Cnghekimloai 5479

NGUYEN TAC ANH
GIAO TRNH
CONG NGHE KIM LOAI

Hieu nh: PGS.TS. Hoang Trong Ba
AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP. HO CH MINH

NAM 2004
(LU HANH NOI BO)
Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
LI NOI AU
e ap ng tnh hnh chuyen bien mi trong cong tac ao tao ao tao theo hng cong nghe, phat huy tnh tch cc cua ngi hoc va
tao ieu kien thuan li cho giao vien giang da y bang cac phng tien day
hocGiao trnh CON G NGHE KIM LOAI c bien soan lai c ban da
tren giao trnh CHE TA O PHOI cua ai Hoc Ba ch Khoa Ha noi va co bo
sung mot so noi dung mi cho phu hp vi cong nghe th c te hien nay.
Mat khac ve bo cuc va ca ch trnh ba y giao trnh theo e cng mon
h
Miyn, c kh
hoc a c duyet, ap dung cho khoi nganh ky thuat: c khhima
C
Ho
oto, thiet ke maytao ieu kien thuan li cho viec gia
TPn.g da y va t oc cua
t
a
u
h
sinh vien.
Ky t
m
a
ph
Snu gia
V trnh o co han nenDcuo
o trnh chac co thieu sot. Chung toi
H
ng
o
u
r
mong s ong gopty kie
T n cua ong nghiep va sinh vien e lan tai ban sau
gh
i
r
y
co chat l
Conpg tot hn. Moi gop y xin gi ve bo mon KY THUAT CONG
NGHIEP, khoa C kh may, Trng ai Hoc S Pha m Ky Thuat. Thanh
pho Ho Ch Minh.
Tac gia
Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
PHAN I
CONG NGHE UC
Chng 1
KHAI NIEM VE QUA TRNH SAN XUAT UC

1.1 Phan loai cac phng phap uc
uc la mot phng phap che tao phoi cho qua trnh gia cong cat got tiep sau.
Nganh cong nghiep che tao may phat trien, lng phoi uc ngay cang oi hoi nhieu hn.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Thc chat cua uc la qua trnh ien ay kim loai at the
TP. long vao lon g khuon uc co
u
y tnhg ac, ta thu c san pham tng
hnh dang, kch thc nh san . Sau khi kim loa
iKo
m
a
u tphuc. Neu em vat uc gia cong tiep theo nh
Sva
ng vi long khuon. San pham o goD
i la
H
g
uonpho
gia cong cat got th no c go
i uc.
Tirla
t
h
g
i
yr
Copm:
1.1.2 ac ie
1.1.1 nh ngha:
Co nhieu phng phap tao phoi uc khac nhau. Moi phng phap tao ra san pham
co ac tnh khac nhau, nhng can c vao thc chat chung, san xuat uc co cac ac tnh
sau:
- Moi loai vat lieu nh gang, the p, hp kim mau, vat lieu phi kim khi nau chay
long c e u uc c.
- Tao ra vat uc co ket cau phc tap, nhn g vat uc co khoi lng ln ma cac
phng phap gia cong phoi khac khong thc hien c.
- Mot so phng phap uc tien tien co the tao ra san pham co chat lng cao, kch
thc chnh xac, o bong be mat cao va co kha nang c kh hoa, hoac t ong hoa cao.
- Gia thanh cua san xuat uc noi chung ha hn so vi cac dang san xuat khac.
Tuy vay, qua trnh san xuat uc con can phai khac phuc mot so cac mat han che
sau:
- Do qua trnh ket tinh t the long nen trong vat uc de ton tai cac dang ro co, ro
kh, nt, lan tap chat.v.v...
- Khi uc trong khuon cat o chnh xac ve kch thc va o bong thap.
- Tieu hao mot phan khong nho kim loai cho he thong rot, au ngot va cho cac ai
lng khac (lng d, o xien v.v...)
Phng phap uc du sao van la mot trong cac phng phap c dung rong rai e
che tao ra mot khoi lng san pham kim loai rat ln. Chat lng cua san pham ngay cang
c nang cao cung vi nh ng ket qua nghien cu va s hie n ai hoa qua trnh san xuat
3
uc. Nhng san pham uc rat a dang nh than may cong cu, cac vo hop giam toc, vo
ong c ien, vo may phat ien, cac loai gia va nhieu loai chi tiet may quan trong
khac bang kim loai en va hp kim mau.
1.1.3 Phan loai cac phng phap uc:
Phng phap san xuat uc c phan loai tuy thuoc vao loai khuon, mau, phng
phap lam khuon v.v...
Theo loai khuon uc ngi ta phan ra:
a.uc trong khuon cat: o la dang uc pho bie n. Khuon cat la loai khuon uc mot
lan (ch rot mot lan roi pha khuon ). Vat uc tao hnh trong khuon cat co o chnh xac thap,
o bong be mat kem, lng d gia con g ln . Nhng khuon cat tao ra vat uc co ket cau
phc tap, khoi lng l n.
b.uc ac biet: Ngoai khuon cat, cac dang uc trong khuon uc (kim loai, vo
mong) c gop chung la uc ac biet.
uc ac biet cho san pham chat lng cao hn, o chnh xac, o nbo
ng cao hn vat
i h
M
i
uc trong khuo n cat. Ngoai ra phan ln cac phng phap ucHa
Cc hbiet co nang suat cao
. o
P
T
t va trung bnh.
hn. Tuy nhien uc ac biet thng ch tao c vat u
cuanho
y th
K
Trong bang di ay trnh bay tom pta
atmcac dang san xuat uc, phng phap tao
u h
S
H
khuon va lnh vc s dung cua chunngg.D
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Dang
Phng
ac trng Dang san xuat va ac tnh
Lnh vc s dung
uc
phap lam
phan loai
cua vat uc
khuon
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
uc
Lam khuon Mau go
-san xuat n chiec,hang
Dung trong cac trng
trong
bang tay
loat nho, vat uc hnh dang hp thong thng,
khuon
bat ky
khong oi hoi chat
cat
lng cao
Mau kim San xuat hang loat, vat uc Dung khi can nang
loai
nho va trung bnh, khong
cao o chnh xac.
qua phc tap
Thi gian s dung mau
tng oi ln
Lam
Vat uc nho va trung bnh Dung trong tr ng h p
khuon
hnh dang tuy y
co nhieu hom khuon.
trong hom
Tiet kiem nen xn g,
khuon
Say khuo n c trong
lo say.
Lam
San xuat n chiec,hang
Dung khi thieu hom
khuon tren loat nho. Vat uc ln, hnh
khuon ln, khuon ti
nen x ng dang bat ky
hoac ch say be mat.
S dung khi uc gang.
4
uc
trong
khuon
cat
uc
ac
biet
uc
ac
biet
Lam khuon Lam

bang may
khuon tren
may ep va
may dan
Lam
khuon tren
may thoi
cat.
Khuon kim ien ay
loai
kim loai
long bang
rot t do
ien ay
kim loai
long di
ap lc
San xuat hang loat trung Dung khi yeu cau

bnh, hang loat ln.Vat uc nang suat cao. Hom
nho, n gian
khuon khong cao qua
200mm
Hng dang bat ky, co kch
Dung khi uc cac vat
thc ln va trung bnh.
uc co chieu cao, kch
San xuat hang loat nho va
thc ngang ln. Hom
trung bnh
khuon ln
San xuat hang loat ln. Vat Dung uc cac kim loai
uc nho, trung bnh. Cau tao khac nhau can c tnh
n gian
cao. Han che uc gang
xam
San xuat hang loat ln,hang uc vat co yeu cau
khoi, vat uc nho n gian. chat lng cao . Thch
hp ch vi hp kim
inhnhiet o non g
u
i cMco
h
C
Ho chay thap.
TP.
t
a
u
tht. Vat uc Dung uc cac hp kim
Khuon uc Khuon kim San xuat hanK
g yloa
m
a
u ph rong
li tam
loai, truc
troHnSxoay,
khac nhau.ng knh
D
g
n
quay tha
vat uc ln, chieu cao
runog
tT
h
g
i
khong ln lam
yrng
Cop
Khuon cat San xuat hang loat nho va
Dung uc cac hp kim
at tren
trung bnh.Vat uc co dang vat uc khong ln.
gia quay
bat ky nho.
truc thang
ng
Khuon kim San xuat hang loat. Vat uc Dung uc cac hp kim
loai truc
tron xoay,rong
t thien tch. Yeu cau
quay nam
chat lng cao. Chieu
ngang
dai vat uc nho
dang cong
son.
Khuon kim San xuat hang loat, vat uc Dung che tao cac loai
loai hai
tron xoay,rong; Vat uc co ong bang cac hp kim
na, truc
mat ngoai khong tron xoay
Co ng knh nho
quay nam
chieu dai ln.
ngang
5
Khuon uc
li tam
Khuon
San xuat hang loat, trung
Dung uc cac vat uc
kim loai
bnh vat uc co tiet dien
bang gang xam, co gia
co lot hon khong eu
cong mat ngoai.
hp cat
ben trong
khuon
lien truc
quay nam
ngang
uc lien tuc Khuon
San xuat hang loat. Vat uc Dung trong tr ng h p
uc co
la thoi hoac ong co tiet dien che tao thoi hay ong,
dang bnh khong oi tren chieu dai, o yeu cau mat ngoai va
ket tinh
dai ln.
mat trong cua ong co
co lam
chat lng cao khong
nguoi
can gia cong
nh
tuan
i Mi
h
C
Ho
hoan.
TP.
t
a
u
th t hang
uc chnh
Mau kim Dung trong saKny xua
Che tao vat uc co
m
a
h
p
xac
loai,vo
loa
t, va
chat lng cao, kim
u t uc nho va trung
DH S
g
n
khuonTra
loai qui, lng d gia
uoc bnh
t
h
g
i
cong nho.
yr biet co
Cop
chieu day
nho
Mau bang Dang san xuat hang loat
Dung che tao vat uc
vat lieu
trung bnh tr le n. Vat uc
chnh xac cao, khong
de chay,
nho, phc tap.
phai gia cong c hoac
khuon cat
gia cong vi lng d
ac biet
nho, vat uc bang kim
khong co
loai, hp kim qui,
mat phan
hiem
khuon
1.2 S ket tinh cua kim loai vat uc trong khuon.

Kim loai long khi ien ay long khuon se nhanh chong chuyen dan sang trang thai
ac theo qua trnh ket tinh phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to :
- Tnh chat ly nhiet va nhiet o rot cua hp kim uc.
- Tnh chat ly nhiet cua vat lieu khuon.
- Cong nghe uc.
Co the phan chia qua trnh ket tinh thanh cac giai oan lien tiep sau ay:
a.Giai oan ien ay kim loai long vao long khuon. Thi gian ien ay tnh t khi
bat au rot en thi iem kim loai long ien ay he thong rot va au ngot. Thong thng
thi gian rot phai am bao sao cho kim loai ien ay nhanh, nen giai oan nay cha co s
6
ha nhiet ang ke.

b.Giai oan ha nhiet o t to rot en nhiet o iem long. Kim loai long trong long
khuon tiep xuc vi thanh khuon se truyen nhiet vao vat lieu khuo n vi toc o khac nhau
phu thuoc vao tnh chat ly nhiet cua khuon va lng tap trung kim loai tng vung . V
ay long khuon bao gi cung c ien ay trc nen o se bat au ket tinh trc, sau
o mi en thanh ben. Hng tan nhiet luon luon vuong goc vi thanh khuon.
c.Giai oan ket tinh tnh t nhiet o iem long en nhiet o iem ac (khoang
on g ac). Trong lo ng khuon, kim loai long bao gi cu ng ket tinh theo h ng t di len
va t ngoai vao trong cac thanh ben. giai oan nay co the xay ra theo hai trng hp.
+ ong ac theo lp :Nh ng kim loai nguyen chat, h p kim cu ng tinh hoac khoang
ket tinh hep th ng o ng ac theo lp (hnh 1-1a).
ng cong tang dan t hai pha thanh khuon va cao nhat tam. Toc o truyen
nhiet cua kim loai long giam dan t ngoai vao trong . Khi ha nhiet o xuong et to ket tinh
ng cong bieu
se bat au hnh thanh tng lp tinh the. Gia s thi iem 1, ng vin
i h
M
i
dien 1 a tao lp ong ac 1.Tie p en thi iem 2 ng vi ongChcong bieu dien 2 se co
P. H
lp ong ac 2 . Tiep tuc nh vay se en mot thithie
uatmTng cong bieu dien trng
Kyc di to ket tinh th vat uc ong ac
nhiet nam ngang, ngha la no a ha thap bapn
gamhoa
h
u
hoan toan.
DH S
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
a1
Cop1
1
2
2
2
1
t long
b1
to kt
t ac
1
a)
b)
Hnh 1-1 Cac loai hnh ket tinh
+ ong ac the tch : nhng hp kim co khoang nhiet o ket tinh ln thng xay ra
ong ac the tch. Tat nhien cung do o truyen nhiet giam dan t ngoai thanh khuon vao
trong, ne n xet moi thi iem bao gi gan thanh cung ong trc.
Nhng nh tren (hnh 1-1b), hai ng cong bie u dien luc mi au co the cat qua
ca hai iem long va ac (a1, b1), nh vay xet trong o day 1 se co ca hai pha long va ac.
Khi nhiet o ha dan xuon g thi iem 2 toan bo ng cong bieu dien ha xuon g di
7
iem long, nen ca mot khoang ln se gom tinh the ket tinh (pha ac) va cha ket tinh (pha
long).
Viec ket tinh theo lp hay the tch ro rang se anh h ng e n s hnh thanh to chc cua vat
uc sau khi ong ac hoan toan.
d.Giai oan nguoi trong khuon :Ket thuc giai oan tren, kim loai a hoan toan
ong ac. T nhiet o iem ac tr xuon g nhiet o ng vi thi iem lay vat uc ra khoi
khuon, quy nh la giai oan nguoi trong khuon. ay la thi iem xay ra s chuyen bien
pha ng vi tng h p kim uc va tng nhiet o. Qua trnh ket tinh lai giai oan nay cung
phu thuoc vao ket cau vat uc.
Phan thanh mong, thanh day hoac vung tap trung kim loai ln, toc o chuyen bien
se khac nhau.
e.Giai oan nguoi ngoai khuon : Tuy thuoc vao cong nghe uc a qui nh thi
gian lay vat uc ra khoi khuon ma xac nh thi iem bat au nguoi ngoai khuon, Noi
chung, khi vat uc a ra khoi khuon se co toc o nguoi nhanh hn. Vat uc qui nh lay ra
sm, ngi ta thng cho vao lo u hoac buong u e han che bt toc o nguo
nh i tranh gay ra
i Mi
h
C
ng suat d, hoa cng be mat, lam on nh va ong eu thanh .pha
Ho n hoa hoc...
TP
t
a
u
Phan biet cac giai oan tren lam c s cho viec thieyt la
hp cong nghe uc hp ly nham loai
K t
m
a
bo c cac khuyet tat uc co the xay ra, na
nhg cao chat lng vat uc.
Su p
H
D
g
ruocn:
1.3 To chc kim loai va
t Tu
t
h
yrig
Coploai vat uc sau khi a nguoi hoan toan xet cho mot hp kim nhat
To chc kim
nh cung se khac nhau bi v to chc o phu thuoc vao kha nhieu yeu to : Ket cau vat
uc, phng phap uc, cong nghe uc. V the kho co the tm ra mot qui luat chung. Mot
cach tong quat, ngi ta xet to chc kim loai vat uc vi ieu kie n nguoi bnh thng tren
mot thoi uc vi hai mat cat : doc va ngang (hnh 1-2).
Xet t ngoai vao trong
thng co ba vu ng phan biet.
- Vo ngoai cun g 1 co lp hat
kim loai nho, ang truc. Do kim loai
long tiep xuc vi thanh khuon uc
nguoi hn nen tai ay o truyen
nhiet ln. Mat khac vung ke thanh
khuon co nhieu tam mam san co,
toc o hnh thanh tam mam ln hn
nhieu so vi toc o phat trien mam
v the tao nen hat nho, mn. Lp vo
nay day hay mong tuy thuoc lng
tch nhiet cua vo khuon uc. Lp vo
bao gi cung be n va cng.
- Vung 2 tiep sau co s ket
tinh phan ln cac tam mam t sinh
va van chu anh hng l n cua
4
b)
1
2
3 Hnh 1-2 Cau tao kim
loai uc
1- Hat mn.
2- Hat hnh tru
3- Hat tron ln
4- Lom co
a)
8
hng tan nhiet vuo ng goc vi thanh khuo n nen tinh the kim loai co dang hnh tru phat
trien theo h ng ngc lai cua vect tan nhiet.
Neu thanh vat uc khong ln lam (tiet dien ngang nho) , toc o tan nhiet ln, cac
hat hnh tru phat trien va giao nhau tam, ta goi o la dang xuyen tam.
- Vun g 3 la vung nam khu vc gia thoi uc. Luc nay do o day lp ket tinh a
day lng tch nhiet cua khuon a giam nhieu, phan kim loai long con lai se tao ra hat to
hn va ang hng.
S hnh thanh khuyet tat uc.
ay ta ch xet dang khuyet tat hnh thanh do qua trnh ket tinh kim loai vat uc:
- Lom co va ro co.
Lom co hnh thanh do kim loai co the tch, v vay lom co bao gi cung nam pha
tren cung vat uc, tai o kim loai ong ac sau het. Vung lom co co nhieu tap chat co
nhiet o nong chay thap. e tranh lom co, trong khuon uc phai thiet ke au ngot bo
sung.
Ro co cung hnh thanh do kim loai co the tch khi ket tinh, nhnginchu
h ng phan bo
iM
h
C
pha trong vat uc tao ra cac lo hong to nho khac nhau vi be ma
Hot nham nh.
TP.
t
a
u
Trong vat uc ro co thng xuat hien vung co
h the tch kim loai ln, bi v toc o
Ky t
m
a
nguoi vu ng nay nho hn xung quanh, nenu khi
h kim loai co khong c bo sung them. Neu
S p
H
D
lo hong rat nho va tap trung th go
inla
g xop co.
Trnuochu lc cua vat uc, lam tang ng suat tap trung va lam
t
Ro co lam giamritie
t
die
h
y g
Cop
giam o deo.
e han che ro co, ieu can thiet la thiet ke ket cau uc hp ly e qua trnh ket tinh
luon hng t xa en chan au ngot hoac he thon g rot.
- Ro kh.
Mot lng kh hoac a hoa tan vao kim loai long khi nau, hoac theo dong chay
chay vao long khuon, hoac do cac phan ng sinh kh khi kim loai long tiep xuc tac dung
len vat lieu khuon, trong qua trnh kim loai vat uc ket tinh khong thoat ra c va tao ra
nhng bot kh khi can bang dang cau lu lai trong vat uc. Be mat lo hong ro kh nhan va
b oxy hoa. Chung phan bo bat ky trong vat uc.
Cung nh ro co, ro kh lam giam tiet dien chu lc, giam c tnh.
- Thien tch.
Kim loai vat uc do ket tinh qua cac giai oan khac nhau, hng t di len va t
ngoai vao trong nen de tao ra s khong ong eu ve thanh phan hoa hoc, dan en khong
eu ve to chc c tnh va kha nang chu lc. Nhng dang hat ket tinh tho ai cung co
thien tch noi bo.
Nh vay, qua trnh ket tinh vi toc o khong eu, vi hn g ket tinh khac nhau eu
la nguyen nhan gay nen thien tch.
9
1.4 Qua trnh san xuat uc bang khuon cat va cac bo phan c ban cua
mot khuon uc.
1.4.1 Qua trnh san xuat uc ba ng khuon cat: c bieu dien tren s o hnh 1-3:
Hon hp
lam
khuon
Mau uc
Hon hp
lam loi
Hop loi
Lam
khuon
Say
khuon
Nau kim
loa i
Say loi
Bien tnh
Lap rap khuon, loi
ruon
T
ght
i
r
y
op
Nguyen lieu
kim loai
Lo uc
Lam loi
Khuon kho
Khuon ti
Nhien
lieu
up
DH S
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Rot khuon
Pha khuon, loi
Lam sa ch vat uc
Kiem tra
Phe pham
Vat uc
Hnh 1-3 Qua trnh san xuat uc trong khuon cat.

Qua trnh san xuat vat uc trong khuon cat co the tom tat nh sau:
- Bo phan ky thuat can c theo ban ve c kh, lap ra ban ve vat uc, mau, hop loi,
lap rap
- Bo mau gom: mau uc, hop loi, tam mau, mau he thong rot, au hi, au ngot.
- Khuon ,mau, hop loi thng lam thanh hai na va lap vi nhau bang cac chot
nh v.
- Khuo n uc va loi thng phai say kho e tang c tnh va kha nang thong kh.
- Bo phan nau chay kim loai long phai phoi hp nhp nhang vi qua trnh lam
khuon, lap rap khuon e tien hanh rot kim loai long vao khuo n kp thi.
10
- Sau khi kim loai ong ac, vat uc c hnh thanh trong khuon , tien hanh pha
khuon, loi, lam sach vat uc, kiem tra vat uc bang thu cong hoac bang may.
Kiem tra vat uc ve hnh dang, kch thc, chat lng ben trong
1.4.2 Nhng bo phan chnh e uc vat uc trong khuon cat:
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 1-4 Cac bo phan cua khuon uc.

a) Chi tiet. b) Mau uc. c) Hop loi. d) Khuon uc. e) Vat uc va he thong rot.
1. Tai mau; 2. Loi; 3. Chot nh v; 4. Hom khuo n; 5. He thong rot; 6. Vat uc;
7. Long khuon; 8. au ngot va au hi; 9. Hon hp lam khuon; 10. Xien hi;
11. Lo thoat kh cua loi; 12. Mat phan khuon.
1.5 Nhng nhan to anh hng en chat lng vat uc

Chat lng vat uc c anh gia bang cac ch tieu sau ay :
- o chnh xac hnh dang va kch thc.
- o nhan bong mat ngoai.
- Chat lng kim loai cua hp kim vat uc tuy thuoc vao qua trnh cong nghe uc
va yeu cau san pham, chat lng vat uc chu cac anh hng nh:
a.Hp kim uc: Moi hp kim uc co tnh uc tot xau khac nhau nen chat lng
khac nhau. V the khi anh gia ung tnh uc cua hp kim chung ta se co bien phap cong
nghe uc hp ly.
b. Loai khuon uc va phng phap uc.
11
Qua trnh ket tinh kim loai vat uc xay ra khac nhau tuy thuoc vao loai khuon uc
va phng phap uc.
- Khuon cat co o dan nhiet thap nen kim loai nguoi cham tao ra hat tinh the cua
vat uc ln. Be mat long khuon cat khon g nhan nen lam be mat vat uc kem nhan bong.
Khi o chu nhiet cua hon hp kem se gay ra chay cat tren be mat vat uc. Ngc lai,
trong khuo n kim loai cau tao hat nho mn lam tang c tnh vat uc, nhng thng gay ra
noi ng suat trong vat uc va de hoa cng mat ngoai can tr qua trnh cat got.
Mat khac, chat lng vat uc cun g chu an h hng do s dung phng phap uc
khac nhau. Phng phap lam khuo n bang tay hay bang may se cho ta chat lng vat uc
khac nhau. Lam bang may d nhien se co chat lng ong eu, chnh xac hn lam bang
tay. Cung mot loai khuon kim loai, nhng phng phap ien ay bang rot t do tao ra chat
lng khac vi ien ay di ap lc hoac ien ay nh lc li tam.
c.An h hng cua cong nghe uc.
Cong nghe uc c the hie n bang nhng bien phap cu the theo thh t oi vi tng
Moinra chat lng vat
hi ta
loai vat uc. Tong hp cac bien phap trong mot qua trnh san xuaotCe
H
TnP.mot cach tch cc e loai bo
t
uc cao hn. Thc hien mot cong nghe uc h p ly la the
hie
a
u
h
Ky t
ti mc toi thieu cac khuyet tat uc.
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Cong nghe uc bao gomru: ong
T
ht
g
i
r
y
- Cong nghe
p u chay hp kim uc
Cona
- Cong nghe che tao khuon va loi.
- Cong nghe rot.
Ngoai ra, mot nhan to quan trong na la nang cao tay nghe, hien ai hoa qua trnh
san xuat, thay oi trang thiet b.
12
Chng 2 (Tham khao)
NGUYEN LY THIET KE KET CAU VAT UC

2.1 Khai niem:
Vat uc la dang san pham hnh thanh t hp kim long trong lon g khuon. S hnh
thanh o chu anh h ng ln ket cau vat uc.
Khi san xuat uc, ket cau vat uc khac nhau tac ong trc tiep en qua trnh cong
nghe lam khuon, loi, en s ket tinh vat uc, en s hnh thanh cac to chc va cac khuyet
tat.
Nh vay, mot ket cau uc hp ly se tao ra chat lng vat uc cao, gia thanh ha va
qua trnh gia cong tiep theo c n gian.
Mot ket cau kim loai (chi tiet) se c tao hnh bang uc phai bao am nhn g yeu
cau sau ay:
- Bao am qua trnh cong nghe lam khuo n va loi n gian, thuan tien.
- De xac nh v tr lo ng khuon trong khuon uc e tao ra h
nnhg ket tinh ung
i Mi
h
C
nham nang cao chat lng hp kim uc, loai bo cac khuyet taPt. u
Hoc.
T
t
a
u
- Bao am cho qua trnh cong nghe gia congycatht got c thuan li.
K
- Bao am c tnh cua vat uc. Su pham
g DHc phan chia theo khoi lng gom: Nho, trung bnh
Trong san xuat uc, vat u
cn
o
u
r
T
va ln. Trong bang gi
i ithie
ght u s phan chia o va san lng hang nam cua chi tiet uc
r
y
Cop
(chiec):
Nho (Kg)
Trung bnh (Kg)
en 100
Trong lng
vat uc(KG) n chiec
en 20
> 20100
>100500
>5001.000
en 300
en 150
en 75
en 50
100 500
Loat nho
3003.000
1502.000
751.000
50600
Ln (Kg)
500 5000
Dang san xuat
Loat va
3.00035.000
2.00015.000
1.0006.000
6003.000
Rat ln (Kg)
>5000
Loat ln
35.000200.000
15.000100.000
6.00040.000
3.00020.000
Hang
khoi
>200.000
>100.000
>40.000
>20.000
Vat uc c phan chia theo loai ket cau: n gian phc tap cac mc o khac
nhau. Xet ve ac trng rieng cua phng phap uc, mc o n gian hay phc tap cua ket
cau vat uc thng can c vao s tap trung hay phan tan lng kim loai tren toan bo vat
uc. Mot cac h tng oi hp ly ket cau vat uc c can c vao ty so cua dien tch be mat
F va the tch V cua no.
Neu mot ket cau co F/V ln, co ngha la ket cau co dien tch be mat ln, nhieu gan
g, thanh mong. Loai ket cau nh vay thuoc loai phc tap. Ngc lai neu F/V nho, co
ngha la vat uc c thu gon lai. Loai nay thuoc loai n gian.
13
Nhng ket cau vat uc phc tap gay kho khan nhieu hn cho qua trnh lam khuon,
ien ay kim loai long. Ket cau cang thu gon cang thuan tien hn.
Mot so vat uc co cac phan ket cau phc tap va n gian. Loai ket cau nay thng
kho bao am chat lng uc cao.
Trong thc te cac dang nh puli, banh rang, goi ... co ket cau n gian. Cac loai
nh than may, vo hop giam toc, vo o ng c.v.v...thuoc loai ket cau phc tap.
Thong thng ket cau vat uc cung nh cac ket cau nh hnh khac eu do mot so
bo phan cau thanh. Co nhn g bo phan chnh gom nhng phan e lap rap, chu lc cao khi
lam viec nh moay, chan e, vanh ran g, truc ....nhng bo phan khac ch co tac dung
lien ket nh thanh noi, gan, nan hoa ...Nh cac phan nay ma phan chnh chu c tac
dung lc l n, cn g vng, oi khi con tao
3
nen thung kn e che hoac cha.
Tren hnh 1-5 Gii thieu mot ket
cau thuoc loai tng oi phc tap gom 1
la bo phan lap rap, c noi vi van h
2
nh
chu lc 2 bang vach lien ket 3. Tat ca
i Mi
h
C
Ho
tao nen mot ket cau chung.
TP.
t
a
u
h
Thiet ke mot ket cau khong
Ky t
m
a
nhng phai xac nh hp ly hnh dang, Su ph
1
H
ng D
kch thc, loai tiet dien sao cho
phu
hp
o
u
r
T
ght nang chu lc
vi kha nang lam viecy,rkha
i
op
Hnh 1-5 Ket cau vat uc
ma con phai thc C
hien bang uc c
1-Bo phan lap rap (Moay) ; 2hp ly. Ngi ta goi o la ket cau cong
Vanh chu lc ; 3-Vach lien ket.
nghe uc.
2.2 Nguyen tac thiet ke ket cau vat uc.

Thiet ke mot ket cau phai thoa man mot so nguyen tac sau:
2.2.1 Thiet ke ket cau thoa man chat lng hp kim:
Hp kim uc khi chuyen t trang thai long sang
ac trong khuon chu anh hng ln cua ket cau vat
uc. Khi ket cau kho ng hp ly se gay kho khan cho
viec chon hng ket tinh va de gay ra khuyet tap uc.
- Ket cau chong xuat hien ro co: Ni xuat hien ro
co la ni tap trung kim loai nhieu hn xung quanh no.
e anh gia lng kim loai tap trung nhieu hay t ngi
ta dung khai niem vong tron nhiet. Tren hnh 1-6 bieu
dien cac vong tron nhiet co ng knh khac nhau.
Neu s chenh lech ng knh cua vong tron ln
se de xuat hien ro co vung co ng knh ln nhat.
14
d1
d2
Hnh 1-6
Bieu dien vo ng tron nhiet
Theo kinh nghiem, neu trong cu ng ket cau, khi d1/d2 >1,5 la khong hp ly.
Khi xac nh trc c hng ket tinh va v tr cua chan au ngot th vong tro n
nhiet cang len tren phai
dan dan ln hn e phat huy kha nang bo ngot.
Nen giam bt l ng kim loai tap trung nhng phan
khong can thiet e tranh ro co (hnh 1-7).
Nhng ket cau co dang ong (moay) khi uc phai
at loi e tao lo, can chon ng knh trong va ngoai hp ly
(hnh 1-8) e tan dung kha nan g tch nhiet cua loi. Neu lo
qua nho so vi chieu day thanh ong th kha nang ong ac
tai o se cham hn va de xuat hien ro co. Thng ngi ta
chon ty le ng knh ngoai D va ng knh trong d theo:
d> D/2
Hnh 1-7
D
- Ket cau chong xuat hien ng suat d.

nh
Xet ve mat ket cau, ng suat d sinh ra do
i Mi
h
C
nguoi kho ng o ng eu cac phan trong cung vat
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
uc, do ket cau o co o co chieu dai ln. Do o, e
d
Ky t
m
a
h
p
chong xuat hien ro co phai tuan theo cac Sa
c
ie
m
u
DH
g
n
sau:
uo
Tr
guh,tng suat d sinh ra do
Xet ve mat keyt rca
i
op
nguoi kho ng o ngCeu cac phan trong cung vat
uc, do ket cau o co o co chieu dai ln. Do o, e
Hnh 1-8
chong xuat hien ro co phai tuan theo cac ac iem
sau:
Thanh ngoai (mm)
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Thanh trong (mm)
5 6 8
10 12 12 14 16 18
T so chieu dai thanh

A/a 1,75
A
Kch thc
A/a >1,75
L
C= 0,6A
L 6(c-a)
Aa
4
Aa
2
25
22
15
C= 0,6A
L 4(c-a)
r
r
Aa
4
Aa
2
r
R
L 4(0,6A-a)
A
R
L
a
uat T
y th
am K
Cop
Aa
4
inhA a
R
M
i
Ch
2
P. Ho
h
Su p
H
D
g
ruon
t T Hnh 1-9 Ket cau chuyen tiep
h
yrig
Thanh cong
gan
a)
Nan hoa nghie ng
Nan hoa cong
c)
b)
.
Hnh 1-10
Ket cau chong co chieu dai va bien dang.
16
Tranh cac ket cau co o co chieu dai ln de gay ra bien dang hoac tham ch pha
huy bang cach tao cac gan cng vng, thiet ke nhng thanh co o cong hp ly, nhn g ket
cau co nan hoa nen la so le hoac dang nan hoa cong, nghieng mot goc so vi mat phang
ngang (hnh 1-10).
2.2.2 Thiet ke ket cau ba o am cong nghe lam khuon:
Cong nghe lam khuon gom cac nguyen cong c ban nh: am chat hon hp, rut
mau, lam loi va lap rap loi, lap khuon. Cong nghe lam khuon cang n gian, chat lng
vat uc cang cao. Ket cau vat uc hp ly phai thoa man cac iem sau ay:
- Ket cau phai am bao chon hng rut mau de dang, hoac ch phan bo trong mot
long khuo n, hoac khong phai lam mau ri...
Tren hnh 1-11 gii thieu cac ket cau hp ly va khong hp ly khi rut mau.
ight
opyr
a)
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 1-11
Hnh a, b. Ben trai khong hp ly. Ben phai hp ly
b)
- Ket cau vat uc co so lng loi cang t cang tot, am bao de nh v khi lap rap
va de pha loi khi d khuon, lam sach.
a)
c)
b)
Con ma
Hnh 1-12.
d)
17
Tren hnh 1-12 ket cau (a) co hai phan lo tach biet va mot lo phai at cong xon. Co
the sa lai ket cau o nh (b) ma khong co anh hng g en kha nang chu lc, trong luc
ch can mot loi lien cng vng va de lap at. Ket cau (c) co ba loi cung co the sa lai
thanh ket cau co mot loi chung (d). Tuy vay, kho ng phai bao gi cung ung, v neu ghep
qua nhieu se lam loi qua phc tap.
Ket cau vat uc co cac mat bch
hoac phan nho, nen thiet ke co cun g o
cao va nen noi lien lai neu chung gan
nhau e de lam khuo n (tranh phai lam
mau ri). Tren hnh 1-13 ket cau (a)
khong hp ly, ket cau (b) hp ly hn.
2.2.3 Thiet ke ket cau thoa man
cong nghe gia co ng c va lap rap.
b)
a)
Hnh 1-13
Hau het cac vat uc ie u phai
qua gia cong cat got. e thuan tien cho
nh
i Mi
h
C
qua trnh cat got, ket cau vat uc phai thoa man cac iem sau .a
Hoy:
TP
t
a
u
h
am bao ga lap tren may va o ga chac cha
Kyn tva thuan tien, chnh xac. Th du tren
m
a
ph cong cac mat A,B c. Can co them phan
hnh 1-14 ket cau (a) khon g the ga kepHe
Sugia
D
ng kep chat tren mam cap may tien.
C (b) e dung no lam mat nhTrvuokhi
t
h
yrig
Cop
Vau ga kep
Rz
Rz
a)
b)
Hnh 1-14
Ket cau khong gay can tr

cho qua trnh cat got. Tren nhng
mat phang hoac mat cong, neu ch
can gia cong cat mot phan th phan
o phai nho cao hn mot lng o
day bang gia tr lng d gia cong
c (hnh 1-15).
Rz
Hnh 1-15
Ket cau am bao giam lng gia cong cat e giam thi gian may khi cat. Th du
tang them kch thc lo phan gia cua lo gia cong va tao ra no bang loi. Khi gia cong
ch can cat hai oan au va cuoi (hnh 1-16a)
18
Tao nhng be mat vuong goc vi tam lo khoan e bao am khoan lo chnh xac. Th
du hai ket cau tren hnh 1-16b,c. Ket cau (b) co cong nghe khoan kho ng hp ly, con ket
cau (c) hp ly.
Chieu day thanh vat uc can phai eu an, neu cho day va cho mo ng khac nhau
qua nhieu th khi ket tinh cho mo ng ong ac va nguoi trc, cho day ong ac va nguoi
sau de gay ra nt. Cho day de sinh ro co. V du phai thiet ke lai thanh vat uc cho hp ly
nh hnh 1-16 d.
Rz
Rz
a)
Su
g DH
ruon
T
ght
i
r
y
op
pham
b)
uat T
h
t
Ky
Chi
P. Ho
Min
d)
Hnh 1-16
19
c)
Chng 3
THIET KE UC
Thiet ke uc la mot khau quan trong trong qua trnh san xuat uc. ay la mot s
tong hp cac kien thc e cu the hoa tren ban ve va tnh toan trong thuyet minh.
Ngi ta can c vao cac yeu to sau e thiet ke:
- Loai hp kim uc: gang, the p hoac hp kim mau....
- Yeu cau ky thuat cua chi tiet may gom o chnh xac, o bong be mat, chat lng
hp kim.
- Hnh dang va kch thc ket cau vat uc va khoi lng vat uc.
- Dang san xuat: n chiec, hang loat hay hang khoi.
Tren c s o chon dang san xuat, phng phap uc va tien hanh thiet ke uc cu
the.
Moi mot phng phap uc, co nhn g net ac trng rieng e thiet ke uc phu hp.
Tuy nhien, uc trong khuon cat la dang uc pho bien va cung co nhng ac trng chung
nh
i Mikhuon cat.
cho qua trnh uc, do o ay ch tap trung gii thieu thiet ke uc Ctrong
h
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
3-1 Thanh lap ban ve uc.
Ky t
m
a
ph
Sui la
Ban ve uc ve noi dung khongDpha
ban ve che tao, nhng tren c s ban ve nay
H
ng
o
u
r
ngi ta thanh lap c mo
t T
loat cac ban ve khac nh: ban ve mau, hop loi, ban ve lap
ght
i
r
y
khuon.
Cop
e thanh lap ban ve uc, ngi thiet ke phai da vao ban ve chi tiet may va tien
hanh theo cac bc sau ay:
3.1.1 Phan tch ket cau:
Nh chng hai a nghien cu, khi thiet ke uc cho mot chi tiet nao o phai tien
hanh phan tch ket cau da vao nhng nguyen tac a xet.
Da vao ban ve chi tiet hoac vao mot chi tiet may san co e phan tch.
- au tien phai oc ky ban ve, nhan dang ung chi tiet, ghi nhan nhng ie u kien
ky thuat a ghi trong ban ve chi tiet, vat lieu che tao chi tiet, tham ch phai hnh dung ca
v tr cua chi tiet o trong thiet b, yeu cau chu lc va cac yeu cau khac
- D kie n trc s bo quy trnh gia cong cat got chi tiet o tren cac loai may cong
cu. Xac nh nhng phan be mat phai gia cong, nhng mat chuan cong nghe ...
Qua trnh phan tch ket cau cho phep anh gia tnh hp ly hoac cha hp ly cua ket
cau vat uc t o neu cho phep co the thay oi mot phan ket cau nham:
+ n gian hoa ket cau tao ieu kien de uc hn nh lc bo cac ranh then, ranh
lui dao, cac lo nho qua khong at loi c v.v...
+ Tang hoac giam o day thanh vat uc, cac gan g, cac phan chuye n tiep cho phu
hp vi cac nguyen tac a xet. Viec thay oi no ch co li ma khong lam anh hng en
kha nang chu lc hoac ieu kien lam viec.
Can lu y rang, khong nen coi viec n gian hoa chi tiet ma lam sai khac qua mc
ket cau ban au cua chi tiet may. Co gang sao cho hnh dan g va kch thc cang gan vi
chi tiet may cang tot.
20
3.1.2.Xac nh mat pha n khuon:

Mat phan khuon la be mat tiep xuc cua cac na khuon vi nhau (thng la mat tiep
xuc gia khuon tren va khuon di). Mat phan khuon xac nh v tr vat uc trong khuon.
Ky hieu bang gach xanh, mui ten T ch phan vat uc thuoc khuon tre n, con D thuoc ve
khuon di.
Mat phan khuon co the la mat phang, mat bac hoac cong bat ky. Nh ng vat uc
khac nhau co mat phan khuon chon khac nhau. Co the trong khuon uc co mot hoac co
vai ba mat phan khuon. No la yeu to quan trong, bi v nh mat phan khuon ta co the tao
long khuon chnh xac, lap rap loi de dang, tao hnh he thong dan kim loai long vao khuon
chnh xac.v.v Tom lai mat phan khuon la yeu to can thiet khong the thieu c. e chon
mat phan khuon h p l phai da tren mot so nguyen tac chung sau ay:
a.Chon mat pha n khuon da vao cong nghe lam khuon.
Cong nghe lam khuon gom rut mau, sa cha long khuon, nh v loi neu co va lap
cac na khuon. V vay, phai am bao c cac iem sau:
- Chon mat phan khuon qua tiet dien co dien tch ln nhat (theo iv
nhtr at mau) e
iM
h
C
rut mau de dang, khong b vng, kho ng tao ra ma sat gia ma. H
u va khuon qua ln.
P o
Tno
t
a
u
- Chon mat phan khuon lam sao cho long khuo
n
la
n
g nhat e va de rut mau
y th
K
amc co than h mong tao thanh khuo n rat han
va de sa cha lo ng khuon , nhat la cac vapthu
u
S
H
D(hnh 1-17). Hnh (a) co hai phng an va hnh (b)
hep. Th du hai vat uc nh hnhonve
u g
r
T
cung co hai phng an. ight
pynrg con co li khi ie n ay kim loai long. No se tao ra dong chay em
Long khuoC
n ono
t lam hong khuon.
a)
b)
A
Hnh 1-17
- Nh ng ket cau co long khuo n phan bo ca khuon tren va khuo n di, nen chon
long khuo n tren nong hn (hnh 1-18). Nh vay se de lam khuon, de lap khuon.
21
- Mat phan khuon nen

chon mat phang, tranh cac mat
bac, hay mat cong. Bi v mat
bac va cong kho lam, phai co
D
hom
khuo n
thch
hp. B
T
Hnh 1-19 chon theo phng
an A tot hn B.
b. Chon mat phan

khuon da vao o
chnh xa c cua long
khuon.
Hnh 1-18
o chnh xac vat uc phu

thuoc vao o chnh xac cua long B
khuon. Do o, phai am bao cac
nh
i Mi
mat sau:
h
C
Ho
TP.
+ Long khuo n tot nhat la
t
a
u
h
Ky t
ch phan bo trong mot hom A
m
a
ph
khuon. ieu nay tranh c sai g DH Su
n
Truo
so khi rap khuon.
t
igh
Nhng vatCu
opycr co nhieu
Hnh 1-19
tiet dien khac nhau neu yeu cau
ong tam cao ngi ta co the dung phan at phu e at toan bo vat uc trong mot hom
khuon (hnh 1-20 a). Mieng at phu se lam thay oi phan nao hnh dang mau e tao ra tiet
dien ln nhat tai mat phan khuon.
Mieng at phu
D
A
a)
Hnh 1-20
b)
- Nhng vat uc co loi, nen bo tr sao cho v tr cua loi la thang ng (hnh 1-20 b).
Nh vay se de nh v loi chnh xac, tranh c tac dung lc cua kim loai long lam bien
dang than loi, de kiem tra khi lap rap.
22
- So lng mat phan khuon cang t cang bao am chnh xac. Trn g hp phai chon
hai mat phan khuon nh hnh 1-21, nen cho toan bo vat uc khuon gia. at nh vay du
cac na khuon co b xe dch khi lap rap cung khon g anh hng e n long khuon c ban .
- Khong chon mat phan khuon qua cho co tiet dien thay oi. V nh vay se kho
phat hien sai lech tam gia cac be mat, ong thi gay kho khan khi gia cong cat got. Th
du nhng ket cau co dang nh hnh 1-20 b nen chon phng an A (phng an B khong hp
ly).
c. Chon mat pha n khuon da vao
T
chat lng hp kim uc:
G
Khi ket tinh t kim loai long trong
khuon uc bao gi cung co hng t di len
tren va t xung quanh vao gia. Mat tren cung
ket tinh cham nhat. V vay, can phai am bao
cac nguyen tac:
G
- Nhng be mat quan tro ng can chat
h
n
Mi
lng cao hoac bo tr di hoac hai ben.
Chi
D
o
H
.
P
T
Be mat tren nguoi sau cung ne n cha nhieu tap
uat
y th
Hnh 1-21
K
chat.
am
h
p
u
- Chon mat phan khuon saog cho
DH Shng
n
ruon au ngot hoac he thong rot. Noi cach khac la nen at
ket tinh t xa chuyen dan tve Tcha
h
g
i
yr
cac phan thanh mo
Conpg xuong di va chan au ngot hay he thong rot at cho tap trung
kim loai va cao nhat.
- Chon mat phan khuon phai tnh en v tr at he thong rot e bao am kim loai
long ien ay nhanh, ong eu, khong tao dong chay roi lam hong khuon. Trong thc te
co the co ba v tr rot: T tren xuo ng ( hnh 1-22a), ben ho ng ( hnh 1-22b ) va t di
len (rot xi phong) ( hnh 1-22c ). Chu y rang cho dan kim loai long vao nam sat ngang
mat phan khuon (hnh 1-22).
23
b)
Hnh 1-22
a) Rot t tren xuo ng. b) Rot ben hong. c) Rot t di len .
a)
c)
nh
3.1.3 Xac nh cac ai lng cu a ban ve vat uc.
i Mi
h
C
a.Lng d gia cong cat got: la phan kim loai doi raP.tre
Hon vat uc e khi cat bo i
T
t
a
u
se co o chnh xac kch thc va o bong be mat K( ytra
thbang So tay cong nghe che tao may
m
a
h
tap 1) .
Su p
H
D
Nhng be mat khong ghiruo
ngbong be mat (tho) se khong xac nh lng d.
T o
t
Lng d gia co
nigghat tren vat uc phu thuoc vao kch thc vat uc, vao v tr cac
opyr
C
be mat vat uc trong khuon, vao o chnh xac uc va dang san xuat.
Lng d at tren cac mat tren cua vat uc co gia tr ln hn mat ben va di.
Dang san xuat n chiec, hang loat nho co gia tr lng d ln. Lam khuon bang
tay, mau go, co gia tr lng d ln hn so vi lam bang may, mau kim loai.
uc trong khuon cat, cap chnh xac thap hn (cap 3) khi uc at biet. Phng phap
uc at biet co the at c cap 2 hay cap 1.
b. o doc rut mau (go c thoat khuon):
Tren cac thanh ng (vuo ng goc vi mat phan khuon) can co o doc rut mau goi la
o doc uc. Gia tr o doc cang ln cang de rut mau nhng no se lam sai lech hnh dang
va lam tang s hao ph kim loai vat uc. V vay ve nguyen tac khi thiet ke vat uc co the
theo bang di ay, chieu cao thanh khuon ln, o doc rut mau phai nho. Khi s dung vat
lieu mau khac nhau, phng phap uc khac nhau, gia tr o doc khac nhau ( goc nghie ng
tra bang So tay cong nghe che tao may tap 1).
Dang o doc
o doc lam tang

kch thc vat uc
o doc trung bnh
24
o doc lam giam

kch thc vat uc
h/2
S o o doc
Ap dung
Cho be mat can gia

cong c
Cho be mat khon g

gia cong c
Cho be mat khon g

gia cong c
b
c. Goc uc la goc tiep giap gia hai be
mat giao nhau cua vat uc (hnh 1-23).
Goc uc am bao cho khuo n khon g b v
khi rut mau va vat uc khong b nt khi ong ac
trong khuon . Goc uc cung giup cho mau nang
r
cao o ben, de rut mau.
nh
Tr so ban knh ln ngoai R va ban knh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
ln trong r co the xac nh theo con g thc kinh
TP.
t
a
u
nghiem hoac tra bang So tay cong nghe che taoKy th
ham
may tap 1.
1 1 aH Sbu p
r ( ong)D
Goc trong :
r3u 5 2
Hnh 1-23
tT
h
g
i
Goc ngoa
iy:r R= r+b
p
o
Goc uc
C
Trong o: a,b la chieu day thanh vat uc
giao nhau ( a>b )
d. Dung sai vat uc: la sai so cua kch thc vat uc cho phep so vi kch thc
danh ngha (tra bang So tay cong nghe che tao may tap 1) .
Dung sai cua vat uc phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to : phng phap uc, loai khuon
uc, loai mau, hop loi... Dung sai thanh phan tren cac khau kch thc phai phu hp vi
dung sai khau khep kn.
Khi uc trong khuon cat, sai so kch thc kha ln. Nguyen nhan do o lac ( rung )
khi rut mau, o co khi say khuon va loi, do o lun cua hon hp khi chu ap lc cua kim
loai long trong khuon.
3.1.4. Xac nh loi va goi loi:
a. Loi: dung e tao lo hoac phan lom trong vat uc. Phan at loi a xac nh khi
chon mat phan khuon.
e xac nh so lng loi, khi thiet ke uc can tuan theo cac qui nh sau ay:
- Nhng lo can gia cong cat got, tuy theo dang san xuat, neu kch thc nho co the
khong can at loi ma uc lien. Th du khi san xuat n chiec cac lo co ng knh
50mm, san xuat ha ng loat 30mm, sa n xuat hang khoi 20mm co the uc lien, viec
tao lo se do gia cong cat got am nhiem.
-Cac bac day hn 25 mm va cac ranh co chieu sau 6 mm tren cac vat uc nho
va va eu c ta o nen ngay t khi uc.
- Nhng lo kho ng can gia cong cat got can phai at loi du cho kch thc lo nho.
25
- So l ng loi cang t cang tot. e am bao nguyen tac nay co the thay the loi
bang nhng phan nho cua khuon ( hnh 1-24 )
Neu D/H 0,85 co the thay loi bang phan nho cua khuon di (hnh 1-24 b).
Neu D/H > 3 co the thay loi bang phan nho cua khuon tren (hnh 1-24 c).
Dung u cat thay loi bao am o chnh xac cua khuon uc, giam bt c hop loi va
thi gian lam loi, nhng phan nho gay phan nao kho khan cho mot so nguyen co ng lam
khuon va lap rap khuon.
Nhng loi ln co o phc tap cao, co tiet dien thay oi nhieu co the ket hp ca
phan nho va loi.
ight
opyr
a)
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
c)
b)
Hnh 1-24
Phan nho khuon
h1
S2
b. Thiet ke goi loi: Goi loi la bo phan e nh v loi trong khuon uc. V vay goi
loi phai am bao nh v chnh xac va cng vng, phai de lap rap loi vao khuon.
Can c vao v tr cua loi trong khuo n, ngi ta chia ra hai loai c ban: loi ng va loi
ngang. T o, goi loi cung phai thiet ke phu
S1
hp vi dang loi tren .

- Loi ng: goi loi c nh v theo
hng vuong goc vi mat phan khuon nam
ngang. Thng lam goi loi hnh con (hnh 1-
S3
h
25) co kch thc am bao: h h1 , .

Goi loi pha di tac dung len khuon
di bang chnh khoi lng cua loi. Goi loi
tren ch tac dung len khuon tre n khi co lc
ay kim loai long tac dung vao loi. V the hai
goi loi di va tren co kch thc khac
nhau va co the co cau tao khac nhau
(hnh 1-26).
e de lap rap, tranh v khuon, loi th
gia loi va khuon co khe h S1 , S2 , S3.
Goi loi di de lap rap hn, nhng phai
bao am o chnh xac va tnh on nh,
Hnh 1-25
Goi loi ng hnh con.
26
0,75D 1
D1
Hnh 1-26
(1,5 2)D
nen goc con be hn, chieu cao goi loi h ln hn so vi goi loi tren.
oi vi nhng loi ng co ty le chieu cao tren ng knh than loi ln, e tranh mat on
nh, ngi ta thiet ke loi co e (hnh 1-26).
- Loi ngang: co goi loi phan bo ca khuon tren va khuon di cho mat phan
khuon. e bao am chnh xac, goi loi ngang co tiet dien u e chong lai chnh tron g lng
cua ca loi. Tiet dien ngang cua goi loi ngang co the la tro n, vuong va nh ng dang nh
hnh khac.
e de lap rap va tranh v khuon, loi, gia loi va khuon cung co khe h S1, S2, S3.
Kch thc, goc o goi loi cung phai bao am nh loi ng, ngha la:
h h1 ,
Tren hnh 1- 27, 1-28 gii thieu mot vai loai goi loi.
Mot so trng h p can xac nh chnh xac v tr toa o cua loi, ngi ta thiet ke goi
loi co khi gom hai loai:
+ Goi loi co khoa chong xoay (hnh 1-29a).
nh
+ Goi loi co khoa chong dch chuyen doc (hnh 1-29b).
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
27
h1
S2
S1
Hnh 1-27
Goi loi ngang hnh tru
S1
uo
Tr
u ph
Min
S2
ight
opyr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
(0,5 0,8) D
Hnh 1-28
Goi loi ngang hnh 6 canh
a)
Hnh 1-29
Goi loi co khoa.
a) Khoa chong xoay.
b) b) Khoa chong dch
doc.
Bai tap ve ve ban ve thiet ke uc, khuo n uc cua chi tiet sau:
27
RZ20
12
60
RZ20
11
0
25
R8
90
18
0
60
R20
50
2
0
210
90
RZ20
25
0
pham
uR40
S
H
gD
80
h
Ban ve chi tiet iGO
MinI
h
C
VaT
t lie
P. Huo: GX15-32.
t
a
u
thi hnh san xuat hang loat.
KyLoa
n
Truo
t
h
yrig
V du ve thiet ke u
Cocp chi tiet sau (hnh 1-30 va 1-31):
Hnh 1- 30 Ban ve chi tiet:

Goi : GX 15-32
28
RZ20
80
25
100
40
80
60 1,5
1,5
1030
15
150
ight
opyr
70
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
60 1,5
32 1,5
70
1,5
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
1,5
37 1
120 1,5
Hnh 1-31 Ban ve thiet ke uc.
29
3.2 Thiet ke mau va hop loi:

3.2.1 Thiet ke mau:
Mau la bo phan c ban trong bo mau. Mot bo mau bao gom: mau (hnh 1-32), mau
he thong rot, au hi, au ngot va tam mau.
Mau la bo phan tao ra long khuon uc khi lam khuon. Mau se in hnh trong khuon
e tao ra mat ngoai cua vat uc a thiet ke. Tr phan tai mau e tao ra v tr gac goi loi,
hnh dang va kch thc mau tng ng vi mat ngoai cua vat uc.
Ban ve mau:
Can c vao ban ve uc e thanh lap ban ve cua mau. Nhng can c o la:
- Mat phan khuon.
- Hnh dang va kch thc mat ngoai cua vat uc.
- Hnh dang va kch thc cua goi loi neu co, ke ca nh ng loi phu hoac mieng at
phu c thiet ke khi chon mat phan khuon.
- Vat lieu d nh e che tao mau.
nh
T o, trnh t cac bc e ve ban ve mau nh sau:
i Mi
h
C
+ Xac nh mat phan mau: a so mau uc co matTpha
P. Hno mau trung vi mat phan
t
a
u
h
khuon. Trng hp ac biet mau co the che tao d
Kyi tdang nhieu phan thao ri. Phai phan
m
a
php mat phan khuon la mat oi xng.
nh ro mau tren va mau di ke ca tr
nSgu h
H
D
ong thc tai mau
+ Xac nh hnh dang va
Trukch
t
Tai mau se oinpyhnh
righ trong khuo n e tao ra cho ta cho goi loi. Phai da vao hnh
C
dang goi loi, khe h gia loi va khuon va qua trnh lap rap khuon e thiet ke tai mau. Sai
so kch thc tai mau se dan en sai so kch thc cua long khuon uc.
+ Kch thc va dung sai kch thc mau: Moi mot phan mau rieng biet co kch
thc bo phan cua chung . Nhng kch thc b chia ra do mat phan mau khi ghep lai phai
tng ng vi kch thc vat uc. Nhng kch thc quan trong phai xac nh dung sai.
Dung sai thanh phan phai phu hp vi dung sai cua mot khau khep kn.
Can lu y rang, kim loai long khi chuye n sang ac se co lai. Nh vay, ne u lay ung
cac kch thc ban ve vat uc sao lai cho ban ve mau th vat uc se hut kch thc do co
ngot. V vay phai lam long khuon rong hn, do o kch thc mau phai tang len mot lng
tng ng vi o co cua tng hp kim. Hp kim khac nhau th he so co cung khac nhau:
Gang xam 1 %. Thep 2 %. Gang tra ng 1,5 %. Hp kim ong va nhom 1,5 %.
Tuy nhien, khi ghi tren ban ve van lay so lieu theo ban ve uc (khi che tao mau ngi ta
phai dung thc ty le tuy thuoc vao loai hp kim uc khac nhau).
+ Cau tao cua mau: e thc hien ay u mot ban ve che tao, phai xac nh t au
vat lieu che tao no (go, kim loai...)
Nhng mau nho neu la go co the dung go lien. Neu mau phc tap, de bien dan g
phai che tao bang ghep go trai th. Neu kch thc va khoi lng mau ln e tiet kiem
vat lieu va giam khoi lng mau co the lam rong ben trong.
+ Phan nh v khi ghep mau: Nhng mau tron xoay co mat phan mau vuong goc
truc tam ch can lam mot chot nh v (hnh 1-32b). oi vi cac loai khac phai dung 2 hoac
3 chot nh v. Ve nguyen tac khoang cach gia cac chot cang xa nhau, nh v cang chnh
xac. Cau tao chot va lo chot phai co kch thc hp ly e rut va de lap.
30
Ngoai ra, tren ban ve mau phai xac nh them o nhan bong be mat, mau sn cua cac bo
phan cua mau .
Tren hnh ve 1-32 c gii thieu ban ve mau cua chi tiet uc hnh 1-30.
ruon
T
ght
i
r
y
op
ph
Chi
P. Ho
32
15+0,50
150+0,87
7o
32+0,60
40
+50
Min
60+0,74
Su
g DH
uat T
y th
am K
b)
+0,74
90+0,87
a)
25+0,50
10o
60+0,74
c)
Hnh 1-32
a) Mau go b) Mau co 1 chot nh v c) Mau co 2 chot .
3.2.2 Thiet ke loi va hop loi:

Loi la mot bo phan cua khuon uc e tao ra phan lo hoac phan lom can co trong
vat uc. Do o loi co hnh dang va kch thc tng ng vi phan lo hoac lom can co o.
Loi co the bang kim loai hoac bang hon h p cat.
Tren hnh ve 1-33 gii thieu cau tao mot loi cat n gian.
e thiet ke hop loi, trc het phai xac nh c hnh dang va kch thc loi (than loi va
cac goi loi), sau o phai tnh en cau tao cua xng loi va hnh dang kch thc ranh thoat
kh. Ho p loi ngoai viec tao ra loi co o chnh xac ve hnh dang, kch thc, con phai tnh
en thao tac at xng, ien ay hon hp, am chat, tao ranh hay lo thoat kh va cuoi
cung la lay loi ra khoi hop.
31
Hnh 1-33 Cau tao loi cat.

