner
Cleaning; fertilizers
Neutralises stomach acid
Bicarbonate of Soda
Soap / detergent

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs


Pairs differ by only one proton always
Square brackets are used to indicate each pair
++Cl
HCl+H 2 O H 3 O

++OH
N H 3+ H 2 O N H 4

Ampholytes & Amphiprotic Substances


Substances that can act both as an acid and a base
Water:
H 2 O OH

or

H2O H3 O

or

HSO 4 H 2 S O4

Hydrogen Sulfate Ion:

HSO 4 S O 4

Strength and Weakness of Acids & Bases


Extent to which the acid or base is ionized or dissociated
Strong acids are fully ionized in the solution
Hydrochloric Acid, Sulfuric Acid, Nitric Acid
Strong bases are fully dissociated in the solution
Sodium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide
Weak acids are partially ionized in the solution
Ethanoic Acid, Oxalic Acid
Weak bases are partially dissociated in the solution
Ammonia, Calcium Carbonate, Potassium Carbonate,
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
Concentration of Acids & Bases

The number of moles of acid or base dissolved


per volume of water
Equations for Reactions of Aqueous Acids and Bases
2

+ +S O4
H 2 S O 4 +2 H 2 O H 3 O

Sulfuric acid is diprotic


Neutralisation Reactions of Acids and Bases
HCl+ NaOH NaC l+ H 2 O
Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Chloride+water

HCl+ KOH KCl+ H 2 O


Hydrochloric Acid + Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Chloride+ water

HN O3 + NaOH NaN O3 + H 2 O
Nitric Acid +Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Nitrate+ water

H 2 S O 4 +2 NaOH Na2 S O 4 + 2 H 2 O
Sulfuric Acid +Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Sulfate +water

(COOH )2 + NaOH (COO)2 Na 2+ H 2 O


Oxalic Acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Oxalate+water

CH 3 COOH + NaOH C H 3 COONa+ H 2 O


Acetic Acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Acetate+water

The pH scale

Indicates the concentration of the H3O+ ion in a solution


Scale of numbers from 0 to 14
When the H3O+ concentration is high, the pH is low

7
Neutral

Acidic

14
Basic

pH = log10[H3O+]
The Ionisation Constant of Water
KW = [H3O+][OH] = 1 x 1014

at 298K = 25C

The Auto-Ionization of Water


Water is weakly ionized as follows:
+ +OH
H 2 O+ H 2 O H 3 O

Acting as an acid

and a base

H
H 2 O

+
+ H 3 O
H 2 O+ H

Hydrolysis Reactions
Reaction of a salt with water
Salt of Weak Acid and Strong Base Alkaline Solution
Sodium Ethanoate, Sodium Oxalate, Sodium Carbonate
Salt of Strong Acid and Weak Base Acidic Solution
Ammonium Chloride
Salt of a strong acid and strong base does not undergo hydrolysis
(pH will be 7)
Indicators
A chemical substance that is used to detect the presence of other
chemicals in a solution
Equivalence Point

The point at which the acid or base has


completely reacted with the base or acid in
the titration

Endpoint

The point in a titration where the indicator


changes colour

Indicator

pH range

Below

Above

Endpoint

Bromothymol
Blue

6.0 7.6

Yellow

Blue

Green

Methyl Orange

3.1 4.4

Red

Yellow

Orange

Phenolphthalein

8.2 10.0

Colourless

Red

Pink

Choosing an indicator:
Weak Acid + Weak Base
Strong Acid + Strong Base

Bromothymol Blue

Strong Acid + Weak Base

Methyl Orange

Weak Acid + Strong Base

Phenolphthalein

Titrations
The procedure of adding measured amounts of a solution to a
known volume of a second solution until the chemical reaction
between them is complete
In the case of acids and bases:
One of the substances has an unknown concentration and the
other is known. An appropriate indicator must be selected based
on the relative strength and weakness of the acid and base.
Procedure for Carrying Out Titrations

see txtbk or class notes

Apparatus
Preparation of standard solution
Conducting the titration
Safety Precautions
Measures needed to ensure reliable results
Interpret the results

Stoichiometric Calculations
c a v a na
=
c b v b nb

c
v
n

concentration
volume
no. of moles

moldm-3
dm3
mol

(given by balanced equation)

Other Formulas Used:


n=

m
M

c=

n
v

Tips for performing Stoichiometric Calculations


1.
2.
3.
4.

Balance the equation


Write down the molecular ratio between the substances
Convert given information into moles
Use the ratios to calculate the number of moles of the
substance needed
5. Convert the moles into corresponding quantity needed
(volume, concentration, mass etc)
Acid Dissociation & Base Association Constants
+
HA A + H
+
H

[ A ]
K a=

Measures the extent to which the acid has ionized at equilibrium


A higher value will indicate a strong acid

++OH
B+ H 2 O H B

+
HB

[OH ]

K a =

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