CHEMISTRY FOCUS:
ACIDS & BASES
Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases
Acid
Base
Base
CH3COOH
C3H6O3
C6H8O6
H2SO4
HCl
HCO3
Caustic Soda
Ammonia
Milk of Magnesia
Baking Soda
Washing Soda
Bleach
NaOH
NH3
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
CNa2O3
Oven cleaner
Cleaning; fertilizers
Neutralises stomach acid
Bicarbonate of Soda
Soap / detergent
++OH
N H 3+ H 2 O N H 4
or
H2O H3 O
or
HSO 4 H 2 S O4
HSO 4 S O 4
+ +S O4
H 2 S O 4 +2 H 2 O H 3 O
HN O3 + NaOH NaN O3 + H 2 O
Nitric Acid +Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Nitrate+ water
H 2 S O 4 +2 NaOH Na2 S O 4 + 2 H 2 O
Sulfuric Acid +Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Sulfate +water
The pH scale
7
Neutral
Acidic
14
Basic
pH = log10[H3O+]
The Ionisation Constant of Water
KW = [H3O+][OH] = 1 x 1014
at 298K = 25C
Acting as an acid
and a base
H
H 2 O
+
+ H 3 O
H 2 O+ H
Hydrolysis Reactions
Reaction of a salt with water
Salt of Weak Acid and Strong Base Alkaline Solution
Sodium Ethanoate, Sodium Oxalate, Sodium Carbonate
Salt of Strong Acid and Weak Base Acidic Solution
Ammonium Chloride
Salt of a strong acid and strong base does not undergo hydrolysis
(pH will be 7)
Indicators
A chemical substance that is used to detect the presence of other
chemicals in a solution
Equivalence Point
Endpoint
Indicator
pH range
Below
Above
Endpoint
Bromothymol
Blue
6.0 7.6
Yellow
Blue
Green
Methyl Orange
3.1 4.4
Red
Yellow
Orange
Phenolphthalein
8.2 10.0
Colourless
Red
Pink
Choosing an indicator:
Weak Acid + Weak Base
Strong Acid + Strong Base
Bromothymol Blue
Methyl Orange
Phenolphthalein
Titrations
The procedure of adding measured amounts of a solution to a
known volume of a second solution until the chemical reaction
between them is complete
In the case of acids and bases:
One of the substances has an unknown concentration and the
other is known. An appropriate indicator must be selected based
on the relative strength and weakness of the acid and base.
Procedure for Carrying Out Titrations
Apparatus
Preparation of standard solution
Conducting the titration
Safety Precautions
Measures needed to ensure reliable results
Interpret the results
Stoichiometric Calculations
c a v a na
=
c b v b nb
c
v
n
concentration
volume
no. of moles
moldm-3
dm3
mol
m
M
c=
n
v
[ A ]
K a=
++OH
B+ H 2 O H B
+
HB
[OH ]
K a =