1. Xng kim loai 2.Hon hp cat 3. Ranh thoat kh
Ngi ta thng thiet ke ba loai hop loi: Hop loi nguyen e tao loi n gian, dang
con, hop loi hai na e tao loi hnh tru, co chieu dai tuy y, ho p loi lap ghep e che tao
loi phc tap, co the tch ln (xem phan lam loi).
+ Thanh lap ban ve hop loi.
Ban ve hop loi cung la ban ve che tao nen phai ap ng ay u cac qui c ve ky
h
thuat ve ban ve che tao. Sau khi a xac nh c hnh dang, kch ith
Minc than loi va goi
h
C
Ho
loi, trnh t thiet ke hop loi phai theo cac bc sau:
TP.
t
a
u
th be mat nay cung tuan theo mot so
- Xac nh mat phan hop loi: Mot phan naKoyo
m
a
h
nguyen tac chon mat phan khuo n: Mat pha
Su pn hop loi phai la be mat i qua tiet die n ln
H
D
nhat cua loi, long hop loi phai no
nngge de lay loi ra khoi ho p, de ien ay hon hp loi, de
Truo
t
h
at xng loi...
yrig
Cop
Co the xac nh mat phan hop loi la thang ng khi loi co chieu dai khong ln qua
so vi kch thc ngang. Nhng loi dai nen chon mat phan hop loi nam ngang.
ieu can lu y la sau khi a am chat o ben va o cng be mat cua loi ti con
rat thap, nen chon mat phan hop loi sao cho khi thao loi kho ng lam hong no.
- Kch thc va dung sai kch thc hop loi khac vi mau, cac loi co dang oi xng
qua mat phan hop loi, ch can trnh bay mot na hop loi va kch thc cua phan long hop
loi phai tnh en o co khi say loi va tranh lam hut kch thc lo cua vat uc (hnh 1-34
gii thieu ban ve hop loi go cho chi tiet uc 1-30)
3.2.3 Vat lieu lam hop loi.
Ke ca mau va hop loi eu co
the che tao bang go bang kim loai
hoac mot so vat lieu khac nh chat
deo, xi mang, thach cao...
Chon vat lieu thng da
vao dang san xuat, yeu cau chat
lng, kch thc, khoi lng va
thc te cua ni san xuat. nc ta
Hnh 1-34
co the dung go cac loai e lam mau
Hop loi go.
va hop loi phc tap, ln v go de
lam, nhe. Nhng go chong mon, hay
h hong do cong venh, nt ne, tham nc, muc...Nh ng loai co kch thc nho, khoi
32
lng khong qua ln co the dung mau kim loai (gang, thep cacbon, hay dung nhat la hp
kim nhom uc: Al-Si hay con goi la hp kim silumin). Mau va hop loi kim loai nen cau
tao rong e giam khoi lng va tiet kiem kim loai.
Tren hnh 1-32 b gii thieu cach ghep go e lam mau, lam hop loi go (hnh1-34)
va hop loi bang kim loai (hnh1-35).
3.3 Thiet ke he thong rot va au hi, au ngot.

3.3.1 He thong rot.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 1-36 a) He thong rot. b) Vat uc va he

thong rot.
1. Coc rot 2. Ong rot 3. Ranh loc x 4. Ranh
dan 5. au hi 6. Vat uc.
He thong rot la mot bo phan quan trong cua khuon uc e dan kim loai long ien
ay long khuon (hnh 1-36).
a.Yeu cau cua he thong rot.
Khi thiet ke he tho ng rot phai am bao cac yeu cau sau ay:
- Dong chay cua kim loai phai em, kho ng gay va ap, ban toe, khong tao xoay va
phai lien tuc.
- Khong dan x, kh hoac cac tap chat vao long khuon.
- ien ay khuon nhanh, khon g lam hao ph nhiet lam giam o chay loang cua hp
kim uc.
- ieu hoa c nhiet trong toan bo long khuon tao ieu kien ong ac theo
hng li nhat, ong thi co kha nang bo sung kim loai.
- Khong hao ph nhieu kim loai cho he thong rot.
Tuy thuoc vao loai khuo n, phng phap uc va loai hp kim uc phai thiet ke sao
cho tng oi hp l. Trong thc te san xuat, ngi ta thng dung ba loai: Rot ben hong,
rot trc tiep t tren xuo ng va rot t di len (kieu xi phong) ( xem hnh 1-22 trang
23).
33
- Rot trc tiep t dung, mat du cau tao n gian, de che tao. Ch dung trong trng
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
34
hp uc vat uc n gian: phoi puli, phoi banh rang....

- Rot kieu xi phong bao am dong chay em, co kha nang bo sung kim loai cho
vung di cua vat uc. Nhng loai nay kho che tao, ch dung thch hp trong cac loai
khuon kim loai, uc vat nho .
- Loai rot ben hon g (rot ngang) tho ng du ng hn ca.
b. Cau tao he tho ng rot:
Tren hnh 1-37 la cau tao mot he thong rot tieu chuan bao gom: coc rot 1, o ng rot
2, ranh loc x 3 va cac ranh dan 4.
2
Mat thoang kim loai long
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
Hnh 1-37 He thong rot tieu chuan.

1.Coc rot 2.Ong dan 3.Ranh loc x
4. Cac ranh da
nnh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Lo
n
g
khuo
n
ng
- Coc rot la phan tren cung cua he thong. No co tac dung cha phan kim loai long
khi chay tiep vao bo phan di nham loai bo mot phan tap chat, x noi tren mat. Coc rot
con hng dong chay kim loai long t thung rot.
Coc rot ch phap huy tac dung khi no luo n luon cha ay kim loai long.
Cac loai coc rot thong thng co cau tao nh tren hnh 1-38. Kch thc cua chung
phu thuoc vao khoi lng va hnh dang cua vat uc.
D
D1
b)
a)
Hnh 1-38 Loai coc rot thng
34
e chan x c tot hn khi uc vat uc co chat lng cao, ngi ta dung loai coc
ac biet: coc co mang loc, mang ngan, coc co nut hoac loai li tam (hnh 1-39).
Mang ngan
a)
b)
Mang loc bang vat lieu chu la
Nut ay
uat T
th
c) am Ky
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
d)
S
g DH 1-39. Cac loai coc ac biet.
nHnh
o
u
r
T
ghtmang loc; b.Coc co mang ngan; c.Coc co nut; d.Coc li tam.
i
a.Co
c
co
r
y
Cop
Cac loai coc nay co tac dung gi x tot v kim loai long c lu lai trong coc lau
hn. Loai coc rot li tam do tao dong chay xoay tron nen giam van toc va noi x tot. Nhng
nhng loai coc rot nay thng lam giam nhiet o kim loai, v the phai nang cao o qua
nhiet cua kim loai khi rot.
- Ong rot la phan noi tiep t coc rot xuo ng di. Dong kim loai long chay trong
ong co gia toc. Ong cao, van toc dong chay cang xuong di cang tang.
- Ong rot c tao ra t mau ong rot nen co o con rut mau, mot ly do na dong
chay trong ong co o con va phai se khon g dan
kh vao long khuon . Trong khuon cat, o con
cho phep khoang 10 15%.
e han che bt van toc dong chay, trong cac
khuon kim loai ngi ta hay dung loai ong rot
bac hoac hnh sin (hnh 1-40).
- Ranh loc x la mot phan cua he thong
rot nam di chan ong rot, khuon tren va sat
mat phan khuon. Nh ten goi cua no, ranh nay
do nam ngang nen ay toc o dong chay giam
b)
a)
han xuong. Phan x long neu lot qua ong rot se
Hnh 1-40
c gi lai ranh loc x. Tiet dien ngang hp
a.O
n
g
ro
t
co bac b) Ong hnh
l, tot o dong cang nho , x noi len cang triet e.
sin
Ngoai ra ranh loc x cung tao ie u kien
35
e bo tr cac ranh dan.

b=0,8a
h=a
b=a
a
a)
a
b)
a
c)
Hnh 1-41
Tiet dien ngang ranh loc x
36
h=(0,1
Tiet dien ngang cua ranh loc x thng dung loai hnh thang, ban nguyet hay tam
giac (hnh 1-41).
nh co mang ngan.
Khi can am bao loc x tot hn na, ngi ta dung loai ranh ba
c iva
iM
h
C
Hou hn. Loai nay cung lam
Muc ch cua bac va mang ngan la lam giam toc o dong nhie
TP.
t
a
u
giam tnh chay loang cua hp kim va kho che tao. Ky th
am
- Ranh da n:
u ph
S
H
g Dse vao cac ranh dan e vao long khuon . ieu bat
Kim loai sau khi chay qua ranhrlo
uocnx
T
htpha
buoc la ranh dan phapiyna
mat di cua ranh loc x, e hng kim loai sach. Do o no
rigm
o
C
nam sat mat phan khuon khuon di.
e at yeu cau ieu hoa nhiet, co the bo tr nhieu ranh dan ong thi tuy theo cau
tao cua long khuon va khoi lng vat uc. V tr cua ranh dan khon g at di o ng rot hoac
au cuoi cua ranh loc x.
a
- Ranh dan cung c cau tao bi cac tiet
dien hnh thang, ban nguyet hoac tam giac nhng
chieu ngc lai. Mot ieu can lu y la khi lam
sach vat uc phai cat hoac thong thng la ap
gay ranh dan. V the kch thc ranh co the thay
b=(0,7 0,9)a
oi phu hp vi chieu day thanh vat uc tai cho
dan (Hnh 1-42 ).
Ranh dan thng cau tao thang. Tuy vay
Hnh 1.42
cung co nhn g loai phi tieu chuan cho phu hp
Tiet dien ranh dan hnh thang.
vi cac yeu cau khac nhau.
e vat uc nguoi eu theo chie u cao, giam ng suat nhiet th dung ranh dan nhieu
tang (hnh 1-43a). Nhng vat uc thanh mong, chieu cao tng oi ln, e ien ay
nhanh, nguoi eu, bo sung kim loai tot th dung loai ranh dan khe mong (hnh 1-43b).
Trng hp khong the bo tr khe mo ng co the dung loai ranh dan giot ma (hnh 1-43c ).
c. Chon cho da n kim loai va o khuon:
Bo tr cho kim loai vao khuon la mot khau rat quan tron g e at c vat uc chat lng
cao. Neu bo tr cho dan kim loai ung an th bao am c s ien ay long khuon eu
an, tranh c nhng ng suat ben trong va ro co tao ra trong vat uc.
b)
a)
c)
inh
M
hi
Hnh 1-43 Cac loai ranh dan khac Ho C

P.
a- Dan nhieu tang b- Dan qua khe montghc.Da
uat Tn kieu giot ma
y
am K
h
p
Su t so quy tac sau:
Muon the chung ta can tuan theo
DH mo
g
n
Truoi lng < 1,5 tan, chieu dai vat uc khong qua 3m (than
1. oi vi vat uigchco
t kho
pyr loai theo mot pha. oi vi vat uc co chieu dai ln hn, e cho
may) th nen danCokim
kim loai ien ay long khuo n c eu an (oi xng) th nen dan vao bo phan gia cua
vat uc. oi vi vat uc co hnh dang phc tap ma chieu dai > 2m th can phai dan kim
loai theo hai pha bang cac he thong rot rieng biet.
2. Khi uc chi tiet bang gang xam co o chay loang cao, o co nho, chie u day
khong khac nhau lam th nen dan kim loai vao cho thanh mong cua vat uc, e kim loai
phan day va phan mong co nhiet o che nh nhau t, lam cho vat uc nguoi ong eu.
ung
a)
Sai
b)
Hnh 1-44 Vai v du ve cach at ranh dan.

3. Khi uc gang ben cao va uc thep, v o co ln va chong ong (chay loang kem)
nen phai dan kim loai long vao cho thanh day cua vat uc, e bao am rot ay khuon va
37
tao ra s ong ac co h ng. Khi ong ac, phan mo ng ong trc, phan day ong ac
sau cung, phan day lam nhiem vu bo ngot cho phan mong, khi phan day co ngot sau th
phai dung au ngot e bo sung kim loai.
4. Khi uc vat uc hnh tru tron th nen dan kim loai theo hng tiep tuyen vi mat
cat ngang e tranh hien tng xoay gay ra tu kh, tu x (hnh 1-44a).
5. Khi uc vat uc dang tam phang va rong va mong th phai dan kim loai vao
khuon ban g nhieu ranh dan mi co the ien ay tot (hnh 1-44b).
d. Tnh toan he thong rot.
Nguye n tac tnh nh sau: trc tien xac nh tong tiet dien cua ranh dan, con tiet
dien cua ranh loc x va ong rot lay theo mot ty le nhat nh.
Khoi lng vat uc bao gom he thong rot, au ngot G(g) se bang tch so cua tong
tiet dien cua ranh dan tai cho kim loai long chay vao lon g khuon ( Frd cm2 ), van toc
dong chay v (cm/s), thi gian ie n ay lo ng khuon t (s) va khoi lng rieng cua kim loai
long (g/cm3). oi vi gang: = 6,8 g/cm3.
nh
i Mi
Ta co:
h
C
Ho
TP.
(1)
G = . rd.v.t
t
a
u
h
t
y
K
Suy ra:
pham
u
S
HG
ng D
o
u
r
(2)
.v .t
T rd
ght
i
r
y
Da vao phng
Cop trnh thuy lc cua Becnuli ta co the tnh v theo cong thc:
v 2 gH p
(3)
Trong o: - He so can thuy lc ( 0,3 0,8). He so nay gom 2 phan :

= 1.2
1 -He so can trong he thong rot;
2 -He so can thuy lc trong khuon
g -Gia toc trong tr ng tnh bang 981 cm/s2
Hp - Chie u cao tnh toan cot ap (ap suat thuy tnh cot kim loai long). Cong thc e tnh la:
2 H .C P 2
P2
Hp
H
(4)
P2
2C
2C
Hp H
2C
Tren hnh 1-45 gii thieu cach tnh Hp cho ba kieu rot khac nhau.
Trong con g thc (4), H la chieu cao tnh t cho dan kim loai long vao khuon en
mat thoang (cm). Neu H qua ln, ap lc ien ay tang len nhng dong chay se khong em.
Ngc lai, neu H khong u ln , ap suat thuy tnh se nho dan en ien ay cham, chat
lng hp kim uc kem.
Tong chieu cao ong rot ho va coc rot la gia tr H can tm. Phan khuon cha coc rot
co the che tao rieng e tiet kiem vat lieu va giam khoi lng khuon tren.
P - Chieu cao phan long khuon uc tnh t ranh dan tr len (cm).
C - Chieu cao long khuon theo v tr rot (cm).
38
p=c
c
p=0
Mat thoang kim loai
a)
.
c)
b)
Hnh 1-45
a) Rot tren xuo ng; b) Rot ben hong; c) Rot xi phong
- Khi rot trc tiep t tren xuong (hnh 1-45a) do P = 0 nen: Hphi=MHinh
C
C
. Ho C
P
T
tPH
- Khi rot be n hon g (hnh1-45b) neu P
nen:uaH
2Ky th
8
am
h
p
Sung hnh 1-45c) th P = C nen: H H C
- Khi rot t di len (kieu rogt xi
DHpho
P
n
2
uo
r
T
t
h
g
i
Thi gian Cie
opnyray khuon t chon phu thuoc vao khoi lng vat uc, chieu day
thanh va loai hp kim uc.
Nhng vat uc bang gang, thep co khoi lng nho hn 450 Kg, chieu day thanh
mong ( 15mm) co the tnh theo co ng thc kinh nghiem:
t S1 G
(s)
(5)
S1- He so phu thuoc chieu day thanh
Nhng vat uc co khoi lng l n (< 104 Kg)
(s)
(6)
3
t S2 G
S2 - He so phu thuoc chieu day thanh (S1, S2 co the tra trong so tay uc)
Cuoi cung thay (3), (4), (5) hoac (6) vao co ng thc (2) ta co :
Frd
.t 1 2 2 gH p
(cm2)
Khi vat uc bang gang co =7,8 g/cm3 ta co cong thc rut gon :
Frd
(cm2)
0,31.t 1 2 H p
Co tong tiet dien Frd ta co the dung cac cong thc ty le sau ay e tnh tiet dien
ranh loc x (Frlx) va ong rot For.
Vat uc nho, thanh mo ng (G < 100Kg)
Frd : Frlx : For =1: 1,06: 1,11
39
Vat uc trung bnh (100 500 Kg).

Frd : Frlx : For = 1: 1,1 : 1,15.
Frd : Frlx : For = 1: 1,2 : 1,4.
Vat uc ln ( >500 Kg ) :
Can chu y : Khi chan ong rot chia chieu dai ranh loc x lam hai phan eu co at
ranh dan th tiet dien ngang cua ran h loc x phai chia oi. Hnh 1-46 gii thieu hai loai o.
S rlx Frlx
1
Frlx
inh
M
2
i
Ch
S rlx
Hnh 1-46
tT
thua
P. Ho
y
3.3.2 au ngot va au hi:
am K
h
p
u
a. au hi: dung e kh trong lo
DHngSkhuon thoat ra, bao hieu mc kim loai long, lam
g
n
uo khuon, oi khi dung e dan va bo sung kim loai cho
giam ap lc ong cua kim loa
i rtrong
tT
h
g
i
vat uc (hnh 1-47Ca).
opyr
au hi thng co tiet dien ngang la hnh tron, hnh ch nhat va th ng at v tr
cao nhat cua vat uc va pha oi dien vi he thong rot. Trong mot khuon uc thng co
1 hay nhieu au hi.
b.au ngot: Thong thng, au ngot va au hi cung chung tac dung. Chung la
mot bo phan trong khuon uc e cha mot lng kim loai long nham bo ngot cho vat uc
khi ong ac. thi iem khi cha ien ay kim loai au ngot lam chc nang au hi,
ngha la e thoat hi trong long khuon. au ngot dung e bo sung kim loai cho vat uc khi
ong ac, thng c dung khi uc thep, hp kim mau, gang o ben cao, vat uc gang xam
co thanh day. Nhng vat uc bang gang xam nho va thanh mong khong can au ngot.
e phat huy tac dung thoat hi va bo ngot phai at no ung v tr.
- au ngot phai at cho cao va tap trung kim loai (thanh day) v o kim loai
ong ac cham nhat va co rut nhieu nhat.
- au ngot phai co o cao ngang mat thoang vi coc rot va ban than no cung phai
u ap lc thuy tnh e bo ngot tot.
- au ngot phai nguoi cuoi cung va co the tch u ln e bo ngot.
- Khong gay kho khan cho cong nghe lam khuon va khong lang ph kim loai.
- Chan au ngot phai de cat, khong lam hong be mat gia cong.
Ngi ta thng dung hai loai au ngot: au ngot h va au ngot kn.
au ngot h: La loai long khuon thong vi kh tri. au h dung pho bien v no
de che tao, co kha nang bo ngot cao nh ap lc ln, de quan sat khi ien ay, co
tac dung thoat hi.
40
Nhng hp kim uc co o co kho ng nhieu, ngi ta thng dung au ngot cuc bo.
o la nhng ong hnh con co tiet dien ngang tron xoay hoac hnh 4 canh (hnh 1-47 a).
Kch thc au ngot phu thuoc chieu day thanh va o cao ni at au ngot.
Nhng hp kim uc co o co ln nh thep phai dung au ngot co the tch ln. Co the dung
loai au ngot vong (hnh 1-47b) vi loai vat uc dang tru. Khi thiet ke au ngot phai tnh
en vong tron nhiet, sao cho cang dan len pha tren ng knh vong tron phai tang dan.
oi vi nhng vat uc khac th tuy theo ket cau cua vat uc ma thiet ke hnh dang va kch
thc au ngot hp l. Noi chung the tch cua no khong ch u e bo ngot ma con u ap
lc.
d1
10
d
45
45
a)
ight
opyr
10
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
b)
Hnh 1-47 Cac loai au ngot h.
a) au ngot cuc bo; b) au ngot vong.
au ngot ngam: la loai khong thong vi kh tri (hnh 1-48). Loai nay ch thch
hp khi uc trong khuon kim loai e bo sung cho cho tap trung kim loai pha di long
khuon.
Khi lam khuon cat , neu co phan tap trung kim loai pha di, kho ng at au ngot
h c, ngi ta thay bang au ngot ngam co loi dau (hnh 1-48a), au ngot ngam kh ep
(hnh 1-48b) hoac thay bang mien g sat nguoi (Hnh 1-49). e tranh ro co phai tao ieu
kien cho no toa nhiet nhanh. Mieng sat nguoi c tnh toan hp l se giup cho ie u o
c thc hien tot.
a)
Hnh 1-48 au ngot ngam.
a) Co loi dau. b) Kh ep.
b)
Hnh 1-49 Vat lam nguoi
ngoai va trong vat uc.
41
Chng 4
CONG NGHE CHE TAO KHUON VA LOI.

4.1 Vat lieu lam khuon va loi
e che tao hon hp khuon va loi ta s dung vat lieu t nhien hoac nhan tao. Vat
lieu lam khuon va loi cat c che tao bang cat, at set va mot so phu gia khac.
4.1.1 Yeu cau cu a vat lieu lam khuon va loi.
Vat lieu nay phai thoa man cac yeu cau sau:
a. o ben la kha nang hon hp bao am cho khuon va loi khon g b pha huy khi
che tao, lap rap, van chuyen hoac khi chu tac dung cua dong chay cua kim loai.
Theo tieu chuan th oi vi hon hp t dung gii han ben nen n va hon hp kho
dung gii han ben keo k. Hon hp cat at set t (khuo n ti) thng n = 30 70 KPa va
loai kho(khuon kho) k = 80 200KPa.
h
Min
i
h
C
o ben tang khi cat hat cang nho, khong ong eu,sa.cHca
o nh, o mn chat cua hon
TP
t
a
u
hp tang, lng at set tang, o am chat tang.
h
Ky t
m
a
h
b. o ben be mat la kha nang Hchu
Su plc khi co dong chay kim loai tac dung len be
D
g
mat long khuon. Neu ch tieuTna
ruoynkhong at co ngha la hon hp b pha v dan en lam
t
igh loai uc.
lan vat lieu khuon va
oyrkim
Cop
c. Tnh lun : La kha nang giam the tch cua hon hp khi kim loai co. Tnh lun
khong tot se dan en kha nang pha v khuon hoac lam nt vat uc. Tnh lun tang khi
dung cat hat to, lng at set va chat dnh ket t, chat phu (mun ca, rm vun, bot than)
tang
d. Tnh deo : La kha nang in hnh ro net cua mau va hop loi tao ra hnh dang va
kch thc ung. Tnh deo tang khi thanh phan nc trong hon hp tang en 8%, at set
va chat dnh ket tang, cat hat nho.
e. Tnh co ng nghe gom ccac ch tieu sau :
- Tnh ie n ay la kha nang di ong cua vat lieu e ien ay khi lam khuo n va loi.
Tnh ien ay bao am khuon va loi co o am chat ong eu va kha nang dung lc nhoi
nen nho nhat.
- Tnh chu nhiet la kha nang gi cho vat lieu khong b nong chay, khong co tac
dung hoa hoc vi kim loai nong chay. Cac lp hon hp khi b chay se can tr qua trnh gia
cong c ( lp cat chay ) va lam giam o thoat kh, tao ro kh trong vat uc.
- Tnh chong am la kha nang hut am rat t trong mot n v thi gian. o am cao
lam giam o ben nen va sinh kh khi tiep xuc kim loai nong chay .
- Tnh ben lau la kha nang gi c tnh chat cua vat lieu khi s dung nhieu lan.
42
- Tnh thong kh la kha nang thoat kh qua hon hp tranh cho vat uc khoi b ro
kh, lam giam ap lc kh trong long khuo n khi ien ay kim loai long. nhiet o cao,
lng hi nc cha hon hp gan long khuon se boc hi, lng kh hoa tan trongkim loai
long cung b giai phong khi kim loai ong ac. Chung se thoat ra mot phan qua hon hp
khuon va loi. e anh gia o thong kh dung he so thong kh K, c xac nh bang thc
nghiem. Hon hp cat at set thng co he so K = 30 120 n v.
Tnh thong kh cua hon hp tang khi o am chat giam, cat hat to va eu, lng
set, chat dnh ket t, chat phu nhieu, lng nc < 4%
- Tnh nhiet ly: Bao gom tnh dan nhiet va nhiet dung. Tnh nhiet ly anh hng en
toc o ket tinh cua kim loai va do o lam anh hng en en to chc va tnh chat cua vat
uc.
Tom lai, hon hp lam khuon va lam loi oi hoi nhieu yeu cau khac nhau. Can can
c vao loai hp kim uc, khoi lng va hnh dang cua vat uc e chon loai thanh phan
cua hon hp.
nh
i Mi
h
C
. Hnoh phan c ban la SiO2 co
a. Cat la thanh phan chnh cua hon hp. Trong cat tT
, Ptha
a
u
h on nh nhiet hoa cao, o hat t
y ttnh
ngKva
nhiet o chay cao (toch =1713oC), o ben, o cm
a
u phla nhiet o trung bnh (575o) co s chuyen
0,02 3mm. ac tnh xau cua cat thacHh Sanh
D
uonglam nt ne hat cat tao ra bui nho . Ngi ta thng bo
bien thu hnh lam thay oi the
Trtch
t
sung them cat vang.opyrigh
C
4.1.2 Vat lieu lam khuon va loi.
Khi lng tap chat Fe2O3, Al2O3, CaCO3 va cac chat khac co lng cha toi thieu e
tang tnh chu nhiet cua hon hp. Cat thach anh trong thien nhie n thn g a co at set.
o hat cua cat to hoac nho se co tnh chu nhiet khac nhau va va tao ra o bong be
mat khac nhau. Mat khac o hat va hnh dang hat cat anh hng ln en o thong kh.
Khi uc thep co the pha them vao cat thach anh mot lng ZrO2. SiO2 co Toch =
2000oC, Crom mt Fe2O.Cr2O3 co Toch =1850oC.
b. at set la loai chat lieu ket dnh nham bao am o ben, o deo cua hon hp.
at set thng dung loai cao lanh (Al2 O3.2SiO2.2H2 O). Cac tap chat Fe2O3 , Na2 CO3,
CaCO3 trong at set se lam giam kha nang ket dnh va tnh on nh nhiet hoa.
Ngoai dang cao lanh con dung Bentonit (Al 2O3. 4Si02.nH2 O). Loai nay kha nang dnh
ket cao nhng hiem va at. Khi dung ch tron vi ti le khon g ln (1,5 3%)
c. Chat dnh ket:lam tang o ben, o deo,tnh chu nhiet cho khuon va loi. Gom
dau thc vat, r mat, bot ho, kiem sunfit (nc ba giay), nc thuy tinh (Na20. nSi0 2 .mH20), xi mang
d. Chat phu: a vao khuon va loi nham tang mot so tnh chat ac biet, lam nhan
bong be mat khuon loi.
- Cac chat pha tron vao hon hp lam khuon nh bot than, hon hp lam loi nh mun
ca ( 3%8% ) lam tang tnh lun, thong kh, de pha khuon loi.
43
- Chat sn khuon loi: la hon hp cua vat lieu chu la hat rat nho, chat dnh va
nc lam dung moi hoa tan nh bot than, bot grapht, bot thach anh (SiO2 ) , nc thuy
tinh hoac dung dch cua chung vi at set, nc quet hoac phun le n be mat long khuon,
loi. No lam tang o bong vat uc, tang o ben be mat khuo n, tnh chu nhiet cho khuon loi
(chong chay dnh cat vat uc), tao cho viec pha khuon, lam sach cat c de dang.
Thanh phan va yeu cau cua chat sn phai phu hp vi yeu cau cua tng hp kim
uc:
+ uc gang: chat sn co cha grafit e chong chay cat va co tac dung chong trang
gang. V du: chat sn gom grafit 60%; bentonit 3,5%; Dextrin 3%; va nc.
+ uc thep: chat sn khong dung grafit c, v grafit se lam thay oi than h phan
cac bon cua thep, khi o chat sn khuo n se la bot thach anh e tang o chu nhiet cho mat
khuon, chong chay cat, lam mat vat uc nhan ep.
4.1.3 Hon hp cat- at set:
Khi tao hon h p, ngi ta chia ra hai loai goi la cat ao va cat em.
Cat ao: hon hp nay phu len mau mot lp day khoang 40 in100mm
khi lam
h
iM
h
C
khuon, trc tiep tiep xuc vi kim loai lon g nen yeu cau co. Hcha
o t lng cao ve o chu
TP
t
a
u
nhiet, o hat can nho hn e be mat vat uc nhan bo
nhg, tho ng thng cat ao lam bang vat
Ky t
m
a
h
lieu mi.
Su p
H
D
Cat em: dung ien ayuopha
ng n con lai cua khuon, do khong trc tiep tiep xuc vi
Tr
t
kim loai long nen chatrl
gh ng thap hn, thng tan dung phan hon hp cu c phuc hoi
py i
o
C
lai.
Neu lam loi, lam khuon bang may th ch dung mot loai cat mi ong nhat.
Hon hp cat - at set tuy tng loai khuon, sau khi am chat khong qua say goi la
khuon ti; neu qua say goi la khuon kho. Hon hp lam khuon ti thng cha 10 12%
at set va co o am 4 5%. Khuon ti co u iem co tnh deo va ien ay tot, de pha
khuon va gia thanh thap. Khuon ti co o ben khon g cao, nen thanh khuon phai u o
day do o khoi lng cua khuon ln.
Khuon kho dung uc vat co chat l ng cao, khoi lng vat uc l n, thanh day.
Lng at set trong khuon kho en 15%, o am 6 8%.
Lng at set tang lam giam o thong kh va o chu nhiet, kho pha khuon va loi.
Thng ngi ta cho them mun ca vao hon hp lam loi. Sau khi say mun ca chay lam
tang o thong kh cho loi, tang tnh lun e chong nt vat uc, de pha bo loi. Ngc lai
khong nen dung mun ca cho khuon ti v se lam giam o thong kh. Trng hp ac
biet khi uc thep co the dung hon hp co cha them chat ket dnh la ba sunfit hoac thuy
tinh long.
Trong khuon uc, hon hp lam loi yeu cau cao hn do tac ong nhiet va c hoc len
loi ln hn (loi b kim loai long bao quanh). Hon hp loi du ng toan bo vat lieu mi. Lng
at set khong cao nh hon hp khuo n (2% 10%) nhng phai cho them chat dnh ket
khac nh dau thc vat, mat, r ng, nha thong...., dung nhieu chat phu, cat thach anh
gan nh nguyen chat, t dung hon hp cu. Loi phai c say ky e tang ben, tang thong
kh va tnh lun.
44
V du: uc gang dung hon hp lam khuon co c hat t 0,063 0,4 mm; set 8%
20%; o am 4,5% 5% (khuon ti); o thong kh 25 100; o ben nen 3 7,5 N/cm2;
hon hp cu t 40% 90%.
Thanh phan cua hon hp lam loi uc gang: cat mi co c hat t
0,06 0,3mm, 77,5%; at set bot 7,5%; mun ca 15%; o thong kh 80 100; o ben nen
ti 7,5 8,5 N/cm2.
4.2 Che tao khuon va loi bang tay

Hnh ve 1-50 gii thieu tom tat cac bc lam khuon cat trong hai hom khuon vi
loi ng.
T
D
b)
a)
ight
op4yr
C
5
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
1
d)
10
c)
9
Hnh 1-50
S o qua trnh lam khuon trong hai hom
khuon.
a) Mau. b) Lam khuon di. c) Lam
khuon tre n. d) Rut mau ra khoi khuon
di va khuo n tren. e) Lap rap khuon, loi. 8
7
11
e)
45
1- Khuon di 2- Khuon tren 3- Mau au hi 4- Mau he thong rot 5- Chot nh v 6- Goi

loi 7- Loi 8- Ranh thon g kh cho loi 9- Long khuon (Vat uc) 10- Xam hi 11- Mat phan
khuon.
Khuon va loi che tao bang tay ch dung thch hp trong san xuat n chiec, hang
loat nho, lam cac khuon, loi phc tap, co khoi lng ln.
Lam bang tay co nang suat thap, chat ln g kho ng ong eu, yeu cau tay nghe cao
va ieu kien lao ong nang nhoc.
4.2.1 Che tao khuon bang tay.
Co nhieu cach e che tao khuon bang tay. ay ch xet vai cach thong dun g.
a.Lam khuon trong hai hom khuon: gom khuon di va khuon tren, mot mat
phan khuo n nam ngang.
Trong hai hom khuon ch che tao cac vat uc tng oi n gian, nho va trung
bnh. Cach lam nay tieu ton hom khuon, nhng de van chuyen , thuan tien cho nguyen
cong say khuon.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Qui trnh lam khuon trong hai hom khuon co nhng ie.mHocan lu y nh sau:
TP
uapt e
- Chon kch thc hom khuon (a x b x h) thch
h
giam hao ph hon hp, giam
h
t
Ky
m
a
h khuon tng ng vi ket cau vat uc.
khoi lng. Tat nhien can chon hnh dang uhopm
S
H
D
gam chat u ln. Can tang o thong kh phai xam hi.
- Hon hp khuon phai co uo
r on
T
t
- Tao kha nang rnh
gh v va kep chat thuan tien e bao am o chuan xac cua long
py i
o
C
khuon.
- Vat uc co khoi lng tng oi ln phai chon hom khuon co g gi hon hp ben
trong e tang ben cho khuon khi thao tac.
- Tao lo thong hi cho ca hai loai loi ngang va loi ng thong qua ben ngoai.
Mot so vat uc mac du cung che tao bang hai hom khuon, nhng e nang cao o
chnh xac, mau phai e nguyen mot khoi, ngi ta dung phng phap xen. Quan sat tren
hnh 1-51.
Hnh 1-51.
Khuon xen
46
b.Lam khuon tren ne n x ng: khuon di la vung hon hp ngay trong vung nen
xng va khuon tren trong hom khuon. Loai nay cung ch co mot mat phan khuon.
Nhng vat uc co kch thc va khoi lng ln nh than may cong cu, may ren
dap...khong co u hom khuon co kch thc ln, ch can say be mat ngi ta lam tren nen
xng. Hoac dung trong san xuat n chiec, khong co u hom khuon .
Kho khan khi che tao khuo n nay la thoat kh cho khuon di. Ngi ta khac phuc
bang cach lot di ay khuon mot lp vat lieu nh cuc x, a va ong dan kh thoat, kho
khan th hai la am chat khuon di. Khi che tao khuon di, tuy thuoc ng vien mat
mau phai am s bo trc mot vung sau o at mau va am chat them.
Nhng khuo n tren co khoi lng ln phai dung hom khuo n co gan g gi hon hp
va khong nen chon chieu cao qua ln. Noi them phan coc rot, au ngot e bao am ap lc
thuy tnh.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 1-52. Khuon uc tren ne n xng.

1. X 2. Ong thong hi 3. Cat ao (Khuon di) 4. Khuon tren
5. Chot nh v 6. Ranh dan 7. Coc au rot 8. Coc au hi.
Tren hnh 1-52 gii thieu loai khuon o .
4.2.2 Che tao loi bang tay.
Dung hop loi va hon hp lam loi e tao ra loi uc. Loi la bo phan cua khuon chu
ca tac ong nhiet ln va ca tac dung lc cua kim loai long, tham ch ca trong lng ban
than. V vay loi c che tao theo qui che nghiem ngat hn.
Nhng iem can lu y khi che tao loi bang tay:
- Loi uc phai co xng loi e bao am o ben khi chu lc, nhng xng loi khong
lam giam tnh lun cua hon hp, khong gay kho khan khi pha loi.
- Loi uc phai co ranh, lo thong kh u e thoat het kh ra ngoai. V the trc het
ranh kh phai thong suot ra tan au goi loi. Nh ng loi co the tch ln phai at mau lo
thong kh co kch thc thch hp. Tm bien phap tao ranh am bao khong hong loi va
thoat kh hau het trong the tch loi.
- e tiet kiem hon hp, cac loi ln nen on them cac vat lieu khac. Th du loi tru
thang e uc ong nen dung o ng kim loai co khoan lo va tao xng va thoat kh va
giam tieu hao hon hp; co the on them x cuc ben trong.
47
- e tranh chay cat cho lo vat uc, be mat than loi phai sn lp chong chay (hon
hp Graft + at set loang).
- Sau khi hong kho ngoai khon g kh, loi phai say nhiet o thch hp tang ben,
tang khong kh (150o 400oC).
- e tran h bien dang loi khi lay loi ra khoi hop loi, loi can xac nh ngay v tr co
nh hoac tren tam kim loai phang, hoac tren tam kim loai co em cat mn va kho.
Co the lam loi trong hop loi nguyen, hop loi hai na, hop loi lap ghep, bang dng gat.
Tren hnh 1-53 gii thieu cau tao loi va cac dang hop loi:
Ranh thoat kh
Xng loi
Xng loi
Goi loi
uat T
y th
am K
ph
Ranh thong kh Than loig DH Su
n
Truo
t
a)yrigh
Cop
Vo hop loi
Loi
Tam say
Chi
P. Ho
Min
b)
c)
Vo hop loi
Loi
d)
Hnh 1-53
a, b) Cau tao loi c) Hop loi nguye
48n d) Hop loi hai na
1) Vo hop
2, 3) Cac mieng ri
4) Tay cam
5) Nep cong
Hnh 1-54 Hop loi lap ghep.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Khuon va loi c che tao tren may co chat lng cao
TP. va ong eu, nang suat cao.
t
a
u
Nhng tren may ch tao c cac loai khuon n Kgia
y tnh, nho hoac trung bnh. Che tao tren
m
a
may dung co li khi san xuat hang loat.H Su ph
D
uong
r
T
4.3.1Che tao khuohnt:
ig
opyr
C
Qua trnh che tao khuon co nhieu nguyen
cong khac nhau. Trong so o co hai nguyen co ng
c ban la am chat hon hp va rut mau.
4.3 Che tao khuon va loi bang may
a. am chat hon hp: Hon hp sau khi

am chat phai co o chat ong eu tren toan bo
the tch cua khuon. No c o bang o am chat
(g/cm3) ng vi o ben, o thon g kh...V tr cua
khuon luc am chat phai thch hp vi nguyen
cong rut mau sau o.
Ngi ta thng dung cac loai am chat
sau:
am chat bang may ep (Hnh 1-55).
Hnh 1-55 May ep lam khuon.
Ve nguyen tac co the ep t tren xuong hoac di
len. Hnh 1-56 gii thieu hai s o o.
Lc tac dung thong qua chay e p va mau, truyen nang l ng trong hon hp lam
chung xt chat vi nhau tao ra o am chat. Do hao to n nang lng nen nhn g iem xa
iem at lc co o chat kem dan.
Khi ep tren xuon g, bieu o ch o am chat giam t tren xuong (b) va ngc lai khi
ep t di len co o am chat giam dan len tren (d).
e thuan tien khi ep , ngi ta lap them hom khuon phu thuoc co chieu cao h. The
tch hon hp trong khuon phu khi b don het vao khuon chnh se at en o chat qui nh.
49
Chieu cao hom khuon phu c tnh theo cong thc:

h (H
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
V
)( 1)( cm)
F o
Chi
P. Ho
Min
50
H- Chieu cao hom khuon chnh (cm)

V- The tch cua mau (cm3)
F - dien tch tiet dien ngang hom khuon (cm2 )
o, -o am chat trc va sau am chat
o am chat trung bnh cua ho n hp khuon co the tnh theo cong thc kinh nghiem :
P 0, 25
) ( g / cm 3 )
10
Trong o :
C - He so am chat (0,4 0,6)
P - Ap suat kh nen (20 50) N/cm2
1 C(
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 1-56. S o e p a) Ep tren xuong. c) Ep di len.

1. Ban may 2. Mau 3. Khuon chnh 4. Khuon phu 5. Xa ngang 6. Chay ep
7. Kh nen 8. Pittong 9. Xi lanh
1
H(cm)
am chat bang may

2
dan (hnh 1-57)
3
Mot khoi lng gom hon
g/cm3
7
hp va cac hom khuon chnh,
6
phu, ban may 3 va pittong 4 c
5
kh nen co ap lc trong xylanh 5
4
nang len mot o cao nhat nh.
Kh i vao qua lo 6 e nen sau o
Hnh 1-57.
lai thoat nhanh qua lo 7 e ha ap
am chat bang may dan.
suat va lam toan bo phan tren
1. Khuon chnh 2. Mau uc 3. Ban may 4. Kh
dan xuong. o ng nang do qua
vao 5. Kh thoat. 6. Pittong 7. Xylanh
trnh dan sinh ra moi chat iem
cua hon hp se lam chung dch chuyen xuo ng di tao ra o am chat.
50
Nh vay, khi dan ong nang cua cac vung di se ln nen o chat cua hon hp
tang dan t tren xuong di (hnh 1-57).
Theo cong thc kinh nghiem co the tnh o am chat khi dan theo :
a
1 K ( ) 0 ,3 ( g / cm 3 )
10
Trong o :
K He so am chat (0,35 0,55)
a - Cong am chat cho mot n v die n tch hon hp trong khuon .
a
ay:
Q.h.n.
( N / cm )
F
Q Khoi lng hon hp khuon (N)

h- chieu cao hanh trnh nang (cm)
n So lan dan
- He so hu ch (0,3 0,7)
Can lu y, neu dan qua manh co the dan en pha v khuoinMga
innh mat mau, nen
h
C
Ho2 3lan.
chieu cao hanh trnh nang khong qua ln, so lan dan ch han Pche
T .
t
a
u
am chat bang may e p va dan rieng biet K
nh
y thta a biet co s che nh lech o am
m
a
h ng cho loai hom khuo n co chieu cao khong
chat theo chieu cao hom khuon. V vayS
, s
u pdu
H
D
ng
vt qua 200mm.
Truo
t
am chat ba
nigghmay hon hp va dan va ep (hnh 1-58)
opyr
C
S dung may nay se cho o o ng e u ve am chat theo chieu cao.
Tren hnh 1-58 la s o nguyen ly cua may o. Co the chia qua trnh lam hai giai
oan :
9
3
Hnh 1-58
May va dan va ep.
1. Ban may 2. Mau 3. Khuon uc
4; 5; 7; 10 Ranh kh 6.Pittong dan
8. Pittong ep 9. Chay ep
2
1
5
10
- Dan: Kh nen i vao ranh 4, 5 vao xylanh 8 va ay pittong 6 cung ban may 1,
mau 2, khuon 3 i len. Khi o cao cua pittong vt qua ranh 7 kh e p thoat ra lam toan bo
phan tren ri xuong, thc hien qua trnh dan.
51
- Ep: Quay chay e p 9 vao v tr lam viec, ong ca vao ranh 4. Cho kh nen vao
ranh 10 nang pittong 8 cung toan bo pittong 6 va ban may i len e thc hien qua trnh
ep.
Ngi ta ie u chnh lien tiep hai giai oan tren. Sau o quay chay e p 9 e lay
khuon ra.
Ngoai cac phng phap tren, khi can lam khuon l n, ngi ta dung may phun cat.
ong nang tac ong len dong cat c phun ra t may phun va co tac dung ien ay,
va am chat.
b. Nguyen cong rut mau:
Rut mau la mot ong tac kho. C
kh hoa nguyen cong rut mau c tien
hanh theo cac phng phap sau:
Rut mau bang thanh ay: khuon
sau khi a am chat, kh nen se tac ong
len mot he thanh ay co cu ng toc o. He
nh
thanh ay ay khuon i len trong khi ban
i Mi
h
C
Ho
may gan mau ng yen (Hnh 1-59). Khi
TP.
t
a
u
h
mep di cua khuon vt qua mep tren
Ky t
m
a
cua mau, khuon c a qua he thongSu ph
DH
Hnh 1-59 Rut mau bang chot ay
bang tai hoac nhac bang tay erla
pngrap.
o
u
T
ight
Rut mauCba
opynrg ban quay hoac ban lat.
Khi c kh hoa hoan toan
qua trnh lam khuon, rut mau
bang thanh ay thuan tien cho
khuon tre n. e lam khuon di,
ngi ta dung phng phap quay
hoac lat. Tren hnh 1-60 gii
thieu s o nguyen ly o.
- Kieu ban quay: tren
a)
hnh 1-60a hom khuon 3 cung
tam mau 1 kep len ban may 5.
Sau o quay mot goc 180o. Nang
ban may va tam mau ri khoi
khuon nh thanh ay 2 roi quay
ve v tr cu e tiep tuc lam
khuon khac.
- Kieu ban lat: tren hnh
1-60b mau 1 va hom khuon 3
b)
kep len ban may 5. Sau khi lam
Hnh 1-60 Nguyen ly rut mau:
khuon xong lat ban may mot goc
a) Kieu ban quay
b) Kieu ban lat
180o va dung ban 6 mat
khuon roi dan dan ha xuo ng bang pittong 2, mau se tach khoi khuon .
52
ong thi qua trnh lam khuon lai tiep tuc pha trai.
4.3.2 Che tao loi:
Co the dung may lam khuo n e lam loi bang cach thay tam mau tren ban may
bang hop loi. e am bao chat lng cao cua loi, ngi ta con s dung mot so may lam
loi rieng.
May nhoi ay ba ng truc xoan (hnh 1-61).
Nhng loi hnh tru co tiet dien khong oi tren suot chieu dai, co the dung may loai
nay.
Truc xoan 5 c truyen chuyen ong quay se tai hon hp loi trong ong cha hon
hp 2 qua lo thoat co hnh dang, kch thc a nh san. Ranh thoat kh c tao ra nh
truc nho kim loai 4 . o chat cua hon hp nh cac ma xoan tai lien tuc di chuyen co sc
can ln mieng ong. Loi i ra tren tam say 3. He thong cat loi se hoat ong e tao ra o
dai tuy y.
Co the thay truc xoan bang he thong ay pittong e ep len hon hp loi.
1 hi Minh
C
P. Ho
Hnh 1-61 May nhoi ay

2
T
1. Pheu 2. Ong 3. Ban
huat
t
y
K
loi 4. Truc tao ranh thong
pham
u
S
H
kh 5. Truc xoan
ng D
o
u
r
T
ght
i
r
y
4
5
Cop
3
Kh
ep
May thoi cat (hnh 1-62).

Kh nen co ap lc cao (5 8at) thoi vao
buong 4, hon hp lam loi cho vao buong 4 theo
chu ky va tron lan vi kh e p se chui qua lo cua
tam 3 vao hop loi 1. Hop loi gan vao c cau ep 2
e ep hop loi vao tam 3. Kh ep se ra theo nhng
lo 6. S am chat nh ong nan g cua hon hp kh
ep vi hon hp.
Phng phap thoi co nang suat cao, chat
lng bao am, che tao c loi ln, nhng chat
dnh trong hon hp phai kho e tao ieu kie n thoi
de dang. Hop loi phai lam bang kim loai e chong
mai mon cao.
Cat
6
2
Hnh 1-62 May thoi cat

53
4.4 Say khuon, loi, lap khuon va rot kim loai vao khuon.
4.4.1 Say khuon, loi:
- Muc ch say: nang cao o ben, tnh thong kh va giam bt kha nang tao kh cua
chung khi rot kim loai vao khuon.
Loi phai say trc khi lap rap vi khuon.
oi vi khuon thng ch khi nao che tao nhn g vat uc ln va cao, hoac hnh
dang phc tap, nhieu phan loi lom tao nen nhng u cat nho ra de v; vat uc can chat
lng cao, chiu lc ln th phai say khuon (khuon kho).
- Nhiet o va thi gian say:
+ Nhiet o say t 1750 4500 C tuy thuoc vao hnh dang, kch thc khuon,
loi, chat dnh ket c s dung.
+ Thi gian say oi vi khuon uc gang, thep, hp kim mau t 4 36 gi.
Thi gian say cho loi co khoi lng 200 kg co du ng chat dnh ket t 0,75 6 gi,
nh
dung at set: 2 12 gi.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
- Phng phap say: say be mat khuon uc ban g mot o
TPt., tia hong ngoai (bon g ien
a
u
y ntgh dong kh nong (lo say).
500W), chat sn boc chaySay toan bo khuon, loi Kba
m
a
u ph
4.4.2 Lap rap khuon, loi: ng DH S
ruo
t Tn, loi e tao ra khuon uc la khau cuoi cung cua cong nghe
h
g
Lap rap cac pha
n
khuo
i
opyr
lam khuon. NhngCyeu cau khi lap rap khuon:
- Cac na khuo n va loi a c say kho khong co o am vt qua qui nh va a
c kiem tra k cang.
- Viec nh v loi (neu co ) phai bao am chat chan va co o chnh xac yeu cau.
Co he thong thoat kh cho loi.
- Bao am o kn kht mat
phan khuo n.
a. Lap rap loi :
Loi sau khi say co o ben cao
a)
Con ma
nen co the van chuyen bang tay oi
vi loi nho , van chuyen bang can truc
vi loi ln.
Loi c lap vao khuo n nh
phan goi loi. Tuy vay cung phai can o
bang thc hoac bang dng e dch
chnh kch thc, sau o co nh no vi
Loi cong xon
b
khuon di e bao am khi lap rap
) 1-63
khuon tre n vao khong lam xe dch.
Hnh
Trng hp loi bang cat co o
a) Cac loai con ma b) Cach lap con ma
dai than loi ln, loi lap cong xon phai
c gia co them bang con ma (hnh 1-63).
54
Con ma la mot ket cau bang kim loai tng ng vi hp kim uc. Chung co ket cau
tuy theo dang vat uc. Con ma co tac dung chong lai moi bien dang cua loi hoac do trong
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
55
lng ban than loi, hoac do tac dung cua kim loai long. Do o, xac nh v tr at con ma
phai thch hp e phat huy tac dung cua no.
b. Lap khuon.
Lap khuon la bc cuoi tao ra long khuon uc hoan chnh nen yeu cau that can
than.
- Cac na khuo n ghep vao nhau ung v tr cua chot nh v e tranh lech long
khuon.
- oi vi khuon cat, e bao am o kn kht, gia cac mat rap phai co lp dnh
bang at set e han che ba via hay ro kim loai long.
- Kep chat hoac e khuon e chong lai sc ay cua kim loai long.
- Kiem tra v tr va o ngang ban g cua coc rot va au ngot.
- Khuon lap xong khon g nen e lau mi rot v oi vi khuon cat co the hut am t
moi trng xung quanh; cac loai khuon khac cung co the thay oi cac yeu to nh nhiet o
hoac lam ban long khuon....
c. e khuon hoac kep khuon.
nh khuon mot lc
Kim loai long khi a ien ay long khuon , se tac dung le n lo
i iva
iM
h
C
Ho
ay lam khuon tren xe dch, tham ch noi khuon tren. ie
TuP. o se gay ra ro r kim loai
t
a
u
h i e khuon hay kep khuon bang
long, sai lech long khuon. e han che no, ngiKta
y tpha
m
a
h
chot hoac bu long.
Su p
H
D
ng la ap dung nh luat Acsimet nh sau :
Phng phap n gian hn
ca
Truo
t
h
Lc kep khuon hoac Tai trong e va khoi
yrig
Cop
lng cua khuon tren phai ln hn lc ay Acsimet cua
kim loai long len khuon tren va len loi.
Muon tnh lc ay cua kim loai long len khuon
tren, ta xet mot dien tch vo cung nho dF cua be mat
long khuon tren nam nghie ng vi phng ngang mot
goc va mot o sau h so vi mat thoang kim loai
long (hnh 1-64).
Lc ay cua kim loai long tac dung theo
phng than g goc vi be mat dF:
dPn= h. .dF.
la khoi lng rieng cua kim loai long (g/cm 3)
Hnh 1-64
Thanh phan thang ng cua lc dPn ay len dien
Ap lc cua
tch dF la:
kim loai long
dP = dPn .cos
len khuon.
= h. . dF .cos
=h..dF
dF = dF. cos (dien tch hnh chieu cua dF tren mat phang ngang)
Nh vay lc ay P1 cua kim loai long len be mat long khuon tren se la:
F
P1 h.dF ' dV .V
o
55
T ay ta thay lc ay cua kim loai long len be mat long khuon tren P1 bang khoi
lng khoi kim loai tng ng co the tch la V, the tch nay c gii han nh sau: mat
ay la phan be mat vat uc tiep xuc vi khuon tren, chie u cao tnh t mat o ti mat
thoang kim loai coc rot.
Loi nam trong khuon cu ng tiep xuc vi kim loai long nen cun g chu mot lc ay
Acsimet t di len, lc nay truyen qua goi loi va cung ay len khuo n tren. Lc ay vao
loi P2 cung bang khoi lng khoi kim loai tng ng co the tch bang the tch phan loi
chiem cho trong kim loai long.
Nh vay tong ap lc cua kim loai long ay len khuon tren (P) se bang lc ay len
be mat long khuon tren P1 cong vi lc ay len loi P2 .
P = P1 + P2
Do hom khuon tren (khuon va hon hp) co khoi lng la GKT nen ta tnh lc kep
khuon hoac tai trong e khuo n Q nh sau:
Q = (P - GKT) .n
n -He so tnh e n dong chay ong cua kim loai trong khuon . Thng chon n=1,3 1,4.
inh ay e tnh lc
Ngoai phng phap tnh tren ta co the dung cong thc gan C
uhni gMsau
Ho
e khuo n cho nhanh:
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
Q = 10.n. (F.H. + VSloui. ph- GKT ). ( N )
H
ng D
o
u
r
T
ght
i
r
y
Trong o: F
Co-pdien tch hnh chieu bang cua mat khuon tren. (co the ke ca dien tch
2
he thong rot) (dm ).
H - Chieu cao khuon tren (dm).
- Khoi lng rieng kim loai long (kg/ dm3).
V - The tch loi (dm3).
GKT - Khoi lng khuon tren ( hom khuon va cat ) (kg).
n - He so an toan (n=1,3 1,4 )
Neu ke p khuon bang bulong, th lc tac dung len moi bu long se la :
p
Q.1,25
(N )
N
Q- Lc kep khuon (N)

N - So lng bulong.
T o suy ra ng knh bulong:
d 0,04 p (cm)
4.4.3 Rot kim loai long va o khuon:
a. Thung rot: kim loai long t lo nau c thao vao nh ng thun g rot, roi mang
thung rot vao khuon. Thung rot co vo ngoai bang thep la day 6 8 mm, ay day 10
13mm, ben trong co ap mot lp gach chu la day 20 mm.Thun g co the lam hnh tru, hnh
con (hnh 1-65).
b. Nhiet o rot:
56
oi vi gang: Vat uc ln, khon g quan trong 1220 12600C.

Vat uc trung bnh
1280 1320 0C.
Vat uc thanh mong
1320 13600C.
Gang ra lo co nhiet o yeu cau cao hn nhiet o rot khoang 500 C.
oi vi thep: nhiet o rot khoang 15000C, nhiet o ra lo 1550 16000C.
oi vi hp kim ong: nhiet o rot khoang 1040 11700C.
oi vi hp kim nhom: nhiet o rot khoang 700 7300C.
a)
uat T
b) Ky th
am
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
c)
DH S
g
n
uo
Tr 1-65 Thung rot.
tHnh
h
g
i
yr
Cop a. Thung rot mot ngi mang.
b. Thung rot nhieu ngi mang.
c. Thung rot dung can truc
57
Chng 5
UC CAC HP KIM
5.1 Tnh uc cua hp kim.
Tnh uc cua hp kim la kha nang uc de hay kho cua hp kim o. No c anh
gia bang cac ch tieu c ban sau ay:
5.1.1 Tnh chay loang:
La mc o long hay set cua hp kim uc, tao kha nang ien ay khuo n va nhan
c vat uc ro net. Tnh chay loang kem th vat uc de b thieu hut, hnh dang vat uc
khong c ro net, kho uc c nhng vat uc phc tap va thanh mong.
Nhng nhan to anh hng en tnh chay loang gom:
a. Nhiet o:
Nhiet o la yeu to quan tro ng quyet nh tnh chay loang cua hp kim. e co o
chay loang cao, khi rot ngi ta nang nhiet o len tren ng long moint hlng goi la o
hi M
Co
qua nhiet. o qua nhiet tang tnh chay loang tang. Nhng nhie
t
rot qua cao de sinh
o
H
.
P
T
at uc co mot nhiet o rot nhat
nhieu khuyet tat khac trong vat uc. V vay , moi htphukim
y
K
am
nh.
u ph
S
H
Dp kim:
b. Thanh pha n hoa hoc cu
a h
uong
r
T
Thanh phan hoaigho
htc quyet nh tnh chat cua hp kim va do o cung quyet nh
yr
p
o
tnh chay loang cuCa no. Khi thay oi than h phan hoa hoc se lam thay oi tnh chay loang
cua hp kim.
oi vi he hp kim Fe-C, ham lng cac bon, phot pho tang, tnh chay loang tang
nhng phot pho tang lam tnh deo cua he hp kim nay giam, do o ham lng phot pho
phai han che. Ngc lai lu huynh (S) lam giam o chay loang cua hp kim Fe-C.
oi vi thep, Mn, Si vi ham lng bnh
thng khon g anh hng en o chay loang. Nhng Si
lam tang o chay loang cua gang, Mn lam giam o
chay loang cua no.
c. Cau tao hp kim:
Kim loai nguyen chat va hp kim cung tinh th
co o chay loang cao hn hp kim co cau tao dang
dung dch ac va hp chat hoa hoc. Hp kim cang gan
iem cung tinh th o chay loang cang cao.
Hnh 1-66 Mau
d. Cong nghe khuon:
th xoan oc e
Moi yeu to khach quan khac (nh khuon, loi,
xac nh tnh chay
cong nghe rot..v.v..) cun g anh hn g en tnh chay
loang cua hp kim
loang.
uc
Neu tnh dan nhiet cua vat lieu lam khuon
cang cao th lam o chay loang cang kem. Tnh chay loan g khi uc trong khuon kim loai
kem xa khi uc trong khuo n cat.
58
Tnh chat dong chay trong he thong rot cung lam thay oi tnh chay loang. Ro rang
dong chay roi bao gi cu ng t mat mat nhiet hn dong chay tang.
e o o chay loang cua hp kim uc, dung mau th co ranh xoan oc (hnh 1-66).
Kim loai long c rot vao coc rot va chay theo ranh 1 cua mau th. o chay loang cua
hp kim uc c xac nh ban g chieu dai kim loai ien ay mau th. Chieu dai o cang
ln th o chay loang cang ln.
5.1.2 Tnh co:
o la kha nang giam the tch cua hp kim khi ket tinh. o co co the anh gia bi
cac ch tieu sau ay:
V V vd
- Co the tch:
v lk
. 100 % ( %)
V vd
- Co chieu dai:
L lk L vd
. 100 % ( %)
L vd
Trong o:
v, L: o co the tch va kch thc .
nh
i Mi
Vlk, Llk: The tch va kch thc long khuon.
h
C
Ho
TPn. g.
Vvd, Lvd: The tch va kch thc vat uc tng
t
a
u
y cth
Co the tch co the tao ra lom co tronghava
t Ku
, e han che can tnh toan he thong
m
p
u
S
rot va au ngot hp ly. Hien tngg co
Hlam thay oi hnh dan g kch thc, tao ng suat,
n D
o
u
r
T c. o co phu thuoc thanh phan hp kim uc. o co chieu
cong venh hoac lam nt vat t u
gh
i
r
y
p co the tch.
dai thng bang 1/3
Coo
Qua trnh co dien ra trang thai long va trang thai ac (luc ket tinh) cho
en nhiet o thng:
a.Co tra ng thai long: la s co t nhiet o cua kim loai long sau khi rot e n nhiet
o hp kim bat au ket tinh. Nhiet o cang cao, lng co ngot cang nhieu. oi vi gang
qua nhiet 100oC the tch se co khoang 1,1 1,8%
b. Co khi ket tinh: la s co t nhiet o cua kim loai bat au ket tinh en khi ket
tinh xong. o co the tch nay ln nhat tuy thuoc nhng yeu to sau ay:
- Khoang ong ln th co cang nhieu chang han nh gang cang xa iem cung tinh
lng co cang ln.
- Thanh phan hoa hoc cua hp kim.
Thanh phan hoa hoc anh hng ro net en o co cua hp kim. V du lng graphit
trong gang cang ln se lam giam co the tch (1% graphit tang the tch ch ng 2%) do o
cung thanh phan nhng ket tinh thanh gang trang co nhieu hn gang xam.
c. Co tra ng thai ran: la s co t nhiet o cua kim loai ket tinh xong en nhiet o
thng. o la co ve chieu dai.
5.1.3 Tnh thien tch:
Thien tch la s khong ong eu to chc hoac thanh phan trong tn g vung hoac
trong noi bo hat tinh the . Thien tch vung hnh thanh chu yeu do hai yeu to trong lng
ban than va ap lc. Nhng nguyen to co tro ng lng rieng l n se lang xuong pha di,
59
nhe th noi len tren. Ap lc tac ong le n tng chat iem trong long khuon cu ng khac nhau
tao nen
hien tng thien tch vu ng.
Trong tng hat h ng tan nhiet cung khac nhau tao nen to chc nhanh cay. Theo
tng hng khac nhau tap trung cac nguyen to cung thong so mang hoac ong dang lien
ket vi nhau tao nen s khac biet ngay trong noi bo hat.
Hp kim cang phc tap cang de sinh ra thien tch. Ngoai ra phng phap uc, cong
nghe uc cung co anh hn g en thien tch chang han uc li tam, nhng phan t co khoi
lng ln se phan bo pha ngoai vat uc, ngc lai tap chat nhe va nhng nguyen to co
khoi lng nho phan bo ben trong vat uc.
5.1.4 Tnh hoa tan kh :
La kha nang xam nhap cua kh vao hp kim lon g khi nau chay cu ng nh khi rot
vao khuon.
Tnh hoa tan kh phu thuoc vao loai hp kim, loai kh, nhiet o va ap suat.
nh
Nhng kh hoa tan thng la O 2, H2, N2 , CO, CO2 , hi nc...
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Oxy co the khong hoa tan trang thai long va ac trong
TP. nhom kim loai Al, Mg. V
t
a
u
thng hoa tan kh. Oxy co the hoa tan
vay, khi uc gang neu tang ham lng Mg se giam
Kyl
m
a
u phNi v.v...
trang thai long vi so lng ln vi Fe,
SCu,
H
D
Hydro la loai kh co kha
uonngg khuech tan vao kim loai nhiet o trong phong.
Trna
t
igh Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe hoa tan Nit trang thai long tao thanh dung
Cac nguyenoto
yrnh
C p
dch ac va Nitrit.
Nhiet o, ap suat cang tang kha nang hoa tan kh cang tang.
5.2 uc gang:
5.2.1. Khai niem:
Gang la hp kim uc c dung nhieu nhat. o la hp kim cua Fe va C vi ham
lng C > 2%. Ngoai ra, co n cha cac nguyen to Mn, Si, P, S, hoac mot vai nguyen to hp
kim khac. Cac nguyen to thng co trong gang nam trong gii han sau :
C = 2,0 4,0%; Si = 0,4 3,5%; Mn = 0,2 1,5%; P = 0,04 1,5%; S = 0,02 0,2 %.
Gang uc c chia thanh cac loai sau:
a. Theo thanh pha n hoa hoc ngi ta chia gang nh sau:
- Gang thng: La gang ngoai cac nguyen to thng co khon g cha cac nguyen to
hp kim hoa. Nhng nguyen to kim loai ngoai Fe phai nam trong gii han Si < 4%;
Mn < 2%; Cr < 0,1%; Ni < 0,1%.
- Gang h p kim thap la gang ma lng cha nguyen to hp kim < 3%.
- Gang h p kim trung bnh: lng cha nguye n to hp kim 3 10%.
- Gang h p kim cao lng cha nguyen to hp kim >10%.
b. Theo to chc va ieu kien tao thanh graphit ngi ta chia gang thanh cac loai.
- Gang trang: cacbon trong gang nay dang lien ket hoa hoc xementit t do (trong
leeburt ) v vay gang nay rat cng va don.
60
- Gang hoa ram: to chc cua gang va co graphit va co le e bua rt(co xementit).
- Gang bien tran g: mat ngoai la gang trang nhng pha trong lai gang xam. Vun g
tiep giap gia hai to chc co to chc cua gang hoa ram.
- Gang xam: trong gang khong co xementit t do ma ch co graphit. Gang xam co
tnh uc rat tot, de gia cong c kh.
- Gang cau: Graphit trong gang dan g cau nh a vao chat bien tnh ac biet
(Mg, Ce hoac mot so nguyen to at hiem khac) vao gang lo ng khi uc.
- Gang de o: ay graphit dang bong nen tnh deo cua gang tang len.
5.2.2 Cac nha n to anh hng en to chc va tnh chat cua gang.
a.Tha nh phan hoa hoc.
Gang la loai hp kim co thanh phan hoa hoc phc tap. Ngoai nhng nguyen to
thng co (nh Fe, C, Mn, Si, P, S) tuy theo nguon goc cua me lieu, ieu kien nau ma con
co cac nguyen to khac na. Vi ham lng co khi rat nho nhng trong nhn g ieu kien
nhat nh cung anh hng en qua trnh tao nen cua gang va graphit hoa.
inhnguyen to thuc
ng ve phng dien graphit hoa tren c s lay Si lam chua
inM(la
h
C
Ho
ay graphit hoa) ta co bang so sanh sau :
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Nguye n to
Si Al Ti ruon
Nig
Cu
Mn
Mo
S
Cr
V
T
t
h
yrig 0,4 0,35
He so
1Cop0,5
0,25
-0,25 -0,35 -1,0 -1,0 -2,0
Graphit hoa
bang tren nhng nguyen to co he so graphit hoa mang dau dng la nguyen to
Graphit hoa, con mang dau am la nguyen to cacbt hoa (can tr graphit hoa).
Sau ay ta xet anh hng cua mot so nguyen to hoa hoc.
- Cacbon va Silic: ay la nguyen to graphit hoa manh nen thng c xet chung.
Ham lng C tang, kha nang graphit hoa tang, nhng giam o ben cua gang. Neu ham
lng C thap, tnh uc cua gang giam. V vay, ham l ng C thch hp lay khoang
C = 2,5 3,5%.
Si co ai lc vi Fe manh hn cacbon nen de lam cho xementit b phan hu y tao ieu
kien cho qua trnh graphit hoa.
Tuy thuoc vao mc o graphit hoa yeu cau, chieu day vat uc ma ngi ta chon
ham lng Silic thch hp, nhng ch trong khoang: Si = 0,8 3%.
- Mang gan: la tap chat co li trong gang v no han che tac hai cua lu huynh, lam
nho mn hat peclit. Ham lng Mn trong khoang: Mn = 0,6 1,3% co anh hng tot en
Graphit hoa. Nhng tang Mn at en 1,3 1,5% th Mn co tac dung tang lng Peclit,
giam pherit. Neu ham lng Mn tang >1,5% se lam gang hoa trang.
- Photpho: Photpho t anh hng en s Graphit hoa nhng photpho tang se lam
tang tnh chay loang cua gang. Khi tang > 3,5% P se hnh thanh cung tinh ba nguyen :
Fe3P Fe3 C Fe. Th ng Fe3 C ay se phan hoa thanh auxtenit va graphit nen ch thay
61
cung tinh hai nguyen. Photphit ran, don co kha nang chong mai mon, nhng de nt nguoi.
Ham lng photpho trong gang cho phep: P = 0,2 1%.
- Lu huynh: la tap chat co hai v no lam giam tnh chay loang, giam o ben cua
gang. Lu huyn h la nguyen to can tr Graphit hoa manh. e giam tac hai cua nguyen to S
ngi ta tang Mn, v Mn ket hp vi S tao nen Sunphit Mn (MnS) kho chay. Nhng khong
the tang nhieu Mn c. Do vay lng S cho phe p trong gang la S < 0,12%.
- ong; Niken: La hai nguyen to co anh hng tot en to chc va tnh chat cua
gang. Khi ong ac Cu giup cho s Graphit hoa, ong thi khi chuye n bien cunh tinh no
lai can tr s phan hoa peclit. Ch co Cu va Ni mi co hai ac tnh nay.
- Crom: La chat cacbit hoa manh khi chuyen bien cung tinh nhng chuyen bien
cung tch lai nang cao tnh on nh cua auxtenit. Thng t khi dung rieng Cr e hp kim
hoa gang ma thng ket hp vi cac nguyen to khac (Niken, Molipden, on g, nhom...).
- Molipden: La chat hp kim hoa gang co tac dung tang o ben rat manh. Khi ham
lng > 0,8%, Mo c coi la chat cacbit hoa, nhng ch lam gang hoa tra
ng khi Mo >3%.
inh
M
i
h graphit hoa khi ong
Neu vi toc o nguoi bnh thng va ham lng Mo <1% no giuopCs
.H
P
T
ac. Mo la chat on nh peclit rat manh.
uat
y th
K
ham trong gang lam nho mn hat peclit va
- Vanadi: La chat cacbit hoa manSh.
u pVanadi
H
D
Graphit do o lam tang o benruva
ongo cng cua gang, nhat la gang co ham lng C thap
T
t
(gang hoa ram) ln gyVanadi
righ th ng dung 0,15 0,35%.
p
o
C
- Titan: Vi lng cha < 0,5% trong gang trc cung tinh, titan giup cho qua trnh
Graphit hoa, tao nen graphit tam ngan, nho, mn. Thng ch a vao gang 0,05 0,1% Ti.
Di 0.2% Ti co tac dung graphit hoa manh hn Si, nhng > 0,2% kha nang o giam i.
- Nhom: Anh h ng cua Al tuy thuoc ham lng cua no trong gang.
< 0,4%Al giup cho s graphit hoa.
4 8% Al lam giam s graphit hoa.
Anh hng cua Al ti s graphit hoa ch bang 1/3 1/2 anh hng cua Silic. Ngi
ta thng dung nhom e che tao gang chong oxy hoa.
b. Anh hng cua toc o nguoi.
Toc o nguoi khon g nhn g lam thay oi nen cua gang ma con trc tiep anh hng
en s graphit hoa. Tang toc o nguoi, gang ket tinh thanh leeburit (co xementit), toc o
nguoi giam gang se xam nhng nguoi cham qua hat graphit cang to.
Ngi ta thng lam nguoi nhanh khi chuyen bien cun g tch e at to chc peclit,
con vung chuyen bien cung tinh nguoi cham e tao graphit, giam xementit.
Toc o nguoi con lam thay oi ca hnh dang va s phan bo graphit.
c. Cac yeu to a nh h ng khac.
- Qua nhiet va nhiet o rot.
Qua nhiet la nang cao nhiet o cua gang long cao hn nhiet o nong chay hoan
toan cua no. Qua nhiet lam gang ket tinh ra graphit nho mn, giam lng graphit, tang
lng cacbon lien ket lam cho gang co xu hng bien trang, giam tnh di truyen xau cua
62
gang (v qua nhiet co tac dung hoa tan, giam bt nhng mam graphit tho to trong nguyen
lieu va thay oi lng kh hoa tan trong kim loai).
Vi gang co the qua nhiet en 1600 oC o ben se tang, nhng neu cao hn na o
ben lai giam v hat graphit tho to.
Vi toc o qua nhiet nhat nh, nhiet o rot cang thap, gang cang t co xu hng
hoa trang, o be n giam. V vay, thng rot nhiet o 1320 1450o C.
- Bien tnh.
Trong san xuat gang co nhieu cach bien tnh khac nhau, e at nhng muc ch
khac nhau, nhng eu nham lam tang o ben cua gang.
+ Khi che tao gang cau ta phai dung chat cau hoa nh Mg hoac cac nguyen to at
hiem e graphit at dang cau.
ieu chu y la cac chat cau hoa nay thng can tr s graphit hoa, nen ngi ta
phai ong thi dun g them Ferosilic (FeSi) na e gang xam.
+ Khi san xuat gang de o, bie n tnh nham rut ngan thi gian u gang trang va thng
dung mot lng nho Al.
h m vu tao ra
+ Khi san xuat gang graphit tam chat lng cao th bien tnhi M
coinnhie
h
C
Ho
graphit mn va nen peclit ong nhat.
TP.
t
a
u
h
- Nhiet luyen.
Ky t
m
a
ph ket tinh, ngi ta dung phng phap nhiet
e thay oi c tnh cua gang sauSukhi
H
D
ng
luyen nham:
Truo
t
+ Phan hoa xementit
igh e tao ne n graphit lam cho gang mem hn.
opyr
C
+ Chuyen bie n auxtenit thanh to chc khong can bang co c tnh cao hn peclit nh
troxtit, xoocbit hoac mactenxit. Hai yeu to chu yeu lam thay oi ne n cua gang va graphit
la nhiet o va thi gian.
5.2.3 ac iem khi uc gang xam.
Gang xam c s dun g nhieu v co tnh uc rat tot the hien cac mat sau:
- Tnh chay loang cao v vay uc c cac vat uc thanh mong, phc tap.
- Khoi lng rieng cua gang ln, chay loang cao nen t lan cac tap chat x va bot
kh.
- o co cua gang nho nen han che c lom co, ro co.
e tang o chay loang cua gang, ngi ta tang ham lng Si, P. e giam lng co
ngot phai han che nhiet o rot, dung khuon kho. e giam o hoa tan kh th tang o qua
nhiet, say va lam sach nguyen vat lieu khi nau v.v...
Cong nghe uc gang xam tng oi n gian va co the uc gang trong cac loai
khuon. Noi chung ch can chon phoi lieu thch hp, ma khong can en nhng bien phap x
l phc tap trong qua trnh nau.
Mot ieu can chu y la chieu day thanh vat uc an h hng nhieu c tnh. Thanh vat
uc day, mc o graphit hoa tang, hat cua nen c s to, ket qua o ben giam.
Thng khong dung gang xam e uc nhn g vat co thanh mong khac nhau nhieu
v neu muon thanh day co to chc peclit th phan thanh mong lai co xementit, ngc lai
am bao thanh mong khong b trang th to chc cho thanh day b nhieu pherit.
63
5.2.4.Nau chay gang.

a. Vat lieu chu la:
Vat lieu chu la e lat xung quanh thanh lo. Pha trong cua cac lo luyen kim, lo
uc, lo nung va cac thiet b khac lam viec nhiet o cao. Yeu cau vat lieu chu la phai
chu c nhiet o cao, o n nh hoa hoc, kho ng thay oi the tch theo nhiet o, truyen
nhiet kem
Theo thanh phan hoa hoc vat lieu chu la chia ba nhom:
- Vat lieu chu la axt: nh gach inat co nhiet o chay 16300C 17300C, gom
92% 96% SiO 2, 2% a voi. Thng e xay lo ien, lo nung bang ngon la.
- Vat lieu chu la Badic: nh gach Manhedt, Crom- Manhedt, olomt. Gach
Manhedt co nhiet o chay 21650 C thn g xay lo luyen thep.
- Vat lieu chu la trung tnh: nh gach Cromt, Samot. Gach Samot cha 50%
60% SiO2 , 42%Al 2O3 va 1,5 3% Fe2O3 co nhiet o chay 15800 C 17300C, du ng e xay lo
nh
uc.
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
Tdu
t
a
Vat lieu chu la co cha cacbon ti 90%C, t
c
ng e che tao cac ien cc
u
y h
K
ami nau kim loai v.v
bang than hoac grapht trong cac lo ho quang,
no
u ph
S
H
D
b. Lo ng:
uong
r
T
ht
yrcigngi ta thng dung lo ho quang, lo cam ng e nau thep, lo
Trong nganChopu
ng dung than coc, lo cho dun g than a, lo dau ot bang dau F.O, lo ie n e nau gang, lo
cam ng co loi Fe, lo noi e nau hp kim mau.
Thiet b nau gang phai bao am c ye u cau:
- Nhiet o nc gang ra lo cao.
- Thanh phan gang on nh.
- Tieu thu t nhien lieu.
Lo ng la loai thiet b nau gang pho bien nhat v no ap ng c phan nao
nhng yeu cau tren. Ngoai ra, co the nau c lien tuc, nang suat cao, so ngi phuc vu
khong nhieu, khong chiem nhieu dien tch, s dun g n gian va co kha nang t ong hoa.
Lo ng dung than coc la loai than c che tao t than m c chng luyen
nhiet o 900 11000C va khong cho tiep xuc vi khong kh. Than coc rat ben va co nhiet
nang ln.
Cau tao lo ng: c gii thieu tre n hnh 1-68.
Phan quan tro ng cua lo ng co dang ong tru trong cha vat lieu nau. Vat lieu nay
c a t san lieu vao qua ca cho lieu. Gio t quat gio c a vao buong gio 6 qua
cac mat gio 7 vao lo. Gio i t di len ot chay cot than lot 11, kim loai nong chay thanh
giot va ri xuong noi lo tao thanh gang long . Than me bo sung vao cot than lot, con a
voi (chat tr dung) tao thanh x. Trc khi lay gang lon g qua mang ra gang 9, x c lay
ra ngoai qua ca ra x 16 nam tren lo ra gang.
Cac thong so chu yeu cua lo:
64
- ng knh trong cua lo d la thong so chu yeu e anh gia cong suat lo. Thng
d 500mm. V d < 500mm de b treo lieu khi dung lieu kch thc to.
15
11
1
2
H
3
4
5
6
7
Hn
14
Hnh 1-68
Cau tao lo ng.
1, 2.Vat lieu kim loai, a
13
voi. 3.Nhien lieu. 4.Vo lo
nh
thep day 612mm 5.Gach
i Mi
h
C
Ho
samot 6. Hop gio 7. Mat
TP.
t
a
u
h
gio 8 Lo tien 9. Mang ra
Ky t
m
a
gang 10. Tru 11. LHpSu ph
D
onng hp
than lot 12. LTpruho
ght13. Quat gio

ap apyyrilo
o
C
14. Ca cho lieu 15.Thung
12
nap lieu. 16. Ca ra x.
16
10
Viec chon ng knh d phu thuoc vao cong suat yeu cau (tan /gi). Hie n nay
ngi ta dung loai d = 600mm at cong suat 1,5 2 T/h (so tan lieu bo vao lo trong mot
gi).
- Chieu cao hu ch H c tnh t hang mat gio chnh en ca cho lieu. Chieu cao
ln, hieu suat s dung nhiet ln, nhiet o nc gang khi ra lo cao hn nhng kho xay lap,
khong thuan tien khi cap lieu. Thng ngi ta chon H theo ty so H/D = 4 6 . Tr so nho
la lo c ln.
Chieu cao toan bo lo phai ke them chieu cao noi lo, chan lo va ong khoi.
Chieu cao noi lo Hn c tnh t mat gio chnh en ay lo. Hn quyet nh lng
gang long. Khi tnh dung tch noi lo phai tnh en khong gian cha x tao ra trong qua trnh
nau. Lng x thng lay bang 10% so vi trong lng gang.
Hn ln th nhiet o gang long ra lo se kem. Hn thng lay bang 400 600mm. e
tang lng gang long khi uc nhng vat uc ln ngi ta s dung them lo tien 8.
65
- He thong mat gio e dan gio vao lo. Xu hng hien nay ngi ta tang so mat gio
tren mot hang (thng lay 6 8 mat gio). So han g mat gio t 1 3, hang di cung goi la
hang mat gio chnh chiem 60 80% tong dien tch mat gio. To ng dien tch cua mat gio so
vi dien tch tiet dien ngang cua lo tai hang mat gio chnh trc kia thng dung bang
25%. Hien nay, ty le nay co xu hng giam va dung quat gio co ap suat cao. Ty le thng
dung hien nay 8 10% tham ch co khi ngi ta ch dung en 3 4%.
Cac hang mat gio phu cach nhau khoang 150 200mm. Cac mat gio chnh thng co dang
ch nhat, chech so vi mat cat ngang 5 10o , cac mat gio phu thng hnh tron va chech
mot goc 10 15o . Hien nay ngi ta dung tat ca cac mat gio eu co dang tren.
c. Vat lieu nau:
Vat lieu nau gom vat lieu kim loai, nhien lieu, chat tr dung. Ba vat lieu nay phoi
hp vi nhau theo mot ty le xac nh tao thanh mot me lieu.
- Vat lieu kim loai: Vat lieu kim loai gom gang thoi lo cao, gang, thep vun c
ap nho at kch thc < 1/3d. Trng hp kch thc cua chung kha nho ta phai e p thanh
nh FeMn...).
cuc. Ngoai ra con co cac loai phero hp kim (phero silic FeSi, pherohmangan
i Mi
C
Ho
TPn. c vao thanh phan hoa hoc
t
Viec tnh toan ty le cac vat lieu kim loai noi tre
n
ca
a
u
h
Ky t n to hp kim b chay hao khi nau
cua vat lieu kim loai, mc o hao hut cua h
caacmnguye
up
S20%,
H
luyen. V du, khi nau Mn thng cha
y
Si chay khoang 15%, C chay 15% (nhng
D
uong
r
T
khong can tnh bo sung Chkhi
t nau gang trong lo ot bang than a, than coc)...Ty le nay co
rig
opyth
the xac nh bangCo
hoac giai tch. Sau ay gii thieu phng phap xac nh ban g giai
tch.
Gia s, ta dung cac vat lieu kim loai co thanh phan hoa hoc cho trong bang 1 e
uc vat uc co thanh phan hoa hoc nh bang 2 vi lng chay cua nguyen to hp kim a
cho.
Bang 1. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua vat lieu.
N0
1
2
3
Vat lieu kim loai
Ky hieu
Gang so 1
Gang so 2
Gang so 3
Thanh phan hoa hoc %

Mn
Si
X1
X2
X3
Mn1
Mn2
Mn3
Ghi chu
Si1
Si2
Si3
Bang 2. Thanh phan hoa hoc cua vat uc.

Thanh phan hoa hoc %
Mn
Si
Lng chay %
Mnch
Sich
Tien hanh lap phng trnh cho me lieu 100Kg ta co he phng trnh sau ay :
66
X1 + X2 + X3 =100
Mn 1
X
100
X1
Si1
Si
Si
Si
X2 2 X3 3
100
100
100 1 Sich
Mn 2
X
100
Mn 3
Mn
100
1 Mnch
X1
Giai he phng trnh tren ta se xac nh c ty le tham gia cua cac vat lieu kim loai.
- Nhien lieu:
Nhien lieu du ng cho nau gang phai thoa man cac yeu cau :
+ am bao o ben c hoc.
+ Nhiet tr cao
+ Khi chay cho tro sach
+ Kch thc nhien lieu phu hp vi c lo, thong thng 40 90mm.
Hien nay, thng dung than coc e nau gang. Tuy thuoc vao nhiet o nc gang
h a dung cho
ma ta chon ty le than/gang (Theo kinh nghiem than coc dung 12 15%,
nthan
i Mi
h
C
lo cho la 20 25%, lo dau ot bang dau FO dung 15 18%).PTheo
Ho kinh nghiem chieu day
T .
t
a
u
h
lp than me trong lo phai at 150 200mm.
Ky t
m
a
h
- Chat tr dung:
Su p
H
D
Dung e tao x trong qua
trnh
ng nau. Chat tr dung thng dung la a voi CaCO3
Truo
t
chiem khoang 4 5% ykho
rigihl ng vat lieu kim loai.
Cop
d. Qua trnh nau chay gang:
S chay cua than va chuyen ong cua kh lo.
Qua trnh chay cua than c tien hanh theo ba phan ng lien tiep sau:
C + O2 CO +Q1 (1)
C + O2 CO2 +Q2 (2)
Kh CO2 sau o tiep tuc b hoan nguyen
CO2 + C CO + Q 3 (3)
Gio thoi vao lo chu yeu cung cap oxy e thc hien (1) va (2) tao nen vung oxy
hoa. Chieu cao vu ng nay khoang 200 600mm tnh t mat gio tr len. Cuoi vung oxy hoa
lo co nhiet o cao nhat. Yeu cau chu yeu cua qua trnh nau la phat trien manh, eu hai
phan ng (1) va (2) nham am bao C chay hoan toan.
Khi nghien c u t tren xuong di ta co the chia lo thanh cac vung sau :
+ Vung nung no ng
Qua trnh hoa l ay la s trao oi nhiet gia kh lo va vat lieu ran. Kh lo ra khoi
lo co nhiet o khoang 400 600oC. Thanh phan kh lo cha khoang 15% CO2, 10% CO,
75%N2 , ngoai ra con co mot l ng nho H2, kh sunfua (do chay S trong than) va hi nc
do o am cua me lieu. vung nay lieu c say va nhiet o c tang dan t tren xuong
di va sau khoang 25 40 phut se c nung ti nhiet o chay. cuoi vung nay a voi
at en nhiet o u e phan li hoan toan (tr nh ng cuc qua ln).
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
+ Vung no ng chay:
67
ay vat lieu kim loai nong nong chay i qua lp than lot va c qua nhiet.
Thong thng mot cuc vat lieu kim loai muon chay het phai mat 5 15 phut, trong thi
gian o cuc kim loai phai i xuong c mot oan bang chieu cao lp than lot day 300
500mm. e co o qua nhiet cao, t b oxy hoa, ngi ta co xu hn g thu he p vun g nay va
dch len tren xa mat gio bang cach:
. Dung than hoat tnh kem, c cuc ln.
. Dung lieu c cuc nho.
. Lu lng gio thch hp.
Qua trnh l hoa xay ra vung nay tng t nh vung nung nong nhng manh liet
hn khi kim loai t the ran chuye n sang the long.
+ Vung hoan nguyen
ac trng c ban cua vung nay la phan ng
CO2 + C CO - Q
Phan ng nay thu nhiet, mat khac nhiet cua kh lo phai truyen cho cac giot kim loai
ang chay xuo ng. Trao oi nhiet ay c tien hanh gia ba pha ran, kh, lo ng nhng
inhen nhn g giot
quan trong nhat la truyen nhiet trc tiep t be mat cuc than coc noni gMo
h
C
Ho
kim loai long. Do o, nhiet o vung nay co giam xuo ng nhng
TP. van u e tiep tuc nung
t
a
u
h
nong chay nhng cuc kim loai con lai.
Ky t
m
a
h
Si uvap n tien hanh va co manh liet hn so vi phan
H
ay phan ng oxy hoa kim
loa
D
uonngbe mat se hoa tan ngay vao giot kim loai long va b
tren. Oxyt sat c tao that n hTrtre
igh
hoan nguyen (traoCoxy)
opyr do cac nguyen to co ai lc vi oxy manh hn nh Si, Mn, Cr va
mot phan C. Trong vung nay CaO se ket hp vi cac oxyt o va cac chat ban khac tao
thanh x long.
+ Vung oxy hoa
Moi trng kh vung nay co tnh oxy hoa manh nhat. Nhiet o vung nay at ti
1600 1700oC. Cac phan ng oxy hoa vung nay cung xay ra manh liet hn vung tren.
Fe + O2 FeO + Q
FeO + Si SiO2 + Fe + Q
FeO + Mn MnO + Fe + Q
FeO + C CO + Fe Q
Do cac phan ng toa nhiet nen nhiet o gang long c nang cao ong thi thuc
ay qua trnh hoa tan C vao gang long. Do o, trong thc te vung nay thanh phan C
trong gang tang len ch khon g giam i. vung nay x long c tang len nhieu va kh
c kha nhieu S do tao thanh SO2 i vao kh lo.
+ Vung noi lo.
Pha tren noi lo pha kh van co tnh oxy hoa, gia yeu hn con ay lo hoan toan
khong co. Nhiet o noi lo cung giam dan ve pha di va ch at 1350 1450o C. Qua trnh
hoa tan C noi lo van tiep tuc tuy thuoc thi gian lu lai kim loai long trong noi lo.
e nang cao hieu suat qua trnh nau, ngi ta co the dung kh nong, gio giau oxy,
tang ap lc gio vao lo.
5.3 uc hp kim mau:

68
Hp kim mau thn g co ac iem la nhe, ben , chong mai mon, ben khi chu tac
dung cua axit va nc bien. Thng dung nhat trong nganh che tao may lahp kim ong
va hp kim nhom.
5.3.1 ong va hp kim cua ong:
a. ong o: ong nguyen chat goi la ong o, co khoi lng rieng 8,96g/cm3 ,
nhiet o nong chay 1083oC, o dan ien va dan nhiet cao, deo de gia cong ap lc nhng
o ben thap. Tnh uc cua ong o kem v co nhieu, de nt, hut kh nhieu nen de ro. o
chay loang khong cao do o ong o t dung trang thai uc. Trong c kh thng dung
hp kim ong la latong va brong.
b. Hp kim ong:
- Latong (ong thau): la hp kim gom ong va kem (Zn khong qua 45%) c
dung nhieu trong cong nghiep v co c tnh kha, tnh cho ng an mon tot, de uc va gia cong
ap lc.
e nang cao c tnh va tang cng mot so tnh chat at biet la ngi ta a vao
ong thau hai nguyen (Cu-Zn) mot so cac nguyen to hp kim nh Sn, Al,hNi, Fe, Pb goi
in
hi M
la latong ac biet hay latong nhieu nguyen. Th ng e lam canohCqua
t, chan vt tau thuy,
H
TP.
nhng chi tiet chong ma sat
t
a
u
th
Ky hieu latong theo TCVN co ch Lh
ngKy
au, sau o la ky hieu cua cac nguyen
m
a
p
H Suso ng sau ky hie u cua nguyen to o. V du:
to. Thanh phan cua moi nguyen to glaDch
n
Trnuolai la Cu.
LCuZn30 co 30% Zn;
co
t
h
yrig
LCuZn29Sn1
Copco 19% Zn; 1% Sn; con lai la Cu.
LCuZn38Sn2Pb2 co 38% Zn; 2% Sn; 2% Pb; con lai la Cu.
- Brong (ong thanh): la hp kim cua ong vi cac nguyen to khac va c chia
lam hai loai chnh :
- Brong thiec (ong thanh thiec) la hp kim cua ong va thiec. Bro ng thiec co >
8% Sn co tnh chong mai mon tot nen dung lam o trt, bac lot chot pittong oto; Brong
thiec co < 8% Sn co tnh truyen am xa nen thng dung uc cac nhac cu nh chuong,
chieng,cong, trong ong. Cac loai ken ong lam bang Bron g thiec co < 8% Sn nhng che
tao bang phng phap go, han, dap, nguoi.
V du: BCuSn5Zn5Pb5, BCuSn4Zn4Pb17, BCuSn6Zn6Pb3 lam chi tiet chu ma sat,
mai mon, o trt
- Brong khon g thiec la hp kim cua ong va cac nguyen to khac (tr thiec va
kem).
V du Bro ng nhom: BCuAl5 can thanh tam, bang, dap huy hieu.
BCuAl10Fe3Zn2,5 lam o trt, bac, banh rang.
Brong ch: BCuPb30 lam o trt trong ong c ot trong.
c. Nau o ng:
+ Lo nau: thng dun g lo noi Graphit (hnh 1-69). Gia vo 1 va noi lo 2 labuong ot
than hoac dau mazut hoac kh ot.
Khi nau nhieu co the dung lo ien ho quang. Nau ong thau dung lo ien cam ng
co loi Fe la tot nhat. Noi Graphit c che tao bang cach dung Graphit tron vi at set
69
chu nong va mot t bot thach anh roi ep thanh noi va nung. Noi tot phai co khoang 60%
graphit co the nau c khoang 50 lan.
+ Phoi lieu: Nguyen lieu e nau gom co:
- ong nguyen chat dang thoi hay tam.
- Phe lieu cua o ng (he thong rot, au hi, au ngot...).
- Hp kim phu la hp kim cua ong vi mot hoac hai nguyen to kim loai can a
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
70
vao hp kim on g ( e hoa tan eu va t chay hao) dang thoi.

- Chat kh o xy: dung e hoan nguyen oxyt kim loai trong hp kim. Khi nau ong
chat kh oxy thng dung la ong phot pho co 90% Cu + 10% P. V P co ai lc vi oxy
manh hn ong nen khi gap Cu2O se xay ra phan
3
ng:
10 Cu P2 O5
5Cu 2 O 2 P
P2 O5 tao thanh x noi len tren.
- Chat tr dung: dung e bao ve kim loai
long khoi b oxy hoa va de tach tap chat ra thanh
x. Thn g dung la than cui hoac thu y tinh long,
thach cao, muoian, clorua bari, boracChat tr
dung nay c phu len be mat hoac cho vao kim
loai long khi nau e ngan khong cho oxy t khong
kh oxy hoa kim loai. Neu dung than th khi than
chay se tao ra CO, CO cung co tac dung kh oxy
trong oxyt ong theo phan ng:
2
1
Hnh 1-69 Lo noi

1. Vo lo bang va
int hlieu chu
M
i
Ch
la 2.
No
i bang graphit
. Ho
P
T
t
thua 3. Nap lo 4. Buong ot
y
am K
h
p
H Su
g iDke
CO2 bay ra khoi kim loai long counonlo
o theo tap
Tr
t
chat va chat kh thoat ra.
gh
pyri
o
C
Viec nau luyen hp kim on g phai tuan theo cac bc :
- Lam sach noi nau va vat lieu kim loai
- Say lo va vat lieu.
- Nau chay ong va kh oxy bang hp kim trung gian, thng dung la Cu-P (vi
khoang 0,3% trong lng).
e han che s oxy hoa va hoa tan kh ta dung chat tao x e che phu be mat kim
loai khi bat au chay.
- Nang nhiet o nc ong, hp kim hoa bang kim loai nguyen chat hoac hp kim
trung gian.
- Kh o xy lan cuoi noi rot trc khi rot vao khuon.
2Cu CO2
Cu 2 O CO
d. ac iem khi uc ong:

+ Tnh uc: tnh uc cua ong phu thuoc vao tng loai hp kim ong nhng the
hien chu yeu mc o oxy hoa, hoa tan kh, tnh thie n tch va o co...
Ve mc o oxy hoa co the xep theo th t giam dan nh sau: Brong Al, brong Si,
brong Mn, bron g cha Si, Mn, bro ng thiec, brong Pb va t oxy hoa nhat la latong.
o co, tnh thien tch, o chay loang phu thuoc vao khoan g ong cua hp kim ong.
Khoang ong cang nho, tnh chay loang cang tot, t thien tch, t nt nong, to chc st chat
va co xu hng tao o co tap trung nh bron g Al. Khi khoang o ng ln tao o co phan tan
nh bro ng thiec, brong ch.
+ Khuon uc.
70
Hp kim ong co the uc trong khuon cat hoac khuon kim loai v cho ta to chc
hat mn. Khi uc ong trong khuon cat nen cho n hon hp cat mn.
ieu can chu y la bo tr he tho ng rot hp l, rot em, tranh hut kh va oxy hoa.
Nhng hp kim ong de b oxy hoa can dung he thong rot xiphon g, nh ng hp kim ong
t b oxy hoa co the rot trc tiep t tren xuong hoac kieu ma ri.
oi vi cac loai hp kim ong co khoang o ng nho can chu y bo sung co ngot bang
au ngot ln va am bao h ng o ng khi ket tinh.
Cac hp kim ong co khoang ong ln nen lam nguoi nhanh va tot nhat la uc
trong khuon kim loai.
5.3.2 uc nhom va hp kim nhom.
a. Pha n loai hp kim nhom:
Nhom nguye n chat co mau trang sang, nhiet o non g chay 6600C, khoi lng rieng
2,7 g/cm3 , co nhieu ac tnh qu nh: tnh dan ien, dan nhiet, tnh chong an mon cao
nnhg hp kim. Cac
nhng o ben tong hp thap v vay trong cong nghiep thng dung Mda
i i
h
C
hp kim thng dung.
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
+ Hp kim Al-Si la he hp kim cam
duK
ngy tpho bien va co ten goi la hp kim
ph
un
Silumin. Ham l ng Si tang lam o D
beHnSta
g va giam deo mot t. Hp kim Al-Si chiem
g
n
o
u
r
khoang 50% to ng so hp kim
Tuc. Ngoai Al va Si (5 20%Si), con co cac nguyen to hp
ght
i
r
y
kim khac nh: Fe,CMn,
op Mg, Cu, Zn.
Noi chung, hp kim Silumin de uc (h p kim Al-Si co khoang 12 13% Si co tnh
uc tot nhat), chu an mon tot, nhng e tang ben ngi ta thng cho them mot lng nho
Mg, Cu, Zn. Ngi ta hay dung he nay che tao cac loai pittong, v du nh mac hp kim
AlSi12CuMg1Mn0,6Ni1 (ch ngha la uc).
+ Hp kim Al-Cu.
ong trong he nay lam tang ben, deo, tnh chong an mon trong moi trn g nc
bien, tang kha nan g nhiet luyen. Tnh uc cua hp kim Al-Cu kem hn so vi he Al-Si.
Ngoai Al va Cu la nguye n to chnh con cho them Fe, Si, Mn, Ti.
+ Hp kim Al-Mg.
Hp kim Al-Mg co o ben, o deo cao nhat la sau khi nhiet luyen. Hp kim nay
kho uc v khoang ong ln, co nhieu nen de tao ro, xop va nt nong, tnh chay loang
kem nen han che uc trong khuo n kim loai. Tot nhat dung phng phap uc di ap lc.
Ngoai Al va Mg con co cac tap chat khac nh : Fe, Ni, Be, Si, Cu, Zn...
+ Hp kim Al- Zn.
He hp kim Al- Zn de hoa gia sau uc lam tang o ben gan bang cac hp kim khac
co qua nhiet luyen, tnh chong an mon tot. Tnh uc kem v khoang ong ln, de nt nong.
Hien nay, ngi ta ang nghien cu he hp kim nhom co o ben cao tren c s
Al-Zn, v du: Al-Zn-Mg.
+ Hp kim nhom ben nhiet: la nhn g hp kim co thanh phan phc tap am bao gi
71
c c tnh nhiet o cao. Cac nguyen to hp kim th ng dung la Cu, Ni, Mn, C, Ti, Fe.
+ Hp kim nhom bie n dang.
o la nhng hp kim co kha nang bien dang deo tot dung trong gia cong ap lc.
Trong ky thuat dung nhng he sau:
- Nhom ky thuat.
- He Al-Mn vi ham lng Mn = 1 1,6%.
- He Al-Mg vi ham lng Mg < 6%.
Ba loai tren chu an mon tot, c tnh thap.
- He Al-Cu-Mg goi la uyara co ham lng cac nguyen to hp kim nh sau: Cu
35%; Mg < 1%.
- He Al-Mg-Si.
- He Al-Mg-Si-Cu.
- He Al-Zn -Mg-Cu (goi la hp kim be n nhiet).
-Cac he hp kim nhom chu nong gom cac loai: Al-Mg-Si-Fe-Ni; Al-Cu-Mg-FeNi; Al-Cu-Mn.
nh
i Mi
h
C
b. Ky thuat nau hp kim nhom:
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
+ Nguyen tac chung.
h
Ky t
m
a
Hp kim nhom nau xong phai am ubapoh c ba ye u cau sau:
S
- Khong con kh hoa tan. uong DH
Tr
- Khong co oxytrinho
htm .
g
py
- ung thaC
n ho phan a nh .
Muon vay trong qua trnh nau can am bao:
- Chon lo va lieu thch hp.
- Say ky lo va nung lieu trc khi cho vao lo.
- Tao moi trng kh oxy hoa yeu, han che dien tch mat thoang cua kim loai long,
khi nau co che phu .
- Rut ngan thi gian nau chay.
- Tranh nang nhiet o hp kim long qua cao va gi lau nhiet o o e tranh cho
kh co ieu kien hoa tan va hat tho.
- Tien hanh kh kh va tinh luyen trc khi rot.
- Han che khuay ong hp kim long khi nau va rot.
+ Lo nau.
Lo nau hp kim nhom thng co dung tch ln, de khong che nhiet o, nau nhanh
e tranh oxy hoa. Ngi ta thng dung lo noi bang gang co sn ky e tranh s xam nhap
Fe vao h p kim nhom, hoac dung lo ien cam ng, lo ien tr, lo gas.
Neu dung lo gach ap bang bot can chac e tranh nhom long xam nhap vao thanh
lo. Khong nen dung gach sa mot co ham lng SiO2 cao v se dien ra phan ng sau tao
thanh Al2O3.
SiO2 + Al Al2O3 + Si.
Nen dung loai gach cha nhieu Al2O3 hoac dung gach Manhedit nhng gach nay
at.
72
+ Vat lieu nau.

Vat lieu nau bao gom nhom nguyen chat, nhom hp kim, hp kim nhom trung gian,
cac phe lieu ve nhom, chat tr dung e ngan nga s oxy hoa va e de tao x nh 44%
KCl + 56% MnCl2 hoac 50% NaCl + 35% KCl + 15% Na2Al2F. Noi chung phai bao am
sach va kho, xac nh chnh xac thanh phan hoa hoc.
+ Co 3 cach nau: nau di lp chat tr dung; Tinh luyen bang kh (thoi kh clo hoac
nit vao kim loai long khoang 5 en 15 phut e tinh luyen); Hoac tinh luyen bang muoi
ZnCl2, TiCl, BCl 3
c. ac iem khi uc hp kim nho m:
Hp kim nhom co o co ln hn gang lai rat de nt nong. Ca khi nau va khi rot hp
kim nhom de b hoa tan kh e tao nen Al2 O3. Co ieu an g chu y la khi tang nhiet o, o
chay loang cua hp kim nhom tang rat manh.
Ngi ta co the uc nhom trong khuon cat hoac khuon kim loai. ac biet nen dung
uc ap lc e at chat lng, nang suat cao. Khi dung khuon kim loai phai sn khuon. V
hng ac cua vat
o co cua hp kim ln nen phai co au ngot hp ly can c vao h
gin
o
inM
h
C
Ho
uc trong khuon.
TP.
t
a
u
th
Ky
He thong rot phai co do ng chay em, th
n
g
du
ng loai xiphong hay khe mong thang
m
a
u ph
S
H
ng. Trong nhieu trn g hp phaigdu
Dng ong rot dang rong ran va coc rot co nut e han
uon
r
T
che tao mang oxyt nhom trong
luc rot.
ight
opyrc hat tho to, can phai tang toc o ket tinh, cong nghe nau rot kim
e tranh toCch
loai phai bien tnh.
73
Chng 6
UC AC BIET.
San xuat uc ngay cang phat trien, yeu cau ve nang suat, o chnh xac, o bong
be mat cao (e giam hoac bo lng d gia cong), yeu cau chat lng vat uc tot. uc
trong khuon cat khon g ap ng c nhn g yeu cau o v khuon cat ch dung c mot
lan, o bong, o chnh xac thap, lng d gia cong ln, nhie u khuyet tat, gia thanh che tao
cao. Do o ngay nay xuat hien nhieu phng phap uc ac biet nh uc trong khuon kim
loai, uc di ap lc, uc ly tam, uc trong khuon mau chay, khuon vo mong, uc lien
tuc.v.v
6.1 uc trong khuon kim loai:

6.1.1 Khai niem:
uc trong khuo n kim loai la rot kim loai long vao khuon bang kim loai, phng
nh
phap nay co ac iem nh sau:
i Mi
h
C
- Khuon kim loai co the dung c nhieu lan (vaTi Pchu
. Hoc en hang van lan) tuy
t
a
u
h
thuoc vao kim loai vat uc.
Ky t
m
a
ph III, dung sai kch thc IT13 IT17) va o
- Vat uc co o chnh xac cao (caSpu II,
H
D
ng
bong be mat cao: (Rz 20 R z 40)
Truvo o chnh xac va o bong cua khuon cao.
t
h
- To chc hatpkim
yrigloai nho mn (do nguoi nhanh) nen c tnh tot.
Co
- Tiet kiem c vat lieu lam khuon va ieu kie n lao ong tot.
- Tnh dan nhiet cua khuon cao nen kha nang ien ay kem do o kho uc vat
phc tap va vat co thanh mong, uc gang de b hoa trang.
- Mat khac s can co cua khuon, loi bang kim loai ln nen de gay ra nt vat uc.
Khuon kim loai c dung rong rai e uc cac vat uc bang thep, gang, ong,
nhom, manhe , che tao cac chi tiet nh sec mang, xy lanh, van, pittong.
6.1.2 Vat lieu lam khuon, ket cau cua khuon, loi:
a.Yeu cau oi vi vat uc :
- So lng vat uc trong khuon kim loai phai u ln mi co li ve kinh te. Vi vat
uc thanh day t 3 6mm, so lng vat uc 200 400, con vi vat uc co thanh day
15 20mm, so lng vat uc tng ng co li phai 50 200.
- Chieu day thanh vat uc toi thieu phai bao am kim loai long ien ay tot.
- Hnh dang vat uc n gian, t loi.
- Thanh vat uc phai co o con ln.
- Tranh s chuyen bien ot ngot chieu day thanh vat uc.
b. Thiet ke co ng nghe uc.
oi vi cong nghe uc trong khuon kim loai can chu y:
- au ngot va au hi phai bo tr cho ong ac cuoi cung. So vi uc trong khuon
cat, au ngot khi uc trong khuon kim loai nho hn do kim loai ong nhanh hn. Trong
74
nhieu trng hp ngi ta khong dung au ngot van khong b khuyet tat ro co. au ngot
ch dung trong trng hp khi uc cac hp kim co o co the tch 4%; chieu day thanh
khong eu.
- au hi phai at cho cao nhat cua vat uc trng hp kiem au ngot th chan
au hi khong c nho hn chieu day thanh vat uc. au hi ben sn co tac dung bo
ngot cho phan vat uc thanh ben.
- Loi trong khuo n kim loai co the bang kim loai hoac bang cat tuy trng hp cu
the. Khi mat trong kho ng yeu cau chnh xac va yeu cau loi co o xop cao ta dung loi cat.
Trong tr ng hp mat trong vat uc can chnh xac, so lng vat uc ln, loi c che tao
bang kim loai. e lay loi ra khoi vat uc de dan g loi phai co o con ln, hoac ghep nhieu
manh. ( V du hnh 1-70 khuon, loi kim loai e uc pittong).
- Nhng loi kim loai ln nen lam rong e giam trong lng ( 100mm).
ht
yrig
p
o
C
HS
ng D
Truo
i
o Ch
H
.
P
3T
2
huat
t
y
am K
u ph
Min
4
Hnh 1- 70
1,2,3,4,5,6,7 la cac phan
ghep loi khuon kim loai uc
pittong.
6
5
A-A
c. Vat lieu lam khuon, loi: thng dung la gang, thep hp kim, thep cac bon va
ong. Gia cong bo khuon kim loai bang phng phap uc, gia cong c kh, ac biet ngay
nay dung pho bien phng phap gia cong c kh hien ai nh bang tia la ien, tien, phay
CNC.
- Ngi ta thng dung khuon ban g gang thng, gang hp kim e uc vat uc
gang nho, trung bnh, vat uc thep nho, vat uc hp kim ong, nhom .
75
Khuon bang thep hp kim (50CrNiMo; 120Cr12Mo) dung uc vat uc n gian

bang nhom. o ng o dung lam nhng mieng chap them vao khuon e tang kha nang
truyen nhiet khi uc hp kim mau.
- Vat lieu lam loi: loi co the lam kim loai hoac bang hon hp cat.
Thep CT48, CT51, 50CrNiMo dun g lam loi khi uc hp kim mau.
Loi cat co tnh lun tot, dan nhiet thap nen hay dun g khi uc gang, thep, con oi vi
hp kim mau, ch dung loi cat khi lo phc tap.
Khac vi khuon cat, trong khuon kim loai loi cat khong the gan vi khuon thanh
mot khoi nen can nh v loi chnh xac va phai co kha nang thoat kh.
e tranh nt vat uc do co, ngi ta rut loi ra khoi vat uc sm hn khi o co cua
vat uc con nho, do o qua trnh uc kha phc tap. Loi kim loai v the ch dung khi uc
hp kim nhe .
Nhng bien phap thng dung khi lay loi ra khoi vat uc:
nh
i Mimi ong ket mot
+ Rut loi khi nhiet o vat uc con cao, thi iem o vaHt ouCchch
TP.t o 900 950o C.
lp vo hoac lng co ngot con thap. V du : gang rut lo
i uatnhie
h
t
y
mK
a
h
p
+ Rung loi trong luc rot va khi vatSu
u c ong ac.
DH
g
n
ruolam giam kch thc loi.
+ Lam nguoi nhanh tlo iTe
h
g
i
opyr n, loi:
d. Ket cauCkhuo
- Cau tao khuon kim loai tuy thuoc vao vat uc. oi vi vat uc n gian khuon
thng c lam 2 na tng ng vi khuon tren va khuon di nh khi uc trong khuon
cat. Hai na khuon co the ghep vi nhau bang ban le hay chot nh v. Tren hnh 1-71 gii
thieu khuon kim loai co loi cat e uc gang.
Hnh 1-71
Khuon kim loai co loi cat
e uc gang.
1,2 Hai na khuon 3. Long
khuon 4. He thong rot 5.G
khuon 6. Chot nh v 7. G
khuon co lo bat bu long 8.
Loi cat 9. Goi loi 10.Ranh
thoat kh 11. Chot ay.
76
Khuon gom hai na 1 va 2, long khuon 3, he thong rot 4 (he thong rot thn g bo tr
mat phan khuon e de che tao khuon), g khuon 5 e bao am cng vng cho khuon,
chot nh v 6 e lap 2 na khuon vi nhau chnh xac. e kep khuon tren may ta dung g
7 co lo bat bu long. at loi cat 8 nh goi loi 9. Kh trong khuon thoat ra theo ranh thoat
kh 10 (at doc theo mat phan khuon va sau 0,2 0,5 mm). e de lay vat uc ra khoi
khuon ta dung chot ay 11, chot ay thng che tao thanh thoi hnh tru va lap vao cac lo
11 thanh khuon . Ye u cau khuon khi ghep vi nhau phai kht e tranh cho vat uc khoi b
ba via ln.
oi vi nhng vat uc phc tap, khuon nhieu phan ghep lai vi nhau, moi khuon
tao nen mot phan cua vat uc.
S thoat kh trong khuon kim loai. Kh trong khuon kim loai ch co the thoat qua
he thong rot, au hi, au ngot khi ang rot. V the phai tao lo, ranh thoat hi tren mat
phan khuon, tren cac mat lap ghep cua khuon va loi. Kch thc tiet dien ranh hi u ln
cho hi thoat ra ma khong cho kim loai chay ra ngoai va phu thuoc vao kim loai hp kim
( thng sau 0,2 0,5 mm). Chang han khi uc gang, brong kch thc ira
nhnh thoat khoang
iM
h
C
0,25mm, neu uc h p kim nhom va magie chieu rong ranh co .the
Ho at en 0,5mm.
t TnPg kim loai chay em, de thoat
- He thong rot cho khuon kim loai can bao athmuado
Ky
am
hi, de tao x va tao hn g ong hp ly choph
va
t uc. Co the bo tr rot t tren xuong, di
Su
len hoac t mat ben qua khe dan.ong DH
ru
tT
h
g
i
- Chieu day otha
ynr h vat uc va chieu day khuon kim loai. Thanh vat uc trong khuon
C p
kim loai phai bao am kha nang ien ay. Trong bang 1 di ay la chieu day thanh toi
thieu cua mot so hp kim uc.
Bang1
Loai
vat uc
Vat uc
khong
co loi
Vat uc
co loi
Chieu day thanh toi thieu (mm)

Gang
Nho
Va
Ln
15 20
2,5
10 15
Thep
Hp kim
nhom
Hp kim
Magie
Hp kim
ong
15
Chieu day thanh khuo n anh hn g en tuoi tho khuon, o chnh xac cua vat uc,
en qua trnh ket tinh t o anh h ng en to chc cua vat uc. Qua nghie n cu ngi ta
thay rang:
- uc hp kim co nhiet o nong chay tng oi thap nh gang, hp kim mau th
viec tang chieu day khuon dan en tang toc o ong ac cua vat uc.
- Hp kim uc co nhiet o nong chay trung bnh nh the p du co tang chieu day
khuon cung kho ng lam thay oi toc o ong ac cua vat uc.
77
- Ngc lai khi hp kim uc co nhiet o nong chay cao, viec tang chieu day thanh
khuon se lam giam toc o ong ac cua vat uc.
- Chieu day thanh khuon va e bao am u ben nhng khong ln hn chieu sau
tham nhiet e bao am s thoat nhiet ra ngoai.
Chieu day thanh khuon c quy nh nh sau (bang 2):
Bang 2
Dang vat uc
Vat uc thep chieu day mon g.
Vat uc thep chieu day trung bnh va ln.
Vat uc gang chieu day nho vatrung bnh.
Vat uc gang chieu day ln.
Vat uc hp kim nhom va ong
Chieu day thanh khuon

1,2 2,5 chieu day thanh vat uc.
1,0 1,5 chieu day thanh vat uc.
1 1,5 chieu day thanh vat uc.
oi khi >1,5 chieu day thanh vat uc.
2,5 3 chieu day thanh vat uc nhng
khong nho hn 15mm
Chi
P. Ho
6.1.3 Cong nghe uc:
Min
T
huat
t
y
K
phpam
e nan g cao tnh chay loang cu
a
h
kim
uc, giam toc o nguoi cua vat uc,
u
S
DH
g
n
o ng gang, khuon kim loai c nung nong trc khi rot
tranh bien tran g be mat vat u
rcuba
tT
h
g
i
en mot nhiet o phu
r c vao hp kim uc.
ythuo
Cop
Nhiet o nung no ng khuon co the tnh theo cong thc:
tk = 470 20R.
Trong o: R- Chieu day danh ngha cua thanh vat uc (mm).
Nhiet o nay cung co the s dung theo bang 3.
Nhiet o vat uc khi d khuo n co anh h ng en to chc lp be mat vat uc va
mc o ong eu t ngoai vao trong cua vat uc. Nhiet o o co the xac nh theo cong
thc sau:
tm =1000 5R
tm - Nhiet o lp sat mat vat uc (toC)
R- Chieu day danh ngha cua thanh vat uc (mm).
Nhiet o vat uc gang khi d khuon :
780oC < t < 1000o C.
- Nhiet o khuon va vat uc.
Bang 3.
Hp kim uc
ac iem cua vat uc
Hp kim nhom
-Co gan mong cao 80mm

-Co gan, tiet dien 3,5mm2
-Khong co gan g.
Hp kim Mg
-Thanh mong
-Thanh day
Chieu day thanh

vat uc (mm).
1,6 2,1
5 10
8
>8
Nhiet o nung
khuon toC
470 480oC
350 400oC
250 300oC
200 250oC
350 oC
250 oC
78
-Co loi kim loai
300 450 oC
ong thau
Phu tung may
120 200 oC
ong thanh ch
Thep cacbon
O truc
-Thanh mong
-Thanh day
< 50 oC
300oC
150oC
400 450 oC
300 400 oC
250 300 oC
150 250 oC
Gang xam
<5
5 10
10 20
20 40
- Nhiet o rot hp kim

Khuon kim loai co tnh dan nhiet cao nen nhiet o rot vao khuon phai cao e tang
kha nang ien ay khuon . Nhiet o nay tuy thuoc chu yeu vao ban chat hp kim uc,
chieu day thanh vat uc, c cho trong bang 4 sau:
inh
it tMoC
h
C
Chieu day vat
Nhie. tHo
ro
o
TP
t
a
u
uc (mm)
h
Ky t
m
a
Gang xam
<p10
1400 1340 oC
h
u
S
H
1360 1300 oC
ng D 11 40
o
u
r
T
41 50
1350 1280 oC
ght
i
r
y
Cop
51 100
1320 1250 oC
101 150
1320 1220 oC
>150
1280 1200 oC
Gang deo
<4
1480 1400 oC
5 10
1450 1380 oC
10 20
1430 1370 oC
Thep C va thep hp kim thap (0,2
0,4%C)
- Vat uc thanh mong phc tap
6 20
1465 1440 oC
1460 1435 oC
- Vat uc phc tap
20 25
- Vat uc trong lng trung bnh
26 30
1455 1435 oC
1450 1430 oC
- Vat uc thanh day
31 75
Bang 4
Vat lieu
Thep hp kim
- Thep Mang gan
- Thep Cr Ni hp kim cao
- Thep ket cau Cr - Ni
1400 1390 oC
1465 1440 oC
1450 1430 oC
Bang 5. Nhiet o rot cua hp kim nhom va ong

Nhiet o oC
Ky hieu hp kim
79
AlSi 7
AlSi12
AlSi8
AlSi9
BCuSn10
BCuSn10Zn2
BCuSn6Zn6Pb3
BCuSn11Zn3Ni
4
BCuAl9Fe4
Nhiet o qua nhiet

80 160
60 110
100 150
100 150
80 110
85 135
153 233
100 240
90 160
Nhiet o rot
720 800
700 750
700 750
700 800
1080 1150
1100 1150
1120 1200
1150 1280
1130 1200
- Sn khuon: Sn dung cho khuon kim loai gom sn lot va sn phu.

+ Sn lot lam nhiem vu ieu chnh toc o nguoi cuc bo cua vat uc va co tac dung
bao ve khuon, ngan can s tiep xuc trc tiep cua kim loai long vi thanh khuon, tao ieu
kien ien ay khuon tang tuoi tho cua khuon.
nh
i Mi
h
C
uc thep: 50% bot thach anh +5,5% at set chu nhiePt. +1,5%
xa phong long +30%
Ho
T
t
a
u
nc.
h
Ky t
m
a
h y tinh long + 1 lt nc.
uc gang: 100g bot thach anh + 50gu thu
S p
H
D
uc hp kim ong: 5% bo
nt ggraphit + 20% dau nhn + 10% paraphin + 65% dau
Truo
t
hoa.
gh
pyri
o
C
uc hp kim nhom: 15% bot phan+ 8% bot graphit + 4% thuy tinh long + 73%
nc.
Trong mot so trng hp lp sn lot con co tac dung bien tnh va hp kim hoa lp
be mat vat uc. Chieu day lp sn lot thng 0,1 1mm. Trong mot ca lam viec lp sn
lot c quet 1 2 lan.
+ Lp sn phu (phu len lp sn lot) bang dau madut, dau hoa hoac dau thc vat.
Khi rot kim loai long vao khuon, lp sn nay se chay tao nen mang kh ngan cach kim
loai long va be mat khuon do o nang cao tnh chu nhiet cua khuon tao ieu kie n ien
ay khuon, bao ve khuon va ieu chnh toc o ong ac cua vat uc. No cung co tac dung
tang o bong cho be mat vat uc va lay vat uc ra khoi khuon de dang.
6.1.4 Qua trnh cong nghe uc trong khuon kim loai:
a. Lam sach be mat long khuon, loi ( sau moi lan uc).
b. Say khuon, loi.
c. Sn be mat khuon, loi.
d. Lap khuo n, loi va rot kim loai vao khuon.
e. Lay loi (loi kim loai), e nguoi vat uc trong khuon mot thi gian nhat nh roi
d khuon. Thi gian nay tuy thuoc vat uc va hp kim uc. Neu d vat uc sm qua vat
uc se nguoi nhanh ngoai khong kh nen de nt, neu d vat uc muon qua cung de nt do
khuon loi kim loai ngan tr s co cua vat uc.
6.2 uc di ap lc:
80
6.2.1 ac iem tao hnh vat uc.

Khi uc di ap lc, hp kim long ien ay khuon nhanh di ap lc va ket tinh
cung di ap lc o. Toc o ien ay khuon v c xac nh:
v 2g
- Trong ln g rieng cua kim loai long.

P -Ap suat tac dung len kim loai long.
Toc o nay dao ong trong khoang 0,5 120m/s. A p suat cuoi cung tac dung len
kim loai long co the at en 5000Kg/cm2.
Dong chay cua kim loai trong khuon co li cho hp kim co khoang ket tinh rong,
vat uc tng oi n gian.
Dong chay roi xay ra khi toc o dong chay ln. Don g chay roi tao nen dong kh
nam lai trong khuon va tao nen bot kh. Nhng bot kh nay cung co the tac dung tot trong
h
qua trnh hnh thanh vat uc. Ap suat trong bot kh tac dung eu Clehni M
doinng chay roi trong
. Ho loai sau khi khuo n c
qua trnh ien ay khuo n va tao ra ap suat tnh tac dungatleTnPkim
u
th au ngot van ong ac tng oi
ien ay. Do o, vat uc c in hnh ro netam
maKtydu
h
Su p
nhanh trc ca vat uc.
H
D
ong
Ttruu
Qua trnh hnh tha

n
h
va
c bao gom qua trnh van chuye n chat, con qua trnh van
t
h
yrig
p
o
chuyen nang lnC
g la do s truyen nhiet. Hai qua trnh phai xay ra ong bo e bao am
chat lng uc.
Giai oan th nhat la giai oan ien ay khuo n. giai oan nay phai chon toc o
thi gian sao cho vat uc khong co khuyet tat nh xop, bot, ro , mang oxyt.
Giai oan hai la giai oan kim loai ket tinh ay mot hng ong thch hp c
tao nen.
6.2.2 Ket cau khuon va vat lieu lam khuon:
a. Ket cau khuon: Khuon kim loai e uc di ap lc thng gom hai na, mot
na khuon co nh va mot na di ong; loi kim loai co nhieu manh ghep vi nhau nh uc
trong khuon kim loai; chot ay vat uc; hop
e kep khuon; va cac chi tiet phu khac nh
inh tan, bu lo ng kepHnh 1- 72 gii thieu
4
ket cau cua mot khuon kim loai uc di ap
lc.
5
Khi thiet ke khuon can chu y:
- Vat uc can phan bo trong mot na
khuon e de che tao khuon va khon g b sai
lech do lap khuon gay ra.
- V tr vat uc trong khuon can am
bao de lay ra khoi khuo n va khi lay ong thi
3
1
Hnh 1-72
Khuon kim loai e uc di ap lc.

1. Na khuon co nh. 2. Na khuon
di ong. 3. Chot ay
4. Vat uc
5. Tam ay.
81
ay c vao cac phan cua vat uc e tranh bien dang.

- So lng vat uc trong khuon can am bao kim loai de ien ay khuon. Cac chi
tiet uc can eu nhau ve khoi lng, kch thc e am bao ket tinh cung mot luc, tranh
cac khuyet tat uc (nh co nt )
am bao de tach loi khoi vat uc, muon vay hng rut loi can bo tr thang goc vi
mat phan khuon.
- am bao dan kim loai vao khuon de va ay u, de tach vat uc khoi khuon.
Hng cua dong kim loai dan vao khuo n can tranh thang goc vi na khuon ong v se
lam cho khuon khong vng va de ro kh.
- am bao thoat kh khoi khuo n de dang. Muon vay ngoai viec kh thoat qua mat
phan khuon, qua khe h gia chot ay va khuon ngi ta con lam them cac ranh thoat kh
doc theo mat phan khuon. Be sau cac ranh nay khoang 0,07 mm oi vi vat uc thiec ch;
0,1 mm oi vi kem Magie; 0,2 mm oi vi ong, nhom.
- Khuo n can c gia cong chnh xac, mat phan khuon can phaiMma
nhi.
i i
h
C
Ho
b. Vat lieu khuon:
TP.
t
a
u
y th
ami Kchay vao khuon cao Nen c tnh, tnh
V chu ap lc cao, toc o dong kimphloa
Su
DH
chu nhiet va chu mon cao hn khuo
n
kim
loai thong thng. Cac loai vat lieu lam khuon
g
n
uo
r
T
c gii thieu bang 6ignh
ht sau:
yr
p
o
Bang 6 C
Chi tiet cua
khuon
Ky hieu vat lieu

e uc thiec ch
uc kem
uc Magie,
nhom
uc ong
Khuon
CD80A;CD100A
50CrNiMo
30CrW8
30CrW8
Bac lot
50CrNiMo
50CrNiMo
30CrW8
30CrW8
Loi
CD80A
CD100A
30CrW8
30CrW8
Thep C25
Thep C50
Chot ay
Tam ay
Chot dan
hng
Hop kep
khuon
Thep
Thep C20
CD80A; D100A
Thep C20
CD80A;CD100A CD80A;CD100A CD80A;CD100A
Gang
Gang
Thep uc
Thep uc
Thep C20
Thep C50
Thep C50
CD70A
- May uc di ap lc co 2 loai chnh sau:

+ May uc di ap lc bang pittong co buong ep nguoi (hnh 1-73a,b).
+ May uc di ap lc bang pittong co buong ep nong (hnh 1-73c).
6.2.3 Cong nghe che tao vat uc:
- Hp kim uc di ap lc can co:
82
- Nhiet o nong chay cua kim loai thap e bao am tuoi tho cua khuon .
- Khoang ket tinh hep e vat uc co mat o eu, u ben deo nhiet o cao.
- o chay loang tot.
- t dnh bam vaokhuon.
- Thanh phan hoa hoc on nh khi e lau trong lo .
Chung thng la hp kim tren c s cua Pb, Zn, Sn, Al, Mg va Cu.
Nhng hp kim ca biet co o no ng chay cao cung co the uc di ap lc nhng
thiet b va nhat la khuo n can co yeu cau cao hn. Hp kim he FeC t c dung e uc
ap lc.
3
1
a)
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
c)
b)
Hnh 1-74
S o nguye n ly may uc ap lc.
a) Co buong ep nguoi thang ng. b) Co buong e p nguoi nam ngang. c) Co
buong e p non g.
1. Pittong ep 2. Buong ep 3. Na khuon co nh 4. Na khuon di o ng 5. Vat uc
6. Ong rot 7. Mat phan khuon 8. Pittong di
Mot vai thong so cong nghe khi uc di ap lc.
Vat uc di ap lc thng nho, mong. Chieu day thanh vat uc 3 4mm ( hp
kim Al 1,5 4 mm; hp kim Mg 1,2 5 mm; hp kim Zn va Cu 0,7 4mm). uc c lo
co ng knh nho nhat t 1,5 5 mm tuy theo h p kim.
Trong bang 7 di ay trnh bay mot so thong so can lu y khi uc di ap lc.
Nhng vat uc co gan cng vng th chieu day gan lay bang 0,8 0,9 chieu day
vat uc.
Ban knh l n giao tuyen cac thanh co chie u day khuon khac nhau lay bang 1/3
tong cac chieu day o.
Bang 7: Mot so thong so cong nghe uc di ap lc:
Thong so cong
Hp kim uc
83
nghe
Nhiet o rot ( 0C )
Trong lng toi a
vat uc Kg
Pb
Sn
Zn
Al
Mg
260300
1
280360
15
400490
20
620750
10
650720
10
850920
5
2.104
5.104
250400
104105
(615)103
500
(310).103
Tuoi tho khuo n (so

lan uc)
Ap suat ep P
( N/cm2)
Phng phap uc
105106
200 700
Buong e p non g
Cu
Buong e p non g va
nguoi
Bang 8: Chieu day toi thieu cua thanh vat uc (mm):
Chi
P. Ho
Dien tch be mat

Hp kim uc at T
thu
2
y Cu
K
vat uc (cm )
Zn Mg
Al
Thep
pham
u
S
en 25
0,8 DH1,3
1,0
1,5
g
n
o
u
r
25 100
1,5
2,0
T 1,0 1,8
ght
i
r
y
100 C
o225
p
1,5 2,5
2,0
3,0
3
400
225
2 3,0
2,5
3,5
400 1000
- 4,0
4,0
-
Buong e p
nguoi
Min
Bang 9: Kch thc lo uc cho phep (mm):

Hp kim
ng knh
toi thieu mm
Zn
Mg
Al
Cu
1
1,5
1,5
2,5
Chieu sau toi a

Thong
6
7,5
4,5
7,5
Khong thong
12
15
0,9
10
o con theo
chieu sau %
1,2 0,5
- He thong rot.
He thong rot ong vai tro quan trong am bao chat lng vat uc. Cau tao cua he
thong rot trnh bay hnh (1-74).
Xac nh kch thc cua he thong rot xuat phat t viec xac nh tiet dien ranh dan.
Vi vat uc co kch thc en 500 mm, chieu day thanh 2,5 5mm c xac nh
theo cong thc thc nghiem:
f
m
.k
(mm2)
84
ay m - Tron g lng vat uc tnh bang g.

- Trong ln g rieng cua hp kim uc g/cm3
k - He so phu thuoc toc o do ng thoat ra khoi au dan, thi gian ien ay,
loai hp kim...
7
Hnh 1-74
Nhng bo phan cua
6
he thong rot.
1. Kim loai d. 2. Ong 5
rot. 3. Ranh dan 4.
au dan 5. Ranh noi
6. au tch 7. Ranh
thoat kh.
4
uat T
y th
am K
h
S2u p
H
D
ng
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
g
i
pyyr he so k c xac nh theo he hp kim.
Trong bang 10 dCioa
Bang 10: Gia tr he so k
k
Hp kim uc
Hnh dang
Mg
Al
Zn
Cu
n gian
7,32
609
2,16
1,89
Phc tap
6,05
5,25
1,87
1,63
Rat phc tap
4,78
4,41
1,57
1,37
vat uc
Tiet dien au dan cung co the xac nh theo cong thc:
m
(mm 2 )
.k1.k 2 .vo .k 3 .k 4 .t o
Trong o :v o = 15m/s; to = 0,06s

k1...k 4 cac he so noi len anh hng cua cac yeu to hnh dang vat uc, ap suat, loai
hp kim, chieu day vat uc
Cac gia tr o c xac nh theo bang 11 sau:
Bang 11: Gia tr k1, k2, k3, k4
85
Dang vat uc
k1
Ap suat ep N/cm2
n gian, thanh day
0,75
en 2000
2,5
Tiet dien hop
1,0
2000 4000
2,0
Phc tap
1,5
4000 6000
1,75
6000 8000
1,5
8000 10.000
1,25
>10.000
1,0
k3
Chieu day thanh vat uc (mm)
k4
Pb Sn
1,1
Zn
1,0
12
Al
0,9
Mg
0,85
24
y
am K
h
p
u 46
Rat phc tap co

Phan mong
2,0
Hp kim uc
Cu
Thep
HS
D
ong
0,75t Tru
h
yrig
Cop 0,5
k2
0,5
nh
0,75
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
1,0
u
th
1,15
69
1,3
>9
1,5
Toc o chuyen ong cua pittong e p c xac nh theo cong thc :

1
v k1 k 2 vo
( m / s)
0,785 D 2
k1, k2 va v0 nh a e cap tre n.
D- ng knh buo ng ep (mm).
He thong thoat kh gom nhng ranh 7 sau
0,05 0,3mm, rong 5 20mm. Nhng ran h nay hoac
c noi trc tiep vi long khuon hay qua au tch 6.
au tch nhan phan kim loai en au tien cha nhieu
kh va tap chat. Ranh noi 5 co tiet dien nho e de tach
khoi vat uc.
Phng phap tot nhat e tranh ro kh la uc
trong chan khon g hay hut kh ra khoi long khuo n trc
Hnh 1-75 Vat uc ap lc.
khi dan kim loai vao.
- Nhiet o rot va nhiet o cua khuon.
Nhiet o rot tuy thuoc vao hp kim uc nhng noi chung nam tren nhiet o ng
long t 10 20oC. Nhiet o khuon trc khi rot khong nhng phu thuoc vao hp kim uc
ma con phu thuoc vao ket cau vat uc (hnh 1-75) va lay trong cac khoang sau (bang 12):
Bang 12
86
Hp kim uc
Zn
Al
Mg
ong thau
Thep
Nhiet o khuon oC
120 160
180 250
200 240
280 320
200 280
- Ap suat ep: Ap suat ep phu thuoc chu yeu vao hp kim uc, ket cau vat uc va
chieu day thanh vat uc. Ap suat ep xac nh theo bang 13 sau:
Bang 13 Ap suat ep N/cm2
Chieu day
thanh (mm)
Ket cau
Hp kim
vat uc
Pb- Sn
Zn
Mg
Al
ong thau
3
n gian
3000
4500
5000
3500
6000
h
n
Phc tap
3500
4500
5500
4500i Mi 7000
Ch
o
H
Rat phc tap
4500
5000
6000
6000
. 5000
P
T
at
u
h
t
6
n gian
4500
5500
7000
6000
9000
y
am K
h
p
Phc tap
5000u
6000
8000
6500
10.000
DH S
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
i
6.3 uc ly tam:Copyr
6.3.1 Khai niem:
uc ly tam la rot kim loai long vao khuon quay, nh lc ly tam ma kim loai long
c phan bo eu theo be mat ben trong cua khuo n hoac ien ay long khuo n e tao
thanh vat uc.
Lc ly tam tac dung vao kim loai long tnh theo cong thc:
P = m.r. 2
Qua cong thc tren ta thay khoi lng rien g m cua kim loai cang ln, ban knh
quay r cang ln, van toc quay cang ln th lc ly tam cang ln.
uc ly tam co u iem sau:
- uc c nhng chi tiet hnh tron xoay ro ng ma khong can dung loi, do o tiet
kiem c vat lieu va cong lam loi.
- Khong can dung he thong rot nen tiet kiem c kim loai uc.
- Do tac dung cua lc ly tam nen kim loai ien ay vao khuon tot, co the uc c
vat thanh mong, vat co ng gan hoac hnh noi mong. Mat khac v kim loai ien ay
khuon tot ne n khong can au ngot bo sung, do o tiet kiem kim loai.
- Vat uc sach do tap chat, x va phi kim nhe co lc ly tam be nen khong b lan vao
kim loai vat uc.
- To chc kim loai mn chat, khong b ro co, ro kh do ong ac di tac dung cua
lc ly tam.
Nhng uc ly tam co nhc iem sau:
- Ch thch ng nhie u cho vat uc tron xoay ron g.
87
- Khuo n uc can co o be n cao v lam viec nhiet o cao, chu tac dung cua lc ly
tam, sc ep cua kim loai long len thanh khuon ln.
- Kho nhan c ng knh lo ben trong vat uc chnh xac v kho nh c lng
kim loai rot vao khuon chnh xac.
- Chat lng be mat trong vat uc kem (oi vi vat uc tron xoay) v cha nhieu
tap chat va x.
- Khuo n quay vi toc o cao nen can phai can bang va kn, ieu nay kho at c
chnh xac.
- Vat uc de b thien tch do trong lng rieng cua cac nguyen to kim loai trong
hp kim khac nhau ne n chu lc ly tam khac nhau. Li dung tnh chat nay co the che tao
nhng chi tiet co nhieu lp kim loai khac nhau. V du: che tao bac lot lp trong bang ong
thanh e chong mon tot, lp ngoai bang thep e o ben tot.
Hien nay uc ly tam c du ng e che tao nhng chi tiet hnh tron xoay nh bac,
ong semang va mot so chi tiet nh hnh khac bang thep, gang, kim loai mau va phi kim.
6.3.2 Cac phng phap uc ly tam:
nh
i Mi
h
C
Can c vao truc quay cua khuon uc chia ra uc ly ta. m
Hong va uc ly tam nam.
TP
t
a
u
(hnh 1-76)
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig 1
Cop
2
a)
b)
Hnh 1-76 Nguyen ly cac phng phap uc ly tam.
a) uc ly tam ng. b) uc ly tam nam.
1. Khuon kim loai 2.Kim loai uc.
a. uc ly tam ng: la khuon quay theo truc thang ng (hnh 1-76a). Do khuon
quay theo truc thang ng nen moi phan t kim loai long chu mot lc ly tam va trong lc,
v vay be mat t do cua kim loai long se la mot parabonloit.
Thng van toc quay: n = 600 1500 v/phut
Ngoai viec uc nhng chi tiet tron xoay
(hnh 1-77), may uc ly tam ng con co kha nang uc
nhng vat nh hnh khac.
b. uc ly tam nam: la khuon quay theo phng
nam ngang (hnh 1-76b). e kim loai rai eu theo
88
Hnh 1-77 Vat uc ly tam
chieu dai cua khuon ngi ta dung mang rot, khi rot kim loai vao khuon, mang rot di
chuyen doc theo truc quay cua khuon (hnh 1-78), do o khong the uc c nhng ong co
ng knh nho .
So vong quay cua khuon ngi ta tnh c bang cong thc sau:
k
n 0 v/phut
r
r - ban knh ngoai cua vat uc(cm).
k0 - he so phu thuoc kim loai uc: gang k 0 = 1800 2500, thep k 0 = 2150 2730, ong o
k0 = 2000 2200, bron g k0 = 1900, nhom k 0 = 2600 3500.
e kim loai chay eu vao trong khuon, oi khi ngi ta at truc quay cua khuon
nghieng vi mat phang ngang mot goc 5o.
ht
yrig
p
o
Hnh C
1-78
S o uc ly
tam nam.
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
c. Khuo n uc ly tam.
Khuon uc ly tam phai lam bang kim loai e u ben chong lai lc ly tam. Khuon
co the trc tiep tiep xuc vi kim loai long hoac gian tiep qua lp lot bang sn hay bang
cat khuon, at set, thach cao.
Vat lieu lam khuon co the ban g gang hp kim,thep cac bon va thep hp kim.
Khuon thep c che tao bang dap tam va gia co gan chu lc. Khuon co the la o ng lien
hoac lam hai na roi ghep nhanh bang ban le , bu long kep chat. e lay vat uc ra khoi
khuon dung chot ay vat uc, e lam nguoi khuon can at he thong ti nc.
d. Cong nghe uc li tam:
+ uc ong ngan: San pham uc ong ngan la loai co chieu dai khong ln hn nhieu
so vi ng knh nh cac loai bac, phoi cua vong gang ....Th ng dung phng phap uc
ly tam ng( = 0 ) .
Luc ban au khi kim loai long ang ie n ay, khuon quay cham, sau o tang dan en toc
o quay ti han. Vat uc nam trong khuo n cho en luc ong ac ay la phng phap uc
li tam gian oan.
Lng kim loai vat uc c xac nh bang ba phng phap:
89
- Phng phap the tch. T the tch vat uc xac nh the tch kim loai long rot vao
khuon. Phng phap nay n gian nhng kem chnh xac v the tch hp kim loai long phu
thuoc vao s thay oi nhiet o.
- Phng phap trong lng: Xac nh tron g lng hp kim long rot vao khuon
bang can. Phng phap nay chnh xac hn nhng co phan phc tap khi can ong.
- Phng phap c: Xac nh lng hp kim rot vao khuo n nh lo c , kim loai tha
se tran qua lo c bao hieu lng can thiet.
+ uc ong dai:
uc ong dai, truc khuo n nam ngang goi la uc li tam nam ngang ( = 90o). e bao
am kim loai de ien ay khuo n, ngi ta bo tr cho truc khuon nghieng vi mat phang
ngang mot goc 3-5o.
e am bao chat lng vat uc, can lam khuon mo ng eu; e kho ng b xe p lp,
phai quan tam en s hp ly cua toc o rot, kch thc ong va ieu kien nhiet.
6.4 uc lien tuc:

Chi
P. Ho
6.4.1 ac iem:
Min
uat T
- uc lien tuc la phng phap rot kim loaKi ylotnhg eu valien tuc vao khuon uc la
am
mot bnh ket tinh bang kim loai co nHc la
umphnguoi tuan hoan.Nh truyen nhiet nhanh nen
S
D
kim loai long sau khi rot vao T
khuo
uonngc ket tinh ngay. Vat uc c keo lien tuc ra khoi
r
t
khuon ban g nhng c
riughac biet ( nh con lan, ban keo)
yca
p
o
C
- Khuon uc va loi kim loai co he thong lanh tuan hoan, e lam nguoi va ong ac
nhanh vat uc. San pham uc lien tuc co dang ong, thoi va cac dang nh hnh khac bang
thep, gang, kim loai mau, co tiet dien khong oi va chieu dai khong han che.
- Vat uc co o bong va o chnh xac cao (khong b ro co, ro kh, ro x), khong
ton kim loai vao he thong rot, nang suat cao. Khi ket hp uc can, chi ph san xuat
giam.
- Nhng do toc o nguoi qua nhanh gay nen n g suat ben trong l n lam cho vat uc
de b nt, o cn g be mat vat uc cao, kho gia cong c. Khong uc c vat phc tap co
tiet dien thay oi.
6.4.2 Cac loai uc lien tuc:
- uc ong va uc thoi.
- uc tam
S hnh thanh vat uc khi uc lien tuc (hnh 1-79) nh sau:
Kim loai long c rot t thu ng rot 1 vao bnh ket tinh 2 .Nhiet c truyen qua
bnh ket tinh co nc lam nguoi tuan hoan tao nen l p vo cng. Khi nguoi nhanh, lp vo
cng co lai tach ra khoi thanh khuon va c keo ra mot cach de dang nh c cau keo
(con lan 4 hoac ban keo bang truc vtme 7). Phan kim loai cha ket tinh nam trong pheu
lom tiep tuc ket tinh nh truyen nhiet qua lp vo cn g ra ben ngoai va tao thanh san pham
3.
Qua trnh hnh thanh vat uc lien tuc gom cac giai oan:
90
Giai oan I: ien kim loai long.

Giai oan II: Truye n qua nhiet.
Giai oan III: Ket tinh.
Giai oan IV: Vat uc nguoi.
Nhng giai oan nay xay ra ong thi nhng v tr nhat nh doc theo chieu
chuyen o ng cua kim loai. Nhng giai oan nay ke tiep nhau t tren xuong.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
91
1
1
2
H20
3
2
H20
5
6
3
4
a)
V2
HS
ng D
ua
y th
am K
u ph
hi
8. Ho C
P
tT
Min
b)
uo
r
T
ht
yrig
Hnh 1-79 S o uc lien tuc
p
o
C
a) uc thoi b) uc ong.
1. Thung rot 2. Bnh ket tinh 3. Vat uc 4. Con lan 5. au
moi 6. Ban 7. Truc Vtme 8. ong c
- e de keo vat uc ra khoi khuon, nang cao o bong, han che nt ne tre n be mat
vat uc, trong qua trnh uc ngi ta cho khuo n chuye n ong kh hoi doc theo phng
chuyen o ng cua vat uc.
- e de lay vat uc ra khoi khuon, ngi ta con cho vao thanh long khuon, loi mot
lp dau mazut, lng dau can dung t 120 150g/mot tan kim loai.
- Vat lieu lam khuon va nhng thong so uc: vat lieu lam khuon can chon loai dan
nhiet tot nh uc kim loai mau khuon lam bang hp kim ong va hp kim nhom, chieu
day khuon 6 8 mm. Nhiet o rot cho moi hp kim thng lay 30 500C tren ng long,
toc o rot va chieu cao khuon tu y thuoc vao hp kim uc. V du khi uc o ng, thoi co
ng knh 100 410 mm ban g hp kim Silumin th chieu cao khuon 100 150 mm, toc
o rot 2 3m/h, nhiet o rot tren ng long 30 500C
Mot trong nhng van e quan tro ng na la lam nguoi vat uc. Vat uc lien tuc co
the c lam nguoi theo hai cach:
- Dan mot phan nhiet cua hp kim long qua bnh ket tinh e ra ngoai sao cho lp
vo kim loai c ket tinh u day, cng e tiep tuc tao hnh vat uc thay cho bnh ket tinh.
91
Phan nhiet c ban con lai gi lai vat uc va c lam nguoi trong nc. Phng phap
nay cho nang suat cao thng c du ng uc cac hp kim khong Fe.
- Phan nhiet c ban cua kim loai long c dan ra ngoai qua bnh ket tinh, vat uc
ra khoi khuon c lam nguot trong khong kh. Phng phap nay thng c dung uc
hp kim Fe-C. V loai nay co tnh dan nhiet thap hn nen thi gian tiep xuc vi bnh ket
tinh phai keo dai do o bnh ket tinh phai dai hn va nan g suat thap hn so vi phng
phap tren.
6.5 uc trong khuon vo mong:

6.5.1 Khai niem:
uc trong khuon vo mong la dang uc trong khuon cat nhng chieu day khuon t
6 8 mm.
uc trong khuon vo mong co nhn g ac iem sau:
- Co the uc c gang, thep, kim loai mau (nh khuo n cat), khoi lng vat uc
en 100 kg, o chnh xac at cap II,III, o bong at R z t 2,5 20 m. inh
M
Chi n nhiet kem , khong
- Khuon vo mong la khuo n kho, nhan bong, thong kh to
t
,
truye
o
H
.
t TpP, nt va cac khuyet tat khac.
u,axo
hut nc va ben nen cho phep nhan c vat uc t tro
h
y
m nKg rot v khong can he thong rot ln nh
atho
ong thi giam c hao ph kim loai cho he
h
p
Su
Hm
Dke
trong khuon cat. Do tnh truyen nhie
t
nen uc gang khong b hoa trang. Nhiet o rot
g
n
uo
r
0
T
co the nho hn trong khuo

ghnt cat chng 20 30 C
i
r
y
opa qua trnh d khuon va lam sach vat uc.
- n gianCho
- Qua trnh che tao khuon vo mong de c kh hoa va t on g hoa.
Hon hp khuon vo mong bao gom bot cat thach anh ( ham lng SiO2 > 97%, oxyt
Fe < 0,5%, tap chat co hai <1%, bun <1%. Cat nen dung hat mn va khong ong eu e
nang cao o bong va o ben vo khuon. Nen dung c hat 0,06 0,15mm) vi 4 6%
punvebakelit (hon hp cua phenol va uretropin). Ho n hp nay co ac tnh la nhiet o 200
250o C phan t phenol chay ra va co kha nang dnh ket cac hat cat vi nhau, t hoa cng
tao nen hon hp khuon co o ben khoan g 20 50 N/cm2. Sau khi a hoa cng, no khong
co kha nang chay ra na mac du nung nong en nhiet o cao hn 250oC.
6.5.2 Cong nghe che tao vat uc trong khuon vo mong:
Tren hnh ve 1-80 trnh bay qua trnh co ng nghe che tao khuon vo mong:
- Ghe p mau vao tam mau: dung mau ban g kim loai kep chat tren tam mau bang
thep hoac gang xam. Lam sach mau va tam mau roi phun le n tre n mot lp cach
mau bang dau mazut (hnh 1-80a).
- Nung nong mau va tam mau en nhiet o 220 2500C (hnh b).
- Lay mau va tam mau ra khoi lo , quay i 1800 roi kep chat vi thu ng cha hon
hp lam khuon (hnh c).
- Quay thung cha hon hp khuon cung vi mau va tam mau 1800. Vat lieu lam
khuon se e le n mau va tam mau. Nh mau va tam mau nong len lam cac phan t phenon
chay ra va lien ket cac hat cat vi nhau. Gi v tr o trong khoang 12 20 giay, ta se
c chieu day lp khuon khoang 6 8 mm (hnh d).
92
- Quay thung cha hon hp khuo n cung vi tam mau va mau tr ve v tr ban au
(hnh e).
- Lay tam mau, mau cung
vi lp khuon vo mong em say
nhiet o 350 3700 C trong 1 2
phut e lam chay eu nhng
phan t punvebakelit con sot lai,
lam dnh ket eu cac hat cat,
d)
nang cao o ben cho khuon
(hnh f).
a)
- Tach khuon vo mong
khoi mau va tam mau (hnh g).
- Lam not na khuon kia
cung theo trnh t tre n.
e)
Qua trnh lam loi cung
nh
tng t nh qua trnh lam khuon
i Mi
h
C
Ho
nhng lam tren may thoi cat. Sau
b) uat TP.
h
o tien hanh lap khuon, loi, ghep
Ky t
m
a
h
hai na khuon bang cach dan
Su p
H
D
ng
hoac kep.
Truo
t
gh
e tang Coo
pyriben cho
c)
f)
khuon nhat la uc nhng chi tiet
ln, sau khi lap kep cac na
khuon vi nhau, ta em at
khuon vo mo ng vao hom khuon
va lam khuon cat bao boc xung
quanh hoac kep them bang mot
khung kim loai. Cuoi cung em
rot kim loai vao khuon, d khuon
va thu nhan vat uc.
Hnh 1-80
Qua trnh che tao
khuon vo mong.
1.Mau kim loai
2. Choi quet 3. Day
ien tr 4.Thung
cha 5.Hon hp
nha 6. Vo khuon
7. Chot ay.
g)
6.6 uc trong khuon mau chay:

6.6.1 Khai niem:
uc mau chay la phng phap che tao khuon dung mau ban g vat lieu de chay.
Mau nay co the chay ra e tao thanh long khuo n uc do nhiet hoac hoa tan trong dung
moi. Do kha nang che tao vat uc chnh xac nen con goi la phng phap uc chnh xac.
Phng phap nay co ac iem:
- V khon g can mat phan khuon, khon g phai che tao loi rieng ( loi lien vi khuon)
nen co the uc c nhng vat uc rat phc tap.
- uc c nhng hp kim kho chay nh thep kho ng r, the p gio v.v
93
- o chnh xac va o bong be mat vat uc rat cao ( cap II,III; R z ti 2,5 m ) v: o
chnh xac cua mau chay ln, khong co mat phan khuon ne n khong co s sai lech khuon va
khuyet tat do lap khuon gay ra, khong co nguyen cong rut mau nen giam c sai so do
viec rut mau, rot kim loai long vao khuon a c nung nong nen giam ng suat nhiet do
o vat uc t b nt, cong venh.
- Nhng cng o lao ong cao, chu trnh san xuat dai, gia thanh che tao khuon
cao.
uc trong khuo n mau chay c dung nhieu trong san xuat hang loat e che tao
cac dung cu ( nh dao phay, dao chuot), che tao cac loai banh rang, lp xe ap, a xe
may, cac phu tung trong may no, may may.
6.6.2 Cong nghe che tao vat uc trong khuon mau chay:
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 1-81 Qua trnh uc trong khuo n mau chay.

Qua trnh co ng nghe uc trong khuon mau chay gom nhng bc sau ay:
a. Che tao mau goc: ( hnh 1-81 a).
Mau goc co hnh dang giong het vat uc, mau goc dung e che tao khuo n ep. Vat
lieu e che tao mau goc co the la thep, ong thau, go, chat deov.vPhng phap che tao
mau goc giong nh che tao mau thong thng ( uc, gia cong c kh). Khi che tao mau
goc can phai tnh en o co va lng d cua mau goc, lng d va o co cua khuon ep , o
co cua vat ucMot so ni dung ngay chi tiet lam mau goc nhng nh the khong chnh
xac.
b. Che tao khuon ep: ( hnh 1-81 b).
Khuon ep co the lam bang kim loai, chat deo, xi mang hoac thach cao. Che tao
khuon ep c tien hanh bang gia cong ap lc, uc, gia co ng c kh ( hie n nay hay dung
phng phap gia con g bang tia la ien, phay CNC) hoac uc roi gia cong c kh. Ket
cau cua khuon ep thng chia lam hai na khuon ( e de lay mau chay ra khoi khuon ep),
co he thong rot e rot mau chay vao khuon. Yeu cau che tao khuon ep chnh xac va nhan
bong v no quyet nh o bong, o chnh xac cua mau chay.
94
c. Che tao vat lieu de chay: (hnh 1-81c).

Vat lieu de chay bao gom nha thong, sap, parafin, stearin. Thanh phan vat lieu de
chay thng du ng nh sau:
70% nha thong + 20% sap + 10% parafin.
Hoac 30% paraphin + 70% stearin.
Nhiet o chay cua vat lieu de chay thng la 50 900C. Ye u cau vat lieu de chay
khong c mem ra nhiet o di 30 350C, ong thi phai co tnh chay loang e ien
ay khuon ep.
Ngi ta nau vat lieu de chay trong lo noi, ien tr hoac cam ng. Khi nau can
phai quay eu va gat bo nhng tap chat khac noi tren vat lieu de chay.
d. Che tao mau chay: ( hnh 1-81 d).
Ep vat lieu de chay vao khuon ep vi ap suat khoang 2 at. e nguoi cho mau ong
ac roi m khuon e p, lay mau va sa mau ( hnh 1-81 e).
e. Lap mot so mau vi nhau thanh mot nhom mau chay co chung he tho ng rot
( hnh 1-81 g). Muc ch e tang nang suat uc.
nh
g. Che tao khuon: ( hnh 1-81 h, i).
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Nhung mau vao hon hp dung dch chu nhiet la: 90%
TP. bot cat thach anh + 7% cao
t
a
u
h
lanh + 3% graphit tron vi dung dch 20% nc thu
Kyyt tinh + 80% nc. Thn g sn 2 3
m
a
phn . Sau moi lan nhun g mau ta nhun g phu mot
lan oi vi mau nho, 7 8 lan oi vi ma
Suu l
H
D
g
lp cat thach anh (c hat lnTda
runon0,1 1mm) va say ngoai khong kh trong 30 40 phut.
t
igho am la 1 1,5mm ( hnh 1-81 h).
Chieu day lp phu ca
nyrba
Cop
em nhom mau a c phu l p cat chu nhiet nhung vao nc nong hoac h nong
nhiet o 80 900C lam mau chay ra ngoai va ta thu c long khuon .
h. Say khuon:
Say khuon trong lo nhiet o 850 9000C e ot chay hp chat de chay con sot
lai ong thi tang o ben va tang tnh thong kh cho khuon .
i. Nau chay kim loai, rot kim loai vao khuon, d khuon va lam sac h vat uc.
Ngay nay co the ket h p cong nghe tao mau nhanh (Rapid Prototyping Technology
- RPT) va cong nghe uc trong khuon vo mong se rut ngan thi gian gia cong, giam gia
thanh san pham, ac biet vi cac chi tiet co hnh dang phc tap. (Cong nghe uc chnh xac
va nhanh nh con g nghe tao mau nhanh SLA).
95
Chng 7
D KHUON, PHA LOI, LAM SACH VAT UC VA KHUYET

TAT VAT UC.
7.1 D khuon, pha loi, lam sach vat uc khi uc trong khuon cat:
7.1.1 e nguoi vat uc trong khuon:
Sau khi rot kim loai long vao khuon , kim loai se ong ac lai tao thanh vat uc.
Lay vat uc ra khoi khuon goi la d khuo n. Viec d khuo n ch tien hanh sau khi a e vat
uc nguoi ti nhiet o nhat nh. Thi gian lam nguoi vat uc sau khi rot khuon tuy thuoc
vao kch thc, khoi lng, mc o phc tap cua vat uc, vat lieu lam khuon, nhiet o kim
loai rot vao khuonNeu d khuon sm qua, noi lc ben trong vat uc se ln va co the gay
ra cong, nt v.vNhng vat uc thanh mo ng phai e nguoi ti < 4000C, vat trung bnh
5000C va vat co thanh day th < 6000C 7000C mi d khuon. oi vi nhng vat uc ln,
h
co nhng thanh day mong khac nhau de sinh nt, cong venh can phaii co
Minche o lam nguoi
h
C
ac biet. Nhng thanh day muon cho vat uc nguoi eu thTpha
P. Hio at gang hoa sat nguoi
t
a
u
h o ra cho thanh day nguoi mau.
khuon, ong thi khi rot xong phai bi cat khuonKy tcho
m
a
Nhng phan khuo n hay loi can tr s coSucupah vat uc can lam ti cat e tranh nt vat
H
ng D
uc.
o
u
r
T
ght
i
r
y
7.1.2 D khuo
Cop n, pha loi:
D khuon, pha loi, lam sach vat uc la nhng cong viec rat nang nhoc trong xng
uc, nong, bui bam. Do o nen c kh hoa va t ong hoa khau nay. Trong cac xng uc
nhat la nha may hien ai co cac day chuyen san xuat uc.
- Cac thiet b d khuon theo nguyen ly rung, dan nh dung on rung, li rung
- Pha loi kho khan hn pha khuo n v loi ben hn khuon, loi nam ben trong vat uc,
trong loi lai co xng.
Pha loi co the dung tay, uc hi, may rung hoac buo ng phun nc cao ap
7.1.3 Lam sach vat uc:
- Chat hoac cat au ngot, he thong rot con nam lai vat uc, uc ba via va nhng
cho go ghe mat vat uc bang.
- Lam sach chay cat bam be mat vat uc.
Dung cac dung cu lam sach gom co uc, bua, choi sat, dung mo cat bang kh
Axetylen va O xy hoac hi xang va oxy, mo cat Plasma e cat nhng au ngot ln.
Thiet b lam sach be mat vat uc nh tang quay co nhn g manh gang tran g, bi
thep; Dung dong cat khong kh nen, may mai co nh co ng knh a mai 500 600
mm, may mai di ong co ng knh a mai 50 100 mm
7.2 Khuyet tat vat uc c chia lam bay nhom:

NHOM 1. Sai hnh dang, kch thc va tro ng lng bao gom cac khuyet tat:
Thieu hut la vat uc khong u. Co nhieu nguye n nhan dan en khuyet tat nay.
96
- Lng kim loai rot khong u.

- o chay loang thap, nhiet o rot thap.
- Kim loai long thoat ra do lap rap khong kn, ke p chat hay e khuon thieu lc.
- He thong thoat kh khon g at yeu cau tao ap lc trong khuon tang len en mc
kim loai long khong ien ay c.
- Kch tht he tho ng rot nho
- Thanh vat uc mong.
Lech: La s xe dch tng oi gia cac phan
cua vat uc. Co the at mau sai; nh v loi khong tot,
rap khuon thie u chnh xac va kep khuon long.
Bavia ( hnh 1-82): la phan kim loai tha ra, no
thng hnh than h mat phan khuon, goi loi...
Loi: la phan nho len tren vat uc do am chat
khuon kem, khong eu. Ap suat tnh cua kim loai long
Hnh 1-82. Ba via
ep nen len phan khuon am chat yeu.
nh
Venh: la s thay oi hnh dang, kch thc vat
i Mi
h
C
uc do ket cau vat uc khong hp ly , khong am bao c ng Tv
P.nHg,o do mau b cong venh, do
t
a
u
th t ben trong vat uc khi ket tinh.
cong nghe rot, lam nguoi khong hp ly hoac do nKgysua
m
a
pht he thong rot, au ngot lam sach hoac nhng
St: thao tac c hoc khi pha khuonS,uca
H
D
va cham trong van chuyen lamrs
tngme vat uc dan en sai khac hnh dang, thieu hut kch
T uo
t
thc vat uc.
igh
opyr
C
Sai kch thc, trong lng: S sai lech kch thc va trong lng la do kch thc
mau, hop loi thiet ke sai, lap rap va kiem tra khuon kho ng can than.
NHOM 2. Khuyet tat mat ngoai:
Chay cat: Do vat lieu khuon loi b chay di tac dung cua nhiet o rot kim loai
long, bam dnh len be mat vat uc lam giam o bong be mat, gay kho khan cho gia cong
cat got.
Nguye n nhan chay cat bao gom:
- o be n nhiet cua hon hp kem, nhieu tap chat.
- Nhiet o rot qua cao.
- He thong rot thieu hp ly e kim loai tap trung cuc bo qua ln lam chay hon hp
o.
- Lp sn khuon khong am bao.
Khp: la hien tng khong lien tuc tre n be mat vat uc do s tiep giap cac dong
chay cua kim loai.
Nguye n nhan co the la :
- Rot thieu lien tuc.
- o chay loang kem , nhiet o rot thap.
- He thong rot khong h p ly.
Lom: La nhng lo co hnh dang, kch thc khac nhau lam giam chieu day thanh
vat uc.
Nguye n nhan chnh la do khuon b be e lai lng hon hp chiem cho trong lo ng
97
khuon.
NHOM 3. Nt (hnh 1-83):
Nt la khuyet tat tng oi pho
bien va nguy hiem oi vi vat uc.
Nguye n nhan chu yeu do ng suat ben
trong, do co ngot kho ng ong eu gia cac
vung khac nhau trong vat uc ca trong khi
Hnh 1-83
ket tinh va lam nguoi. Theo nhiet o tao
Nt
nt, co hai loai chnh: nt nong va nt
nguoi.
- Nt nong: sinh ra nhiet o cao do o ben mat vet nt b oxy hoa lam cho be
mat khong sach.
Loai nt nay chu yeu sinh ra khi ket tinh. Nguyen nhan do kim loai b km ham bi
o lun cua khuon va loi kem. Nhng hp kim co o co chieu dai nho t b nt nong.
- Nt nguoi: nt nguoi xay ra nhiet o thap nen be mat vet nt sach do khong b
nh
i Mi
oxy hoa.
h
C
Ho
TP.
Mot so bien phap khac phuc:
t
a
u
th
Ky
+ Ket cau vat uc: thiet ke vat uc phaam
i a
m bao chieu day than h ong eu hoac
ph
ch sai lech trong pham vi cho phep. Nh
nSgu cho giao nhau phai co goc ln thch hp.
H
D
g
ruoonam o lun cua khuon loi; Bo tr he tho ng rot hp ly.
+ Ve mat con g nghe
: Tba
t
h
yrig
Xng loi khuon a
Cotpsat be mat loi lam giam tnh lun.
NHOM 4. Lo hong trong vat uc:
- Ro kh ( hnh 1-84): trong vat uc ton tai nhng khong gian dang cau nhan bong
cha kh co ap suat vi kch thc khac nhau. o la ro kh. Ro kh lam mat kha nang lien
tuc cua kim loai, lam giam o ben, o deo cua vat uc. Neu kh khon g thoat ra ngoai c
se b don ne n va phan bo phan tan trong kim loai cho en khi ap
suat kh can bang vi ap suat kim loai long.
Bien phap khac phuc ro kh : nguyen tac chung la giam
lng kh sinh ra khi nau chay va rot kim loai long vao khuon,
ngan nga khong cho nguon tao kh tiep xuc vi kim loai long
khi rot. V vay, can phai am bao:
+ Vat lieu nau sach, kho.
Hnh 1-84. Ro kh
+ Rut ngan thi gian nau chay, nhat la thi gian qua
nhiet.
+ Hon hp khuon va loi phai thong kh tot.
+ at au hi hp ly.
+ Kh kh trc khi rot bang cach thoi vao
kim loai long nhng chat kh hoa tan co ap suat
rieng nho hn.
Tot nhat la nau chay kim loai trong chan
khong.
- Ro co (hnh 1-85): La nhng phan khon g
Hnh 1-85. Ro co
98
gian nho trong vat uc khong ien ay kim loai, khong cha kh, hnh dang kch thc
khac nhau va khong nhan bong nh ro kh. Tuy theo tnh chat cua hp kim uc va ket cau
cua vat uc ma ro co tap trung hoac phan tan. Nguyen nhan chu ye u la do ket cau vat uc
khong hp ly, bo tr he tho ng rot, au ngot khon g ung nen khong on c h ng ong
ac.
NHOM 5. Lan tap chat:
a)
b)
nh
Hnh 1-86
i Mi
h
C
a) Ro x b) Ro cat TP. Ho
uat
y th
K
am
Ro x; Ro cat (hnh 1-86): o laH nh
u pnhg lo hong cha tap chat nh x, cat hoac cac
S
D
phi kim khac. Nguyen nhan do
lo
uocngx khong tot. Khong kh het oxy khi nau, nhiet o rot
r
T
t
ghm
thap, o ben cua khuo
; he thong rot kho ng hp ly.
ynrike
p
o
C
NHOM 6. Sai to chc:
Nhom nay co to chc kim loai; hnh dang kch thc va so lng hat kim loai
khong ung theo yeu cau. Nhng phan vat uc nguoi nhanh th hat nho, o cn g ln kho
gia cong cat got.
Toc o nguoi khon g eu, khong che nguoi khong hp ly se gay ra thien tch ve
thanh phan hoa hoc va thien tch to chc trong kim loai vat uc.
NHOM 7. Sai thanh phan hoa hoc va c tnh:
Thanh phan hoa hoc sai vi yeu cau la do me lieu a vao tnh toan sai. ieu nay
dan en sai lech ca ly hoa tnh, c tnh vat uc.
7.3 Kiem tra, sa cha khuyet tat vat uc:

7.3.1 Kiem tra vat uc:
- Kiem tra khuyet tat ben ngoai vat uc bang mat thng.
- Kiem tra khuyet tat ben trong vat uc nh ro kh, ro x, nt, lan tap chatbang tia
X, tia , t tnh, sieu am v.v
Nguye n ly chung cua dung cac tia X, la li dung tnh chat cua cac tia nay co the
xuyen qua c kim loai. Nhng neu chum tia o gap cac lo kh, x, nt, tap chat th
chum tia se xuyen qua nhieu hoac t hn, v the can c vao m o toi sang tren phim anh
ma ta co the xac nh c khuyet tat va v tr cua no.
99
7.3.2 Sa cha khuyet tat:

Vat uc b khuyet tat co the sa cha c hoac khong.
- Nhng cho ro tren phan khon g quan trong th co the trat bang sn bakelit, bang
chat ho gom dau va graphit, bang nha matit.
- Xo p trong chi tiet lam viec di ap lc thuy lc khong l n th sa cha bang cach
nhung chi tiet vao dung dch cloruamon (NH4Cl).
- Xop trong vat uc lam viec di ap lc ln th sa cha bang cach ep no trong
dung dch ac set clorua, sau o trong dung dch amoniac.
- oi khi ngi ta sa cha nhng cho thieu hut cua vat uc ln bang cach rot them
kim loai long vao nhng cho o.
- Khuyet tat cua vat uc nhng cho lam viec chu tai trong ln th can sa cha
bang han hi hoac han ien.
- Neu chi tiet uc kho ng at ve o c ng hoac e kh ng suat th ngi ta dung
nh
nhiet luyen.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
100
PHAN II
GIA CONG KIM LOAI BANG AP LC
Chng 1
KHAI NIEM VE GIA CON G KIM LOAI BANG AP LC.

1.1 Khai niem, ac iem, phan loai:
Min
i
1.1.1 nh ngha: Gia cong kim loai bang ap lc la. Hca
o cChphng phap gia cong
P
T
uat cao (nong) hay nhiet o thap

dung ngoai lc tac dung len kim loai ran nhiettho
y
K
(nguoi)vi cng o lc vt qua gii han a
nam
hoi cua kim loai e lam thay oi hnh dang
u ph
S
H
cua vat the ma khong pha huy tnhonlie
nDtuc va tnh ben cua kim loai.
u g
r
T
ht
Phng phap pgia
yrigcong ban g ap lc trong thc te san xuat khong nhng s dung e
o
C
gia cong cac san pham bang kim loai ma con dung e gia co ng cac vat lieu khac nh :
gom, s, chat deo, cao su Trong phan giao trnh nay chung ta ch nghie n cu pham vi gia
cong kim loai goi tat la gia cong ap lc va ac biet la phng phap che tao phoi bang ren
dap.
1.1.2 ac iem:
Gia cong ap lc la phng phap gia cong tien tien, co nang suat cao, tieu ph
nguon nguyen lieu t do khong hoac vt bo rat t nguyen lieu tha nen con co ten la
phng phap gia cong khong phoi.
So vi uc, che tao phoi bang ren dap co u iem sau:
- Bien dang kim loai the ran co kha nang kh c cac khuyet tat uc nh ro kh,
ro co lam cho to chc kim loai mn chat, c tnh cua san pham cao.
- Co kha nang bien to chc hat trong kim loai thanh to chc th, co kha nang tao
c cac to chc th uon, xoan khac nhau lam tang c tnh cua san pham.
- Chat lng c ly lp be mat san pham tot, o bong, o chnh xac cua cac chi tiet
ren dap cao hn cac chi tiet uc.
- De c kh hoa va t ong hoa, gia cong co nang suat cao nen gia thanh ha.
Tuy nhien so vi uc ren dap co nhng han che sau:
- Khong gia cong c cac chi tiet phc tap nh uc.
- Khong ren dap c cac chi tiet qua ln. Vi nhn g chi tiet qua ln ( nh truc
tuoc bin ) ngi ta ket hp ren va han e tao phoi.
101
- Cac hp kim s dung trong ren dap han che hn so vi uc, khong ren dap c
cac kim loai don.
So vi gia cong cat got, ren dap co nhng ac iem sau:
- Nang suat cao, phe lieu t, tiet kiem nguyen vat lieu nen gia thanh ha.
- Co kha nang tao to chc th tang tnh chu lc cho san pham, con gia cong cat got
th cat t th, lam mat tnh lien tuc cua th, lam giam kha nang chu lc cua san pham.
- o chnh xac va o bong be mat cua san pham ren dap thap hn san pham gia
cong cat got, vat lieu cung han che hn.
Ren dap la nh ng phng phap c ban e che tao phoi cho gia cong cat got, nhng
chi tiet quan tro ng can chu lc ln thng phai qua ren dap. Nganh ren dap khon g the
thieu c trong co ng nghiep c kh, ngay nay ang phat trien manh theo cac hng:
- Nang cao o chnh xac va o bong cua san pham nham at ti khong can qua gia
cong c kh.
- n g du ng cac phng phap cong nghe tien tien e m rong kha nang gia cong va
nang cao chat lng san pham.
- Che tao thiet b co cong suat ln e co the gia cong c cain
c hchi tiet co khoi
M
i
Ch
lng va kch thc ln.
. Ho
P
T
- C kh hoa va t ong hoa qua trnh san xuatthe
uatnang cao nang suat lao ong, ha
y
K
gia thanh san pham.
am
u ph
S
H
D
1.1.3 Phan loai:
uong
r
T
ht
yripg gia cong kim loai bang ap lc c ban co can, keo, ep, ren t do,
p
o
Cac phng
pha
C
ren khuo n, dap tam, miet, go. trang thai nguoi ngi ta thng dung cac phng phap
keo day , dap tam, dap nguoi the tch, can nguoi, miet, go oi vi cac kim loai mem. oi
vi thep vi cac san pham co khoi lng ln hay chieu day ln thng dung can nong, ren
khuon, ren t do, ep chay.
Can: la phng phap bien dang kim loai gia hai truc quay cua may can, phoi bien
dang va di chuyen nh s quay lien tuc cua truc can va ma sat gia truc can vi phoi (hnh
2-1a).
Keo: la keo dai phoi qua khuon keo, lo khuon co hnh dang va kch thc nho hn
tiet dien phoi (hnh 2-1b). Keo co ac iem la be mat san pham nhan bong, o chnh xac
cao. Keo co keo day, ke o ong ,keo thoi vi chieu dai khong han che .
Ep: la phng phap che tao cac thoi hoac ong thng bang kim loai mau va hp
kim cua chung. Kim loai sau khi nung cho vao khuo n ep, di tac dung cua chay ep kim
loai chui qua lo khuon ep co hnh dang va kch thc chi tiet can che tao (hnh 2-1c).
Ren t do:la phng phap bien dang kim loai di tac dung lc ap cua au bua
hoac lc ep cua may ep.V khong dung khuon nen kim loai bien dang khong b han che
bi long khuon (hnh 2-1d).
Ren khuon hay dap nong the tch: la phng phap bien dang kim loai trong long
khuon co kch thc va hnh dang cua chi tiet can che tao (di tac dung cua lc cua au
bua hay au may ep) (hnh 2-1e).
102
Ren t do thng dung e san xuat n chiec, dung trong sa cha con ren
khuon thng dung cho san xuat hang loat.
Dap tam: la phng phap che tao chi tiet t phoi co dang tam (hnh 2-1g). Dap
tam co the thc hie n trang thai nong hoac nguoi nhng dan g nguoi thong dung hn
nen thng c goi la dap nguoi .
nh)h
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
Hnh 2.1 S o cac phng phap giathco
uant gTbang ap lc.
Ky
a) Can b) Ke o c) Ep d) Ren t dophe)am
Ren khuo n g) Dap tam h) Miet.
u
DH S
g
n
uodng: la phng phap che tao chi tiet co dang hnh tron
rn
Miet hay con goi la tie
t T
h
g
i
yr ng.
xoay t kim loai taCm
opmo
Miet co the dung thay the cac phng phap dap tam ma sau khi dap tam phai top
mieng, vien mep , uon vanh .
Miet la phng phap ban c kh v phai dung lc bie n dang ban g lc tay hoac va
lc may va lc tay.
Go: laphng phap bien dang nguoi kim loai chu yeu dang tam hoac thanh bang
cac quy trnh bien dan g deo e tao hnh dang mong muon, sau o s dung cac loai moi
ghep thao c hoac kho ng thao c (han, tan inh, ghep m) e ket noi cac bo phan
thanh san pham hoan chnh. Go co nan g suat rat thap nen ch dung trong san xuat nho, sa
cha, nhng u iem cua go la co the che tao cac san
pham co hnh dang phc tap bat ky. Trong nganh sa
A
cha oto, nghe lam ong la ket hp gia cong nghe go va
cong nghe han.
P
Cac cong nghe can, keo day, ep o ng, ep thoi
A
thng c s dung trong cac nha may lien hp luyen
kim, con cac cong nghe ren t do, ren khuon, dap nguoi
P
thng c dung trong cac nha may c kh.
So lng cac chi tiet may c gia cong bang cac
phng phap ren va dap trong nganh che tao oto hien ai
b)
a)
chiem 85%, trong nganh che tao radio, tivi, may moc ien
Hnh 2-2 Anh hn g
t chiem 80%, con trong nganh che tao o dung gia nh
cua iem at lc khi
hau nh chiem 100%.
bien dang.
103
1.2 Bien dang deo cua kim loai:

1.2.1 Ngoai lc va noi lc:
a. Ngoai lc: La lc t ben ngoai tac dung len kim loai gia cong, no co the do
ngi hoac thiet b gay nen, do s ma sat hay chuyen ong cua vat the gay nen.Ngoai lc
bao gom lc chnh, phan lc, lc ma sat va lc quan tnh.
- Lc chnh la lc tac dung cua ngi, thiet b thong qua dung cu gia co ng (nh
au bua, khuo n ren, truc can v.vtac dung vao kim loai lam cho no bien dang. Hng cua
lc chnh song song vi hng chuyen ong cua dung cu gia cong. Nhie u lc chnh tac
dung vao mot vat gia cong co the tap hp thanh mot lc theo nguyen tac cong vec t. Lc
chnh co anh hng quyet nh ti s bie n dang cua vat. iem at cua lc cung co anh
hng ti s bien dang.
V du: Khi nen hai thanh ban g mot lc P nh nhau (hnh 2-2) trng hp a iem at lc A
at au thanh toan thanh b bien dang. Trng hp b iem at lc A at gia thanh,
nh
ch co na di cua thanh bien dang.
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
Tco
t
a
- Phan lc: la lc ngan can khong cho vat the
gia
ng chuyen ong t do theo
u
y th
K
amra nhng bo phan co nh cua thiet b.
hng lc tac dung chnh. Phan lc thng psinh
u h
S
H
D Phan lc ch sinh ra khi co lc chnh. V du: khi
Phan lc co chieu ngc vi lcochnh.
u ng
r
T
cong lc chnh, e tac dung vao vat gia cong phan lc co
ren, bua tac dung vao va
ht tgia
yrig
p
o
chieu ngc vi lCc chnh.
- Lc ma sat: la lc sinh ra khi hai vat chuyen ong tng oi len nhau. Lc ma
sat co chieu ngc vi chieu chuyen ong cua vat va co tr so bang tch so cua he so ma
sat va phan lc tiep tuyen. Lc ma sat can tr s di chuyen cua kim loai khi bien dang.
Phan lc va lc ma sat co anh hng ln en qua trnh bien dang. V du khi nen
mot khoi kim loai trong khuon kn bang mot lc P. Khuon tac dung vao vat gia cong phan
lc N va lc ma sat R (hnh 2-3a).
+ Trng hp a, di tac dung cua lc P, phoi kim loai bien dang va di chuyen
xuong di ma sat vi thanh khuon. Lc ma sat hng len tren ngc vi hng cua lc
chnh P. Ta co:
P=N+R
R la tong cac lc ma sat.
Do o: P>N Trn g hp nay lc
tac dung pha tren ln hn phan
lc nen phan tre n cua vat ren b
bien dang trc va bie n dang
nhieu hn, ie n ay khuon tot
hn.
+ Trng hp b ngc lai
ep phoi trong chay kn (hnh 2-3b)
P R
N
a)
b)
Hnh 2-3 S phan bo lc chnh P, phan lc N va
lc ma sat R khi ren trong khuon kn va chay kn.
104
th lc ma sat R hng xuong di cung chieu vi lc chnh P tc la:

P +R = N
Do o:
P< N
Trng hp nay phan di cua vat ren bien dang nhieu hn va ien ay khuo n tot
hn.
T ket qua tren ta rut ra nhan xet sau:
Khi ren trong khuon , phan phc tap cua vat ren can c ie n ay tot hn nen phai
bo tr pha lc tac dung ln hn, kim loai se bien dang nhieu hn va de ien ay khuon
hn.
- Lc quan tnh: La lc gay ra do s di ong co gia toc cua cac chat iem vat the
khi bien dang. Theo nh luat 3 Niu tn, tr so lc quan tnh bang tch so cua khoi lng va
gia toc. Lc quan tnh co anh hng en bien dang, nhng viec xet no rat phc tap nen
ay khong nghien cu.
b. Noi lc: La lc xuat hien trong noi bo vat the khi co tac dung cua ngoai lc. Noi
nh khi nung nong
Midu
lc cung co the xuat hien do tac dung cua nhng hien t ng hoa C
lyhiV
Ho
hoac lam nguoi, ben trong vat the xuat hien noi lc.
TP.
t
a
u
y th
Noi lc gay ra ng suat ben trong vapt hthe
Khi ng suat nay vt qua gii han nhat
am. K
Su
DH ve
nh se lam cho vat the bien dang,ncong
nh, nt ne.
g
uo
r
T
ghnt hoi va bien dang deo:

1.2.2 Bien dapnygria
o
C
Khi chu tac dung cua ngoai lc, kim loai se bien dang theo ba giai oan: bien
dang an hoi, bien dang de o va pha huy.
a. Bien dang an hoi: la bien dang ma no luon ty le thuan vi lc tac dung, neu
bo lc tac dung i th bien dang se kho ng con na va vat the tr lai trang thai ban au.
Khi bien dang an hoi, di tac dung cua ngoai lc cac nguyen t trong mang tinh
the cua kim loai lech khoi v tr can bang, khoang cach gia cac nguyen t se thay oi.
Neu bo ngoai lc i th lc lien ket se a cac nguyen t tr ve v tr can bang va bien
dang se khong con na. Thc nghiem chng minh rang: trong qua trnh bien dang an hoi
lc luon ty le vi bien dang va tuan theo nh luat Hook.
= E.
ay: - ng suat (KN/cm2); E - Mo un an hoi (KN/cm2); - Bien dang tng
oi.
b. Bien dang deo: la bien dang ma sau khi a bo lc tac dung van con mot phan
bien dang d c gi lai va tren cac phan t cua vat the khong nhan thay co s pha huy.
Bien dang deo xay ra khi ng suat sinh ra do ngoai lc vt qua gii han an hoi. Trong
qua trnh bien dang deo van ton tai bien dang an hoi.
Gia cong ap lc la qua trnh li dung giai oan bien dang deo cua kim loai e lam
thay oi hnh dang, kch thc.
Khi ng suat sinh ra vt qua gii han ben cua kim loai, trong kim loai xay ra qua
105
trnh th ba la pha huy.

Kim loai la vat the co cau tao a tinh the. e de dang nghien cu qua trnh bien
dang deo trong kim loai chung ta nghien cu lan lt s bien dang deo trong n tinh the
va tiep o la a tinh the. Trong giao trnh kim loai hoc a co e cap van e nay tng
oi ky. Do o, trong giao trnh nay ch tom tat nhng iem chnh.
1. Bien dang deo trong n tinh the:
n tinh the la khoi kim loai co mang tinh the ong nhat. Bien dang deo trong
n tinh the xay ra di hai hnh thc: s trt va song tinh.
Mat trt
ua
y th
am K
nh
Mathsong
i Mi tinh
C
. Ho
t TP
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo2-4 S o trt va song tinh.
Hnh
t
h
yrig
Cop a) Mang n tinh the b) trt c) Song tinh.
- Trt: Khi tac dung len vat the tai trong bat ky, ben trong vat the xuat hien hai
dang ng suat: ng suat phap tuyen va ng suat tiep tuyen . Di tac dung cua vat
the se b keo nen an hoi (neu < an hoi ) hoac b pha huy (neu > ben).
Di tac dung cua ng suat tiep , luc au cac lp nguyen t se b xe dch an hoi
khoi v tr can bang. Khi > ti han se xay ra hien tng cac mat nguyen t trt len nhau
theo mot mat phang nhat nh (hnh 2-4a). Qua trnh o la qua trnh trt.
Trt la hien tng ma di tac dung cua ng suat tiep co bo phan cua n tinh the
di ong song song vi nhng bo phan khac theo mot mat nhat nh goi la mat trt, va tren
moi mat trt s trt xay ra theo mot so hng nhat nh. (Mat trt va hng trt la
nhng mat, hng co nhieu nguyen t ln nhat).
Tren hnh 2-5 bieu dien cac mat va hng trt c ban cua cac kieu mang thong
thng cua kim loai.
V du: Kim loai co mang tinh the lap phng tam mat nh Al, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni, Co,
Au. Ag co 4 mat trt va moi mat co 3 hng trt (hnh 2-5a). Kim loai co mang tinh
the lap phng tam khoi nh Fe, Mo, Co co 6 mat trt va tren moi mat co 2 hng
trt (hnh 2-5b). Kim loai co mang tinh the 6 phng xep chat nh Zn, Mg, Ti, Beco
mot mat trt la ay cua hnh luc phng va tren moi mat co 3 hng trt (hnh 2-5c).
106
z
x
a)
x
b)
Hnh 2-5 Cac mat va phng trt c ban.
a) Tinh the lap phng tam mat.
b) Tinh the lap phng tam khoi.
c) Tinh the 6 phng xep chat.
c)
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Trt la nguyen nhan c ban gay nen bien dang tde
TPo.. Kim loai co cau tao mang
a
u
y thnang bien dang deo khac nhau.
tinh the khac nhau th co o deo khac nhau tc m
la Kkha
a
h
Su ptrt trong moi mat goi la he so trt tc so
H
Tch cua so mat trt va so
phng
D
ng
ruaomo
T
cach trt hay kha nang gtr

t
cu
i loai mang tinh the.
t
h
yri
p
o
He so trCt cang cao, tnh deo cua kim loai cang ln. He so trt cua mang lap
phng tam mat la 12, cua mang lap phng tam khoi la 12, cua mang sau phng xep
chat la 3.
Nh vay, cac kim loai co mang lap phng nh :Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Cr
co tnh deo cao hn kim loai co mang sau phng xep chat nh Mg, Ti.
Nhng trong nhieu trn g hp kim loai co mang lap phng tam mat co tnh deo
cao hn kim loai co mang lap phng tam khoi v mang lap phng tam mat co mat o
nguyen t cao hn mang lap phng tam khoi .
Th du oi vi Fe khi trang thai austenit (lap phng tam mat) o deo cao hn
Ferit (lap phng tam khoi ).
Thc nghiem chng to rang ch co thanh phan ng suat tiep cua ngoai lc tren
mat va phng trt mi gay ra trt, con than h phan ng suat phap kho ng co tac dung
gay ra trt. Gia tr cua ng suat tiep e at en s trt goi la ng suat tiep ti han th.
Gia tr cua ng suat tiep tac dung phu thuoc rat nhieu en s nh hng cua mat trt va
phng tac dung cua ngoai lc. Neu goc tac du ng (goc lap bi phng cua lc tac dung va
ng phap tuyen cua mat trt ) bang 0 hay 90 th du lc tac dung P ln bao nhieu, gia
tr cua van bang 0, s trt se khon g xay ra. Mat trt thuan li nhat la khi goc tac dung
bang 45 gia tr la ln nhat.
107
- Song tinh: la s va trt va quay cua mot phan tinh the en v tr mi oi xng
vi phan con lai qua mot mat phang nhat nh goi la mat song tinh (hnh 2-4b)
Song tinh thng gap khi bien dang deo ban g hnh thc trt gap kho khan (nh
bien dang vi toc o ln hoac nhiet o thap hoac khi at tai trong va ap). Song tinh xay
ra ot ngot ch khong t t nh qua trnh trt.
Bien dang deo bang song tinh co o bie n dang d be, can co ng suat ln hn
khi trt.
2. Bien dang deo cu a a tinh the:
Trong thc te kim loai c cau tao bang a tinh the, a tinh the la tap hp cua
cac n tinh. Bien dang cua a tinh the gom 2 dang:
- Bien dang trong noi bo hat. Dang nay chu yeu gom s trt va song tinh. Trong
a tinh cac hat sap xep rat lon xon. S trt xay ra trc het tinh the (hat) nao co mat
trt va hng trt tao vi hng cua ngoai lc mot goc 450 roi lan lt en cac mat
khac. Trong a tinh the, cac hat tham gia vao qua trnh trt (bien dang)
khon g ong eu
inh
M
i
h c vi mc o bien
va khong cu ng mot luc, hat nao co v tr thuan tien se bien da
ngCtr
. Ho
P
T
dang ln hn, hat nao co v tr bat tien hn se bien tda
unagt sau vi mc o bien dan g nho
y h
K
hn. V tr thuan tien hay khong thuan tienpcu
aamcac hat phu thuoc vao so lng cac mat
u h
S
H
D the nao co so mat trt va hng trt ln se bien
trt va hng trt cua tinh the. Tinh
uong
r
T
dang de hn va nhieu hn.
ht
yrig
p
o
C
- Bien dang vung tinh gii hat: Gia cac vung la vung tinh gii hat. Tai ay co
chc nhieu tap chat de chay va mang tinh the b roi loan. nhiet o thn g vu ng nay kho
xay ra s trt va song tinh, nhng nhiet o cao hn 9500C vung tinh gii de chay se
bien dang trc. Do o di tac dung cua ngoai lc cac hat de trt va quay tng oi vi
nhau tao nen bien dan g d.
Nh vay nhiet o thap bien dang cua a tinh the chu yeu xay ra trong noi bo hat.
Con nhiet o cao th bien dang chu yeu la s trt va quay cua cac hat.
1.3 Nhng nhan to anh hng ti tnh deo va bien dang deo cua kim loai.
1.3.1 Anh hng cua ng suat chnh:
a.Cac da ng ng suat chnh va ieu kien bien da ng deo:
ng suat chnh la ng suat phap tuyen () sinh ra ben trong vat the khi co ngoai
lc tac dung. Co 3 dang ng suat chnh: ng suat ng (hnh 2-6a), ng suat mat (hnh 26b) va ng suat khoi (hnh 2-6c).
ng suat chnh lam cho vat the bien dang an hoi hoac bien dang pha huy va anh
hng quyet nh en ng suat tiep ().
ng suat tiep () se gay ra s trt va song tinh lam cho vat the bien dang deo.
ng suat tiep cang ln th bien dang deo cang nhieu. ng suat tiep at tr so cc ai max
tai cac mat tinh the lam vi phng cua lc tac dung mot goc bang 45. Tr so max nay
phu thuoc vao trang thai ng suat chnh va gia tr cua chung
108
Hnh 2-6. S o cac trang thai ng

suat chnh.
a) ng suat ng b) ng suat mat
c) ng suat khoi.
ieu kien e kim loai co the bien dang de o c theo Convenan (Phap 1872) la:
max =
ch
ch - Gii han chay.

Nh vay, ie u kien bien dang deo oi vi cac trng hp trang thai ng suat khac
nhau se la :
nh
ch
i Mi
h
Trang thai ng suat ng: max 1
C
o
2 at TP2. H
u
h
Ky t
m
a
2 ch
ph
Trang thai ng suat maD
t:H Su max 1
ng
2
2
o
u
r
T
t
h
yrig
1 3
ch
Cop
max
Trang thai ng suat khoi:

2
2
b. Anh hng cua tra ng thai ng suat chnh oi vi tnh deo va bie n dang deo
cua kim loai.
Nhieu th nghiem a chng to rang: khi tac ong cua ng suat keo cang t va ng
suat nen cang nhieu th tnh deo cua kim loai cang cao, trang thai ng suat keo khoi lam
cho kim loai kem deo hn trang thai ng suat keo mat va ng. Trang thai ng suat nen
khoi lam kim loai co tnh deo cao hn ng suat nen mat va ng.
K1
M1
K2
M2
K3
Theo chieu tnh de o tang dan
M3
K4
Hnh 2-7 S o trang thai ng suat xep theo tnh deo tang dan .
S o anh hng cua trang thai ng suat en tnh deo va bien dang deo cua kim
loai xep theo th t tnh deo tang dan c bieu dien tren hnh 2-7. Trong o ng suat
ng co 2 trang thai ( 1 ; 2 ), ng suat mat co 3 trang thai (M1, M2, M3) va ng suat
khoi co 4 trang thai (K1, K2, K3, K4).
109
Khi can, ep, ren va dap the tch trang thai ng suat cua kim loai ac trng theo s
,
o K4 trong o tat ca moi trng hp ng suat nen chnh 1 la ln nhat, con ng suat
nen chnh 2 va 3 nho hn 1. ng suat 1 c tao thanh do dung cu tac ong len kim
loai. ng suat 2 va 3 c tao thanh do lc ma sat tren thanh khuon.
Khi dap gian vat co vanh rong moi phan rieng chu trang thai ng suat khac nhau:
ay cua vat dap chu ng suat theo s o K3 thanh ben theo s o M2, vanh theo s o K2 .
1.3.2 Anh hng cua ng suat d:
ng suat d chnh la noi lc ton tai trong kim loai sau mot qua trnh gia cong bat
ky. S ton tai ng suat d ben trong vat the bien dang se lam cho tnh deo cua vat kem i:
ng suat d ln co the lam cho vat bien dan g hoac pha huy. Thong thng ng suat d
trong kim loai bao gi cun g c can ban g ngha la tong gia tr ng suat keo phai bang
tong gia tr ng suat nen.
Khi vat the chu ng suat do ngoai lc tac dung (o ), neu ke en anh hn g cua
ng suat d (d) th tong ng suat () tac dung ben trong vat the se khac nhau:
nh
- vung co ng suat d ke o th:
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
= o + tdhuat T
y
mK
a
h
p
- vung co ng suat d ne n th: Su
H
ng D
o
u
r
= o - d
T
ght
i
r
y
p
Do ng suaCtophan bo khong ong eu nh vay nen lam cho cac vung tinh the se
bien dang kho ng eu, kha nang bien dang se kem i va chat lng gia cong kho ng ong
eu.
Do ton tai ng suat d nen kha nang chu lc cua vat se giam i, lam cho vat the
chong at ti gii han ben cho phep hn.
Nh vay ng suat d lam giam tnh de o, o ben, o dai va cham va giam kha nang
chu ng cua vat the.
Ngoai ra, neu trc khi gia cong ap lc n g suat d co san trong kim loai noi chung
co gia tr cang ln th tnh deo cang giam. Do o, e tang kha nang bien dang cu ng nh e
bao am ng suat d co gia tr thap va phan bo ong eu trong nhieu trng hp trc
hoac sau khi gia cong ap lc ngi ta em u kim loai (u ket tinh lai hoac u hoan toan).
1.3.3 Anh hng cua thanh pha n hoa hoc va to chc kim loai:
a. Anh hng cua tha nh phan hoa hoc.
Thanh phan hoa hoc anh h ng en tnh deo va bien dang cua kim loai va hp
kim.
Thanh phan hoa hoc hp kim quyet nh bi nguyen to c ban, nguyen to hp kim
va tap chat.
- Nguyen to c ban: Nguye n to c ban tao nen cac to chc c s, do o anh hng
quyet nh ti tnh deo va kha nang bien dang deo cua kim loai va hp kim. V du: Trong
110
thep C, nguyen to c ban la Fe va C, chung tao nen hp chat la Fe3C rat cng va gion.
Neu %C cang tang th thep cang cng va gion, neu %Fe cang tang th thep cang mem.
- Nguyen to hp kim: Khi hp kim hoa, nguye n to hp kim co the tao vi kim loai
c s nhng lien ket kim loai (cac hp chat hoa hoc, hp chat ien t). Cac lien ket kim
loai nay thng co to chc tinh the phc tap lam cho kim loai va hp kim rat cng va
gion. Cac nguyen to hp kim con lam xo lech mang, lam can tr qua trnh trt, lam kim
loai co tnh deo thap. Thng th lng cha cac nguyen to hp kim cang nhieu th anh
hng ti o c ng, o ben cua kim loai cang ln.
- Nguyen to tap chat: Tap chat trong kim loai anh hng l n ti tnh deo cua no.
Trong kim loai cang nhieu tap chat (nhat la cac tap chat phi kim loai nh S, P, O, N, H)
eu lam giam manh tnh deo cua kim loai. Tap chat de chay thng tap trung vung tinh
gii hat lam roi loan mang tinh the tai ay, do o lam tnh deo kim loai kem i. V du:
trong thep, S ket hp vi Fe tao thanh Sunfua sat ( FeS). Cung tinh Fe + FeS co nhiet o
chay khoang 9500C, chung phan bo vung tinh gii hat lam cho thep de b b nong. Con
P tao vi Fe thanh hp chat FeP cung co nhiet o chay < 9500 C, lam xohlech mang tinh
n
i Mi
the nen lam cho thep b b nguoi.
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
b. Anh hng cua to chc kim loai.
h
Ky t
m
a
php kim va to chc kim loai co lien quan chat
Nhiet o, thanh phan hoa hoc HcaScu h
D
g
uon
che vi nhau va co anh hnT
g re
n kha nang bien dang hay noi n gian hn la tnh deo
t
h
cua kim loai.
yrig
Cop
Ngoai ra, mat o kim loai, kch thc hat vi s on g eu cua kch thc hat cung
co anh hng en tnh deo cua kim loai.
Noi chung neu kim loai co to chc pha thuan tuy la dung dch ran th tnh deo bao
gi cung cao hn kim loai co to chc la hon hp c hoc nhat la trong o co 1 pha la hp
chat hoa hoc. Th du thep nhiet o thng neu co thanh phan cacbon cang cao, to chc
la peclit (gom 2 pha ferit va xementit) th co tnh deo kem hn sat nguyen chat ky thuat
ch co mot pha ferit. Ne u nung the p len tren nhiet o ng AC1 (> 727C) the p t trang
thai 2 pha chuyen thanh 1 pha Auxtenit la dung dch ran thuan tuy nen tnh deo se cao hn
han. Pha Auxtenit va pha ferit tuy eu la dung dch ran , nhng do mat o khoi cua
Auxtenit cao hn ferit nen Auxtenit co tnh deo cao hn ferit.
To chc kim loai cang nhieu pha, mang tinh the cang phc tap tnh deo cang kem.
To chc kim loai hat nho mn va ong eu th o deo tang, o be n tang.
1.3.4 Anh hng cua nhiet o:
a. Thc chat: Khi nung nong kim loai cac nguyen t b dao ong nhiet. Dao ong
nhiet lam suy giam lc lien ket, do o lam tang tnh deo cua kim loai, ong thi dao ong
nhiet co kha nang a cac nguyen t t trang thai mat can bang ve trang thai can bang, do
o giam s xo lech mang, kh bien cng va lam tang tnh deo cua kim loaiKhi nung
nong, kim loai co kha nang chuyen t pha nay sang pha khac co tnh deo cao hn. V du:
Fe la pha co tnh deo thap, khi nung len tren 7230C no chuyen thanh Fe co tnh deo cao
111
hn.
Kim loai sau khi bien dang deo, thng trang thai bien cn g, kha nang bien dang tiep
theo giam. Muon bien dang tiep tuc phai lam mat bien cng, phuc hoi tnh deo bang cach
nung nong kim loai len mot nhiet o nhat nh. Phu thuoc vao nhiet o nung, s phuc hoi
cac tnh chat ban au cua kim loai c goi la qua trnh ket tinh lai.
Cac qua trnh chuyen bien trong kim loai khi nung non g:
1. Qua trnh hoi phuc: khi nung kim loai a qua bien dang nguoi en nhiet o
khong cao lam T1 = (0,25 0,3)T chay , nh dao ong nhiet co kha nang kh bo c mot
phan ng suat d va s xo lech mang lam tang tnh deo kim loai, hien tng o goi la hoi
phuc. Hoi phuc lam cho o ben kim loai giam, tnh deo tang, tnh chong g tang.
2. Qua trnh ket tinh lai: Khi nung en nhiet o T 2 = 0,4 T chay ben trong kim loai
se xay ra hai hien tng:
- Xuat hien nhn g trung tam ket tinh co mang tinh the hoan thien, trung tam nay
ln len va tao thanh kim loai co mang khong b xo lech.
nh
i Miva eu nhau hn.
- Tu tap nhng hat nho be va khong eu thanh nhng haHt olCnhhn
P.
at T
u
h
t
Hai qua trnh o la qua trnh ket tinh lai lanK1y va 2.
am
u pht o ket tinh lai, qua trnh sinh mam va phat
S
Khi nhiet o nung nong agt e
n
nhie
H
D
uon trnh ket tinh, nhng trang thai ran, nen c goi la
r
trien mam xay ra tng t tnh
qua
T
h
yrig
qua trnh ket tinh la
i
.
p
o
C
Nhiet o ket tinh lai (TKTL ) la nhiet o tai o xay ra qua trnh tao mam va mam
bat au ln len trong kim loai b bien dan g deo vi lng ang ke, nhiet o nay co the
tnh theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau :
TKTL =k Tchay
Trong o: T chay = nhiet o nong chay cua kim loai
k = he so phu thuoc o sach cua kim loai va mc o bien dang deo .
Vi: Kim loai nguyen chat ky thuat k = 0,4
Nhiet o ket tinh lai c tnh: TKTL = 0,4 Tchay
(TKTL: nhiet o ket tinh lai; Tchay: nhiet o nong chay tnh theo 0 K)
Thi ky au cua giai oan nay cac mam c tao thanh nhng ng tap trung
nang lng ln, thng la nhng vung tap trung cac sai lech mang nh bien gii hat,
mat trt. Do o, mc o bien dang cang ln so mam sinh ra cang nhieu. Sau khi sinh
mam, chung se ln len cho e n khi tiep xuc nhau th thi ky nay ket thuc.
S tao thanh hat mi cua thi ky nay la qua trnh tao nhng khu vc kho ng co sai
lech mang trong kim loai. Cac vung kim loai b bien dang c thay the bang cac hat mi
chnh la qua trnh triet tieu ng suat va phuc hoi tnh deo. Do o, thi ky nay la thi ky co
y ngha nhat cua toan bo qua trnh ket tinh lai. Thi ky nay con goi la thi ky ket tinh lai
lan th nhat .
112
Thi ky tiep theo goi la thi ky ket tinh lai lan th hai hay ket tinh lai chon loc la
thi ky cac hat mi va tao thanh tiep tuc ln len.
S ln len cua cac hat ay xay ra bang cach cac hat nho hoa tan vao cac hat
ln e lam tong dien tch be mat tng ng vi trang thai nang lng be mat thap hn.
S phat trien cua cac giai oan nay phu thuoc vao cac ieu kien sau:
- Nhiet o cua giai oan nay cang cao hn nhiet o ket tinh lai (TKTL ) va gi
thi gian cang lau th hat cang de ln. Do o, khi ket thuc gia cong ap lc khong nen e
lau nhiet o nay.
- Mc o bien dang sau khi ket tinh lai cac hat
c tao thanh co kch thc chenh lech nhau cang
nhieu, bien gii hat cang khon g on nh, co xu h ng
dch chuyen ve pha hat nho, goi la hien tng nuot
hat e tao thanh hat ln hn. Neu lng bien dang
qua be (1-2%) to chc kim loai hau nh khong thay
oi. Khi lng bien dan g mc o khoang 2 8%, o
nh
i Mi
h
C
chenh lech ve kch thc hat sau khi ket tinh lai rat
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
ln, hien tng nuot hat xay ra manh liet lam cho ha
th
tth
Ky t
m
a
hy goi la
nhan c rat ln. Lng bie n dan g nhuva
p
DH S ky thuat va
Hnh 2-8.S phu thuoc cua
g
lng bien dang ti han, c chu
y
trong
n
uo
r
T
n dang vi lng bien
kch thc hat cua sat vao
trong san xuat, can traringhhtbie
y
p
o
C
mc o bien dang deo (khi
dang ti han.
u nhiet o ket tinh lai
Khi lng bien dang cang l n, o chenh lech
khong oi :750C )
kch thc hat sau khi ket tinh lai cang nho, ket qua
se c kim loai hat nho nh tren hnh 2-8.
Tom lai ket tinh lai se giam kha nang chong bien dang, o ben, o cng cua kim
loai giam, tnh deo tang, phuc hoi c tnh chat c ly cua vat lieu, giam s khong ong
nhat ve thanh phan hoa hoc, kh bo ng suat d va kh bo cac vet nt te vi.
b.Cac hnh thc gia co ng kim loai ba ng ap lc:
Can c vao nhiet o chia ra 2 hnh thc gia congsau:
1. Gia cong nong: La hnh thc gia cong ap lc thc hien nhiet o ln hn nhiet
o ket tinh lai.
Tg.c. nong > TKTL [ thc te Tg.c. nong = (0,7 0.9)Tchay]

Trong thc te khi gia cong nong, nhiet o ket thuc gia cong bao gi cung lay cao
hn nhiet o ket tinh lai ly thuyet mot t e qua trnh ket tinh lai xay ra hoan toan.
V du bang 1
Kim loai
Thep
TKTL ly thuyet(c)
TKTL thc te (c)
T ren (c)
450
600 700
1300 800
113
ong
270
450 500
800 600
Latong
250
400 500
750 600
Nhom
20
250 350
450 350
Gia cong nong co cac u iem sau:

- Do tnh deo luon luo n c phuc hoi trong qua trnh bien dang nen co the bien
dang kim loai vi lng ln trong mot lan nung (co the ln hn 1000%)
- Do kim loai trang thai deo cao nen lc gia cong be, de gia cong. Nhie u kim loai
nhiet o th ng kho gia cong, ch de gia cong tran g thai nong nh Zn, W
- Trong qua trnh gia cong cac vet nt, ro ben trong c han lai, mat o kim loai
tang, do o c tnh tang.
- Gia cong nong co kem theo qua trnh hoi phuc va ket tinh lai nen sau khi gia
cong kim loai c hoi phuc tnh deo, khong b bien cng, phuc hoi c ly hoa tnh. Sau khi
gia cong nong do tnh deo kim loai c phuc hoi, nen rat thuan li cho
gia cong cat got
nh
i Mi
h
C
tiep tuc.
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Nhc iem cua gia cong nong la:
h
Ky t
m
a
ph i.
- Ton nang l ng e nung nong Hkim
Su loa
D
uong
Tr gia cong nh ng chi tiet nho va mong (co ng knh va
- trang thai nognhgt kho
i
pyrde
chieu day < 2 mm)
chay hong. Khi nung nhiet o cao de b oxy hoa be mat tao
Cov
nen lp vay oxyt lam cho o bong, o chnh xac gia cong thap, chat l ng lp be mat vat
gia cong kem. S oxy hoa va nung b chay be mat kim loai lam cho vat gia cong b hao
hut kch thc. Sau khi gia cong , kim loai co lai nen o chnh xac ve kch thc khong
cao. Ngoai ra khi gia cong nong thep, lp cac bon be mat ngoai de b chay hao va
khuech tan ra ben ngoai, lam cho thanh phan C lp ngoai giam i, o ben va o cng
lp mat ngoai cua san pham kem i.
- Khi gia cong trang thai nong, neu ngng gia cong nhiet o cao, toc o lam
nguoi vat gia cong qua ln de gay bien dang, cong venh hoac nt ne.
- Mot so kim loai va hp kim co tnh don nong kho gia cong nhiet o cao. V du:
Thep co cha nhieu S b don nong, de nt khi gia cong nong.
2. Gia cong nguoi:
Gia cong nguoi la hnh thc gia cong ap lc nhiet o ma tai o khong xay ra qua
trnh ket tinh lai.
Tg.c. nguoi < TKTL

Sau khi bien dang nguoi to chc kim loai thng co dang th , tnh chat kim loai
mang tnh co hng ngha la tnh chat khac nhau theo cac hng khac nhau.
Phng phap gia cong nguoi thng dung e gia cong cac tam mong, keo day, keo
ong.
114
ac iem cua gia cong nguoi:

- Gia cong nguoi at o chnh xac, o bong va chat lng be mat cao hn gia cong
nong.
- Gia cong nguoi kim loai khong b oxy hoa, khong b chay nen khong hao ph kim
loai, vat gia cong khong b hao hut kch thc.
- Gia cong thep mat ngoai khong b thoat cacbon, to chc de b v vun, hat nho
nen c tnh tot.
- Gia cong nguoi, kim loai de b bien cng, tnh deo giam, tr lc bien dang tang
nen ton lc va cong bien dang. Neu mc o bie n dang cang tang th bien cng cang
nhieu, tiep tuc gia cong vat gia cong de bi nt ne. Muo n phuc hoi tnh deo can phai nung
nong (can phai mang u).
1.3.5 Anh hng cua toc o bien dang:
Toc o bien dang the tch tng oi W la lng bien dang cua mot n v the tch
dv
trong mot n v thi gian dt, bieu th bang cong thc:
nh
v
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
dv
a
u
h
w
Ky t
m
vdt
a
h
Su p
H
D
g ng vi toc o cua hanh trnh thiet b. V du: mot vat
Can phan biet toc o bie
n nda
Truo
t
dai 100 mm, mot vat ykha
igch dai 10 mm eu c keo dai tren may keo co toc o cua hanh
op r
C
trnh may la 10 mm/s nhng toc o bien dang cua vat th nhat la 10%/s, cua vat th hai la
100%/s.
Khi tac dung lc, nang lng sinh ra dung cho bien dan g deo , bien dan g an hoi va
ton tai dang ng suat d v.v
Nang lng tieu hao cho bien dang deo phan ln chuyen thanh nhiet nang toa ra
xung quanh va c bieu th bang mc o toa nhiet :

A nong
A
Trong o: A nong - Co ng sinh ra do bie n dang deo

A - Cong cua thiet b cung cap.
oi vi kim loai khac nhau khac nhau thng at t 0,75 0,90. Nhiet lng nay
lam cho vat co nhiet o luc bien dang la tk cao hn nhiet o ban au to. Hieu ng nhiet
bieu th bang cong thc:
t to
k
tk
Toc o bien dang cang cao th cang ln, toc o bien dang cang thap th do nhiet
o truyen vao du ng cu v.vne n nho. A nh hng cua toc o bien dan g co the tom tat nh
sau:
1. Tang toc o bien dang se lam giam tnh deo cua kim loai:
115
a. Neu toc o qua trnh bien cng khi bien dang l n hn toc o qua trnh kh bien
cng (tc la toc o sinh bien mem). V du: Khi gia cong nong, neu toc o bien dang tang
th qua trnh ket tinh lai khong u thi gian thc hien hoan toan, neu toc o bien cng ln
hn toc o ket tinh lai e kh bien cng lam cho tr lc bien dang tang va tnh deo giam.
b. Do tac dung cua hieu ng nhiet lam cho kim loai at en nhiet o co tnh deo
thap. V du: khi nung thep en nhiet o ren cao nhat, neu lam bien dang vi toc o bien
dang ln se sinh ra nhiet nhieu lam thep at en nhiet o qua nhiet lam cho tnh deo
giam, gia cong de b nt.
2. Tang toc o bien dang se lam tang tnh deo cu a kim loai:
a. Do tac dung cua hieu ng nhiet lam cho kim loai co toc o kh bien cng (toc
o bien mem) ln hn toc o bien cng. V du: Khi gia cong nguoi, neu toc o bien dang
tang, nhiet sinh ra nhieu th se tao ieu kien cho s hoi phuc va ket tinh lai thc hien, lam
cho tr lc bien dang giam, tnh de o tang.
b. Do tac dung cua hieu ng nhiet lam cho kim loai at en nhiet o ma kim loai
nh
Mi700C
co tnh deo cao. V du : Latong (ong thau) LCuZn41 nung ti nhie
t io
la nhiet o
h
C
Ho
.
P
T deo cao. Neu gia cong gan
ma no co tnh deo thap, t 700 800C la nhiet o no co
tnh
huat
t
y
700C vi toc o bien dang ln, qua trnh giaaco
nKg se sinh ra nhiet lam cho nhiet o vat
ph m
u
S
gia cong tang len va at ti khoang 730
H 740C la khoang nhiet o ma LCuZn41 co tnh
ng D
o
u
r
deo cao, do o tang tnh detocu
T a kim loai.
gh
i
r
y
Cop
1.4 Anh hng cua bien dang deo en to chc va tnh chat cua kim loai:
1.4.1 Anh hng cua bien dang deo ti to chc va c tnh kim loai:
Bien dang deo co anh hng ln ti to chc va c tnh kim loai. Tuy thuoc vao
nhiet o, toc o bien dang, trang thai to chc kim loai truc khi gia cong ma sau khi gia
cong to chc va c tnh thu c cung khac nhau:
- Khi gia cong nguoi cac hat b v nat thanh nhng hat nho hn lam cho o hat
giam i va c tnh tang len. Khi gia cong nong neu nhiet o ngng bien dang cang cao th
hat cang tho to do o c tnh cang kem. Neu
toc o bien dang va mc o bien dang cang
tang th s v nat cua cac hat cang nhieu va
o hat cang giam do o c tnh cang cao. o
hat trc khi bien dang cang nho va eu th
sau khi gia cong hat cang nho va eu do o
c tnh cang cao.
- To chc kim loai vat uc co dang
nhanh cay, hat khon g eu, co nhieu khuyet
tat nh xop co, ro kh, ro co, lom conh
bien dang deo cac khuyet tat tren c kh
bo, tang o mn chat cua kim loai lam cho
c tng tang len.
Hnh 2-9 S o bieu dien s

thay oi dang hat va c tnh.
116
- Bien dang deo co the bien to chc hat thanh to chc th, co the tao c cac loai
th uon xoan khac nhau lam tang c tnh cua san pham.
Toc o bien dang cung co anh hng l n ti c tnh san pham. Neu toc o bien
dang cang ln th o bien cng cang nhieu, s khong ong eu cua bien cng cang
nghiem trong va s phan bo th cang khong eu an do o c tnh cang kem. V du : ren
khuon va dap the tch tren may ep co toc o bien dang thap nen kim loai bien dang t t,
th eu an hn, kim loai bien dang triet e hn do o c tnh san pham cao hn so vi
gia cong tren may bua.
- oi vi phoi co to chc th (v du phoi can, keo si) nh bien dang deo co the
cai tao lai cac th lam cho c tnh san pham cao hn. V du: co the chon e tao th gap
khuc, xoan e tao th xoan, uon dch trt e tao th uon theo ng truc cua chi tiet lam
cho kha nang chu lc cua san pham tang len.
Tom lai sau bien dang deo thng xay ra hien tng bien cng lam o ben, o cng
cua kim loai tang len va ngc lai o deo, o dai giam xuong ( hnh 2-9), giam kha nang
chong mai mon, gay kho khan cho qua trnh gia cong cat got. Mat khacin, hgia cong ap lc
iM
lam thay oi to chc ban au cua kim loai, bien to chc hat .tha
nChhto chc th hoac lam
o
H
TP cong can tan dung to chc
at gia
uva
thay oi hng th. V the trong ky thuat, khi thiet ke
h
t
Ky
th e lam tang kha nang chu lc cua chi tieph
t:am
u
DH S
g
n
o chi tiet chu keo hoac nen phai bo tr phng cua lc
- Muon tang o ben th
rukhi
tT
h
g
i
tac dung trung vi phng
yr cua th.
Cop
- Neu chi tiet chu ng suat cat phai bo tr phng cua lc tac dung vuon g goc vi
phng cua th.
- Can chu y khon g nen cat t th khi gia cong ma nen uon th theo ng bao
cua chi tiet e tang o ben va tiet kiem vat lieu.
V du: - Khi uon chi tiet nh hnh 2-10a, o ben cao hn han chi tiet b cat t th
nh hnh 2-10b.
Hnh 2-10 Th kim loai va phng phap gia cong san pham.
a) Uon th b; c) Cat t th d) Vuot bulong e) Chon bulon g.
117
- Khi che tao bulong

Neu dung phng phap cat got t thep can (hnh 2-10c) th th kim loai b cat
ngang, khi lam viec mu bulon g chu ng suat tiep doc th do o de b hong .
Neu dung cach vuot nho phan than bulong th mot phan th mu bulong thang
goc vi ng suat tiep nen c tnh tot hn (hnh 2-10d).
Neu dung phng phap chon mot au t thep can co n g knh bang than bulong
th hau het th au bulong than g goc vi ng suat tiep do o kha nang chu lc cua
bulong la tot nhat (hnh 2-10e).
1.4.2 Anh hng cua bien dang deo ti ly tnh kim loai:
Bien dang deo lam tang ien tr, giam tnh dan ien va lam thay oi t trng
trong kim loai.
- Tnh dan ien: Bien dang deo tao ra sai lech trong mang tinh the lam tnh lien
tuc cua ien trn g trong tinh the b pha v do o lam ien tr cua kim loai sau khi bien
nh
dang tang len. Ngoai ra, bien dang deo cun g lam xo lech vung tinh h
gi
i Mi ihat tang len tao ra
C
. Hocun g la nguyen nhan lam
nhng mang chan can tr s chuyen ong t do cua ienttT,Po
a
u
y th
tang ien tr cua kim loai. a so cac kim loa
iK
sau
khi bien dang deo ien tr tang 2
m
a
h
5%, ca biet ien tr cua vonfram lai giaHmSu30p 50%.
D
uong
r
T
n dang deo lam giam tnh dan nhiet, ly do chu yeu cung do
-Tnh dan nhiegth: tBie
ri
y
p
o
bien dang deo lam
C xo lech mang, lam xo lech vung tinh gii, lam giam bien o dao ong
nhiet cua cac ien t do o giam kha nang dan nhiet. S giam nay khong ln lam, tuy
nhien cac trng h p can thiet cung phai tnh en e tm bien phap khac phuc.
-T tnh: cac sai lech tao ra khi bien dang deo lam thay oi cach bo tr t trng
c ban trong kim loai do o lam thay oi t tnh, o tham t , o t giao va o t d giam,
lc kh t va dien tch vong t tre tang. Nh vay, oi vi nhng thep dung che tao nam
cham th bien dan g deo co tac dung tot, nhng cac thep lam loi bien the, loi dan t th
bien dang de o co anh hng xau.
1.4.3 Anh hng cua bien dang deo ti hoa tnh:
Sau khi bien dang deo nan g lng t do cua kim loai tang do o hoat tnh hoa hoc
cua kim loai tang len. ieu nay co the thay ro khi tam thc hai mau kim loai trc va sau
khi bien dang deo, mau sau khi bien dang deo tam thc nhanh hn.
1.5 Cac nh luat c ban ap dung khi gia cong kim loai bang ap lc:
1.5.1 nh luat bien dang an hoi ton tai o ng thi vi bien dang deo:
nh luat nay phat bieu nh sau: Khi bien dang deo kim loai, ong thi vi bien
dang deo co xay ra bien dang an hoi. Quan he gia lc va bien dang khi bien dang an
hoi tuan theo nh luat HUC.
118
V co bien dang an hoi khi bien dang deo nen kch thc cua chi tiet sau khi gia
cong khac vi kch thc cua no khi ang gia cong. V du: goc uon cua chi tiet khac vi
goc khi ang uo n ( tc la khac vi goc cua khuon uon).
Can c vao nh luat nay khi thiet ke vat ren, dap va khuon can chu y lng bien
dang d do bien dang an hoi gay nen.
1.5.2 nh luat ng suat d :
Ben trong bat c kim loai bien dang deo nao cung eu sinh ra ng suat d can
bang nhau.
Do s bien dang khong eu tren toan the tch kim loai, do s phan bo nhiet
khong eu, do thanh phan to chc kim loai khong eu nen sau khi gia cong trong kim loai
con ton tai ng suat d, trong o ng suat d loai 1 ( la ng suat c can bang tren toan
the tch vat the) la quan trong nhat. Neu sau khi gia cong ng suat d loai 1 c can bang
trong toan the tch th vat se gi nguyen hnh dang va kch thc sau khi gia cong, neu
khong can bang, sau mot thi gian dai ngan khac nhau vat se t bien dang e phan bo lai
inht.
ng suat. S t bien dan g nh vay la ieu khong mong muon trong sa
inMxua
h
C
Ho
TP.khi bien dang lam giam tnh
Nh vay ng suat d nay ton tai ben trong vatththe
uatsau
y
deo, giam o be n va o dai va cham, lam cho
va
the co the bien dang hoac b pha huy.
amt K
h
p
H Su
Do
g
n
1.5.3 nh luat the tchrkho
n
g
i:
T uo
t
igh
The tchCcu
opayrvat the trc khi bien dang bang the tch vat the sau khi bien dang.
Tren thc te the tch cua vat the khi bie n dang deo co thay oi nhng gia tr
khong an g ke, co the bo qua.
nh luat nay co y ngha ln trong thc tien, no cho ta biet bien dang theo cac
phng khi co ngoai lc tac dung.
Chang han xet mot vat the bien dang, gia thiet kch thc vat the trc khi bien
dang la l0, b0, h 0; kch thc vat the sau khi bien dang la l1 , b1, h1. Theo ieu kien the tch
khong oi th:
l0. b0 . h0 = l1. b1. h1
ln
Ky hieu: ln
(1)
l1
b
h
ln 1 ln 1 0 ( 2 )
l0
b0
h0
l1
b
h
1 ; ln 1 2 ; ln 1 3
l0
b0
h0
T (2) ta co 1 + 2 + 3 = 0
(3)
1; 2 ; 3 goi la cac ng bien chnh (cac bien dang thang).

Phng trnh 1 + 2 + 3 = 0 goi la phng trnh ieu kien the tch khong oi. T phng
trnh tren ta co the rut ra cac ket luan sau:
119
a.Khi ton tai ca 3 ng bien chnh th dau cua mot ng bien phai trai dau vi hai ng
bien kia va tr so bang tong 2 ng bien kia.
V du: Khi chon mot thoi kim loai th chieu cao giam i, chieu dai va chieu rong
tang len. Lng giam the tch theo chieu cao se bang to ng l ng tang the tch theo chieu
dai va chieu rong.
h1
l
b
1 ; 1 1; 1 1
h0
l0
b0
Khi ay:
Do o: 3 < 0 ; 1 > 0 ; 2 > 0

Ta co: 1 + 2 = -3
T ay:
1 2
1
3 3
Neu biet
0,40 th 2 0,60 , ieu nay co ngha la: sau khi bien dang co 40%
3
3
inh
hi M
Cg.
o
kim loai chuyen ra theo chieu dai va 60% chuyen ra theo chie
u
ro
n
H
P.
uat T
h
t
Ky ng bien kia con lai phai ngc dau
b. Khi co mot ng bien chnh bang 0 th
am hai
h
p
nhau va co tr so tuyet oi bang nhau.DH Su
ong
Trnuche
V du: Khi cho n ne

u
ha
e khon g co dan dai, tc la 1 =0 th 2 = -3 . ieu
t
righ
y
p
o
nay co ngha la l
C ng giam the tch theo chieu
cao bang lng tang the tch theo chieu rong.
y
Trong qua trnh bien dang, cac chat
iem cua vat the se di chuyen theo phng nao
co tr lc be nhat.
ng i cua cac chat iem xac nh
theo nguyen tac: hng di chuyen cua mot iem
bat ky nao tren mat phang thang goc vi phng
cua lc tac dung se theo hng thang goc vi
chu vi cua mat phang ay. Lng bien dang se
nhieu nhat theo hng co nhieu iem di chuyen.
1.5.4 nh luat tr lc be nhat:

x
Hnh 2-11 S o di chuyen cua

cac chat iem.
V du: Ep mot khoi kim loai lang tru co tiet dien ch nhat. Hnh 2-11 ch s o
hng dch chuyen cua cac chat iem trong mat phang thang goc vi lc tac dung. Tuan
theo nh luat nay, tiet dien vat the chuyen dan sang hnh tron e cuoi cung no co chu vi
be nhat. V the nh luat nay con goi la nh luat chu vi be nhat .
120
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
121
Chng 2
NUNG NONG KIM LOAI E GIA CONG AP LC

2.1 Muc ch cua nung nong:
oi vi mot so kim loai khi gia co ng nong can phai nung nong len nhiet o cao,
muc ch cua nung nong kim loai la lam tang tnh deo, giam kha nang chong bien dang
cua chung e co the bien dang vi lng ln va cun g do o giam c lc bien dang can
thiet.
Kim loai khi nung nong o ben giam rat nhanh va o deo (o dan dai) tang len.
Th du mot so thep bang 2
Bang 2
C45
20Cr
60 Si2
b
20 C
60
58
102
inh
2
o
M
i
(KG/mm ) 1000 C
5,1
5,8
3,4
Ch
. Ho
P
T
uat
y th23
K
%
20 oC
33
26
26
17
pham
u
o
S
1000 C
51 H
50
63
70
86
ng D
o
u
r
T
ght
i
r
y
op
Giai thch:C- Kim loai khi nung len nhiet o cang cao th dao ong nhiet cang ln,
lam giam cac lc lien ket gia cac nguyen t, tao ieu kie n cho qua trnh trt va song
tinh thc hien de dang hn.
o
C15
44
2,8
C35
57
4,9
- Mat khac khi nung len nhiet o cao, kim loai va hp kim co kha nang
chuyen bien t pha nay sang pha khac co tnh deo cao hn, do vay lam cho kha nan g bien
dang de hn. V du: Khi nung thep len tren 7230C co s chuyen bien t to chc pherit,
peclit sang to chc auxtenit co tnh deo cao hn.
Chon che o nung nong hp ly se nang cao chat lng gia cong, giam hao ph kim
loai, giam hao mon dung cu, thiet b, giam nhe sc lao ong, nang cao nang suat va ha gia
thanh san pham.
2.2 Nhng hien tng xay ra khi nung:

Khi nung nong thep nhiet o cao, se xay ra cac hien tng oxy hoa, thoat
cacbon, qua nhiet v.v co an h hng en khoi lng va chat lng cua kim loai. Chung ta
can biet c nguyen nhan e co bien phap khac phuc.
2.2.1 Oxy hoa:
Khi nung kim loai trong lo, nhiet o cao lp kim loai be mat de ket hp vi oxy
trong khon g kh tao nen lp vay oxyt bam tren be mat vat nung, hien tng o goi la oxy
hoa.
121
Hien tng oxy hoa gay ra sai hut kch thc vat nung gay hao ph kim loai, giam
chat lng be mat chi tiet, gay kho khan cho qua trnh gia cong va gay hao mon dung cu.
Hien tng hao ph kim loai do oxy hoa thong thng co the at ti 2 3,5%, vat ln 4
6%. V du: Thep di 500oC hien tng oxy hoa xay ra tren be mat thep kho ng ang ke.
Nhng khi nung tren 500oC, nhat la tren 1000oC s tao thanh cac vay oxyt FeO tren thep
xay ra rat manh liet, lam cho khoi lng kim loai c nung nong hao hut dan. Toc o oxy
hoa phu thuoc nhiet o nung va thanh phan kh cua moi trn g nung nong xung quanh vat
nung.
Nhiet o cang cao toc o oxy hoa cang manh. Trong khong kh cang nhieu O2, hi
nc, kh CO2, SO2 toc o o xy hoa cang man h. Nhng ngc lai neu trong khon g kh ty le
cac kh CH4, CO cang nhieu, toc o o xy hoa giam.
Do o, e giam lng hao hut kim loai do oxy hoa, thi gian nung no ng phai cang
ngan cang tot. Cho them t than cui xung quanh vat nung e tao them CO cu ng lam giam
c hien tng oxy hoa. Khi khong the khac phuc c hien t ng o xy hoa th phai cong
them khoi lng kim loai b chay hao vao khoi lng cua phoi.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
2.2.2 Thoat cacbon:
TP.
t
a
u
th
La hien tng mat mot phan cacbonhamlKpy mat ngoai cua thep. Hien tng nay
up
Ha.SNguye
thng i kem theo hien tng oxygho
n nhan la do trong moi trng nung nong
D
uon
r
T
,
CO
xunh quanh vat nung chahtnhie
u cac kh O2
2, hi nc, H2 . Tao ne n cac phan n g mat
g
i
r
y
op thep.
cacbon cua Fe3C Ctrong
2Fe3C + O2 = 6Fe + 2CO
Fe3C + CO2 = 3Fe + 2CO
Fe3C + H2 O = 3Fe + CO + H2
Fe3C + 2H2 = 3Fe + CH4
Hien tng thoat cacbon khong lam giam kch thc cua phoi thep nhng lam cho
o cng va o ben be mat thep giam nhat la gii han moi giam manh. Nhng neu sau khi
nung, qua trnh gia cong ap lc tiep theo lam giam chieu day lp thoat cacbon th tac hai
cua no cung se tr thanh kho ng ang ke.
2.2.3 Nt:
Khi nung kim loai do s nung nong gia cac bo phan khong eu v ket cau phoi
khong hp ly, hoac toc o nung khong hp ly lam phat sinh ben trong vat nung ng suat
nhiet. ng suat nhiet neu ln hn co the lam cho be mat hoac ben trong vat nung b nt
ne.
- oi vi thep thng xay ra khi nhiet o nung di 8000 C v khu vc nay thep
co tnh deo thap, truyen nhiet kem .
- oi vi thep cacbon va cac kim loai deo th khi nung nong t khi b nt du nung
vi toc o bat ky. Nhng vi cac thep cacbon cao, thep hp kim cao, do co toc o truyen
122
nhiet kem, tnh deo kem, neu nung nong vi toc o nhanh hoac nung nong khon g eu, co
the xay ra nt. Do o, vi cac thep nay can giam toc o nung thi gian au.
2.2.4 Qua nhiet:
Qua nhiet la hien tng nung kim loai len gan nhiet o ng ac, khi ay cac hat
kim loai b ln le n mot cach ot ngot lam cho tnh deo giam, kim loai rat b b khi gia
cong de gay nen nt ne khi gia cong va giam o deo dai cua kim loai khi lam viec sau
nay.
oi vi thep C nhiet o qua nhiet vao khoang:
to qua nhiet > to ng ac 150oC
e khac phuc hien t ng nay , neu sau khi nung co gia cong ap lc tiep theo th
phai tac dung lc nhe cho en khi nhiet o thep giam en vung co tnh deo cao mi tang
toc o bien dang. Neu sau khi nung khon g gia cong ap lc tiep theo th phai em u hoan
toan e lam nho hat.
nh
2.2.5 Chay:
i Mi
h
C
P. Ho
Tqua
t
a
Chay la hien tng nung kim loai len tren nhie
t
o
nhiet (gan ng ac), vat
u
y th
K
amc te la a co mot bo phan bien gii hat
nung b pha huy vung tinh gii gia cac hat.phTh
u
S
H
b chay long va phat ra nhieu hoaol
a.D
u ng
r
T
ng khac phuc c. Vat chay phai cat bo,hoac a vao lo
ay la hien tingh
gtkho
yr
p
o
C
nau lai.
2.3 Che o nung kim loai:

Moi loai vat lieu kim loai co mot che o nung rie ng bao gom nhiet o bat au gia
cong va nhiet o can ket thuc gia cong, toc o nung, thi gian nung, thi gian gi nhiet
2.3.1 Chon khoa ng nhiet o gia cong ap lc:
Chon khoang nhiet o gia cong ap lc tc la xac nh gii han nhiet o nung cao
nhat am bao cho tnh deo kim loai tot nhat e co the gia con g c va nhiet o thap nhat
cho phep con gia cong c ma di nhiet o o can phai ket thuc gia cong.
Chon khoan g nhiet o gia cong hp ly co y ngha kinh te ky thuat rat ln. Khoang
nhiet o cang ln th thi gian gia cong cang lau va mc o bien dang cang ln.
Chon khoan g nhiet o gia cong can am bao kim loai deo nhat, am bao chat
lng vat nung, kim loai bien dang tot nhat va hao ph t nhat.
V du: Xac nh nhiet o gia cong cho t ng mac thep khac nhau co nhieu phng
phap: da vao gian o trang thai sat - cacbon, tnh theo cong thc kinh nghiem hoac tham
khao cac so tay ky thuat ren dap.
Kim loai c gia cong trong mot gii han nhiet o nhat nh:
- Gii han tren c goi la nhiet o nung hay nhiet o bat au gia cong, ky hieu
tob.
123
tob = toac ( 150 200oC)

toac la nhiet o bat au chay (ng ac).
- Gii han di goi la nhiet o ket thuc gia cong, ky hieu tokt.
+ Thep trc cung tch: tokt = toA3 + (20 40oC)
o
C
1539
1350
100150 C
Nhiet o bat
au gia cong
1350
1147
1100
Am
Nhiet o ket
thuc gia cong
910
30500 C
A3
A1
0,8
723
0
1,7 2,14 %C
Vung chay va qua nhiet
Vung
gia
cong
ap lc
800
uat T
y th
am K
nhn cng
VunM
g ibie
Chi
P. Ho
1,1 2,14 %C
a)
b)
g DH
Hnh 2-12 KhoangTnhie
ruont o vung gia cong ap lc oi vi thep cacbon.
ight t o nung ly thuyet. b) Nhiet o nung thc te.
a)
yrNhie
p
o
C
h
Su p
0,8
+ Thep sau cung tch: tokt = toA1 + (40 50oC)

toA3 la nhiet o thep trc cung tch chuyen hoan toan thanh auxtenit.
toA1 la nhiet o Peclit chuyen hoan toan thanh auxtenit.
Hnh 2-12 gii thieu khoang nhiet o e gia cong nong thep cacbon: theo ly thuyet
(hnh a), theo kinh nghiem thc tien (hnh b).
Chu y: Trong san xuat ngi ta xac nh nhiet o nung theo bang va trong mau sac
vat nung ma oan nhiet o e nung theo kinh nghiem .V du: Nhiet o bat au gia cong
thep co mau vang rm. Gan en nhiet o chay thep co mau sang trang. Nhiet o ket thuc
gia cong thep co mau tm hoa ca. Trong cac so tay tra cu ren dap cung a cho san cac
khoang nhiet o gia cong nay. V du: bang 3
Bang 3
Thep
CT34, CT38
CT42, CT51, CT61
C10, C15, C20
C40, C45, C50
Nhiet o gia cong

(oC)
1280 750
1200 800
1280 750
1200 800
Thep
40Cr, 45Cr, 50Cr
CD70, CD80, CD110
Thep gio
50CrNiW, 50CrNiMo
124
Nhiet o gia
cong (oC)
1200 800
1160 750
1200 900
1200 850
2.3.2 Thi gian nung va gi nhiet:

a. Thi gian nung: Thi gian nung nho nhat cho phep can c vao tnh dan nhiet
cua kim loai, kch thc cua phoi, s sap xep phoi nung trong lo va hieu so nhiet o gia
tng lo va kim loai luc cho vao.
Thi gian nung co the xac nh theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau :
T . .K . D . D
Trong o: T - Thi gian nung (gi).
D - ng knh hoac canh ngan cua phoi (m).
- He so xep phoi, xac nh theo hnh 2-13
V tr xep phoi trong lo
Cop
ruo
tT
h
yrig
V tr xep phoi trong lo
He so xep
phoi
ng D
ua
1
y th
K
pham
H Su
tT
Chi
P. Ho
He so xep
phoi
Min
1
1,4
1,4
2,2
1,3
1,8
Hnh 2.13 He so sap xep phoi khi nung nong.

- He so o dai tng oi, phu thuoc vao ty le chieu dai phoi L va ng knh
phoi D, xac nh theo bang 4 sau:
Bang 4
L/D
1,5
0,98
0,92
0,71
125
K - He so nguye n vat lieu:

oi vi thep cacbon co %C < 0,4% K =10
Thep cacbon co %C > 0,4% va thep h p kim thap K = 12,5
Thep hp kim cao K = 20
b. Thi gian gi nhiet: La thi gian gi phoi trong lo khi a at c nhiet o
nung.
Khi phoi a at c nhiet o nung can co mot thi gian gi nhiet e nhiet o vat
nung mat ngoai va ben trong o ng eu.
Thi gian gi nhiet trong lo phu thuoc vao vat lieu nung, kch thc phoi va thi
gian nung. oi vi thep C thi gian gi nhiet bang 2030% thi gian nung; Thep hp kim
thi gian gi nhiet bang 150%.
2.3.3 Toc o nung:
Toc o nung anh hng en nang suat va chat lng nung. Noi chung khi nung
nhloai do chay va
ngi ta co gang nung phoi vi toc o cao nhat e giam hao ph kim
i Mi
h
C
o ng suat nung. Nhng khi
oxyhoa, giam s phat trien o hat do o tang tnh deo va tanPg. Hna
T
t
a
u
th i va ben trong phoi ln, gay ng
toc o nung ln th s chenh lech nhiet o gia ma
Kyt ngoa
m
a
h
suat nhiet ln lam phoi de nt.
Su p
H
D
g
ruonthuoc vao s chenh lech nhiet o gia lo va phoi, phu
Toc o nung kim loa
i Tphu
t
h
yrig
thuoc kch thc pho
Copi va cach sap xep phoi trong lo , he so dan nhiet cua vat nung.
Co hai giai oan e xac nh toc o nung:
1. Giai oan nhiet o thap:
Khi mi cho phoi vao lo, do s chenh lech nhiet o gia phoi va lo ln, kim loai co
tnh deo thap. Giai oan nay l p be mat phoi c nung nong nhanh, s chenh lech nhiet
o gia l p trong va lp ngoai cua phoi ln , v vay lp be mat thng b gian n nhiet
nhieu hn do o hay xuat hien nh ng vet nt te vi. oi vt thep hp kim cao, thep cacbon
cao neu nung khong ung ky thuat, giai oan nay co the gay ra nh ng vet nt ln lam cho
phoi b coi la phe pham.
Toc o nung giai oan nay nen nung cham, goi la toc o nung cho phep.
2. Giai oan nhiet o cao ( oi vi thep t 850oC en nhiet o bat au gia cong):
Khi nhiet o vat nung tre n 850oC th kha nang oxy hoa tao thanh vay ren tang, kha
nang thoat C cua thep tang. giai oan nay tnh deo cua kim loai tang. V vay giai oan
nay can nung vi toc o cao e tang nang suat, giam s oxy hoa, s chay, giam s thoat C
va s ln len cua hat, giam hao ph nhien lieu.
Toc o nung giai oan nay nen nung nhanh, goi la toc o nung ky thuat.
2.4 Thiet b nung:

Trong nganh gia cong ap lc, co the s dung nhieu loai lo nung khac nhau, phan loai
theo cac phng phap sau:
126
Phan loai theo ket cau lo co: Lo chu ky va lo lien tuc.

Lo chu ky la lo c nung phoi theo tng t. Thng ch co mot buong nung, mot vung
nhiet o, mot ca va cho chi tiet vao ong thi cung lay ra theo ca nay.
Lo lien tuc la lo co buong nung dai, co the co nhieu vung nhiet o khac nhau. Chi tiet
lien tuc cho vao mot ca nay, di chuyen dan en ca khac va c lay ra ca th hai.
Phan loai theo dang nang lng co:
-Lo nhien lieu ran: lo ot bang
than cui loai than a.
-Lo nhien lieu long: lo ot bang
dau : dau D.O hoac dau F.O.
-Lo nhien lieu kh: Kh lo cao,
kh lo coc, kh thien nhien (kh dau
mo).
-Lo ien: Gom lo ien tr va lo

ien cam ng trung tan .
uat T
y th
am K
2.4.1 Lo pha n xa (lo buong): H Su ph

D
ong
unhie
r
T
Loai lo nay chtdu
n
g
u
g
i
r
y
e nung phoi ep , re
Conp, dap.
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ac iem: co buong nung kn,

Hnh 2-14 Lo phan xa dung nhien lieu ran.
nhiet o khong eu, kho ng che c
nhiet o nung thong qua he thong nhiet ke kho ng che t ong hoac khon g t ong, phoi
khong tiep xuc trc tiep vi nhien lieu nen chay hao t hn. Co the dung cac dang nang
lng khac nhau : than a, dau, kh, ien tr.
-Lo phan xa nhien lieu ran co mat cat nh hnh 2-14.
Lo gom co buong ot nhien lieu than a 1 va buong nung cha chi tiet nung 2. Kh
chay se theo ranh 5 qua buong 6 va
thoat qua ong khoi 7 ra ngoai. Thanh
chan 3 e ngan cach buong 2 va buong
ot nhien lieu. S ieu chnh nhiet o
lo bang cach ieu chnh lng nhien
lieu va lng gio.
2.4.2 Lo ien: Dung nang
lng ien nung nong phoi e gia cong
ap lc co nhieu dang khac nhau: nung
bang ien tr, nung bang ie n cam
ng hoac nung bang ie n trc tiep qua
chi tiet nung.
Lo ien tr co ket cau gan
Hnh 2-15 Lo ien tr.
127
giong lo buo ng ot bang nhien lieu kh nhng gon nhe hn v kho ng co ong khoi.
Lo thng co dang hnh ho p ch nhat nh tren hnh 2-15.
Tng lo xay ban g gach samot. ay lo bang thep chu nong uc. ien tr c bo tr hai
ben tng lo, hoac ca di ay lo. Neu lo nung yeu cau nhiet o kho ng qua 1000o C ien
tr thng dung la day Crom -Niken loai Cr20Ni80Ti.
Neu yeu cau nung nhiet o tren 1000o C (nung the p) ien tr thng dung la cac
thanh Cacborun (SiC), at ng hai thanh ben cua lo. Lo co u iem la khong che nhiet
o de dang chnh xac (sai so 5oC) ,chat lng vat nung cao, t b chay va oxy hoa nen
giam lng hao ph kim loai, thi gian nung nhanh.
uat T
y th
am K
ight
opyr
h
Su p
H
D
ng
4
Chi
P. Ho
Min
uo
Tr Hnh 2-16 Lo cam ng.
Trong trng hp nung cac chi tiet nho va san xuat hang loat ln ngi ta thng
nung kim loai bang lo ien cam ng. V yeu cau nhiet o cua phoi nung phai ong eu t
mat en tam cua phoi ngha la phai nung thau, do o tan so cua lo nung c gii han t
1 5 KHz (tan so trung bnh). Tren hnh 2-16 trnh bay s o nung chi tiet hnh cau qua lo
cam ng . Phoi 1 c at tren mat trt 2, nh he thong piston thuy lc 3 t ong ay
phoi theo chu ky vao vong cam ng 5.
Cac vong cam ng bao quanh buong lo co lp cach ien. Phoi c gi bang ta 9. Khi di
chuyen het chieu dai cua vong cam ng, chi tiet c nung thau theo ca 6 va mang 7 ra
ngoai, chuyen en may gia cong ap lc. e tranh oxy hoa be mat vat nung, ngi ta co
the cho mot luong kh bao ve i qua buong nung (nh nit, acgo ng).
2.5 Lam nguoi sau khi gia cong:

Sau khi gia cong neu che o lam nguoi khong hp ly , se lam cho san pham b cong
venh, nt ne. Lam nguoi bang cach sau khi ren, xep thanh ong trong lo co cha voi bot
hoac trong lo co nhiet o thap hn nhiet o ren, hoac e trong ho co cat kho, hoac at
trong kho ng kh phu cac ao bao ve bang amiang muc ch e lam nguoi cham.
128
Chng 3
Can va keo kim loai.

3.1 Can kim loai:
3.1.1 Thc chat cua qua trnh can:
Can la mot trong 3 khau chu yeu cua cac nha may luyen kim: (luyen thep
uc thoi
can ).
Can la qua trnh bien dan g kim loai qua khe h cua cac truc can quay ngc chieu
nhau e tao nen qua trnh can bang lc ma sat.
Hnh 2-17 gii thieu s o nguyen ly cua qua trnh can ( can bang hai truc, ba truc,
mot lo hnh va nhieu lo hnh).
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 2-17 S o nguyen ly cua qua trnh can.

ac iem:
- San pham can co o chnh xac va o nhan be mat cao.
- Nang suat cao, de c kh hoa va t ong hoa.
- Can khong nhn g thay oi hnh dang kch thc phoi ma con nang cao chat lng
kim loai v trong qua trnh can cac ro xop, ro kh trong thoi can c han lai, mat o kim
loai tang len, hat nho mn.
- Can co the thc hien trang thai can nong hoac can nguoi. Can nong co u iem:
de bien dang do kim loai co tnh deo cao, nang suat cao, lc can nho. Nhng chat lng
be mat kem v co ton tai vay sat tren mat phoi khi nung. Do o, can nong thng dung e
can tho, can tam day, can thep hp kim.
129
Can nguoi khac phuc cac khuyet iem cua can nong: be mat nhan bong, kch
thc chnh xac nhng nang suat thap, lc bien dang ln, khuo n chong mon nen ch dung
e can tinh, can thep mong, can kim loai mem deo.
- Co the ket hp qua trnh uc- can e tang l ng san pham can va giam chi ph
san xuat.
Khi can dung cac thong so sau e bieu th:
- He so keo dai la ty so chieu dai phoi sau khi can va trc khi can hoac ty so
l1
Fo
gia tiet dien trc va sau khi can.

lo
F1
He so nay thng bang 1 2 tuy theo vat lieu, chieu day phoi, nhiet o can, toc
o can va cac ieu kien khac.
- Lng e p tuyet oi h la hieu so gia chieu cao phoi trc va sau khi can.
h = (ho h1) (mm)
- So lan can:
Trong o:
lg Fo lg Fn
lg tb
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
n la so lan can (lay quy

tron, kho ng lay so thap phan).
Fo la dien tch phoi ban
au (mm2).
Hnh 2-18 S o qua trnh can.
Fn la dien tch cua san
pham (mm2).
tb la he so keo dai trung bnh cua tng loai lo hnh (tra bang v du thep tron co tiet
dien tron, vuong, dettrc can tinh tb=1,101,30; Can tinh tb=1,131,15).
Tren hnh 2-18, vung ABBA goi la vung bie n dang. Cung AB ma truc can tiep
xuc vi phoi goi la cung an, goc tng ng goi la goc an .
Quan he gia lng ep va goc an bieu th nh sau:
h = D(1 - cos)
Trong o: D la ng knh cua truc can.
- S thay oi chieu dai trc va sau khi can goi la lng gian dai:
L = l1 lo
- S thay oi chieu rong trc va sau khi can goi la lng gian rong:
b = b1 bo
130
ieu kien e kim loai co the can c goi la ieu kien can vao.
Khi kim loai tiep xuc vi truc can tai iem A va A, moi pha cua truc can tac dung
len vat can hai lc: Phan lc N va lc ma sat T.Neu he so ma sat gia truc can va phoi la
f th:
T = N.f
v f = tg ( la goc ma sat) nen
T = N .tg
Tren hnh 2-18, lc N va lc T co the chia thanh 2 thanh phan: nam ngang va
thang ng:
Thanh phan nam ngang:
Nx = N.sin
Tx = T.cos = N.f.cos = N.tg.cos
Thanh phan thang ng:
Ny = N.cos
Ty = T.sin
Thanh phan lc thang ng Ny va Ty co tac dung lam bien dang kim loai (giam
nh
i Mmi ngang Nx co tac
chieu cao, tang chieu rong va chieu dai phoi can). Con than h phaCnhna
o
. H e
dung keo phoi can ra, Tx co tac dung ay vao lo hnh.uaDo
o
co the can c, thanh
TP
t
h
t
y
phan lc nam ngang phai thoa man ieu kien: am K
h
Su p
> N.sin
Tx > Nx hay D
N.tg.cos
H
ng
o
u
r
tg > tg
T
ght
i
r
y
>
Cop Hoac
Ngha la goc ma sat phai ln hn goc an
Khi phoi can vao vung bien dang th goc an se nho dan, en khi phoi can a
hoan toan vao trong hai truc can goc an ch con bang /2. ieu nay chng to khi a can
thanh th goc ma sat ch can ln hn /2 cun g u e qua trnh can tiep tuc c. Hien
tng nay goi la ma sat tha.
e am bao ieu kien can vao , ong thi s dung ma sat tha khi can thanh,
ngi ta thc hien cac bien phap sau:
Tang he so ma sat bang cach khoet cac ranh, han vet tren truc can (dung khi can
tho); tm cach giam nhiet o au phoi e tang he so ma sat; boi cac chat tang ma sat.
e nhanh chong tao ieu kien can thanh, ngi ta tang toc o ban au cua phoi can, lam
cho au phoi can nho lai (ren) trc khi cho vao truc can. Thay oi o h gia hai truc can
trong qua trnh can ngha la luc au cho o h ln tao ieu kien can vao de dang ( nho),
sau o giam dan en o h can thiet.
3.1.2 Phan loai cac phng phap ca n:
- Can c vao nhiet o nung cua phoi ta co can nong va can nguoi.
- Theo chieu quay cua truc can va phng truc can co cac phng phap can gii
thieu tren hnh 2-19:
Can ngang: Hai truc can song song va quay cun g chieu, ngc vi chieu quay cua
phoi (hnh 2-19a).
131
Can doc: Hai truc can song song va quay ngc chieu nhau, n g knh truc can
bang nhau hoac kho ng bang nhau (hnh 2-19b).
Can nghieng: Hai truc can quay cung chieu, nhng truc cua chung nghieng vi
nhau mot goc e tao nen lc ay doc (hnh 2-19c).
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 2-19 S o nguyen ly cua cac phng phap can kim loai.
a) Can ngang b) Can doc c) Can nghieng.
Chi
P. Ho
3.1.3 Cac san pham can:
Min
T
huat
t
y
K loai can thng gom thep cacbon thap
Hnh 2-20 gii thieu san pham can. Vat lieuakim
ph m
u
S
va trung bnh, thep h p kim deo, hp D
kim
H mau gom 4 loai:
ng
o
u
r
T
ght
i
r
y
Cop
Hnh 2-20 San pham can.

1.Thep tam: Co 3 nhom.
- Tam mong: Co chieu day t 0,2 mm en 3,75 mm, rong t 600 mm en 2200
mm.
- Tam day: Co chieu day t 4 mm en 60mm hoac ln hn, rong t 600mm en
5000 mm, dai t 4000 mm en 12000 mm.
- Thep dai: Thep dai dai co chieu rong t 200 mm en 1500 mm, dai t 4000mm
en 60000 mm, day t 0,2 mm en 2 mm.
2. Thep o ng: Chia lam hai nhom.
- Thep ong kho ng co moi han:
Thep can t phoi thoi theo cong nghe ac biet trc tiep thanh ong (may can ong
lien tuc) co ng knh ngoai t 5mm en 426 mm hoac ln hn, chieu day thanh ong t
132
0,5 mm en 40 mm. Nhng ong mong, ng knh nho co the dung phng phap can
nguoi.
- Thep ong co moi han:
Che tao ban g phng phap cuon thep tam (hoac thep dai) mong thanh ong, sau khi
cuon se han bang han ien hoac han kh Moi han xoan oc co o ben, o cng cao hn
moi han ng than g. Loai ong nay co ng knh ngoai en 720 mm hoac ln hn, chieu
day thanh ong e n 14mm
3. Thep hnh:
- Thep thanh: can t phoi thep thoi thanh cac thanh co tiet dien n gian khac nhau
nh tron, luc giac, bat giac, vuong, ch nhat, tam giac v.vvi cac kch thc tiet dien
khac nhau, sau o cat thanh tng thanh dai 4000 mm, 6000 mm, 8000 mm hoac 12000
mm.
- San pham co tiet dien phc tap hnh ch T, U, L, V, I thep ng ray va nhieu
hnh phc tap khac, co chieu dai 4000, 6000, 8000 mm vi kch thc tiet dien khac nhau.
4. Cac dang sa n pham ac biet: nh bi, ren, banh xe tro n hi Minh
C
. Ho
P
T
San pham can co the em dung ngay ( ntghuray,
at ren bulong, ong) nhieu loai
y
K
phai qua bc gia cong tiep ( re n dap, han hoa
acmgia cong cat got).
u ph
S
H
D
3.1.4 Thiet b can:
uong
r
T
ight yeu cu a may can:

ynrchu
p
a. Cac bo pha
o
C
Hnh 2.21 trnh bay cac bo phan chu yeu cua may can
Hnh 2-21 S o may can.

1.Truc can 2. Truc truyen 3. Hop banh rang ch V 4. Ly hp
5.Hop giam toc 6. Banh a 7. Ly hp 8.on g c ien.
- Gia can: La bo phan chu yeu cua may can, tren gia can lap truc can, co he thong
ieu chnh khoan g cach cac truc can.
- Truc can: Truc can gom than truc can (1) va co truc (2) va au ch thap (3) nh
tren hnh 2-22. Truc can co the la truc phang ( hnh 2-22a) dung e can thep tam, thep
dai, co the la truc bac e can thep det, co the la truc can co ranh (mot ranh hay nhieu
133
ranh), khi hai truc can an khp tao nen cac lo hnh t n gian en phc tap (hnh 2-22b)
e can thep hnh.
Can nong: truc can lam bang gang cau hoac gang deo; Thep 45 nhiet luyen co o
cng HRC = 4550; The p hp kim chu nong thap va trung bnh nh Cr15;CrWMn
Can nguoi: truc can phai lam t thep
hp kim nh 40CrNi, nhiet luyen tot co HRC
= 5662; co o bong cao Rz t 1,63,2m.
Co truc can la phan e lap len hop
truc can. au ch thap la cho e noi truc can
vi bo phan truyen dan.
a)
- Hop giam toc la bo phan giam toc o

quay khi chuye n on g t ong c en truc can.
- Hop banh ran g ch V: La bo phan
b) h
nhan chuyen ong t hop giam toc qua cac
in c can.
M
Hnh 2-22
Tru
i
h
C
banh rang ch V e phan phoi cho cac truc
Ho ng. b) truc can thep
a) TrucatcaTnP.pha
u
can. Banh rang ch V co tac dung triet tieu
y th
hnh.
K
m
a
lc chieu truc va lc trt gia hai trucSucapnh,
H
bao am vat can i thang sau khiuoqua
ng Dlo hnh.
r
T
ght
i
r
y
3.2 Keo day: Cop
3.2.1 Thc chat cua qua trnh keo day kim loai:
Keo day la phng phap lam bien dang deo kim loai qua lo hnh cua khuon keo
di tac dung cua lc keo lam cho tiet dien cua phoi giam, chieu dai tang ( hnh 2-23).
Phoi dang day, ong ,thanh. Khuon keo la thiet b chnh e keo kim loai. Hnh dang tiet
dien khuo n keo quyet nh hnh dang tiet dien san pham.
Keo day co the tien han h trang thai nong hoac trang thai nguoi.
Keo nguoi, kim loai bien dang kho nen phai dung lc keo ln, nang suat thap
nhng c tnh cao do sau khi keo kim loai c hoa ben, o bong be mat cao, o chnh xac
ve kch thc cao. o chnh xac co the at cap 2 4, o bo ng at R Z 3,2 R Z 1,6. Thng
keo nhng kim loai co o deo cao nh the p C thap, ong, van gPhai dung chat boi trn,
chon phu thuoc vao vat lieu phoi, toc o keo va lc keo nh dau thc vat, dau hoa, nc
xa bong, bot phan ch, m o ng vat
Keo nong, kim loai bien dang de, nang suat cao nhng c tnh, o bong va o
chnh xac cua san pham kem hn keo nguoi.
Keo day co the tao san pham co tiet dien tro n hoac a giac, nhng thng ngi ta
ch tao tiet dien tron ac (keo day) va tiet dien hnh vanh khan (keo ong). San pham thep
co tiet dien tron thc hien tren may can ln ch at en ng knh 8 mm, tren may can
nho 6 mm, muon nho hn phai qua keo day, thng la keo nguoi. Sau moi lan keo kim
134
loai b bien cng mot phan. Do o, sau vai lan keo phai em u ket tinh lai e phuc hoi
tnh deo mi keo tiep c.
b)
a)
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su pc)
H
D
uong
Hnhh2-23
TrS o ke o va tiet dien san pham keo.
t
ig
a) S oCke
opoyrday b) Tiet die n san pham keo c) Cac phng phap keo ong.
b) 1. Phoi 2.San pham 3. Khuon keo 4. Long khuon 5. gia keo.
Keo ong thep hoac kim loai mau lam cho ng knh ngoai, ng knh trong va
chieu day cua thanh ong eu giam. Keo o ng con dung e gia cong tinh be mat cac ong
can co moi han.
Tuy thuoc tnh deo cua kim loai, hnh dang lo khuon , moi lan keo tiet dien co the
giam xuong 15 35%. Ty le gia ng knh trc va sau khi keo goi la he so keo dai K.
He so keo dai co the xac nh theo cong thc:
K
dO
1
d1
p (1 f cot g )
Trong o:
do, d1- ng knh day trc va sau khi keo (mm)
- Gii han ben cua kim loai (N/mm2)
p - Ap lc cua khuo n keo ep len kim loai (N/mm2).
- Goc nghieng cua lo khuon.
f - He so ma sat.
Keo co the thc hien qua mot khuon hoac nhieu khuon tuy thuoc ng knh phoi
ban au do va ng knh cuoi cung cua san pham dn . So lan keo n phai tnh sao cho moi
lan keo dai khong c vt qua he so keo dai cho phep.
135
T n g knh ban au do en ng knh cuoi cun g dn phai keo qua cac khuon keo
trung gian th:
d
d1 0
d
d
k
d 2 1 02
k
k
d
d
d n n 1 0n
k
k
kn
d0
dn
n lg k lg d 0 lg d n
lg d 0 lg d n
lg k
Lc keo day phai am bao u ln e cho kim

loai bien dang va thang lc ma sat gia kim loai va
khuon, nhng lc keo nay phai thoa man ieu kien :
ng suat tai tiet dien a ra khoi khuo n phai nho hn
nh
i Mi
h
C
gii han ben cho phep cua vat lieu, neu khon g se lam
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
t day kim loai khi ra khoi khuo n keo .
Ky t
m
a
h
Lc keo day co the xac nh theo
coSnugpthc sau :
H
D
g
F
ruon
f cot g )
(N)
P .F1 . lgighot(1 T
yr
Cop F1
Trong o:
- Gii han ben cua kim loai lay bang tr so trung bnh
gii han ben cua vat lieu trc va sau khi keo (N/mm2).
Fo, F1 - Tiet dien kim loai trc va sau khi keo (mm2)
f - He so ma sat gia vat lieu va khuon.
Hnh 2-24 Khuon keo.
3.2.2 Dung cu va thiet b keo:
a. Khuo n keo:
Gom khuon keo I va gia khuo n II (hnh 2-
1. Vung boi trn

2. Vung bie n dang ()
3. Vung nh knh
4. Vung ra.
24)
Gia khuo n che tao bang thep cacbon tho ng th ng va bat chat vao may keo.
Khuon keo I che tao bang thep dung cu thuoc nhom thep khuon dap nguoi nh
CD80, CD120 , 120Cr12, 120Cr12Mo, 30CrMnSiA, hp kim cng BK8 hoac bang kim
cng.
Lo khuon che tao gom cac phan c ban sau:
- Vung 1: Vun g boi trn co hnh non goc 90o e kim loai vao va cha chat boi trn.
- Vung 2: Vun g bien dang co goc nghieng 2. Khi keo day goc = 10o 12o. Tuy
thuoc tng kim loai keo, chieu dai l2 > d cua day kim loai.
- Vung 3: Vu ng nh knh la hnh tru e tinh chnh lai ng knh day co chieu dai
l3 = 1 / 2 d.
- Vung 4: Vun g ra co goc 60o e day thoat khoi khuon de dang, khong b xc.
136
b. May keo day: Can c vao phng phap keo co the chia lam hai loai: May keo
thang dang xch (e keo ra thanh, ong thang) va may keo co dang tang trong (e cuon san
pham day).
May keo thang dung khi keo cac day hoac ong co ng knh ln khong cuon
c (d = 6 10 mm hoac ln hn). Lc keo cua may t 0,2 en 75 tan, toc o keo
15 45 m/ph. Tuy ket cau cua may co the keo mot hoac nhieu san pham cung mot luc.
Tren hnh 2-24 la s o may keo co dang tang trong du ng khi ke o si dai co the cuon tron
c.
May keo day mot khuon keo dung keo day hoac thoi co ng knh t 4,5 en
16mm. Tren hnh 2-24a phoi day cuon tren on g 1, sau o qua khuon keo 2 co nh tren gia
, dung ga lap keo ac biet e keo qua khuon mot oan dai 1,5 2m, sau o cuon len
trong 3. Sau khi cho m may, chuyen ong quay cua trong se tien hanh qua trnh keo si.
ight
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P. Ho
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Hnh 2-24 May keo co tang cuon.

a) May co mot khuon keo. b) May co nhieu khuon keo khong
trt. c) May co nhieu khuon ke o co s trt.
May co nhieu khuon th phoi qua mot so khuon keo (5 en 19 khuon). Cac khuon
keo co ng knh lo khuon giam dan at gia cac trong quay hoac con lan.
Hnh 2-24b. La s o may keo nhieu khuon khong trt. Phoi cuon tren cuon 1,
qua khuon keo 2 va cuo n len trong 3. Sau o lai qua khuon keo 4 va cuo n len trong 5,
cuoi cung qua khuon keo 6. San pham cuon len trong 7. Toc o ra au cac khuon keo
tng ng vi toc o vong cua cac trong, lc keo day do s quay cua cac trong. Toc o
quay n cua cac trong theo th t tang dan (n1 < n2 << n n). e day keo luo n c cang
dung he thong rong roc 8, 9, 10 va vong quay 11.
May keo day nhieu khuon keo co s trt (hnh 2-24c) th cac khuon keo 2 co tiet
dien giam dan va gia nhng khuo n keo la nhng con lan 3. San pham c cuon len
137
trong 4. S quay cua trong nay ong thi tao nen tong lc keo cua cac khuon. Tren moi
con lan co 3, 4 vong xoan e cuon day qua.
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138
Chng 4
REN T DO VA REN KHUON (Ren- Dap)

4.1 Khai niem, phan loai cac thiet b ren dap:
4.1.1 Khai niem va ac iem:
- Nguyen ly c ban cua Ren dap la: Li dung tnh deo cua kim loai, lam bien dang
kim loai the ran di tac dung cua ngoai lc e tao ra than h pham va ban than h pham
co hnh dang kch thc nhat nh.
- Muc ch: Ngoai muc ch tao hnh va kch thc mong muo n, ren dap con co tac
dung cai thien to chc cua kim loai tren toan bo san pham, loai tr cac khuyet tat do uc
nh ro kh, ro co lam cho to chc kim loai mn chat, nang cao c tnh kim loai.
- ac iem: Ren dap thng c ng dung e tao phoi cho gia cong c kh, co tac
dung nang cao c tnh kim loai, giam lng d cat got, tang o chnh xac va nang suat cat
nh
got, do o giam gia thanh gia cong.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP. the p cacbon, thep hp kim,
Ren dap co the gia con g cac kim loai khac nhau
nh
t
a
u
y thtitan v.v
hp kim ong, hp kim nhom, hp kim magieh, ah
pKkim
m
Su p
H
D
Phoi cua ren dap co the
nlag phoi uc, thanh can, kim loai tam v.v
Truo
t
h
rigdu
4.1.2 Thiet b
ng cu re n dap:
yva
Cop
Trong mot xng ren dap, can phai trang b cac thiet b va dung cu c ban sau:
a. Cac loai may tao lc. o la cac may bua, may dap, may epc ac trng bi
khoi lng phan ri va lc ep.
b. Cac dung cu tao hnh nh : Bua, e, ban la, ban top, khuon , mui ot v.v
c. Cac dung cu kep chat nh : km, eto v.v
d. Cac dung cu o lng nh : thc, compa, dng
e. Cac thiet b nung nong: cac loai lo.
Cac loai may re n dap:
Phan thanh 4 nhom theo ac iem cong tac nh sau:
- Nhom 1: Gom nhng may sinh ra lc tac dung va ap goi la nhom may bua nh
may bua hi, may bua lo xo, may bua hi nc va may bua van go v.v
Nhom may nay co ac iem trong thi gian con g tac van toc cua au bua tai thi
iem cham vat co gia tr cc ai, sau o giam ot ngot ve khong, bien thien theo o th
hnh 2-25a, thng van toc cc ai (ky hieu Vmax) at ti 5 10m/s va thi gian cong tac
(ky hieu tct) < 0,01s.
- Nhom 2: Gom nhn g may tao lc tnh goi la nhom may ep nh may ep thuy lc,
may ep ma sat v.v
Nhom may nay co ac iem trong thi gian cong tac van toc au nen tai thi iem
cham vat co mot gia tr nao o bien thien theo o th hnh 2-25b, thng co Vmax = 0,2m/s
va tct > 0,1s.
138
Vmax
Vmax
Vmax
tct
a)
tct
b)
tct
c)
Hnh 2-25 Quan he gia V va t

a) Nhom may bua. b) Nhom may ep. c) Nhom may dap.
- Nhom 3: Gom nhng may tao lc ong nh may dap truc khuyu, may ren ngang.
May nay co ac iem van toc au nen tai thi iem cham vat at en gia tr cc ai roi
sau o giam dan en kho ng, bien thien nh o th hnh 2-25c. Nhom ma
nyhnay co van toc
i Mi
h
C
cc ai at c Vmax = 5 m/s, con Tct > 0,01s.
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
y tnhg tac quay tron theo mot toc o xac
-Nhom 4: May thuoc nhom nay co bo phanKco
m
a
u nphtoc va thi gian cong tac cua chung co nhieu
nh, n g bieu dien moi quan he giHa Sva
D
nga tng loai may. May thuoc nhom nay gom: truc ren,
dang phc tap, tuy thuoc ket T
caruuocu
t
h
may ren lien tuc v.v
yrig
Cop
1. May bua hi:
La may bua khong kh chay bang ong c,
c dung pho bien trong cac xng ren hien nay e
ren t do cac chi tiet nho va trung bnh. Ky hieu la
BH kem theo ch so ch khoi l ng phan ri (v du:
BH500 la may bua hi co khoi lng phan ri la
500 kg).
Hnh 2-27 gii thieu s o nguyen ly lam
viec may bua hi: truyen ong t ong c 1, tho ng
qua bo truyen ai 2,3,4 lam truc khuyu 5 quay. Tay
Hnh 2-26 May bua hi.
bien (thanh truyen) 6 bien chuyen ong quay tron
cua truc khuyu 5 thanh chuyen ong tnh tien cua pittong ep 8. Pittong e p 8 khi i len
hoac xuong tao ra kh ep co ap suat cao buon g tren hoac buong di cua xilanh ep 7.
Nh he thong van ie u khien 9 ma kh ep t xilanh 7 c truyen qua xi lanh au bua 10
e nang au bua 11 i len hoac ay au bua i xuong ap. Tren pittong au bua 11 co
gan e tren 13. e di c gan vao be e 16. He thong can ieu khien 17 dung e ieu
khien ong m he tho ng van 9.
Ngoai ra, bua co n co cac bo phan khac nh : van an toan, van 1 chieu , he thong
ien, he thong boi trnTat ca cac bo phan tren c bo tr trong mot than may dang ch
C vng chac, co hnh dan g ben ngoai nh hnh 2-26.
139
Theo phng phap tac dung cua hi ep, bua hi co 2 loai: May bua tac dung n
va may bua tac dung kep. May bua tac dung n la loai may bua ma xylanh cong tac ch
co mot ng dan kh ap lc cao vao buong di cua xy lanh e nang au bua len, con
hanh trnh i xuo ng cua au bua la do s ri t do cua khoi lng phan ri.
May bua tac dung n co toc o cham, nang ln g ap khong cao, ieu chnh nang
lng ap kho khan, nen hien nay t c dung.
May bua tac dung kep la loai may bua ma hanh trnh i xuong cua au bua khong
nhng ch do s ri t do cua khoi lng phan ri ma con do ap suat kh nen cua buong
tren xylanh tac dung. V the may bua tac dung kep co toc o ap nhanh, nang l ng ap
ln, ieu chnh nan g lng de dang, nen hien nay c dung pho bien.
9
Hnh 2-27 S o
nguyen ly cong tac
cua may bua hi.
1. ong c 2.Puli 3.ai
4. Banh a
5. Truc khuyu
6. Thanh truyen
ht
7. Xilanh nen
yrig
p
o
C
8. Pittong nen
9. Van kh
10.Xilanh bua
11. Pittong bua
12. Than pittong bua
13. au bua (e tren).
14. e di
15. Goi e
16. Be e
17. Ban ap ieu khien.
uo
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May bua hi lam viec theo bon hanh trnh: Khong tai, treo, ap va ep (hnh 2-28):
- Hanh trnh khong tai: o ng cau dao ien cho ong c lam viec, m can gat v
tr khong tai. Khi ay van tren 9a va van di 9b v tr nh hnh ve 2-28a. Van 9a va 9b
co nong van va ong van tren o co gia cong cac ranh, lo e dan kh. Khi van v tr khong
tai, pittong ep 8 i len, kh ep t buon g tren xi lanh ep 7 truye n qua van tren 9a vao hop
gio roi thoat qua van mot chieu at tren nh may va thoat ra ngoai. Khi pittong ep 8 i
xuong, kh ep t buo ng di xi lanh 7 qua van di 9b vao hop gio roi qua van mot chieu
ra ngoai. au bua luc nay ng yen.
- Hanh trnh bua treo: Can ieu khien c gat qua v tr bua treo sao cho he thong
van 9a, 9b nh hnh 2-28b. Khi ay pittong ep 8 i len, kh ep t buong tren xi lanh ep 7
van c thoat ra ngoai nh khi bua khon g tai. Con khi pittong ep 8 i xuo ng kh ep t
140
buong di xi lanh 7 qua van di 9b theo ng mot chieu sang buong di cua xi lanh
au bua10, nang au bua 11 i le n trang thai treo e chuan b ap. Kh e p tha t buong
tren xi lanh bua 10 c dan qua van 9a en buong cha kh roi ra ngoai. Hanh trnh nay
ch gi trong thi gian nhat nh neu lau ap suat trong xi lanh bua qua cao se gay nguy
hiem nhat la nhng may bua khong co van an toan.
DH S
g
n
Truo
ht b) Bua treo.
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
c) Bua ap lien tuc. d) Bua ep.

a) Khong tai.
g
i
r
y
Cop Hnh 2-28 V tr van kh bua lam viec.
- Hanh trnh bua ap: Khi ap vao can ieu khien, van tren 9a va van di 9b se
m ra v tr nh hnh 2-28c. Khi pittong ep 8 i len, kh ep t buo ng ben cua xi lanh 7
qua van 9a sang buong tren xi lanh au bua, ay au bua i xuong ap. Khi pittong 8 i
xuong, kh e p t buong di cua xi lanh 7 qua van 9b sang buong di cua xi lanh au bua
10, nang au bua i len. C the bua ap lien tuc. Neu an vao can ap cang manh th van
m cang nhieu, lng kh tac dung qua van cang ln lam bua ap cang manh. Neu an tc
thi mot cai th bua ap nhat mot, con an lien tuc bua se ap lien tuc.
- Hanh trnh bua ep: Gat tay gat v tr ep, sao cho van v tr nh hnh 2-28d.
Ngc lai vi hanh trnh bua treo, khi pittong ep 8 i len, kh ep t buong tre n xi lanh ep
c qua van 9a theo ng mot chieu dan qua buo ng tren xi lanh bua 10 ay au bua i
xuong ep. Khi pittong 8 i xuon g, kh ep t buon g di cua 7 theo van 9b va thoat ra
ngoai.
ac iem cua may bua hi: co tan so ap ln t 95 en 210 lan ap/phut. Toc o
ap cao nen toc o bien dang l n. ieu chnh lc ap de dang, ieu khien tien li. Khoi
lng be e thng gap 830 lan khoi lng phan ri ( Pittong bua, au bua(e tren)).
May gay chan ong ln khi ap nen khoi lng phan ri han che < 1000kg.
2. May bua lo xo:
La loai may bua cau tao rat n gian, co than may mang he thong on bay dang
141
lo xo nhp. Mot au nhp c noi vi tay bien nhan chuyen ong t banh lech tam. Mot
au nhp noi vi au bua (hnh 2-29). ong c
quay lam banh lech tam 6 quay, thong qua tay
bien 5 lam lo xo nhp 4 chuyen ong, lam au
bua 2 chuyen ong tnh tien len xuong ap
vao vat ren tren e 1. May bua lo xo co trong
lng au ri t 30 60 kg, co toc o ap
nhanh, lc ap nhe, to n hao nhieu do bien
dang an hoi cua lo xo nhp. May nay ch
dung trong cac xng re n nho .
3. May bua hi nc- khong kh ep
ren khuon:
May bua nay co loai tac dung n va
Hnh 2-29. S o nguye n ly lam viec
co loai tac dung kep. Hien nay, thng dung
may bua lo xo.
loai tac dung kep co khoi lng phan ri t
nh
i Mi
h
C
500 34000Kg. Ap lc hi nc hoac khon g kh nen trung. bnh
Ho trong xylanh co ng tac
TP
t
a
u
khoang 7 9at. So vi may bua hi nc khong kh
hep ren t do th may ren khuon co
Ky t
m
a
khoang cach hai than may hep, au con tr
thco ran h dan h ng, ty so khoi lng gia be
Su p
H
D
e va phan ri ln hn.
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 2-30 May bua
hi nc- khong kh
ep ren khuon.
a) Hnh dang ben
ngoai.
b) S o nguyen ly
lam viec.
1. on bay
2. Van trt
3. Van
4; 6. on bay
5.Thanh ty
7. Lo xo
8. Ban ap
a)
b)
9. au bua
10. Pittong
Tren hnh 2-30 gii thieu s o nguyen ly lam viec cua may bua hi nc khong
kh ep ren khuon. Luc bnh thng van trt 2 v tr trung gian do o cang cua lo xo 7 a
xac nh, au bua ng yen v tr nao o. Khi chuan b cho bua lam viec, ngi ta m
ng dan hi nc hay khon g kh ep en ong a. Muon au bua chuyen ong ngi ta an
nhe ban ap 8, thong qua he thong on bay 6 va 4 lam cho van 3 m nho a luong hi
142
nc hay khong kh ep vao tac dung len mat tren cua pittong 10 (nh v tr hnh ve) a
au bua 9 i xuong, lng kh tha buong di theo long cua van trt 2 thoat ra ngoai
theo ong b. ong thi vi luc au bua 9 i xuong th he thong on bay 6 va 1 cung se a
van trt 2 xuon g di, en mot mc o nao o ran h khuyet cua van trt 2 se hng
ng kh a t ong a vao mat di cua pisyon 10 a au bua 9 i len , kh tha buong
tren nh van trt 2 thoat ra ngoai theo ong b. au bua i len en moi hanh trnh xac
nh th mat vat cua no se ep vao thanh ty 5 thong qua he thong on bay 1 nhac van trt
2 len chuan b cho hanh trnh i xuon g tiep theo au bua. Chu trnh t ong nh the c
c lap lai. Muon bua ap cang manh th tac dung lc vao ban ap 8 cang ln e m van
3 cang rong. Khi muon bua dng chuyen ong ta thoi tac dung lc len ban ap 8, lo xo 7
a van trt 2 ve v tr trung gian, au bua se ng yen v tr xac nh. Con neu thoi
lam viec th ong tat luon ng dan hi nc hay khong kh ep vao ong a.
4. May ep ma sat kieu truc vt:
May ep ma sat kieu truc vt co lc ep t 40 630 tan. May dung e ren trong
khuon h, ren trong khuo n kn. Do lc ep khong ln nen thng dung e
ren cac hp kim
nh
i Mi
h
C
mau nh hp kim ong va cac hp kim kem deo khac.
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Nguye n ly lam viec cua may bieu dien tre
Kynt s o
m
a
u pyh la 3 banh ma
hnh 2-31. Bo phan quan trong nhat cuHa Sma
D
uongoc.
sat va bo truyen ong truc vt Trai
t
righ
opyla
Khi chuanCb
m viec ta ong ong c lam puli 1
va 2 banh ma sat 2 va 3 quay theo chieu mui ten. Banh ma
sat 12 cha tiep xuc vi banh ma sat 2 va 3. Luc muon au
ep 9 i xuong ta an can ieu khien 8 thong qua he thong
on bay 4 lam banh ma sat 2 tiep xuc vi banh ma sat 12,
trut vt 10 quay a au ep 9 i xuong do ai oc 11 co nh.
Neu thoi an can ieu khien 8, lo xo se tra no ve v tr trung
gian ban au, hai banh ma sat 2 va 12 tach ra, au may ep
Hnh 2-31
ng yen. Muon au e p 9 i len ta keo can ieu khien len S o nguye n ly may ep
pha tren, nh he thong on bay 4 lam banh ma sat 3 ep ma sat kieu truc vt.
vao banh ma sat 12, truc vt 10 quay theo chieu ngc lai
a au ep i len. Chot 6 va hai c ty 5 va 7 dung e khong che hanh trnh lam viec va
bao am cho may cong tac an toan, khoang cach gia c ty 5 va 7 co the ieu chnh c.
5. May ep thuy lc
May ep thuy lc la mot loai thiet b ren dap truyen dan bang chat long (dau, nc)
co ap suat cao. May ep thuy lc c ap dung rong rai trong nhieu lanh vc khac
nhau:ren t do, ren khuon, ep o ng kim loai mau, ep chat deo, e p kim loai bot v.v
Nguye n ly tac dung cua may ep thuy lc da vao nh luat Pascal la: Ap suat
c truyen i tat ca cac iem cua chat long nguyen ven va theo moi phng.
May nen gom mot xi lanh va pittong ln ng knh D, mot xi lanh va pittong nho
143
ng knh d, hai xi lanh thong nhau va cha chat lon g, mot canh tay on quay quanh truc
e ieu khie n may ep (hnh 2-32).
Khi tac ong vao on mot lc F,
nh nguyen tac on bay, lc tac ong
vao pittong nho se la P1, ap suat tai xy
lanh nho la:
p1
4P
P1
12
2
d
d
4
Theo nh luat Pascal ap suat tai

xi lanh ln cung la p 1. Vay lc tac ong
len mat pittong ln la:
P2 p1
D 2
Hnh 2-32 S o truyen lc bang chat long.
4 P1 D 2
D2
P
1
d 2 4
d2
nh
i Mi
h
C
Neu p 1 va d khong oi, muon tang P2 ta phai tangT
P. Hnog knh D cua pittong ln.
t
a
u
th i lng may khong the qua cong
Nhng viec lam nay b han che v kch thc va
Kykho
m
a
h
kenh. Con ng u viet hn la tang apH sua
Su pt cua dong chat long bang cach dung bm dau
D
ng
e nen them dau vao hai xy lanh
Truo( hoac bo phan khuech ai ap suat ).
t
igh
opmyrviec cua bo phan khuech ai ap suat hnh 2-33 nh sau: Tac dung
Nguye n lyCla
vao pittong co ng knh D ap suat nho p1 co the nhan c au pittong co ng knh
d ap suat ln p2. He so khuech ai ap suat se la:
4
en
ma y
ep
p2 .d2 = p 1 .D2
Do o:
p2
D
p1
d2
P2
Nh he thong khuech ai ap suat nh the ngi ta co

the khuech ai ap suat t 6 12 at len en 400 600 at.
Truyen ap suat cao bang thuy lc en cac may ep, ngi ta co
the tao cho may ep thuy lc en 7000 tan va co the ln hn.
May ep thuy lc co nhieu kieu khac nhau tuy theo yeu
cau ve o chnh xac va cong dung cua no.
S o nguyen ly may ep thuy lc c trnh bay tren
hnh 2-34: May gom co hai xi lanh: xi lanh nang 1 va xi lanh
ep 2. Chat long t be cha 9 nh bm cao ap 8 c truyen ti
bnh on ap 7 qua van phan phoi 6 c a vao xy lanh nang 1
hoac xy lanh ep 2. e nang ha xa ngang 3 mang au ep. ta
ieu khien van 6 e dau e p i vao xy lanh 1 ay vao pittong
va nang he thong tru 4 va xa ngang 3 i len hoac giam ap suat
144
P1
Hi
t
noi
hi
Hnh 2-33 Bo phan

khuech ai ap suat.
a xa ngang 3 ha xuong. e tien hanh ep, ta ieu khien van 6 e dau ep co ap suat cao
i vao xy lanh ep 2 ay au ep i xuong ep.
Hnh 2-34 S o
nguyen ly may e p
thuy lc.
1. Xy lanh nang.
2. Xy lanh ep.
3. Xa ngang.
4. Tru.
5. Ban may
6. Van phan phoi.
7. Bnh on ap .
8. Bm cao ap.
9. Be cha.
4
1
2
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
Ky lc co the tao lc ep ln, ln hn bat
ac iem cua may ep thuy lc: maype
thu
hpam
u
S
H n ong. Con trt chuyen ong theo cac tru dan
ky may ep nao. May lam viec em gtDcha
n
o
u
r
T xac. May ep thuy lc co the lam nhieu viec khac nhau
hng do o chuyen ongghtchnh
i
r
y
nh dap trong khuo
Cnopkn, khuon h, ep tinh, ot lo, cat ba viaNhng may co ket cau cong
kenh, phc tap, at tien do o thng dung e gia cong chi tiet ln co hnh dang phc tap,
yeu cau ky thuat va chat lng cao.
6. May ep truc khuyu:
May ep truc khuyu co lc ep t
200 en 10.000 tan.
S o nguyen ly cua may c
trnh bay tren hnh 2-35.
Nguye n tac lam viec: truyen
ong t ong c 1, qua bo truye n ong
ai 2 lam quay cap banh rang 3 va 4.
Banh rang 4 lo ng khong tren truc ong
thi la banh a cua may. Khi an vao
Hnh 2-35 Hnh dang be n ngoai va s
can ap hay nut ieu khien th ly hp
o nguyen ly may ep truc khuyu.
ma sat 5 gan vi 4 se ong lai, chuyen
ong quay t banh rang 4 c truyen
cho truc khuyu 10 nh tay bien 6 lam cho au bua 7 trt len xuong theo ranh dan hng
tao nen chuye n on g ep vao ban may 8. Muon d ng may, ta tac dung vao can ap hay nut
ieu khien e ly hp 5 nha ra, ngat chuye n ong va phanh 9 ham khon g cho truc 10 quay
na.
ac iem: May ep ma sat kieu truc khuyu co the dung e ren khuon h, e p phoi, ot lo,
145
cat ba via. So vi may bua, may ep truc khuyu chuyen ong em hn nen o chnh xac cua
san pham cao hn, ieu khien tien li hn
4.2 Ren t do:

4.2.1 Thc chat va ac iem:
Ren t do la mot qua trnh bien dang t do kim loai di tac dung cua cac dung cu
n gian hoac cac thiet b tao lc. Viec tao hnh nh be mat dung cu va trnh o tay nghe
cua cong nhan. Ren t do chat l ng khong cao, o bong be mat thap, nang suat thap, hao
ph nhieu kim loai, cng o lao ong ln, thng dung trong san xuat n chiec, hang
loat nho, trong sa cha nhng co kha nang tao san pham t rat nho en rat ln. Vat lieu
thng du ng la phoi uc, thoi can, thanh
4.2.2 Dung cu ren t do:
Gom nhieu dang tu y theo tnh chat cua nguyen cong nh bua, e, em , ot,
ban la, ban top, km, d ng, companh hnh 2-36:
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 2-36 Dung cu re n t

4.2.3 Cong nghe ren tdo.
do:
Cac nguyen cong c ban cua ren t do gom: chon, cho n cuc bo, vuot thanh, vuot
ong m ro ng lo, vuot dai ong, uon, xoan, xan hoac chat, ot lo( hnh 2-37)
Trong muc nay ch gii thieu hai nguyen cong c ban la chon va vuot.
a. Chon: la nguyen cong lam giam chieu cao va tang dien tch tiet dien ngang cua
phoi (hnh 2-37a;b). Muc ch cua chon: tao phoi co ng knh ln t phoi co ng knh
nho, tao th uon e tang ben cho san pham, giam chieu sau nhng phoi co ot lo, cai
tao cau truc kim loai.
146
i
k.
l.
m. . Ho Ch
P
uatmTren t do.
Hnh 2-37 Nguyen co ng c ban va K
saynthpha
am
a) Chon b) Chon cuc bo c)SVuo
u pht d) Vuot m rong lo
H
g DXoan i) Xan k) ot lo ln bang
e) Vuot ong g) Uo
uonnh)
r
T
t t lo m) San pham ren t do.
gho
ot ropnygril)
o
C
Min
Chon co 2 trng hp: Chon cuc bo va chon toan bo.

Khi chon cuc bo ta tien hanh nung nong oan can cho n hay sau khi nung nong toan
bo, lam nguoi trong nc oan khong can chon (hnh 2-38 a) roi mi gia cong.
b)
Hnh 2-38 Chon cuc bo
a) Khong can khuon em b) Bang khuo n em.
a)
Cung co the thc hien viec chon cuc bo bang cach nung nong toan bo phoi va gia
cong trong nhng khuon em thch ng (hnh 2-38b).
Khi chon toan bo, nung toan bo chieu dai cua phoi, co the xay ra cac hien tng
sau: Neu ty le gia chieu cao va ng knh phoi H/D < 2 vat chon co dang hnh trong
(hnh 2-39a), do co s ma sat be mat tiep xuc gia phoi vi bua va e.
Neu ty le: H/D = 22,5 lc ap u l n lam cho vat chon co dang hai hnh trong chong giap
len nhau (hnh 2-39b). Neu lc ap khong u ln, vat chon cung co dang hnh trong kep
147
nhng khong chong giap vi nhau (hnh 2-39c). Con khi lc ap qua nho va nhanh th hai
au vat chon lai loe ra so vi oan gia (hnh 2-39d). Tat ca cac hien tng o giai thch
bang s truyen va ton that nang ln g t iem at lc en trung tam chi tiet chon.
Neu ty le: H/D > 2,5 vat chon rat de b cong (hnh 2-39e). Khi a b cong can phai
nan lai (hnh 2-40) roi mi chon tiep, neu khong vat se b tao tat gap nep.
H
2 2,5
D
Lc qua be
ln.
d)
Chi
P. Ho
a)
H
2
D
T
huat
t
y
K H
H
b) 2 2u,5p; ham c ) 2 2,5
S
D g DH
D
n
o
u
r
Lc khong u ln.
T Lc u ln.
Min
e)
H
2,5
D
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Hnh 2-39 Hnh dang vat khi chon.
Khi chon tren may bua e bao am
lc u ln can thoa man quan he:
H ho 0,25H
Trong o: H - Hanh trnh ln nhat
cua au bua
ho - Chieu cao ban au
cua phoi chon
Hnh 2-40 Cach lam thang vat chon a b cong.
b. Vuot (hnh 2-36c): La nguyen cong lam giam tiet dien ngang, tang chieu dai cua
phoi ren. Nguyen cong nay dung e ren cac chi tiet dang truc, o ng .Khi vuot thng
dung bua phang. Nhng khi can
vuot vi nang suat cao hn ngi ta
dung bua co mat lam viec dang ch
V loai cung tron.
Nhng van e ky thuat can
chu y khi vuot la: Phng phap di
chuyen phoi co the tien hanh theo 2
cach:
- Cach th nhat: Lat phoi
qua lai theo mot goc 90o hay 180o
Hnh 2-41 Cach lat phoi khi vuot.
148
ong thi ay phoi theo chieu truc sau moi nhat ap (hnh 2-41a). Cach nay thng dung
hn do thuan tay va nang suat cao. Nhng nhc iem la kim loai bien dang khong eu,
mat tiep xuc vi e nguoi nhanh hn. Thng dung phng phap nay e vuot cac kim loai
co tnh deo cao de bien dang, truyen nhiet kem nh thep cacbon trung bnh va thep
cacbon thap.
- Cach th hai: Quay phoi mot goc 90o hay 60o theo chie u xoan oc (hnh 2-41b).
Phng phap nay thao tac khong thuan tay, yeu cau trnh o tay nghe cao, nhng khac
phuc c nhc iem cua phng phap th nhat, thng dung e ren kim loai mau, thep
cacbon cao, thep hp kim.
Khi vuot phoi la thoi thep uc,
tien hanh vuot t gia ra e don nhng
khuyet tat ra hai au roi cat bo i, ngoai
ra con co tac dung lam san pham t cong,
mat gia cong phang hn.
e am bao ky thuat va nang
nh
suat cao trong khi vuot, can bao am
i Mi
h
C
quan he gia cac thong so vuot hp ly
. Hco thong so khi vuot.
Hnh 2-42
TPCa
t
a
u
h
nh :
- Lng ep h la hieu so gia
Ky t
m
a
ph t h: h = Ho - h
chieu cao phoi trc khi vuot H0 va sau khi
Su vuo
H
D
nglng ep h (hnh 2-42) neu khong be mat chi tiet ren
- Bc vuot ao phai ln rhn
T uo
t
gh t lng san pham gia cong.
de b gap nep lam giaymricha
op
C
Hnh 2-43 bieu th qua trnh gay ra tat gap nep do khong bao am ao> h.
- Mat khac bc vuot ao cung khong c ln hn chieu rong B cua phoi lam giam
nang suat gia cong, theo kinh
nghiem la:
ao = (0,4 0,7)B.
B la chieu rong phoi.
- Neu khong v muc ch dat
mong th nhat ap cua bua can phai
B
bao am sao cho:
2 2,5
h
Hnh 2-43 Hien tng gap nep.
co nh the th nhat ap tiep theo

khi quay phoi khong gay ra tat gap nep cho vat ren. e be mat vuot c phang, quan he
gia bc vuot ao va canh tng ng b cua bua can bao am ao = (0,4 0,8)b. Neu t le
ao/b qua nho th de gay nen gap nep, ne u ln qua th nang suat vuot se giam.
Khi ren vat ren co tiet dien tron th phai vuot phoi thanh canh vuong cho en khi
gan at kch thc chieu dai roi mi ren thanh tiet dien tron .
Neu vuot phoi lieu t vuong thanh tron, vi chieu dai thay oi khong ang ke th
canh hnh vuon g a = d. Tot hn ca la e canh a nho hn t 2 en 4% so vi ng knh d
(hnh 2-44a). V du: can ren mot chi tiet co 200 mm t phoi co tiet dien vuong , muon
chieu dai hau nh kho ng oi ta chon hnh vuong co canh a = 200 x 0,98 = 196 mm.
149
Neu vuot t tiet dien tron thanh tiet dien vuong th d= 1,5a (hnh 2-44b); Neu vuot
t tiet dien ln thanh tiet die n tron nho th phai vuot than h hnh vuon g tng ng, sau o
D
; d a (hnh 2-44c).
mi anh thanh tiet dien tron a
1,55
Neu vuot t tiet dien vuong than h tiet
dien hnh ch nhat (hnh 2-44d) ma muon
chieu dai hau nh khong oi th ng knh
phoi D c tnh theo cong thc.
D
2a b
3
neu a/b > 2
D = 1,3a neu a/b < 2

Trong o a, b la canh ln va canh
nho cua tiet dien phoi.
Ky thuat vuot ong:
- Vuot ke o dai ong (hnh 2-45):
Hnh 2-44 Vuot phoi thanh.

nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
yt
Vi muc ch giam chieu day ma pham K
u
DHcS
ng knh lo kho ng oi, ta dunngg tru
ruo
tam co ng knh gan ba
tng Tng knh
h
g
i
pyrthao lap, truc tam
trong cua o ng. DeCode
Hnh 2-45 Vuot keo dai ong.
thng co o co n 3 12 mm/m. at
phoi tren khoi V va tien hanh vuot t hai
au vao v hai au nguoi nhanh hn, de nt.
Do truc tam lap st vi ong nen ma sat gia
truc tam vi ong theo hng ng sinh nho
hn nhieu theo hn g tiep tuyen. Ket qua la
phan ln bien dang don theo hng n g
sinh lam chieu dai phoi tang len, chieu day
giam, ma ng knh lo khong oi.
- Vuot m rong lo (hnh 2-46) Vi muc

ch giam chieu day phoi, m rong lo ma
chieu dai khong oi, ngi ta long vao phoi
Hnh 2-46 Vuot m ron g lo.
mot truc tam co ng knh be hn n g
knh lo phoi t 10 15mm. Sau o at truc tam tren hai goi ta va tien hanh vuot. Do tiep
xuc gia ong vi truc tam theo h ng ng sinh nhieu hn theo phng tiep tuyen nen
ma sat se han che bien dang theo hng doc truc ma phan ln bien dang don theo hng
tiep tuyen lam cho chie u day phoi giam, ng knh lo tang len ma chieu dai khong oi.
Truc tam cang be th bien dang cang nhieu, nang suat vuot cang cao. Nhng truc tam nho
qua so vi ng knh lo ong th he so vuot qua l n phoi lai de nt. e vuot eu can dung
bua co canh ln hn chieu dai phoi.
150
4.2.4 Thiet ke vat ren va cong nghe ren t do:

Thiet ke cong nghe ren t do la viec thiet lap quy trnh cong nghe re n, vach ra cac
bc gia cong vi ay u cac ch tieu kinh te ky thuat cua no. Thiet ke cong nghe ren t
do can c vao yeu cau ky thuat cua san pham va ieu kien san xuat.
Trnh t thiet ke cong nghe re n t do nh sau:
a. Chon phng an cong nghe.
Khi thiet ke, can e ra mot so phng an cong nghe va chon phng an nao hp ly
nhat am bao cac ch tieu kinh te ky thuat. Cho n phng an cong nghe gom:
1. Chon dang san xuat.
Can c vao hnh dang, kch thc, khoi lng, yeu cau ky thuat va san lng vat
ren ma ngi ta chon dang san xuat. Dang san xuat co the la n chiec, hang loat (nho,
va, ln) va hang khoi.
San lng chi tiet cho moi dang san xuat co the tnh nh sau:
nh
i Mi
Tck
h
C
.100%
n
Ho
TP.
a.Tct
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
Trong o: T ck - Thi gian chuanHbSukepththuc.
D
ng co
ng 1 chi tiet.
Tct - Thi gian
uogia
r
T
t
h
g
i
a- He
yr so, loat nho a = 10 30
Cop
Loat ln a = 5 10
T san lng chi tiet, ngi ta chon dang san xuat va quyet nh ren t do, ren
khuon
2. Chon loai phoi va thiet b s bo.
Tuy thuoc vao khoi lng vat ren, ngi ta chon loai phoi va thiet b. Loai phoi
thng dung trong ren t do la thep uc, thep can. Thiet b thng dung la may bua, may
ep.
Khi chon loai phoi va thiet b, ngi ta co the tham khao cac so lieu kinh nghiem
sau bang 5
Vat lieu va khoi lng vat ren
Loai phoi
Loai thiet b
-Vat ren bang thep cacbon va thep hp - Phoi uc, phoi - May bua khoi lng t 100
kim, khoi lng G < 200 kg.
can.
kg en 7 tan.
-Vat ren bang thep cacbon khoi lng - Phoi uc.
G = 1000 1500 kg.
- May bua
-Vat ren bang thep hp kim, khoi lng - Phoi uc.

G = 200 500 kg.
- May bua
-Vat ren bang thep cacbon khoi lng

G > 1500 kg.
- May ep thuy lc t 600

1500 tan.
151
3.La chon ket cau va hnh dang hp ly cua vat ren.

V ren t do kho ng the gia cong nhn g chi tiet co ket cau ve hnh dang phc tap
bat ky, nen tre n c s co gang bao am hnh dang kch thc cua chi tiet, ta phai la chon
ket cau, sa oi ket cau vat ren sao cho hp ly nhat e co the re n c de dang.
Nguye n tac la chon hnh dang ket cau hp ly cua vat ren:
- Tranh thiet ke nhng vat ren t do co mat con (hnh2-47a) va hnh chem
(hnh 2-47b) nhat la nhng mat con va hnh chem nho.
- Tranh thiet ke nhng vat ren co cac be mat hnh tru giao nhau hay nh ng giao
tuyen cua nhng be mat cat nhau theo ng bac 2 tr len (hnh 2-47c, d).
- Tranh thiet ke vat ren co nhieu bac hoac co cac mat cong phc tap, neu c th
a phan nho gia ve cung mot pha e tien khi ren (hnh 2-47e).
- Tranh thiet ke nhng vat ren co gan mong (hnh 2-47g).
- Khong nen thiet ke nhn g mat bch co g loi (hnh 2-47h) va nh
inh ng cho loi lom
M
i
Ch
nam phan trong chi tiet (hnh 2-47i).
. Ho
P
T
huatc tap, neu co the c nen phan
oi vi nhng chi tiet co ket cau cong keKnyhtph
pham
thanh nhieu phan n gian e de ren, sau
dung phng phap han, tan, ghep bulong,
u o
S
H
D
g
n
o i nhau (hnh 2-47k,l), cung co the dung han e noi gia
hoac lap ep e ghep chung la
i uv
Tr
t
h
g
i
cac phan uc co hnhpyda
r ng phc tap 1 vi cac phan ren c ban 2 nh tren (hnh 2-47m).
Co
b. Thiet ke ban ve vat ren: Ban ve vat ren c thanh lap tren c s ban ve gia
cong c kh, trong o ta e cap en tnh hp ly cua vat ren va mot so yeu to khac. Kch
thc cua vat ren bang kch thc danh ngha cua chi tiet cong them vao o l ng d gia
cong c, dung sai ren va lng them. Cac ai lng noi tren c xac nh nh sau:
1. Lng d gia cong c ( ): La lng kim loai e doi ra tren nh ng be mat vat
ren can gia cong c e am bao o chnh xac, o bong be mat va c tnh lp be mat.
Lng d nay se c cat i khi gia cong c. e hnh dung s phan bo lng d gia cong
c, dung sai ren tren mot kch thc co gia cong cat got ta xem s o bieu dien nh hnh
2-48.
o ln cua l p lng d phu thuoc vao: s nhap nho tren be mat cua phoi, s
khong ong tam gia cac tiet dien, kch thc phoi, tnh chat vat lieu, yeu cau chnh xac
o bong, phng phap ga at dung cu va che o cat got, qui trnh cong nghe.
Tr so ve lng d gia cong c oi vi phoi ren co the tm thay trong cac bang so
tay ren dap hay co the xac nh gan ung theo cong thc sau:
Phoi ren tren may bua: Lng d theo ng knh hay canh phoi D:
D = 0.06 D + 0,0017 L + 28 mm
Lng d theo chieu dai L cua phoi: L = 0,08 D + 0,002L + 10 mm
Phoi ren tren may ep: Lng d theo ng knh hay canh phoi D:
D = 0,06 D + 0,002 L + 23 mm
Lng d theo chieu dai L cua phoi: L = 0,05 D + 0,05 L + 26 mm
152
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 2-47 Cac dang ket cau vat ren t do.

Chu y: Lng d ch tnh cho nhng kch thc hay nhng be mat co gia cong c.
Kch thc chi tiet cong them vi lng d gia cong c c goi la kch thc danh
ngha cua vat ren, tc la:
D=d+
ay: D - Kch thc danh ngha vat ren.
153
d - Kch thc danh ngha chi tiet.

- Lng d gia cong ve 2 pha.
2. Dung sai ren ( ).
Do trong qua trnh ren, kch thc cua vat ren khong phai luc nao cung chnh xac
nh tnh toan, do o can phai tnh dung sai ren.
Dung sai ren la hieu so gia kch thc l n nhat va nho nhat cua vat ren. Dung sai
ren c chia ra hai thanh phan: sai lech tren t va sai lech di d so vi kch thc
danh ngha D cua vat ren. Do o:
= t + d
Ky hieu sai lech tren mang dau (+)
Sai lech di mang dau (-)
Khi ay kch thc danh ngha cua vat ren tren ban ve se c ghi nh sau:
D (d ) dt hayDdt
nh
i Mi
h
C
Trong re n t do thng cho dung sai oi xng, ngha la.: Ho t d
P
2
uat T
h
t
y
m Kc cua vat ren, tr so cua lng d, trnh
Tr so dung sai ren phu thuoc vao kch
phath
u
S
DHng cu va o ga gia cong, yeu cau oi vi o chnh
o tay nghe cua th ren, chat lonngg du
u
r
T
xac gia cong, phng pha
gphtgia cong.
i
r
y
Cop
Dung sai ren co the tra bang trong so tay ren dap hoac tnh theo cong thc kinh
nghiem sau:
- Dung sai oi vi ng knh hay canh D:
D = ( 0,028 D+0,0004 L+ 0,5 mm)
- Dung sai oi vi chieu dai L:
L = (0,03 D + 0,003 L + 1,2 mm)
S o bie u dien kch thc, lng d va dung sai vat ren nh hnh 2-48.
Hnh 2-48 S o bieu dien

kch thc, lng d va
dung sai vat ren.
Truc chi tiet
Kch thc danh ngha cua chi tiet d

Kch thc danh ngha cua vat ren D
D= d +
Kch thc ln nhat cua vat ren Dmax
Dmax= D + t = d+ + t
Kch thc nho nhat cua vat ren Dmin
Dmin= D - d = d+ min
min
Lng d nho nhat theo mot pha

2
Lng d danh nghatheo mot pha /2
Lng d ln nhat theo mot pha
max
2
2 t
Sai lech tren theo mot pha
2
Dung sai theo theo mot pha
Sai lech di theo mot pha
154
d
2
3. Lng them:
Lng them (lng tha) la phan kim loai
c lay tang len so vi lng d va dung sai e n
gian hoa chi tiet ren (hnh 2-49).
Lng them ch co ngha khi no tao ieu kien
ren t do c hay ren tng oi de dang. Neu lng
tha lay khong ung th lang ph kim loai va anh
hng khong tot cho gia cong cat got tiep theo.
Hnh 2-49 Vat ren can co

lng d va lng them.
4. Ban ve vat ren.

Tren c s hnh dang va kch thc cua ban ve chi tiet, sau khi xac nh c lng
d, dung sai, lng them, ta tien hanh ve ban ve vat ren. Tren ban ve vat ren hnh 2-50
thng du ng:
- Net am bie u th ng bao quanh vat ren theo kch thc danh ngha cua vat ren
nh
co ghi dung sai ren cho phep.
i Mi
h
C
. Hou th bang net cham gac h,
- ng bao chi tiet (vat ren sau khi gia cong cat ago
t)Pbie
T
t
u
th
net t hoac net nho ve chong le n ban ve vat re
n. Ky
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 2-50 Ban ve vat ren.

Kch thc cua chi tiet sau khi gia cong cat got e trong ngoac n di kch thc
vat ren hoac khong ghi. Khoang h gia n g bao vat ren va n g bao chi tiet sau khi
gia cong la phan kim loai c cat bo co the gach cheo hoac e trong. Cac kch thc lo
v tr khong oi xng phai ghi ro v tr tam lo.
c.Xac nh khoi lng vat ren va phoi ren.
1. Xac nh khoi lng vat ren ( Gvr):
Gvr = Vvr.
ay: V vr - The tch vat ren tnh theo kch thc cua ban ve vat ren.
- Khoi lng rieng cua kim loai.
155
2. Xac nh khoi lng phoi ren ( Gpr ):

Phoi dung e ren co the chon t phoi thep uc hay thep can. Do o, cach xac nh
khoi lng phoi co khac nhau.
- Phoi uc: Khoi lng thoi uc Gp tnh theo cong thc sau:
Gp = Gvr + Gbv + Gch + G + Gc + G m
ay:
Gp - Khoi lng phoi uc (kg).
Gvr - Khoi lng vat ren (kg).
Gbv - Khoi lng bavia. Khi ren khuo n n gian:
Gbv = ( 05%) Gp (kg)
Gch - Khoi lng kim loai chay hao khi nung.
Nung lan au:
Gch = ( 23%) Gp (kg)
Nung moi lan sau: Gch = ( 11,5%) Gp (kg)
G - Khoi lng au thoi uc co lom co va tap chat can cat bo. Minh
hi
- oi vi thep cacbon: G = ( 15 25%) Gp (kg)
Ho C
.
P
tT
thua
- oi vi thep hp kim: G = 35% GKpy (kg)
phpam
chat can cat bo.
Gc - Khoi lng ay thoi uc co laSnu ta
H
D
ng Gc = ( 5 7%) Gp (kg)
- oi vi thep carcubon:
T o
t
gh p hp kim: G = ( 7 10%) Gp (kg)
- oi vyirithe
op
C
Gm - Khoi lng lp cha thau khi co ot lo:
Gm = ( 0 12%) Gp (kg)
- Phoi thep can: khoi lng cua thoi thep e che tao vat ren cho trc co the xac
nh theo cong thc:
Gpc = Gvr + Gch + G cb
Gpc - Khoi lng phoi can (kg).
Gch - Khoi lng kim loai b chay hao khi nung.
Gcb -Khoi lng phan cat bo lan cuoi cung trc khi hoan thanh chi tiet (phan nay
khong tnh neu re n bang phng phap chon).
oi vi chi tiet thong thng Gch + G cb = (10 12%) Gpc
oi vi chi tiet phc tap Gcb t yeu cau chieu dai phan uoi tha toi thieu can cat
bo (L)
Khi ren tre n may bua: LD = 0,35D + 13 mm (cho phoi hnh tru).
La = 0,25a + 25 mm (cho phoi co tiet dien hnh ch nhat)
Khi ren tre n may ep: LD = 0,25D + 25 mm (cho phoi hnh tru).
La = 0,133a + 50 mm (cho hnh ch nhat).
Trong o: D, a - ng knh hoac canh phoi.
d. Xac nh kch thc phoi ren.
1. Xac nh the tch phoi. Sau khi tnh toan c khoi lng phoi ren, can c vao
khoi lng rie ng kim loai . Ta xac nh the tch phoi Vph.
156
V ph
G ph
2. Tiet dien phoi:

e xac nh kch thc phoi, ta tnh tiet dien phoi. Dien tch tiet die n phoi tuy
thuoc vao loai nguyen con g c ban la vuot hay chon va ty so ren K. Ta xet 2 trng hp:
- Neu ren chu yeu bang nguyen con g vuot ta chon tiet dien phoi Fph xuat phat t
ieu kien bao am ty so ren sao cho de ren va cai tao c th kim loai, ta xac nh tiet
dien phoi Fph theo cong thc:
Fph = K Fmax
ay: K - Ty so re n la ty so gia tiet dien phoi va tiet dien vat ren.
Fmax - Dien tch tiet dien ln nhat cua vat ren.
- Neu ren theo nguyen cong chu yeu la chon:
F
F ph max
K
hi
Ty so ren K c xac nh nh sau:
Ho C
.
P
t TLn
Khi vuot nhie u lan chieu dai phoi t L o en L1t,hLu2a,
y
am K
L1 L2
Ln H Su ph
K
g D K o K1 K n
Lo TL1ruon Ln 1
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Khi chon nhie u lan t chieu cao phoi H o en H1 , H2, Hn
K
Min
H
Ho H 1
n 1 K o K 1 K n
H1 H 2
Ln
Trong o Ko la ty so ren san co cua phoi qua nguyen cong ren phoi, thng ngi
ta chon Ko = 1,05 1,2.
3. Xac nh chieu dai phoi:
Sau khi tnh c Fph , ta chon tiet dien phoi gan ung theo quy chuan ( Fqch ) cua
thoi uc hay thoi can. T o chieu dai phoi c xac nh nh sau:
ph
ph
F qch
Can c vao L ph va so lng phoi, ta chon c chieu dai can thiet cua thoi uc hay
thep can.
Chu y: Khi cho n, t Vph ta cung co the xac nh ng knh phoi Dph hay canh
vuong a cua phoi theo bieu thc kinh nghiem sau:
D ph (0,8 1,0)3 Vph

a ph ( 0 , 75 0 , 9 ) 3 V ph
157
Sau o tiep tuc chon Dph hoac a theo quy chuan va xac nh chieu dai phoi can
thiet.
e. Xac nh loai, so lng va th t cac nguyen cong.
Sau khi xac nh kch thc phoi, ta chon so l ng cac nguyen cong can thiet e
ren va sap xep cac nguyen cong o theo mot trat t hp ly nhat trong mot phieu cong
nghe (bang). Moi nguyen cong can ghi ro cac ieu kien ky thuat e am bao hoan thanh
nguyen co ng, cac dung cu, o ga va thiet b can thiet.
f. Tnh che o nung nong va lam nguoi.
Che o nung bao gom: nhiet o bat au gia co ng va ket thuc gia cong, toc o nung
va thi gian nung va gi nhiet, so lan nung, chon cach xep phoi trong lo, che o lam nguoi
vat ren (xem chng nung no ng kim loai).
g. Chon may gia co ng hp ly.
Ren t do co the tien hanh tren may bua hoac may ep. Can c vao khoi lng vat
ren, nang suat gia cong, o phc tap cua chi tiet ma ngi ta chon cong suat may hp ly.
V cac may ren dap a c quy chuan hoa do o viec chon may ta ch
d
nha vao ac trng
i Mi
h
C
chu yeu cua no la khoi lng phan ri (may bua) hay lc ep ca
nHothiet ( may ep).
TP.
t
a
u
- Khi chon tre n may bua.
h
Ky t
m
a
htheo cong thc:
Khoi lng phan ri may bua xac nh
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo D
t
G p1y,7rig(h1 0,17
) chV
Co
H
Trong o: D, H - ng knh va chieu cao phoi.(mm)
ch - ng suat chay kim loai nhiet o chon.
- Mc o bien dang sau 1 nhat ap.
lay
k = 0,025 cho vat ren ln bang thep .
k = 0,060 cho vat ren nho bang thep.
V the tch phoi.
- Khi vuot tren may bua:
Khoi lng phan ri may bua xac nh theo cong thc:
G 1, 7 v (1 0,17
l
) ch h b l ( kg )
h
Trong o:
- He so hnh dang au bua (au bua phang = 1; au bua tron = 1,25)
l - bc vuot.
h, b chieu cao, chieu rong phoi.
ch Gii han chay nhiet o re n.
- mc o bien dang sau moi nhat ap. oi vi thep = 0,03.
Can c khoi l ng phan ri hay lc ep c tnh toan chon may bua hay may ep,
tiep en chon dung cu va thiet b can thiet khac nh: lo nung, dung cu tao hnh, dung cu
kep chat, dung cu o
158
4.3 Ren khuon (Dap the tch).

4.3.1 Khai niem chung ve ren khuon
Ren khuon hay co n goi la dap khoi hay dap the tch la phng phap bien dang kim
loai trong khuon, s bien dang cua kim loai b han che theo moi chieu bi be mat cua
long khuo n (hnh 2-51a).
HS
ng D
a)
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
b)
g
i
yr
Cop
Hnh 2-51 a) Ren khuo n.
b) S o ket cau cua mot bo khuon ren .
Khi bien dang di tac dung cua may bua (hay may nhom 1) hoac may ren ngang
thng goi la ren khuon, con di tac dung cua cac loai ep (may ep thuy lc, may ep ma
sat truc vt hoac may ep truc khuyu) th thng goi la dap khoi hay dap the tch.
S o ket cau chung cua bo khuon c trnh bay tren hnh 2-51b. Khuon tren 1 va
khuon di 3 c bat chat vao au bua vao e nh chuoi uoi en 4. Long khuon 5 co
hnh dang gan giong hnh bao cua chi tiet gia cong. Chung quanh long khuon doc theo be
mat phan cach gia khuon tren va khuon di co ca vanh bien 6 va ranh cha vanh bien
2.
Qua trnh bien dang cua phoi trong lo ng khuon co the phan thanh 3 giai oan:
- Giai oan au chieu cao phoi giam, kim loai bien dang va chay ra chung quanh.
Theo phng thang ng phoi chu ng suat nen, co n theo phng ngang th phoi chu ng
suat keo.
- Giai oan hai kim loai bat au le n kn ca vanh bien, khoi kim loai trong long
khuon bay gi b tr lc cua long khuon ve moi pha nen chu ng suat nen khoi, mat tiep
giap gia khuon tren va khuo n di cha ap sat vao nhau.
- Giai oan cuoi la giai oan hnh than h vanh bie n, kim loai chu ng suat nen 3
chieu mot cach triet e, ien ay nhng phan sau va mong cua long khuon. Phan kim loai
159
tha se tran qua ca vanh bie n va ranh cha vanh bien cho ti khi hai be mat cua khuon
ap
sat vao nhau (vanh bien con co ten goi la bavia hay ba-v).
So vi re n t do, ren khuon co nhng ac iem sau:
- S dung mot bo khuon co hnh dang kch thc long khuon gan giong vat gia
cong.
- o chnh xac cua vat ren cao ac biet la cac kch thc theo chieu cao va sai lech
gia hai na khuon t. Thong thng o bong cua vat ren at c R z40 R z 10, o chnh
xac at c (0,1 0,05).
- Trang thai ng suat vat gia cong noi chung la nen khoi do o kim loai co tnh
deo tot hn, bien dang triet e hn, c tnh san pham cao hn va co the gia cong c vat
phc tap hn.
- De c kh hoa nen nang suat cao hn ren t do.
- He so s dung vat lieu trong ren khuo n cao hn ren t do.
- Thiet b s dung cho ren khuon yeu cau co con g suat ln do o han che khoi
nh
lng vat ren, chuyen ong chnh xac. Che tao khuon at tien. Chi Mi
Ho
Do nh ng ac iem tren nen ren khuon ch dunguatrong
TP. san xuat hang loat va hang
t
h
Ky t
khoi.
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
4.3.2 Phan loai cac phng
ngphap re n khuon
Truo
t
righ trang thai nhiet cua phoi
a. Pha n loa
iytheo
Cop
Ren khuon no ng va ren khuo n nguoi.
- Ren khuon nong la phng phap ren khuon va phoi c nung nong en nhiet
o ren (cao hn nhiet o ket tinh lai). Phng phap nay c s dung rong rai hn do kim
loai c bien dang de dang, kha nan g ien thau c tot, kho ng yeu cau thiet b co cong
suat cao, khuon t mon. Tuy nhien, ren khuon nong chat l ng be mat cua san pham b
han che, o chnh xac ve kch thc thap, khuon phai chu nhiet tot, neu nhiet luyen
khuon khong tot, khuon de nt moi.
V vay ngi ta thng dung ren khuon nong e ren nhn g chi tiet yeu cau o
bong be mat, o chnh xac khong cao, ren tho hoac ren s bo trc khi ren khuon nguoi.
- Ren khuon nguoi vi phng phap nay phoi khong nung nong hoac ch nung
nong en nhiet o ket thuc ren (oi vi thep nung en 750 780oC). V the kim loai bien
dang kho khan, kha nang ien thau kem, oi hoi cong suat thiet b cao, khuon chong mon,
de gay ng suat d trong kim loai. u iem la chat lng be mat tot, o chnh xac ve kch
thc cao, thng dung e ren lan cuoi trc khi ra thanh pham.
b. Phan loai theo ket cau long khuon:
Ren trong khuo n kn va ren trong khuon h.
- Khuon h la khuon co mat phan khuon tai vung tiep giap vi vat gia cong thang
goc vi phng cua lc tac dung. Khuon co ranh vanh bien e cha phan kim loai tha
sau khi bien dang. Trong qua trnh dap hai na khuon luon co khe h, chung ch c
160
khep kn khi qua trnh dap ket thuc.The tch cua phoi ln hn the tch vat ren nen sau khi
ien ay long khuo n kim loai chay theo ca vanh bien vao ran h vanh bie n do o s bien
dang cua kim loai khong b han che (hnh 2-52a).
Mat phan khuon la be mat tiep giap gia hai than khuon, be mat nay thong thng
la be mat nam ngang, nhng cung co the mat gay khuc, mat cong hay nh hnh.
Ren trong khuon h th tnh deo cua kim loai thap, s ien thau khong cao, kim
loai tha tao thanh vanh bien la ieu khong the tranh khoi, co khi chiem ti 20% khoi
lng cua phoi, do o sau khi dap xong phai cat ba via bang khuon cat bavia. Yeu cau
cong suat thiet b l n. Nhng ren trong khuon h th viec tnh toan phoi kho ng yeu cau
chnh xac, mat phan khuon tng oi n gian.
Hnh 2-52.Ket cau long khuon.

a. Long khuon h.
b. Long khuon kn.
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
g
i
r
pykhuo
Cola
- Khuon kn
n co mat phan khuon tai vung tiep giap vi vat gia cong song
song hay gan song song vi phng cua lc tac dung. Khuon khong co ranh van h bien nen
vat ren khon g co ba via, trong qua trnh gia cong hai na khuon luon khep kn vi nhau
(hnh 2-52b).
Ren khuon kn th tnh deo cua kim loai c tang, tnh ien thau tot, yeu cau cong
suat thiet b khong ln. Tuy nhien, ren trong khuon kn yeu cau viec tnh toan phoi phai
chnh xac, yeu cau chat lng nung nong phoi cao.
Trong trng hp cac ieu kien ky thuat ren trong khuon kn bao am, vat ren se
khong co vanh bien va c goi la ren khuon khon g vanh bie n. Ren khong van h bien
khong nhng tiet kiem kim loai ma con cho phep giam cong suat yeu cau cua thiet b ren
khoang 40% so vi ren trong khuon h.
c. Phan loai theo cach bo tr long khuon tre n khoi khuon:
Theo cach nay chia ra: ren trong khuon co mot long khuon va ren trong khuon co
nhieu long khuon.
Ren trong khuon co mot long khuo n (hnh 2-52): phoi phai c ren s bo trc
bang ren t do, ren bang truc can hay truc ren hoac cung co the dung ngay phoi thep nh
hnh. V vay, phng phap nay ch c ng dung e san xuat hang loat nho. Ket cau bo
khuon n gian, yeu cau cong suat thiet b khong cao.
Ren trong khuon co nhieu lo ng khuon (hnh 2-53) th phoi c a vao nhng
long khuon khac nhau, ke tiep nhau tren cung mot khoi khuon, thiet ke nhng bo khuon
161
nay phc tap va ch co the dung tre n nhng may co cong suat ln. Phng phap ren khuon
nay c dung trong cac dang san xuat hang
loat trung bnh va ln.
d. Phan loai theo thiet b gia cong:
ay la cach phan loai thng dung
nhat. Theo cach nay chia ra: ren khuon tren
may bua ren khuo n, ren khuo n tren may ep
thuy lc, ren khuon tre n may ep dap nong,
ren tren may ren ngang va ren tren may
chuyen du ng.
4.3.3 Khai quat chung qua trnh ren
khuon mot chi tiet:
Bao gom cac bc sau:
- Cat phoi lieu theo kch thc yeu
Hnh 2-53 Khuon nhieu long khuon.
cau.
nh
i Mi
h
C
- Nung nong phoi lieu en nhiet o ren.
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
- Tien han h ren khuon: qua mot so lo ng khuo
n hcan thiet, s dung cong suat thiet b
Ky t
m
a
h toan. Noi chung ay la qua trnh bien dang
hp ly, qua mot so lan nung nao o nh autnh
S p
H
D
kim loai t phoi ban au en khiua
ngcat xong lp cha thau, ba via, hieu chnh va ep tinh.
Tr o
t
- Lam sach vat rre
gnhkhuon: anh phang mat, mai gn ba via.
py i
o
C
- Nhiet luyen e kh ng suat d trong qua trnh dap.
- Kiem tra.
4.3.4 Nguyen ly thiet ke vat ren khuon tren may bua.
C s e ve ban ve vat ren khuon tre n may bua cung xuat phat t ban ve chi tiet
va phai tien hanh cac yeu to sau:
Ket cau va phng phap ren khuon hp ly, v tr mat phan khuon, dung sai va
lng d, o doc thanh khuon, ban knh goc ln, hnh dang va kch thc ranh vanh bien,
hnh dang va kch thc lp cha thau, ve ban ve vat ren.
1. Xac nh ket cau va phng phap re n khuon hp ly.
Muc ch cua viec xac nh phng phap ren khuo n hp ly oi vi mot ket cau chi
tiet nao o la e giai quyet van e nang suat va chat lng san pham cao. Muon vay,
trc khi ve ban ve vat ren phai nghien cu kch thc, hnh dan g tnh chat lam viec, ac
iem chu lc va cac ieu kie n ky thuat khac cua chi tiet. Mat khac phai xet ieu kien
thiet b hien co cua xng e xem kha nang co the gia cong tren thiet b nao. Do o, cac
van e phai nghien c u la:
- Sa oi ket cau cua chi tiet cho n gian de gia cong.
- Nhng chi tiet co hnh dang, kch thc gan giong nhau th ch can dung mot loai
chi tiet ien hnh.
162
- Nh ng chi tiet co ket cau phc tap co the chia nho than h nhieu chi tiet e tien
cho viec gia cong, sau o dung cac phng phap khac nh han, tan rive. .. e noi ghep
chung lai vi nhau.
- To hp hai hay nhieu chi tiet n gian vi nhau thanh mot chi tiet, sau o cat ra
thanh tng chi tiet rieng biet.
- Dun g cac phoi thep can nh hnh co hnh dang, kch thc gan giong vat ren e
cong nghe ren c de dang.
- Tan lng giam lng d cho gia cong cat got bang cach s dung mot so nguyen
cong dap tinh chnh xac (V du: e p tinh, ep nghien).
2. Xac nh v tr mat pha n khuon.
Mat phan khuon la ranh gii cua 2
na khuo n tren va khuon di. Viec chon
mat phan khuon co anh hng rat ln ti qua
trnh cong nghe ren khuon. Khi xac nh nen
theo cac nguyen tac sau:
uat
- Phai bao am lay c vat ren ra
y th
K
khoi long khuon c de dang (hnhSu2pham
H
54a,b). Muon vay thanh ben curauova
ren yeu
ngt D
T
t
h
cau khong co phan lom
yr.ig
Cop
- Phai bao am long khuon rong va
nong nhat e kim loai de ien ay khuon
(hnh 2-54c,d). Tuy nhien neu chon chu vi
ln nhat cua vat ren lam mat phan khuon th
lai ton kim loai vao khe ba via, lc may can
phai ln hn mi am bao ap lc rieng. V
vay khi gap vat phc tap can phai chon mat
phan khuo n toi u.
Chi
P. Ho
Min
- Chon mat phan khuon sao cho de

phat hien s chenh lech long khuon khi rap
khuon (hnh 2-54e). Ngha la khong nen
chon nh ng v tr vat ren thay oi tiet dien
ot ngot.
- Khi chon mat phan khuon tot nhat
la chon mat phang, khong nen cho n mat bac
hoac cong (hnh 2-54g). Phan phc tap cua
vat ren (gan mong, thanh mong cao)
thng bo tr na khuo n tren v o kim
loai de ien ay hn.
Hnh 2-54 Cach chon mat phan khuon

hp ly mot so trng hp.
163
- Chon mat phan khuon sao cho th kim loai phan bo hp ly nhat am bao cho vat
gia cong co c tnh cao nhat.
V du 1: Chi tiet hnh 2-55a, neu chon mat phan khuon nh hnh 2-55b th va ot
lo c, lng them t ma tao c th uon lam cho vat dap co c tnh cao. Neu chon mat
phan khuon nh hnh 2-55c th de thao vat ra khoi khuon nhng th kim loai phan bo
khong eu ne n c tnh khong tot.
Thng khi H D ngi ta dap doc (hnh b).
c)inh
M
i
Ch
o
H
P.
Hnh 2-55 a) Chi tiet. b) Dap doc. c) Da
uatp Tngang.
h
t
y
am K
h
p
u
DH S
g
n
H > D ng
riuota dap ngang (hnh c).
tT
h
g
i
pyrt hnh 2-56a dang con chot hay b cat tai tiet dien I I. Neu bo tr
V du 2: Chi
Cotie
mat phan khuon tai tiet dien I I th th kim loai b t oan ngay tre n tiet dien o lam
cho sc ben cua chot giam. Ne u mat phan khuon chon tai tiet die n II II th s phan bo
th kim loai co kha nang chong lai s pha huy cua chi tiet khi lam viec lam cho o ben
cua chi tiet tang len.
a)
b)
II
I
a)
II
b)
c)
Hnh 2-56
3. Lng d va dung sai:
b1
Noi chung vat ren khuon co o bong chnh xac

ve kch thc cha at ti yeu cau cua chi tiet. Do o,
can phai them lng d va dung sai e gia cong bang
cat got tiep theo. Viec xac nh lng d, dung sai
ung se tiet kiem c kim loai va bao am o chnh
164

Hnh 2-57 Hnh dang cua ranh
vanh bien.
xac gia cong sau nay va oi khi con n gian hoa c qua trnh cong nghe ren.
Ve nguyen tac xac nh lng d va dung sai cho vat ren khuon tng t nh cach
xac nh lng d va dung sai cho vat ren t do, nhng v ren khuo n bao am o chnh xac
cao hn nen lng d va dung sai cho phep chon nho hn.
Lng d va dung sai cho vat ren khuon con phu thuoc o chnh xac va o o n nh
cua cac loai may. Do o , khi tnh toan hoac tra ban g trong cac so tay can chu y chon theo
loai may c dung e ren.
- Lng d gia cong c (): Lng d trong mat phang ngang ( mat phang thang
goc vi phng cua lc tac dung) ln hn theo chie u cao vat gia cong ( v kch thc vat
gia cong theo phng nam ngang thng ln hn theo chieu doc e am bao long khuon
rong va no ng nhat va khuon de b xe dch, khong an khp gia hai na khuon).
- Dung sai (): Nhng sai lech nay co the do dap cha thau het chieu cao, kim loai
khong khon g ie n ay het vao long khuo n lam cho vat gia cong b thieu hut, khuon mon
vat b sai kch thcDung sai co the tra bang so tay cong nghe che tao may hoac tnh
nh
theo cong thc sau:
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Dung sai theo chieu cao:
TP.
t
a
u
h
Sai lech tren t = ( 0,7 1)
Ky t
m
a
Sai lech di d = ( 0,4 0,6) H Su ph
D
Dung sai theo chieu ngang:
uong
r
T
t
Sai lech trenopyrt i=gh( 0,6 0,9)
C
Sai lech di d = ( 0,5 0,8)
la lng d gia cong c.
4. Ranh ba via (Ranh va nh bien):
Khi ren trong khuon long h, vanh bien cua long khuon bao gi cun g co mot ranh
e cha kim loai tha la ranh ba via.
Ranh ba via thng dung nhat co dan g nh hnh 2-57. No gom co khe ba via va
ranh ba via, vung khe ba via na khuon tren thng lam mot oan thang co chieu cai b.
Chieu cao khe ba via co tr so h thng phan bo oi xng qua mat phan khuon. Ranh ba
via na khuon di lam phang, con na khuon tren lam lom them vao mot khoang b1.
Khi lam viec khuon di thng tiep xuc vi kim loai nong, lam viec nhiet o cao hn,
mau mon hn. Ket cau ran h ba via nh vay am bao giam ma sat, giam mon cho na
khuon di, giam ma sat gia kim loai va vong khe ba via. Do o giam con g che tao
khuon.
Chieu cao khe ba via:
h 0,015 FVR ( mm)
FVR - Dien tch hnh chieu vat ren tren mat phan khuon (mm2).
Chu y: Vung nao cua vat ren kim loai kho bien dang, e lam kim loai bien dang
tot hn can tang tr lc bien dang bang cach giam chieu cao khe ba via h.
The tch ranh vanh bien (Vbv):
165
Vbv = .S.L
ay: - la he so kim loai ien ay khuon.
Vat n gian = 0,3
Vat trung bnh = 0,5
Vat phc tap kim loai kho ien ay khuon = 0,7
S - Dien tch tiet dien ngang ranh ba via.
L - Chieu dai chu vi vat ren tnh theo trong tam tiet dien ngang ranh ba via.
oi vi vat ln sau khi tnh can tang them 20%.
5. o nghieng thanh khuon (o nghie ng thanh vat re n)
Muc ch tao cho thanh vat ren co o nghieng la e kim loai de ien ay khuon va
de lay vat ren ra khoi khuon.
Nhng ne u lay o nghieng qua ln se gay lang ph kim loai. Tr so o nghieng phu
thuoc vao cac yeu to sau:
- Phng phap ay kim loai vao long khuon, phng phap thao vat ren ra khoi
nh
khuon.
i Mi
h
C
Hot cua kim loai.
- Kch thc, hnh dang ben ngoai cua vat ren va oTco
P. ru
t
a
u
thnguoi vat ren.
- Nhiet o khi ket thuc ren khuon va toc oKla
ym
m
a
u ph ng thanh khuon na khuon tren can lam
- Khuon tren va khuon di: GoHcSnghie
D
onag khuo n tren o nghieng nho hoac khi long khuon mon
ln hn na khuon di. VTrun
t
h a vat gia cong va khuo n ln, vat dap de dnh vao khuon . Khi
ritggi
o bong giam i, ma
ysa
Cop
au bua nhac len vat dap b nhac len theo, nhng chung de b ri, khi ay nh ng nhat dap
tiep theo de lam vat dap chech khoi khuon va gay v khuo n.
1
- Thanh khuon trong va thanh khuo n

ngoai: Goc nghieng thanh khuo n trong ( 1 ) can
lam ln hn goc nghieng thanh khuon ngoai (2 )
v khi nguoi kim loai co lai de boc ra ngay cac
thanh khuon ngoai nhng lai ep vao cac thanh
trong cua khuon (hnh 2-58). Tr so o nghien g
trong 1 va o nghieng ngoai 2 co the lay theo
kinh nghiem sau :
Thanh trong:
1 = 5o 15o
2 = 3o 13o .
Thanh ngoai:
Hnh 2-58 Thanh khuon trong

va ngoai.
6. Ban knh goc ln

Tac dung cua viec tao ban knh goc ln
tai nhng phan chuye n tiep cua vat ren la e:
- Lam cho kim loai trong long khuon di
chuyen de dang .
- Tranh cho vat ren khoi b nt, b tat gap
nep.
- Nang cao sc ben va tuoi tho cua khuo n
Hnh 2-59 Ban knh goc lun.

166
Ban knh ln chia lam hai loai: Ban knh ln trong va ban knh ln ngoai (hnh
2-59).
Ban knh ln ngoai r la ban knh nhng cho ng vi phan loi ra cua vat ren. Ban
knh ln trong R la ban knh nhng cho ng vi phan lom vao cua vat ren.
Tr so ban knh ln R, r phai lay hp ly. Neu ban knh r nho th kim loai kho ien
ay vao v tr tng ng cua long khuon. Mat khac khi nhiet luye n khuon, cho goc ln de
b nt hoac khi ren do ng suat nhiet tap trung ln khuon cu ng de b nt.
Neu ban knh ln trong R nho qua se dan en phan khuo n ng vi no se mau
mon, tham ch co the lam cho thanh khuon de b gay hoac nt. R nho qua cung de sinh ra
tat gap nep khi kim loai ien ay khuon .
7. Xac nh kch thc va hnh dang lp cha thau cu a lo.
Khi ren khuo n, neu vat ren co lo vi kch thc u ieu kien e tao lo c th
viec tao lo trong khuon ch co the thc hien c di dang lo cha thau het nh hnh 260. Viec e lai lp cha thau nham bao ve o chnh xac va o ben cua khuon. Lp cha
thau nay se c cat i cung vi viec cat ba via hoac khi tien boc lp linnhg d trong. Hnh
M
Chithc cua vat ren.
dang va kch thc cua lp cha thau nay tuy theo hnh dang va
kch
o
H
P.
uat T
h
t
Chieu day S cua lp cha thau co
y
D
am K
h
p
u
the tnh bang cong thc kinh nghiem sau:
S
d
H
D
uong
r
T
S 0,45 D 0,r25
hht 5 0,6 h (mm)
y ig
p
o
C
Trong o: h - Chieu sau mot pha
cua lo (mm)
D - ng knh lo (mm)
Lo cha thau co the lam mot hoac
hai pha.
Hnh 2-60 Lp cha thau cua lo.
450
600
RZ40
90
RZ40
RZ40
90
140
RZ20
148+4,4-1,8
98+4,2-1,6
RZ20
RZ20
98+4,2-1,6
8. Ban ve vat ren khuon:

Sau khi xac nh c cac yeu to nh mat phan khuon, lng d, dung sai, ban knh
lnta tien hanh ve ban ve vat ren khuon.
- Ban ve vat ren khuon quy c ve bang net am, chi tiet ve net t, muc ch e
tien cho viec bieu th lng d cat got (v du hnh 2-61).
- Kch thc cua chi tiet co the ghi ben di kch thc vat ren.
- Ban ve vat ren thng ve vi ty le 1:1, neu ln qua ve ty le 1:2.
500
a) Ban ve chi tiet.
455 13,7
167
Hnh 2-61
605 31,,55
b) Ban ve vat ren.
T
D
505 31, 7
9.Xac nh khoi lng va kch thc phoi ren:

a. Xac nh khoi lng phoi:
Khoi lng cua phoi xac nh theo cong thc:
Gph = Gvr + Gbv + G ch + Gcht (kg)
Gvr - Khoi lng vat ren, xac nh theo ban ve vat ren ke ca lng d, dung sai (Kg).
Gbv - Khoi lng ba via tnh theo the tch ranh ba via (Kg). Khi ren co ba via, kim loai ch
ien ay ranh ba via khoan g 30% 70% tuy theo o chnh xac cua vat ren.
Gch - Khoi lng kim loai b chay hao khi nung (kg), thng lay Gch = (3 4)%Gvr
Gcht - Khoi lng cua lp kim loai cha thau trong trng hp chi tiet co lo, xac nh theo
kch thc lp cha thau.
b. Xac nh kch thc phoi:
Tren c s khoi lng phoi c tnh , xac nh kch thc phoi nh sau:
nh
i Mioi nhieu lam, co
- oi vi vat ren co tiet dien ngang theo chieu dai khon gCthay
h
Ho
TP.
the xac nh tiet dien phoi theo con g thc sau :
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
ph
(1 , 05 1 , 3 )VDphH Su
(mm2)
g
F ph
n
uo
Lrph
tT
h
g
i
yr
Cop
Vph - the tch phoi (mm3): Vph
Gph
- Khoi lng rieng cuavat lieu phoi (kg/dm3)

Lph - Chieu dai phoi, chon trc (mm)
- oi vi vat ren co tiet dien thay oi nhieu th tnh:
Fph = (0,6 1).Fmax (mm2)
Fmax - Dien tch ln nhat cua vat ren bao gom ca ba via.
10. Xac nh khoi lng phan ri cua bua
Khoi lng phan ri may bua quyet nh ap lc bien dang rieng, v the no c
xac nh da chu yeu vao tiet dien vat ren.
Khoi lng phan ri may bua(G) tnh theo cong thc sau:
Vi may bua tac dung kep:G = 4F(Kg)
Vi may bua tac dung n: G = 6F (Kg)
F - Dien tch tiet dien vat ren ke ca ba via mat phan khuon (cm2).
11. Cac nguye n cong ien hnh cua cong nghe ren khuon:
Tren c s viec chon cac nguyen cong cua qua trnh ren chi tiet, ta tien hanh thiet
ke long khuon cho phu hp vi nguyen cong ren o.
168
Long khuon re n co the chia lam 3 loai ln:

Long khuon che tao phoi (chuan
b), long khuo n ren va long khuo n cat. Trong moi loai lai chia thanh nhieu kieu khac
nhau.
Di ay la mot so long khuo n thng dung:
- Long khuon vuot: la long khuon e thc hien nguyen cong vuot: lam giam tiet
dien ngang va tang chieu dai phoi (hnh 2-62b).
- Long khuon ep tu: la long khuo n lam tang tiet dien mot cho nay bang cach
giam tiet dien mot cho khac cua phoi ma khong thay oi chieu dai phoi (hnh 2-62a).
nh
i Mi
h
b)
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
y th n ep tu. b) Long khuon vuot.
Hnh 2-62 a) Hnh dang lo
ngKkhuo
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng n cong chuan b, tao nen vat ren co c truc cong
- Long khuon uon: UonTla
ruonguye
t
h
( hnh 2-63a).
yrig
Cop
- Long khuon chon tho : La long khuon che tao phoi dung e chon phoi, oi khi
dung e ot lo va ep.
- Long khuon ren d b (hnh 2-63b) La loai long khuon ren dung e nhan c
hnh
a)
dang vat ren gan giong nh lon g khuon ren tinh, nhng con mot vai phan ong vai tro d
b cho ren tinh.
b)
a)
Hnh 2-63 a) Long khuo n uon cong. b) Long khuon ren d b va long khuon re n tinh.
- Long khuon ren tho: la loai long khuon ren co hnh dang kch thc gan giong
long khuon tinh, khong co ranh van h bie n, s dung vi muc ch nang cao tuoi tho cua
long khuo n tinh.
169
Long khuon tho thng dung cho vat ren co hnh dang phc tap, kim loai bien
dang tng oi kho khan .
- Long khuon tinh (long khuon ren cuoi cung ) hnh 2-63b. La long khuon ren cuoi
cung quyet nh hnh dang, kch thc vat ren theo ung nh ban ve yeu cau.
Long khuon tinh co hnh dang kch thc giong vat ren, co ranh ba via e cha kim
loai tha.
12.Hnh dang va kch thc khoi khuon:
a. Bo tr long khuon tre n khoi khuon
Sau khi a xac nh c qui trnh co ng nghe va thiet ke cac long khuon , ta tien
hanh bo tr long khuon. So lng lon g khuo n phu thuoc vao qui trnh cong nghe, tnh chat
dang san xuat va cac yeu cau ky thuat khac. Thng co hai loai:
- Khuo n co mot long khuon (hnh 2-51).
- Khuo n co nhieu long khuon (hnh 2-53)
nhlan lon g khuon
Tren khuon co nhieu long khuon co the bo tr ca long khuon Mtho
i i
h
C
tinh. Cac long khuon nay khi bo tr len khoi khuon phai baoPa
Hom yeu cau trung tam long
T .
t
a
u
khuon tru ng vi trung tam khoi khuon va phai trunKgyv
thi trung tam can bua .
m
a
h
Neu bo tr khong hp ly se lam gia
Sump o chnh xac cua thiet b, giam o chnh xac
H
D
khuon ren va giam tuoi tho cuarukhuo
ng n. Tuy nhien, trng hp khuon co nhieu long khuon
T o
t
khac nhau th hien tynrigghlech tam khong the tranh khoi c, nhng phai bo tr hp ly e
p
Coca
s lech tam cang t
ng tot.
V du: Tren hnh 2-53 bieu dien khoi khuon co nhieu long khuon e ren thanh
truyen cong gom 1 long khuon tinh, 1 long khuo n tho va 3 long khuo n vuot, cho n, uon.
Trong o, long khuon tinh nam gan tam cua khoi khuon nhat (tam cua long khuon tinh
en tam khoi khuon bang 1/3 khoang cach trung tam 2 long khuon tinh va tho v tnh chat
chu lc cua long khuon tinh l n gap 2 lan long khuon tho). Tat ca tam cua cac long khuon
va tam cua khoi khuon eu nam tre n cung ng thang.
b. Chieu day thanh khuon va hnh dang kch thc khuon:
Chieu day thanh khuon S va S1 (hnh 2-64a) c xac nh theo cac cong thc va
bieu o trong cac so tay ren dap. Nhng khi tnh toan th S va S1 toi thie u khong c nho
hn 10 mm. Kch thc chieu dai, chieu rong khoi khuon phai can c vao so lng long
khuon, s bo tr long khuon . Kch thc chieu cao khoi khuon phu thuoc vao vat ren va
qui chuan uoi en (hnh 2-64b) tham khao trong cac so tay ren dap.
a)
b)
Hnh 2-64 a) Chieu day va o nghieng thanh cua khuon ren.

b) Hnh dang cua khuon ren tre n may bua.
170
c.Vat lieu lam khuo n:

Khuon ren tre n may bua chu va ap, lam viec nhiet o cao, ap suat ln, ma sat
nhieu nen yeu cau vat lieu lam khuon phai co o ben cao, chu nhiet, chu mai mon cao.
De lam khuon thng s du ng cac loai vat lieu sau:
Ren tren may bua loai nhe: 50CrNiMo, 50CrNiW, 50CrNiSiW o cng HB = 388
444.
Ren tren bua loai va: nh tren vi o cng HB = 352 388
Ren tren bua loai ln: 40Cr3WMoV, 40Cr5MoVSi va 40Cr4MoWVSi vi o cng
HRC = 45 50 (HB = 429 477).
4.3.5 ac iem cong nghe ren tren may bua:
Cac may bua c dung e ren khuon may bua hi nc, bua song ong
u iem:
- Co the ieu chnh nang lng ap de dang do o s dung tien li khi can cac nhat
ap nhe trong nguyen cong chuan b phoi va nhat ap manh trong nguyennhcong dap tinh.
Mi
- V bua co hanh trnh kho ng co nh nen co the dap co nhie
Chi u nhat tren mot long
H
P.
khuon. ieu nay ac biet quan trong khi dap trong lonth
gukhuo
at T n tinh.
y
- Toc o bie n dang khi dap tren mapyhbu
amaKrat cao. V du: may bua n co toc o
Su may bua song ong co toc o ti 6 7,5 m/s.
au bua thi iem bien dang tin5g 6
DH m/s,
ruo
Do toc o bien dang lgnhkha
t T nang truyen bien dang khong triet e, s ien thau long
i
r
khuon cha cao. Copy
Nhc iem:
- Trang b cong kenh, at tien v may bua co noi hi, bnh cha hi, mong may ln.
- He so hu ch thap, ton hao do truyen hi, ma sat va rung ong ln.
- Nang suat lao ong thap, ac biet khi ren trong khuon co nhieu lon g khuon va khi
ren chuan b th kho ng s dung het nang lng.
- ieu kien lam viec nang nhoc, kho c kh hoa qua trnh san xuat.
- Ton kim loai v khuon dap tren may bua kho dung chot ay nen o nghieng thanh
khuon ln.
- o chnh xac cua vat ren khong cao lam do khi lam viec b chan ong nen de
lech khuon.
- Rung ong ln anh hn g en o chnh xac cac may xung quanh.
- Hay gay can bua.
Do nh ng ac iem tren nen re n khuon tren may bua cha c s dung rong rai.
4.3.6 Ren khuon tre n may ep:
May ep thng dung e ren khuon la: may ep truc khuyu, may ep ma sat, may ep
thuy lc.
1. Ren khuon tre n may ep truc khuyu:
a. u khuyet iem cua may ep truc khuyu so vi may bua:
u iem:
- Hieu suat cao, he so s dung nang lng cao hn may bua 2 lan
171
- Toc o bien dang may ep thap hn (0,5 0,8 m/s) nen kim loai co ieu kien
truyen bien dang en toan bo the tch vat ren do o ien ay khuon tot hn, ien ay eu
ca hai long khuon. o chnh xac cua vat ren cao.
- Tiet kiem lng tieu hao vat lieu kim loai.
- Nang suat lao o ng cao v moi nhat ap mot chi tiet, con may bua phai ap nhieu
nhat mi c mot chi tiet.
- De t ong hoa va qua trnh c kh hoa qua trnh cong nghe (nh cap phoi, lay
san pham ra).
- ieu kien lao ong cua cong nhan tot hn.
Tuy nhien, ren khuon tren may ep truc khuyu cun g con mot so nhc iem:
- Gia thanh che tao may ep cao, thiet b cong kenh. May dap truc khuyu hay ket
khuon v tr chet di. e khac phuc hien tng ket khuon v tr chet di cua con
trt, ngi ta lam tam em khuon va ban may vat nghieng mot goc 12o 14o Khi b ket
inh u cao khep kn
ngi ta ch viec ong vao tam em hay ban may do o lam thayCo
i iMchie
h
Ho
cua khuon, kh c hie n tng ket khuon.
TP.
t
a
u
y th
- Tnh chat van nang cua may thap vphha
amnhKtrnh cua con trt thn g co nh.
u
DH S
g
n
- Kho kh lp oxyt trong
uolon g khuon nen phoi trc khi a vao khuon phai lam
Tr
sach lp oxyt can thapny.right
Co
2. Ren khuon tre n may ep ma sat truc vt (may nhom 2):
ac iem ren khuon tren may e p ma sat truc vt la :
- Co kha nang ren nhng vat ren tng oi be co hnh dang khac nhau.
- May co kha nang ieu chnh chieu dai hanh trnh, toc o dch chuyen con trt
va nang lng ep .
- May cung co ket cau ay vat ren ra khoi khuon, nen o nghieng cua thanh
khuon co the nho.
- Ngoai viec dap bang khuon h nh may bua, may co the dap trong khuon kn.
- May ep ma sat truc vt t dung e dap nong v hieu suat cua may be (chuyen
ong cua au trt cham). Thng dung rong rai trong cong nghe dap nguoi the tch cac
hp kim ong, nhat la dung trong dap tam nguoi.
3. Ren khuon tre n may ep thuy lc (may nhom 2)
Ren khuon tren may e p thuy lc co cac ac iem sau:
- Lc ep ln nhat va au ep di chuyen rat em do o bao am o chnh xac cua cac
vat ren cao.
- Toc o bien dang khon g ln lam, khoang 2,5 5 cm/s (nho hn 5 10 lan so vi
may ep truc khuyu , nho hn tre n 10 lan so vi may bua).
- May cung co ket cau t ay chi tiet, co hanh trnh cong tac ln. Do o may ep
172
thuy lc thng dung e ren khuon nhng chi tiet bang vat lieu hp kim nhe co tnh deo
thap (hp kim nhom, hp kim Magie v.v)
- Dung e dap cac vat ren ln, phc tap, ren trong khuon co nhie u long khuon.
- Dung e dap nong cac vat lieu tam co chieu day ln va dap nguoi cac tam mong
.
4.Vat lieu lam khuon tren may ep.
e che tao cac khuon ren (dap nong) lam viec tren cac may ep ngi ta s dung
cac loai thep sau:
Khuon co kch thc nho lam viec tren cac may ep truc khuy u va may ren ngang,
dung thep 70Cr3, 80Cr3.
e ep kim loai mau tre n may ren ngang dung thep 40CrMoVSi, tren may ep truc
khuyu dung the p 30Cr3MoV.
e che tao cac khuon ln lam viec tren may ep truc khuyu va mainyhre n ngang dung
i Mc tren may e p thuy
Chvie
thep 50Cr2MoNiV, 50CrNiMo, 50CrNiW, 50CrMnMo. Khuon Hlaom
P.
lc va may ep ma sat truc vt dung thep 40CrW2Si, 50CrW2Si,
uat T 60Cr4MoV.
h
t
y
mK
a
h
p
o cng cua cac loai khuon tren sau
u khi nhiet luyen phai at 42 52 HRC.
DH S
g
n
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
Cop
173
Chng 5
DAP TAM
5.1 Khai niem:
Dap tam la phng phap bien dang deo phoi kim loai dang tam, trong khuon
di tac dung cua ngoai lc e tao thanh san pham co hnh dang, kch thc theo yeu cau.
Dap tam thng tien hanh trang thai nguoi nen con goi la dap nguoi. Khi chieu
day phoi ln hn 10mm th co the dap no ng.
ac iem chung cua dap tam:
- Vat lieu dung e dap tam rat rong rai. V du nh thep C thap, the p hp kim, kim
loai va hp kim mau
Co the dap c nh ng chi tiet phc tap bang nhng chuyen ong n gian cua cac
thiet b ma cac phng phap khac khon g thc hien c. V du dap huy ihie
nhu, dap tien kim
iM
h
C
loai
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
- San pham dap co o chnh xac cao, th
Knygt khong can gia cong c kh lai, kha
m
a
h
nang lap lan cua san pham tot.
Su p
H
D
uong
- San xuat c cahctchi
Trtiet co o cng vng, o ben kha ma ket cau gon nhe. Mc
ig
opyr
o hao ph vat lieuCt.
- De c kh hoa va t ong hoa nen nang suat cao, gia thanh ha.
Do nhng u iem tren nen dap tam c s dung rat rong rai trong co ng nghiep.
Trong nganh che tao o to khoi lng cac chi tiet dap tam chiem ti 60%, nganh san xuat
thiet b ien 60 70%, nganh che tao dung cu chnh xac 85 90%, san xuat hang tieu dung
90%. Thn g dung trong san xuat hang loat ln va hang khoi e che tao cac chi tiet che
chan, nap ay, vo, thung cha
5.2 Thiet b dap tam.

Trong dap tam ngi ta thng s dung cac loai may dap truc khuyu, may e p thuy
lc e thc hien cac nguyen cong chuan b phoi va tao hnh cua cong nghe dap tam.
Can c vao cong viec may ep truc khuyu c chia ra: may cat t, may ot cat,
may dap hnh.
Can c hnh dang be n ngoai chia ra: may 1 tru, may 2 tru.
Can c theo tac dung chia ra: may tac dung n, may tac dung kep, may 3 tac
dung.
5.2.1 May ep truc khuyu van nang:
May ep truc khuyu van nang c dung e thc hien cac nguyen cong: cat hnh,
ot lo, dap vuot khong sau, uo n cat
May ep truc khuyu van nang phan ra 2 loai:
a. May dap truc khuyu than h:
174
Cb)hi
P. Ho
a)
Min
Hnh 2-65 May dap truc khuy

u. T
huat
t
y
a) 1 khuyu. b) 2 khuy
uK
.
pham
u
S
g DHC, h 3 pha trc, phai, trai. Loai nay co u iem
nch
Loai nay than may co hnh
o
u
r
T
s dung thuan tien, pthao
ightat c khong vng. Nhng co nhc iem tai trong tac dung len
r
y
Coi xng lam cho than may bien dang gay ra hien tng nghie ng mat
than may khong o
au.
May dap truc khuy u than h co nhieu dang: may ep 1 tru, 2 tru. May e p co ban
quay va ban khong quay c. Loai may ban quay rat thuan tien cho viec lay san pham
va lap phoi. Loai may than h chiem 80 85% so may ep.
b. May dap truc khuyu than kn: la loai may co than may la mot khung oi xng.
Loai nay lc tac dung ung tam than may nen than may bien dang t hn, hien tng
nghieng mat au trt c loai tr.
May dap truc khuyu than kn c phan loai theo so khuyu, gom cac may 1 khuyu
(hnh 2- 65a), 2 khuy u (hnh 2- 65b), 4 khuyu tren mot truc khuyu. May dap nhieu truc
khuyu cho phep no co nhieu tnh nang hn.
5.2.2 May dap vuot (dap sau):
May dap vuot thng gom cac loai: may ep 3 khuy u, may ep hai tac du ng, may ep
ba tac dung, may ep dap vuot sau co hanh trnh ln , may ep chuyen du ng
May tac dung n la may ch co mot con trt chnh dung e ot, cat, tao hnh.
May ep 2 tac dung chuyen dung e dap vuot cac chi tiet rong sau bang kim loai
tam. May co hai au trt, au nay nam trong au kia, co cung mot hng chuyen ong
khi hanh trnh may len va xuong. au trt chnh trong goi la au trt vuot, dung e
kep chay dap vuot, va au trt ngoai goi la au trt chan dung e kep chat phan khuon,
chan mep phoi, gi va lam phang me p phoi trong qua trnh dap vuot.
175
Tren hnh 2-66, au trt trong 3 dung e cat phoi khi cat hay ot, hoac dung e
tao hnh khi dap sau. au trt ngoai 1 thong qua cam 2 nhan lc t truc khuyu qua vanh
ep co tac dung ep phoi mach cat khi cat phoi bang khuon cat hoac tao lc va u e
chan phoi
khi dap gian khong lam mong thanh phoi,
2
tranh hien tng nhan mep khi phoi tien
dan vao lon g khuon . Trong qua trnh dap
gian au trt ngoai v tr co nh. Khi
dap xong ca hai au trt trong va ngoai
eu cun g i len. May ep ba tac dung ngoai
hai au trt trong va ngoai nh neu tren
con co bo phan ay san pham ra khoi
khuon hoac con co au trt e thc hien
nguyen cong dap vuot ngc e tao nhng
Hnh 2-66 May ep hai tac dung.
lo sau theo chieu ngc lai.
1. au trt ngoaMii2.
nhC cau cam.
May ep truc khuyu e dap khoi co
i
h
C
3. au Ptr
Hot trong 4. Phoi.
hanh trnh con trt co nh. Nhng cac
T .
t
a
u
h
may dung trong dap tam thng dung loai
Ky t
m
a
co the ieu chnh hanh trnh con trt e Sphu
u phhp vi kch thc cua chi tiet. Ngoai ra, con
H
D
ng i, lay vat pham ra khoi khuon trong san xuat hang
co nhieu c cau e cap phoi, aryuopho
T
t
h
loat.
yrig
Cop
5.2.3 May ep thuy lc:
May ep thuy lc dung dap tam co nhieu ac iem quan trong ma may ep truc
khuyu khong at c nh : toc o bien dang kim loai khong thay oi, khon g gay qua tai
v.v May ep thuy lc co lc ep rat ln nen thng dung che tao cac chi tiet ln, phc tap,
yeu cau chat lng cao (xem phan chng 4}.
5.2.4 Cac may quay:
May quay s dung trong dap tam
thng la cac may nan, uon, may miet,
may can hnh, may cat
May na n va uon: trong cong
nghe dap tam thng dung la kieu truc
lan hoac con lan.
May uon 3, 4 truc (hnh 2-67) co
the uon cac tam day 1,6 63 mm, rong
1250 4000 mm, co the uon van h, len
g, tao gan.
a)
b)
Hnh 2-67 May uon 3 truc

a) Truc ep bo tr gia hai truc .
(Tam day >2mm).
b) Truc ep bo tr lech pha sau hai truc can.
(Tam day < 2mm).
5.3 Cac nguyen cong cat phoi.

Cac nguyen cong cat phoi co the chia lam 2 loai: cat va dap cat ot lo.
176
5.3.1 Cat:
Cat la nguyen cong chia phoi tam ra thanh manh nho, dai hepcho ung vi hnh
dang kch thc yeu cau. Cat co the thc hien bang cac phng phap sau:
1. May cat co li dao song song:
May cat co hai lui dao song song nhau (hnh 2-68), lui dao di co nh, lui dao
tren tnh tien len xuo ng tao nen chuyen ong cat.
Khi cat phoi di tac dung cua lc cat P cua dao ep vao phoi se lam cho phoi bien
dang an hoi, bien dang deo roi b pha huy. Dau hieu au tien cua s pha huy la xuat
hien nhng vet nt hai pha cua phoi cho me p cat. Ap lc cang tang th vet nt nay cang
phat trien. Neu khe h gia lui dao tre n va di hp ly th vet nt hai pha phoi en
mot luc nao o se gap nhau va tao nen ng cat lam phoi b t. Lui dao tiep xuc vi
phoi tren ca chieu rong cua tam cat. May nay co the cat cac tam rong en 3200 mm va
chieu day 60mm, ch cat c cac ng cat thang, chieu rong tam phoi phai nho hn
chieu dai li dao, khong cat c cac ng cong va chu vi kn.
nh
i Mi
h
C
u iem cat tren may loai nay la ng cat phang vaP.e
Hop, hanh trnh li dao nho
T
t
a
u
h
nhng lc cat ln. Lc cat co the tnh theo cong th
Kcy :t
m
a
h
Su p
P = KBSc (N)
H
D
g
ruon
T
t
K - He so ke ige
n
a
n
h
h
Q
opyrmem, vat
P
hng cuaCdao
lieu kho cat, khe h ln.

Thng K= 1,3
P
a
B - Chieu rong cat cua
tam phoi (mm)
S - Chieu day cua tam
phoi (mm)
c - Gii han ben cat cua
phoi. c = (0,8 0,9)b (N/mm2)
Hnh 2-68 May cat co li dao song song.
b -Gii han ben cua vat
lieu phoi (N/mm2) .
Lc cat li dao tren va di khon g nam cung mot ng thang, cach nhau mot
khoang a, do o tao thanh mo men P.a lam cho phoi thng b quay i mot goc =
1020o . Hien tng phoi quay lam cho hai dao m ron g ra, khe h ln lam chat lng mep
cat giam. e khac phuc ngi ta can giam goc quay bang cach at tam chan tac dung
len o lc chan Q cho ng lai mo men lat phoi. e tang lc tap trung li dao va giam
canh tay on a ta mai vat li dao i mot goc .
2. May cat co li dao nghieng.
Li dao di cua may nam ngang va co nh. Li dao tren nghien g so vi li
dao di 1 goc = 2 6o (hnh 2-69). Khi thc hien cat, li dao tren ch tiep xuc vi
phoi mot iem nen qua trnh cat c tien hanh t t, lc cat giam i nhieu.
177
Co the cat c chieu dai bat ky, cat c cac tam day hn, cat c nhn g ng
cong. Nhng ng cat khong phang va nhan nh loai tren, hanh trnh cua dao ln hn.
K S 2 c
Lc cat xac nh theo cong thc: P
tg
la he so vat lieu.
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
am K
Hnh 2-69 MaHySca
u pt hco li dao nghieng.
D
uong
r
T
ight
V du: CatCta
opmyrthep co chieu dai B= 1000mm, chieu day tam S = 2 mm, c = 40
KG/mm2, = 0,5, = 2o . Tnh lc cat ta c:
P song song = 104000 KG
P nghie ng = 2990 KG. Nh vay lc cat tren may co li dao nghien g giam i 35
lan.
3. May cat chan ong.
May co hai li dao nghieng tao thanh
mot goc 24 30o . Khi cat li cat tren len xuong
rat nhanh (2000 3000lan /phut) vi khoang
hanh trnh ngan < 4mm (hnh 2-70).
May nay co the cat cac tam co chieu
rong bat ky, co the cat cac ng cong hoac
thang, nhc iem cua may nay giong may cat
li dao nghieng.
4. May cat co li dao a.
Li cat la hai a tron quay ngc chieu
Hnh 2-70. May cat chan ong.
nhau, truc a song song nhau (hnh 2-71a). Li
dao hnh a co ac iem giong nh li dao
nghieng (cat tuan t t ng iem mot) nhng co the thc hien qua trnh cat lien tuc vi
chieu dai khong han che va khong ton thi gian cho hanh trnh chay khong nen nang suat
cao.
178
Khi phoi tiep xuc vi li dao, a se tac dung vao phoi 1 lc P. Lc nay c
phan ra hai thanh phan:
P1 = P.sin , la goc an, thng = 14o .
P2 = P.cos
P1 co tac dung can phoi lai, P2 tao nen lc cat phoi.
S2
c
2tg
K - He so phu thuoc vat lieu; Khi S > 10 mm K = 1,2
Khi S < 3 mm K = 1,8
ng knh a cat phu thuoc chieu day phoi cat S.
P1
P2
Lc cat: P K .
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
b)
a) ight T
r
y
Cop
Hnh 2-71 Nguyen ly may cat dao a.
a) May cat 1 cap a.
b) May cat 2 cap a.
Khi S< 3 mm, ng knh cua a D = 60S; khi S = 3 10 mm th D = (40 50)S;
khi S > 10 mm th D = 30S.
May nay dung e cat cac ng thang va ng cong chieu dai tuy y. May cat co
the co nhieu cap a dung e cat ong thi nhieu dai song song. Tren hnh 2-71b trnh bay
nguyen ly may cat hai cap a.
May cat dao a thng dun g e cat cac tam mong.
5.3.2 Dap cat va ot lo.
Khac vi cat t, dap cat va ot lo la phng phap cat mot ng cong khep kn
(cat theo chu vi) do o phai cat bang khuon (hnh 2-72).
Dap cat.
ot lo.
Hnh 2-72 Phan biet s khac nhau gia dap cat va ot lo.
179
Ve nguyen ly dap cat va ot lo giong nhau, ch khac nhau ve cong dung. ot lo la

qua trnh tao lo rong tren phoi, phan vat lieu tach khoi phoi la phe lieu, phan con lai la
phoi e ra nguyen cong tao hnh. Con dap cat khac vi ot lo la : phan con lai la phe lieu.
Khi dap cat va ot lo dung chay va coi co canh sac e tao thanh li cat. Qua trnh bien
dang cua kim loai khi cat mo ta tren hnh 2-73.
Khi chay t len tam phoi, luc au phoi uon cong va xay ra qua trnh bien dang deo.
Phan kim loai cua phoi di chay lun sau vao trong lo cua coi. S tap trung ng suat tren
li cat cua chay lam xuat hien nhng vet nt.

Khi nh ng vet nt au li cat cua chay va
au li cat cua coi gap nhau, kim loai b pha
huy hoan toan tao thanh vet cat . Vet cat co
hng song song hoac tao thanh mot goc nao o
vi hn g cua lc cat tuy thuoc tng kim loai
dchay
va khe h gia chay va coi.
ac iem:
nh
i Mi
-Cung mot lc cat theo toan bo chu vi
h
C
Ho
cat nen ng cat thang ep khong b cong
TP.
t
a
u
Dcoi
th
venh. Hanh trnh cat nho , co the cat c nhnagm Ky
ph
chu vi phc tap. Tuy nhnhie n lc caDt HlSnu, tuoi
Hnh 2-73. Qua trnh bien dang
ng
tho khuon thap va nang suatttha
Trupo.
cua kim loai khi cat va ot.
h
rigba
Cac thongCso
n cua qua trnh dap
opyc
cat va ot lo:
- Khe h Z gia chay va coi: Z Dc d ch
2
Dc - ng knh coi.
dch - ng knh chay.
Tr so khe h Z tuy thuoc vao chieu day S cua vat lieu va chon theo kinh nghiem:
S = 0,3 1 mm
Z = 0,02 0,08 mm
Z = 0,08 0,3 mm
S = 1 3 mm
S = 3 10 mm
Z = 0,3 1,8 mm
Ngoai ra Z con phu thuoc vao tnh chat vat lieu. Vat lieu cang cng th Z cang ln.
Thng lay Z = (5 10%) S.
Neu khe h Z khong ung, mat cat cua phoi se b t t ng khp. o h qua ln va
li cat cun se keo kim loai vao coi va do o tao ra bavia va mat cat khong ep.
- Lc cat:
P = KLSc (KG)
K - He so ieu kien cat, ke en anh hng cua tnh trang chay coi, chie u day vat
lieu khong eu, be mat vat lieu khong tot Thng lay K = 1.1 1,3
L - Chieu dai ng cat (mm).
S - Chieu day vat lieu (mm).
c - ng suat cat cho phep (KG/mm2)
180
- ng knh chay va coi: Tnh n g knh chay va coi thng dung phng phap
che tao khuon phoi hp. Theo phng phap nay th che tao chay (hoac coi) xong, lay o
lam chuan e gia cong coi (hoac chay) con lai.
+ Khi dap cat: ngi ta lay mieng cat do o kch thc san pham do coi quyet nh,
cho nen lay kch thc coi lam chuan.
Coi: Dcoi = ( d ct - )+ coi
dct - ng knh chi tiet.
- Dung sai chi tiet.
coi - Dung sai che tao coi.
Chay: dchay = Dcoi 2Z
Chu y phoi hp che tao e am bao khe h Z.
+ Khi ot lo: ngi ta lay lo nen kch thc san pham do chay quyet nh, do o
lay kch thc chay lam chuan.
Chay: dchay = ( dlo + )-chay
nh
dlo - ng knh lo can ot.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
- Dung sai lo.
TP.
t
a
u
h
chay - Dung sai che tao chay.
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
Coi: Dcoi = dchay + 2Z
H
D
g
uona
Chu y phoi hp che ta
m bao khe h Z.
Tore
t
h
g
i
pyt rphoi can chu y en viec xep hnh phoi tren cac dai kim loai va cat
+ Qua trnhCoca
tam kim loai ln thanh cac dai kim loai (pha bang kim loai) sao cho he so s dun g nguyen
lieu cao nhat nhng van bao am chat lng chi tiet cat tot nhat. ieu nay co y ngha ln
trong san xuat hang loat ln vi san l ng hang chuc trieu chiec/nam, v rang trong tong
so gia thanh cua san pham th tien nguyen lieu chiem 60 70%, trong khi o tien nhan
cong ch chiem 5 10% hoac thap hn.
He so s dung nguyen vat lieu e anh gia mc o s dung vat lieu:
F
n. f
o 100%
.100%
F
F
Fo - Die n tch nguye n vat lieu s dung.
F - Tong dien tch vat lieu.
n - So chi tiet bo tr c tre n tam cat.
f - Dien tch 1 chi tiet.
Khi bo tr nguyen vat lieu e cat, ta da vao cac nguyen tac sau:
. Hieu suat s dung vat lieu phai cao nhat.
. Tan dung giam s phc tap cua khuon va giam thao tac cua cong nhan.
. Giam so lan cat.
V du: Bo tr phoi e
dap cat, he so s dung vat lieu
tang dan theo cac phng an a,
b, c, d ( hnh 2-74)
181
Hnh 2-74 Bo tr vat lieu khi dap cat.
Ngoai cac nguyen tac tren khi bo tr nguyen vat lieu e cat ot can chu y cac yeu
cau sau:
. Vat can n gian, tranh lam cac goc nhon, cac lo khoet phc tap.
. Cho tiep giap gia 2 canh phai co ban knh ln e am bao de cat va tang ben
cho chay va coi.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
182
5.4 Cac nguyen cong tao hnh:

Cac nguyen cong tao hnh chu yeu trong cong nghe dap tam bao gom: uon,
dap sau, thanh hnh, top, dap gan, uon vanh, miet
5.4.1 Uon.
Uon la nguyen cong lam thay oi hn g th kim loai, bien phoi phang (tam), day
hay ong thanh nhng chi tiet co hnh cong eu hay gap khuc.
Hnh 2-75 trnh bay s o uon cong tam
co chieu day S, e tien hanh uon ngi ta s
dung bo khuon gom chay va coi. Khi uon mat
trong cua phoi (mat tiep xuc vi chay) chu ng
suat nen lam phoi de b nep nhan, con mat
ngoai (mat tiep xuc vi coi) chu ng suat keo
lam phoi de nt, gia hai lp nay la lp trung
nh
hoa khong b keo va khong b nen. Ne u ta ke
i Mi
h
C
Ho
nhng o vuon g mat canh cua phoi th sau khi
TP.
t
a
u
uon ta that phan thang nhng o vuong nay Ky thHnh 2-75 S o nguyen ly uon.
m
phab
u th
khong oi, con phan cong cua san pha
m
S
H
D
bien dang than h hnh thang, Tva
ucohng ngoai cung dai ra nhieu, vach trong cung ngan lai
r
ighat th khong oi.

nhieu, con ng trung
yrho
p
o
C
Theo tiet dien ngang tam ta thay pha trong chu ng suat keo ra hai ben, con pha
ngoai chu ng suat nen do o chieu rong mep ngoai giam i con mep trong tang len.
Hien tng nay cang ro khi tam cang day.
Cac thong so ky thuat c ban cua qua trnh uon:
- Ban knh uo n nho nhat rmin:
Ban knh uon nho nhat quyet nh ban knh
cua chay. Neu r chay nho qua th th phoi de t.
Rmin = K.S
K - He so phu thuoc vat lieu. V du: Uon tam
o
thep CT3 , uon vuong goc vi th K = 0,1, uon song
song vi th K = 0,5.
r
- Goc an hoi khi uon (hnh 2-76).
Khi uon kim loai va b bien dang deo va b
bien dang an hoi. Do thanh phan bie n dang an hoi
Hnh 2-76 Goc an hoi sau
nay nen sau khi nhac chay khoi vat uon, vat se an
hoi tr lai mot phan lam thay oi goc uon. Goc an hoi nay bang hieu cua goc yeu cau
cua san pham o va goc cua chay uon .
o
2
Goc an hoi nay co the t 0 10o. ac iem nay can chu y khi thiet ke khuon.
Goc an hoi sau khi uon phu thuoc vao goc uon o, ban knh uon r cua chi tiet,
182
chieu day S cua tam kim loai, ban knh chay rchay, tnh chat an hoi cua vat lieu
- Lc uon: Lc uon phu thuoc
vao hnh dang chi tiet, vat lieu
uon, chieu day va chieu rong
BS 2 b
0
,
7
.
P
phoi. Lc uon xac nh theo
rS
cong thc sau:
(180 o o )(
r
1)
rch
B -Chieu rong phoi (mm).

S - Chieu day phoi (mm).
r - Ban knh uon (mm).
b - Gii han ben cua vat lieu
(KG/mm2)
5.4.2 Dap
a)
b)
1. Chay.
2. Tam chan.
3. Coi.
4. Chi tiet.
sau (dap
Chi
P. Ho
vuot).
Min
T
Dap sau hay con goi la
huat h
t
y
d
dap vuot la phng phap che
am K
h
p
u
D
tao cac san pham hnh ong g DH S
n
Tyruo
hoac hnh hop rong, co
t a
h
g
i
yr
hoac khong co a
Coyp, co vanh
hoac khong co vanh rong. Dap
c)
sau c chia lam hai phng
d
phap: Dap sau khong bien
Hnh 2-77 Dap vuot kho ng lam mong thanh.
mong thanh va dap co bien
a) Hien tng nhan san pham dap vuot.
mong thanh phoi.
b) S o nguye n ly dap.
1. Dap sau kho ng bien
c) Hnh khai trien phoi t san pham dap
mong thanh phoi
ong.
a. Ban chat qua trnh dap sau khong bie n mong tha nh:
ay la nguyen con g bien dang ma chieu day phoi va chieu day thanh san pham
xap x bang nhau.
e tien han h dap sau khong bien mo ng thanh ngi ta s dung mot bo khuo n gom
chay va coi (hnh 2-77b). Xet 1 chi tiet hnh tru co ng knh d c dap t phoi tron
ng knh D. Khi chay ep len phoi se lam cho phoi bien dang. Phan chay ep len phoi
kim loai chu ng suat keo theo hng knh va chuyen thanh ay cua chi tiet ng knh d.
Con hnh vanh khan (D-d), cac phan t phoi chu keo theo hn g doc truc chi tiet va chu
nen theo h ng tiep tuyen, bien thanh hnh tru co ng knh d va chieu cao h (hnh 277c).
183
Cac phan t phoi cang xa tam cang b nen theo hng tiep tuyen nhieu, va cang
gan tam cang b keo theo hng knh cang nhieu, vung tam phoi va vung tiep xuc vi
mep chay phoi de nt.
e tranh cac nep nhan (hnh 2-77a) ta
dung lc ep phu Q tac dung le n tam chan 2.
b. ac iem cua qua trnh bien dang
khi dap sau:
- Cat doc chi tiet, sau khi dap xong ta

thay thc te chieu day chi tiet thay oi nh sau
(hnh 2-79):
3,22
+ ay chieu day khong oi, bang chieu

day phoi.
+ Cang len tren chieu day S cang tang,

mep ln tre n chieu day chi tiet ln hn chieu
day phoi (chieu day tang them t 15 25%).
2,75
S=3
+ goc ln ay, chieu day giam nhieu

(co khi ti 30%), ni o la tiet dien ngang nguy
hiem nhat, tai ay tap trung ng suat rat ln.
3,37
- Khi dap sau, nhng iem cua phoi

nam tren cung mot vong tron cach eu tam
th mc o bien dang nh nhau. Sau khi bien
dang van nam tren vong tron nhng ng
knh vong tro n luc nay bang ng knh chi
tiet. Cac vong tron ong tam ve tre n phoi
a)
b)
trc khi bien dang bie n thanh cac vong tron
n
i h
bang nhau co tam nam tren truc phoi, nhng
inMda
h
C
Hnh 2-78 S o
bie
ng khi dap sau.
. Ho
khoang cach khong eu nhau ma tang dan t
P
T
uat
y th
ay len. ieu o cho thay cac iem cang xa
K
phnam
tam th bien dang cang nhieu. Cac voHngSutro
cang xa tam sau khi bien dang cach nhau
D
g
n
cang xa (hnh 2-78a).
ruo
tT
h
g
i
pyrn g ng ban knh chia eu vong tron phoi thanh nhng goc nh
- Neu ta ke
Conh
nhau, sau khi bien dang nh ng ng nay se lam thanh ng sinh song song cach eu
nhau (hnh 2-78b).
2,18
Hnh 2-79 S thay oi chieu

day thanh khi dap sau.
S thay oi chieu day thanh va giam

mong thanh tren chu anh hn g bi cac nhan to sau:
+ Ban knh ln cua coi: Rcoi cang nho th kim loai vung o bien dang nhieu nen
chieu day thanh cang giam.
+ Khe h gia chay va coi (Z): Z cang giam th s bien mong thanh cang nhie u.
+ Mc o bien dang cang tang th s bien mong thanh cang ln.
184
+ Chat boi trn tot th giam lng bien mong thanh.

c. Xac nh hnh da ng va kch thc phoi cho chi tiet n gia n:
- Hnh dang cua tam phoi phu thuoc vao hnh dang cua chi tiet. Neu chi tiet co
hnh
tru hay hnh hop co ay la mot a giac eu, thanh ben thang ng, nghieng hoac co bac
th phoi la mot tam tron.
Neu chi tiet co ay la hnh ch nhat th phoi co hnh elp. Nhng neu chi tiet co
thanh thap khi H 0,3B (H: chieu cao, B: chieu rong cua hop) th phoi co hnh trien khai
phc tap hn.
- Kch thc cua phoi (Dphoi): Khi dap vuot khong bien mong thanh, ngi ta bo
qua s thay oi chie u day vat lieu (do qua trnh bien dang gay ra). Do vay viec xac nh
kch thc cua phoi da vao s can bang dien tch be mat cua phoi va chi tiet (khi co cat
mep phai tnh en lng d e cat mep).
nh
i Mi
h
C
D phoi 1,13 F
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
th
2 m Ky
a
).
F la dien tch be mat cua chi tiet ( mm
h
Su p
H
D
Cach tnh dien tch phoi phu
thuo
c
hnh
dang, kch thc cua chi tiet.
uong
r
T
V du: Tnh ignhgt knh

phoi e dap
yr
p
o
C
cac chi tiet tron xoay
co hnh dang n gian,
bang vat lieu mong, hnh 2-80 (cha tnh
lng d cat mep).
Hnh 2-80
Hnh dang chi
a)
- Chi tiet hnh tru thang:
tiet.
a) Hnh tru
D phoi d 2 4dh
thang.
b) Hnh tru co
- Chi tiet hnh tru co vanh:
vanh.
D phoi d 22 4d 1 h
b)
V du: Chi tiet hnh tru khong co ban

knh ln ay hoac ban knh ln ay nho ( hnh 281), ng knh phoi xac nh nh sau:
. Neu vat lieu mong S <1,5 mm:
D phoi d tr2 4d ng .H tr d tr2 4 d tr .H ng
. Neu vat lieu day:
D phoi d tb2 4.d tb .( h h ' )
Trong o:
185
Hnh 2-81 Chi tiet dap hnh

tru co cat mep, ban knh
ln ay nho.
dtr , dng - ng knh trong va ngoai hnh tru.

Htr, Hng - Chieu cao ben trong va ben ngoai cua hnh tru.
dtb - ng knh trung bnh.
h/ - Lng d e cat mep (tra bang so tay hoac lay gan ung bang 5% Dphoi).
d. Cac thong so c ban cua cong nghe dap sau:
- He so dap sau: e anh gia mc o bien dang sau moi lan dap sau, dung he so
dap sau m. oi vi nhng chi tiet tron xoay dap vuot khong lam mong thanh, he so
dap sau la ty so gia ng knh sau va trc moi lan dap.
m
d
D
d - ng knh chi tiet

D - ng knh phoi.
He so dap sau phu thuoc chu ye u vao vat lieu gia cong, th ng m = 0,55 0,95.
Khi m cang nho, toc o bien dang cang ln , kim loai b bien c
nnghcang cao, de b
i Mi
h
C
nt. Do o, khi dap cac chi tiet co ng knh nho, chieu caoPl
Hno phai dap thanh nhieu lan
T .
t
a
u
e bao am toc o bien dang nho. He so m lan daKpy sau
th bao gi cung lay cao hn lan dap
m
a
h
trc v cang dap nhieu lan kim loai b bie
Su np
H
D
cng cang nhieu, bien dang canrguokho
ng khan.
T
t
h
yrig
- So lan da
Cpopsau: Muon che tao chi
tiet co chieu sau ln ta phai dap sau lam
nhieu lan (hnh 2-82). So lan dap sau n e
dap t phoi co ng knh D xuo ng chi tiet
co ng knh dn c xac nh nh sau:
Lan dap th nhat
m1
d1
D
d1 = m1.D
Lan dap th hai

m2
d2
d1
d2 = m2 . d1 = m1.m2.D
Lan dap th n e c vat co ng

knh dn
mn
dn
d n 1
Hnh 2-82 Trnh t dap vuot chi tiet

hnh tru kho ng co vanh.
dn = mn.dn-1 = m1.m2.m3mn .D
e n gian tnh toan lay gia tr trung bnh:
m tb
n 1
m 2 .m 3 ... m n
Va cong thc tren co the viet:
d n m 1 . m tbn 1 . D
186
Lay logarit ca hai ve ta co :

lg d n lg (m1 D ) (n 1) lg mtb
n 1
lg d n lg( m 1 D )
lg m tb
ng vi moi lan dap co mot bo khuon tng ng (hnh 2-83).

- Lc ep phu Q: Lc ep phu Q tac dung len tam chan nham muc ch lam phoi bien
dang eu, tranh hien tn g nep nhan thanh. Lc Q xac nh theo bieu thc:
Q = F.q
F - Dien tch phan phoi b chan.
q - Ap lc rieng phan khi chan, no phu thuoc chieu day vat lieu, he so dap sau, tnh
chat vat lieu. V du:
qnhom = 0,08 0,12 kg/mm2
nh
i Mi
h
C
qong = 0,12 0,18 kg/mm2
Ho
TP.
t
a
qthep = 0,25 0,35 kg/mm2
u
h Rcoi
Rchay
Ky t
m
a
h
p
Noi chung neu Q nho th tac dunSgucua tam
H
nglDc phoi de t.
chan giam, de b nep nhan, gayrutr
o
T
Z
Neu Q l n qua se gapyymo
ighntg thanh va t ay.
r
Co
- Khe h Z: Mc o bien dan g khi dap sau,
Hnh 2-83 Ban knh ln
chat lng dap sau phu thuoc rat nhieu vao khe h
cua chay coi.
Z gia chay va coi. Neu tang Z th kim loai de bien
dang nhng lam cho thanh san pham dap khong thang goc vi ay va de co nep nhan.
Neu nho qua th dap hay b t do san pham b ket ong thi lam khuon chong mon.
Xac nh khe h Z theo cong thc sau:
Z = K.S + S max
K - He so phu thuoc vao chieu day vat lieu, tnh chat vat lieu. V du dap sau co
tam chan, lan au S = 0,5 2 mm th K = 0,1.
S - Chieu day vat lieu (mm).
Smax - Chieu day ln nhat cua phoi (mm).
- Chay va coi eu phai co goc ln, ac biet la coi e tranh t phoi trong qua
trnh dap.
Ban knh ln cang ln, kim loai bien dang cang de, nhng thanh san pham de tao
nep nhan. Ban knh ln nho qua phoi hay b rach trong qua trnh dap.
- Tnh lc dap sau (Pd):
Lc dap sau gom 2 thanh phan: lc lam bien dang chi tiet P va lc cua vanh ep Q
Pd = P + Q
187
Lc bien dang cho lan th n cua chi tiet hnh tru tnh theo con g thc:
P = Kn..dn.S.b
Kn He so phu thuoc chu yeu vao he so dap sau m.
dn ng knh chi tiet lan dap th n = 1,2,3
S Chieu day phoi (mm).
b Gii han ben vat lieu kg/mm2
oi vi chi tiet bat ky co chu vi phc tap:
P = L.S. b
L - Chu vi ay chi tiet.
2. Dap sau co bie n mong thanh.
Dap sau co bien mong thanh la qua trnh dap sau co cng bc lam giam chieu
day thanh chi tiet so vi chieu day phoi.
ac iem cua phng phap nay la ng knh chi tiet giam t, chieu sau tang nhieu
va do o giam chieu day thanh phoi, chieu day cua ay khong thay oiM
. nh
i i
h
C
o
P. H
e tien hanh dap sau co lam mong thanh ta duantg Tmo
t bo khuon co khe h gia
u
h
chay va coi nho hn chieu day phoi (Z < S) hnhm2-84
Ky t
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Z = (0,3
Cop
0,8)S
3
Hnh 2-84 Dap sau co lam mong thanh.
1. Coi dap 2. Chay dap 3. San pham
dap.
Ban chat qua trnh bien dang khi dap sau co bien mong thanh co the giai thch nh
sau:
Di tac dung cua lc ep P chay tac dung vao ay phoi, khi o se phat sinh ra ng
suat keo thanh chi tiet lam cho kim loai cua thanh phoi lieu b keo dai ra theo khe h
gia chay va coi. V khe h gia chay va coi Z nho hn chieu day phoi S nen vung bien
dang tuy theo mc o chuyen ong cua chay ma giam mong chieu day thanh chi tiet.
Do tr lc bien dang cua thanh khi giam mong than h, nen sinh ra ng suat nen
thang goc vi phan be mat con cua coi. Do o tong tac dung cua ng suat keo va nen noi
tren se lam cho vung bien dang co trang thai ng suat keo nen phc tap lam kim loai
bien dang de o, chieu day giam i va keo dai ra theo hn g ng sinh.
188
Ngoai ra tren thanh khuon, gia phoi kim loai va khuon con co lc ma sat tac dung
ngc vi hng di ong cua kim loai. Lc ma sat nay cung co tac dung can tr s bien
dang cua kim loai. V the lc dap sau phai u l n e lam bien dang deo phoi va thang
c lc ma sat.
ac iem qua trnh dap sau co bien mong thanh:
- Kho ng can lc ep phu , bo phan ep phu, thiet b dan hn g hoac cac khuo n phc
tap co bo phan chong nep nhan ma chat lng chi tiet van am bao, khong b nep nhan.
- Dap
sau co bien mong thanh do khong can lc ep phu nen dung c tren may ep
n.
-
So lan dap sau giam do co kha nang tao c bien dang ln.
- Chat lng kim loai khi dap sau co bien mong thanh tot hn v sau khi dap mot
vai lan phai u do o cau truc kim loai co hat ong eu va nho hn.
Co 2 phng phap dap sau co bien mong thanh:
h
Min
- Lam thay oi ng knh xong roi mi bien mo ng thanHh.o Chi
P.
at T
u
h
t
- Va thay oi ng knh va tien hanh la
ym bien mong thanh cung mot luc. Vi
mK
a
h
p
phng phap nay th kim loai bien dang ma
u nh liet hn (hnh 2-85).
DH S
g
n
ruo
a. Tnh kch thc pho
t Ti:
h
g
i
pyr
Khi dap saC
u oco bien mong thanh cac chi tiet hnh tru, kch thc cua phoi c xac
nh da vao ieu kie n can bang the tch kim loai gia phoi va chi tiet.
D phoi 1,13
V
S
S
Trong o:
V - The tch phoi co tnh
en lng d e cat mep.
S - Chieu day phoi.
S = (1 1,2). Say
Say - Chieu day ay.
V = (1 +a). Vchi tiet
Hnh 2-85 Dap sau bien mong thanh chi tiet hnh tru.
a - He so tnh en lng
d cat mep.
Neu h/d < 3 th
a = (8 10%). Vchi tiet
h/d = 310 th
a = (10 12%). Vchi tiet
h/d > 10 th a = (12 15%). Vchi tiet

b. Tnh he so bien dang K va so lan dap n:
189
Thong thng th dap sau co bien mong thanh c tien hanh t phoi a c dap
sau lan au khong bien mong.
e anh gia mc o bie n dang moi nguyen cong, ngi ta s dung ai lng K
F n 1 F n
S
Sn
n 1
1 m bm
F n 1
S n 1
Trong o: K - Mc o bien dang.

Fn-1; F n - Dien tch tiet dien ngang cac nguye n cong.
Sn-1; S n - Chieu day thanh cac nguyen cong.
mbm - He so bien mon g (mbm = Sn / Sn-1)
Nh vay mc o bien dang chung se la:
K ch
Fo Fn
F
1 n
Fo
Fo
Chi
P. Ho
T
Fn Dien tch tiet dien ngang cua chi tie
htu. at
t
y
K
haamphoi.
pcu
u
Fo Dien tch tiet dien ngang
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
t Tng Fo = .Dphoi.S
Neu la ypho
gihpha
i
r
Cop
So lan dap tnh theo cong thc : n lg F n lg F o
lg (1 K
Trong o :
tb
Min
Fo , Fn - Dien tch tiet dien ngang cua phoi va chi tiet.

Ktb - Mc o bien dang trung bnh cho phep moi nguyen cong.
Khi tnh toan coi cac he so K1 = K2 = .....=Kn = Ktb
Gia tr cua Ktb, mbm cho trong so tay dap nguoi tuy thuoc vao vat lieu va th t
nguyen co ng.
Do co s bien cng rat manh trong qua trnh dap sau nen cac nguyen cong tiep
theo can giam dan mc o bien dang va u e phuc hoi tnh deo cua kim loai.
Sau khi xac nh c mc o bien dang moi nguyen cong, co the xac nh c
chieu day thanh va chieu cao chi tiet moi nguyen con g da vao ieu kien the tch khong
oi.
5.4.3 Uon vanh (Nong lo).
Uon vanh la nguyen cong che tao cac chi tiet co g, ng knh D, chieu cao H va
ay chi tiet rong. Phoi e uon vanh can ot lo ng knh d phu hp, sau o dung bo
khuon gom chay va coi (hnh 2-86A).
e am bao chat lng uon vanh, han che s nt mep th khi uon vanh can am
bao he so uon vanh hp ly Ku
190
Ku
d
D
Thng Ku= 0,62 0,72
Trong o:
D - ng knh chi tiet tnh theo ng trung hoa (mm)

d - ng knh lo(mm)
A)
B)
Hnh 2-86 S o uo n vanh.
A) Uon vanh 1 lan. B) Uon vanh nhieu lan.
inh
hi(Mchieu cao uo n vanh
Neu chieu cao chi tiet H khong the uo n mot lan khi H > oHmax
C
.H
ti han) th qua trnh uo n vanh phai qua mot so nguyen uco
nTgPnh tren hnh 2-86B. T phoi
t
a
yyth(hnh b), sau o tien hanh nong lo
Ka
phang dap sau thanh hnh tru (hnh a), ot lo
m
a
h
Su p
H
(hnh c).
D
ng
Truo
t
h
5.4.4 Top mien
ygrig
Cop
Top mieng la nguyen cong lam nho mieng
cua cac chi tiet a dap sau. Mieng b top co the co
hnh con, hnh ban cau. Qua trnh top mieng chi
tiet dap sau trnh bay tren hnh 2-87.
Khuon di lam nhiem vu nh v chi tiet,
khuon tren co hnh con ng knh giam dan, phan
cuoi cua khuon tre n la hnh tru. e khoi xay ra
hien tng xep mieng to p th ty so gia ng
knh phoi (chi tiet dap gian) df va ng knh cua
chi tiet (mieng top) dct phai gii han trong mot
pham vi cho phep.
K
d ct
Hnh2-87.Top mieng.
1, 2 1 ,3
Khi can top mieng co ng knh nho hn so vi ng knh phoi th phai qua mot
so lan top.
5.4.5. Gian pho ng, In noi.
Ngc vi cong viec top mieng, gian phong nham lam to chi tiet a dap gian
phan di, con mien g van gi nguyen, kho ng lam thay oi chieu day chi tiet. Qua trnh
gian phong trnh bay tren hnh 2-88. Chi tiet a dap gian at vao khuon hai na, long
191
khuon la hnh dang cua san pham nh che tao. Pha trong chi tiet dap gian (phoi) la khoi
cao su va dung chay ep len cao su. Nh tnh chat an hoi cao su ay thanh chi tiet sat vao
thanh khuon tao thanh san pham.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
192
Cung co the dung bi thep hoac

chat long, kh ep thay the cao su mien
la sau khi dap xong co the lay ra khoi
san pham c.
- In noi: dung e in nhng hnh
gan hoac ch noi len san pham dap tam
hoac cac phoi tam nham muc ch tang
o cng vng va tang tnh my thuat cua
chi tiet.
Hnh 2-88. Gian phong.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
193
PHAN III
CONG NGHE HAN

Chng 1
CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN VE CONG NGHE HAN

1.1 Thc chat, ac iem va phan loai han.
1.1.1 nh ngha:
- Han la phng phap cong nghe noi hai hoac nhieu phan t thanh mot lien ket ben
vng khong thao ri, c thc hie n bang nguon nhiet Q (hoac nguoinnhnhiet va ap lc)
iM
Ch(
o
nung cho noi en trang thai han TTH, sau o kim loai t ke
t
tinh
ng vi TTH la chay
H
TP.
t
a
u
h n t lien ket vi nhau cho ta moi
long) hoac dung ap lc ep (ng vi TTH deo) e K
cayctpha
m
a
h
Su p
han.
H
D
ng
Truo
1.1.2 ac iem:
t
h
yrig
Conp ngay nay phat trien manh va c s dung rong rai, v co cac ac
Cong nghe ha
iem sau:
- Tiet kiem vat lieu: Vi cung loai ket cau kim loai, han tiet kiem 1020% khoi
lng kim loai so vi cac moi ghep khac (noi bang inh tan), hoac t 30 50% khoi lng
kim loai so vi uc. on g thi han co the han cac kim loai khac nhau e tiet kiem kim
loai quy hoac tao ket cau ac biet. V du nh han o ng vi the p, han nhom vi thep...
- Moi han co o ben cao va am bao o kn. Thong thng mi han kim loai c
hp kim hoa tot hn kim loai vat han, nen moi han chu tai trong tnh tot.V vay han
thng dung che tao cac ket cau kn dung cha ng va chu ap lc cao (cac bnh cha,
noi hi). Han cac ket cau phc tap yeu cau co o ben cao (v du nh cac khung dam chu
lc, vo tau thuy).
- Han co nang suat cao, v co the giam c so lng cac nguyen cong, giam cng
o lao ong, de t ong hoa va c kh hoa qua trnh san xuat (v du cac day chuyen han
vo o to...)
- Nhc iem cua han la do nguon nhiet nung nong cuc bo, de tao ng suat d ln
gay bien dang cac ket cau han, to chc kim loai vung gan moi han b thay oi theo chieu
hng xau i, lam giam kha nang chu tai trong ong cua moi han, mat khac trong moi
han de gay khuyet tat nh ro, nt...
- c du ng ro ng rai trong lnh vc che tao may, giao thong van tai, xay dng...
193
1.1.3 Phan loai.

Ngay nay co hn 120 phng phap han khac nhau. Theo trang thai han chia lam 2
nhom: Han non g chay va han ap lc.
1. Han nong chay:
- Yeu cau nguon nhiet co cong suat u ln (ngon la O2 - C2H2, ho quang ien,
plasma...) am bao nung nong cuc bo kim loai c ban va vat lieu han ti trang thai nong
chay.
- Khi han nong chay cac kh xung quanh nguon nhiet co anh hng rat quan trong
en qua trnh luyen kim va hnh thanh moi han. Do o e ie u chnh qua trnh han theo
chieu hng mong muon th phai dung cac bien phap cong nghe nhat nh: dung thuoc
bao ve, kh bao ve, han trong chan khong.v.v...
- Chang han nh han kh, han ho quang tay, han t ong va ban t ong di l p
thuoc, han ho quang trong moi trng kh bao ve, han x ien, han plasma...
nh
i Mi
h
C
2. Han ap lc.
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
- Han di tac dung cua nguon nhiet va ap l
c.hoi vi phng phap nay, pham vi
Ky t
m
a
h
nguon nhiet tac ong e han la rat lnH, mo
Su tp so phng phap han kim loai c ban b nung
D
ong han iem , han ng).
nong e n nhiet o bat au cha
Tyru(nh
t
h
yrig
mot so phng
Cop phap khac, kim loai c ban ch at en trang thai deo (nh han tiep
xuc ien tr) kim loai hoan toan khong chay, ma s lien ket han xay ra do kimloai khuech
tan trang thai ran co s tac dung cua nhiet va ap lc.
- Han di tac dung cua ap lc. phng phap nay s lien ket han ch do tac dung
cua lc khong co nguo n nhiet cung cap (nh han nguoi, han no, han sieu am).
Co the bieu th cac phng phap han theo s o sau:
1- Han la de. 2- Han ho quang plasma. 3- Han chum tia ien t. 4. Ha n ho quang ien.
5- Han x ien. 6. Han kh. 7- Han nhiet nhom. 8- Han ho quang tay. 9.Han t ong va
194
ban t ong di lp thuoc.10. Ha n ho quang trong moi trng kh bao ve. 11. Han ho
quang tay ien cc nong chay. 12. Ha n ho quang tay ien cc khong nong chay. 13.
Han trong moi trng kh argon. 14. Han trong moi trn g kh Heli. 15. Han trong moi
trng kh nit. 16.Han trong moi trng kh CO2. 17. Han sieu am. 18. Han no. 19.
Han nguoi. 20. Han ien tiep xuc. 21. Han ma sat. 22. Han khuech tan trong chan khong.
23.Han cao tan. 24. Han re n. 25. Han giap moi. 26. Han iem. 27. Han ng. 28. Han
bang ien cc gia. 29. Han iem bang tu.
Ngoai 2 nhom tren con co han vay (co n goi la han bang hp kim trung gian): la
phng phap noi cac chi tiet kim loai lai vi nhau nh kim loai hoac hp kim trung gian
goi la vay han. Trong qua trnh han, vay han c nung non g en trang thai chay, con kim
loai nen khong b nung chay.
1.2 Qua trnh luyen kim va to chc kim loai moi han.
1.2.1 Qua trnh luyen kim khi han nong chay:
Phng phap han thong dung nhat la phng phap han nong chay. oi vi phng
h
Mnin
phap nay, khi han cac qua trnh hoa ly xay ra trong kim loai longChivu
g han cung giong
P. Ho
nh khi luyen kim. Co ngha cung xay ra qua trnh otxhyho
a, qua trnh kh oxy, qua trnh
uat T
Ky
ama
h
hp kim hoa song khi han non g chay co mo
t
so
c iem rieng sau:
p
Su
H
D
g n chay long rat nhanh (khoang vai giay).
+ Kim loai que han va va
tn
ha
Truo
t
igh y rat nho.
+ Lng kim loa
yircha
Cop
+ Nhiet o vun g han rat cao.
+ Sau khi han kim loai long vung han on g ac rat nhanh.
+ Nguon nhiet nung nong khi han luon la nguo n nhiet di o ng.
Do vay ma cac qua trnh hoa ly xay ra trong vung han kho ng the thc hie n triet e
va kho ieu khien.
Khi xem xet qua trnh dch chuye n kimloai long t que han vao vung han trong han
nong chay, ngi ta thay kim loai long va ca hi kim loai b nung nong nhiet o cao se
gay ra tng tac qua lai gia cac pha:
Moi trng kh - Kim loai long - X long.
* Pha kh trong vung han nong chay.
- Di tac dung nhiet o cao cua nguon nhiet cac pha t kh xung quanh vung han b
phan ly.
H2 2H + Q1
O2 2O + Q2
N2 2N + Q3
Hoac
2H2O 2H2 + O 2 + Q4
CO2 CO + O + Q5
trang thai nguyen t , cac kh nay co hoat tnh cao hn va de dang tac dung qua
195
lai vi cac giot kim loai nong chay cung nh vi kim loai vung han. Xet anh hn g cua
cac nguyen t kh noi tren en tnh chat cua moi han khi han thep:
- O xy la kh gay s oxy hoa rat manh nhiet o cao.
2Fe + O2 2FeO
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2 O3
3F + 2O2 Fe3O4
O2 + 2Mn = 2MnO
O2 + Si = SiO2
O2 + C = CO2
S oxy hoa nay lam anh hng trc tiep ti c tnh cua thep (giam o ben, o dai va
cham).
- Ni t: nhiet o cao co hoat tnh manh vi Fe tao ra cac nitrit Fe2Nlam o dan
dai va o dai va cham.N2 la nguyen to co hai khi han cac chi tiet chu tai trong ong.
h
Mitntnh cao, hoa tan
- Hyro: de b phan hu y nhiet o cao thanh cac nguyen to C
cohihoa
H
TP.
t
a
u
rat manh vao thep tao thanh ro kh, gay ng suat vathlam giam o ben cua kim loai moi
y
am K
h
p
han.
u
DH S
g
n
o
Cac kh trong moi trnTgruxung
quanh vung han nh O2, H2, hi nc, CO2 eu la
t
h
g
i
nhan to co hai choComo
pyir han. Do vay khi han ngi ta phai dung cac bien phap cong nghe
nham ngan nga s xam nhap cua moi trng kh nay vao kim loai han, am bao cho moi
han thoa man c tnh can thiet. V du nh moi trng kh bao ve (kh tr), dung lp thuoc
bao ve, hoac x han
* Pha x trong vung han.
- X han la mot hp chat cua cac oxt va cac muoi khac nhau nh Na2OSiO2 ,
Ca2OSiO2 , MnO, FeO, Al2O3 Chu ng co khoi lng rieng nho hn kim loai no ng chay, do
o chung phan bo chu yeu tren be mat kim loai long.
- Vai tro cua x ay la:
+ Bao ve kim loai khoi b oxy hoa.
+ Duy tr cac qua trnh luyen kim khi han gom co: kh oxy, hp kim hoa kim loai
han, tinh luyen ( kh cac tap chat co hai nh P, S).
Can c vao o chua cua x la:
M %oxitaxit
M %oxitbazo
- Ngi ta chia ra lam 2 he x: n > 1 : He x axt.

n < 1 : He x baz.
He x axit co u iem am bao tot hn vai tro cua x: bao ve kim loai khong b oxy
hoa, duy tr ho quang chay on nh, x rat de bong khoi kim loai khi nguoi.
196
* Anh hng tng ho gia kim loai long, moi trng kh va x han trong qua trnh
han.
Trong qua trnh han, do ieu kien nhiet o cao va co s tng ho gia kimloai
long, moi trng kh va x han ne n chung thng xay ra cac qua trnh sau:
- Qua trnh oxy hoa: Do kim loai long cung nh x han tiep xuc vi moi trng kh
xung quanh nen co 3 kha nang oxy hoa kim loai c ban va x nh sau:
+ Oxy hoa trc tiep kim loai nong chay nhiet o cao bi cac oxy t do dan g
nguyen t .
+ Oxy hoa cac oxt bac thap e thanh cac oxt bac cao.
+ Oxy hoa tren c s phan ng trao oi.
2Fe + O2 = 2FeO
2Mn + O2 =2MnO
4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3
Chi
P. Ho
2Ca + O2 = 2CaO
Min
T
huat
t
y
am nKg hoa tan vao kim loai nong chay. Viec
Cac oxit kim loai co the hoa tan hoa
pchkho
u
S
DH
kh oxit nay rat kho khan. eTrca
uocnog xit kim loai nay khong hoa tan vao kim loai, ngi ta
ight
phai co bien phapCkh
opyroxy hoac a chung vao x han.
- Qua trnh kh oxy:
2FeO + Si = SiO2 + 2Fe
+ Dien ra di dang cac phan ng trao oi. Ngt ta s dung cac nguyen to
hp kim co hoat tnh hoa hoc vi oxy cao hn e kh oxy cho cac kim loai hoat tnh
yeu hn. Cac nguyen to nay goi la nguyen to kh oxy nh Al, Ti, mn, SiCac
nguyen to nay co ai lc manh vi oxy, e kh oxy t oxyt sat FeO, ong thi chung
co tac dung hp kim hoa moi han.
+ Kh oxy bang cac phan ng cho san pham kh.
FeO + C CO + Fe
FeO + CO Fe + CO2
+ Kh oxy bang cac he x han. V du oi vi he x axit thng co Si 2O hoac
Ti2O, ket qua cac oxit se c a vao x.
FeO + SiO2 (FeOSiO2 ) x.
Hoac (FeOSiO 2) + Mn (MnOSiO2 ) + Fe
x
Ngoai hai qua trnh tren ( oxy hoa va kh oxy), con co qua trnh hp kim hoa moi
han, qua trnh tinh luye n kim loai moi han (kh P, S) nham nang cao chat lng moi han.
1.1.2 To chc kim loai moi ha n.
197
Khi xem xet s ket tinh va cau truc cua moi han nong chay, ngi ta thay rang:
Nguon nhiet han nung nong chay kim loai que han va mot phan kim loai vat han tao nen
vung han chay long. Vung kim loai vat han lan can b anh hng cua nguon nhiet han
truyen ra gay s thay oi to chc va tnh chat cua no, goi la vung anh hng nhiet
AHN, pha ngoai cung la vung kim loai c ban (hnh 3-1).
Kim loai c ban Vung anh hng
nhiet
Vung vung han (moi han)
Hnh 3-1 Cac vung quy c tren mat cat ngang cua lien ket han giap moi.
nh
i Mi
h
C
1. Vung vung ha n (moi han):
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Bao gom kim loai bo sung t vat lieu han (da
Kyy than, que han, que han phu,) va mot
m
a
h
phan kim loai c ban. Sau khi ket tinh,Htha
Sunph phan va to chc kim loai moi han co the rat
D
ong
Trukim
khac so vi kim loai bo sung
va
loai c ban.
t
gh
i
r
y
S ket tinh cu
Coap kim loai khi han xay ra giong nh qua trnh uc, gom hai qua trnh:
Qua trnh sinh mam tinh the va qua trnh phat trien mam. Cac mam tinh the au tien xuat
hien ra, me p han cua kim loai c ban, sau o phat trien dan, ong thi tiep tuc sinh ra
cac mam mi nam pha trong vung han
To chc kim loai vung han
gom:
Tap chat
+ Vung sat vi kim loai c

ban, do toc o nguoi nhanh nen
Vung hat ong truc
hat nho mn. Vung tiep theo kim

loai ket tinh theo hng thang
(Tinh the hnh tru)
goc vi be mat tan nhiet tao nen

dang nhanh cay keo dai (Tinh
the hnh tru ). Khi han moi han
Hnh 3-2 To chc kim loai vung han.
nhieu lp, se tranh c cau truc tinh the tru tho.

+ Vung trung tam moi han do nguoi cham nen hat ln ong truc, vung nay thng
lan tap chat va ton tai khuyet tat nh ro kh, ro x, s thien tch...
2. Vung a nh hng nhiet (AHN)
Hnh 3-3 bieu th n g cong phan bo nhiet va s thay oi cau truc kim loai c ban
trong vun g han va quan he vi gian o trang thai Fe-C cua thep C thap
198
Vung AHN co nhiet o cao la mep han, khoang 1500oC roi giam dan en 500
600oC cach xa truc tam ng han 180 mm ve moi pha. Do nhiet o thay oi khac nhau
ma to chc kim loai cung thay
oi khac nhau, gom cac vung
sau:
- Vung 1: Vu ng kim loai
chay khong hoan toan (vung
qua o).
- Vung 2 la vung qua
nhiet, vung 3 la vung thng
hoa (hay ket tinh lai hoan
toan), vung 4 la vung ket tinh
lai khong chuyen bien pha,
vung 5 la vung ket tinh lai
nh
i Mi
h
hoan toan, vung 6 la vung don
C
Ho
TP.
t
xanh.
a
u
h
Ky t
Trong so cac vung o,
m
a
ph 3-3 To chc kim loai vung han va vung
SuHnh
H
vung quan tam nhat la vung
D
uong
anh hng nhiet khi han thep cacbon thap.
qua nhiet (co nhiet o tregnht Tr
i
r
o
y
opt ln
1100 C), ay oCha
hnh thanh to chc Vitmantet, do o tnh deo va o dai va cham giam nhieu, la vung yeu
nhat cua moi han. Ngoai ra co vung don xanh( co nhiet o di 500o C) tuy khong thay oi
to chc, song do anh hng nhiet ma ton tai ng suat d, nen cung lam c tnh giam khi
moi han lam viec co tai trong.
1.3 Tnh han cua kim loai va hp kim.

1.3.1 Khai niem va pha n loai.
1. Khai niem.
- Tnh han la kha nang cua kim loai va hp kim cho phep hnh thanh moi han ban g
cac cong nghe han thong thng thch hp e moi han at c cac tnh chat can thiet,
am bao o tin cay cua lien ket han khi lam viec.
- Phan loai: Chia thanh 4 nhom.
+ Nhom 1: Vat lieu co tnh han tot.
La nhng vat lieu cho phep tao thanh moi han bang nhng bien phap cong nghe
bnh thng, khong phai s dung cac bien phap cong nghe ac biet (nh nung nong s bo).
Nhng vat lieu nay sau khi han tao thanh moi han co c tnh cao. Nh thep C thap, va
phan ln thep hp kim thap
+ Nhom 2: Vat lieu co tnh han thoa man (tnh han trung bnh).
La nhng vat lieu cho phe p tao thanh moi han vi c tnh can thiet trong nhng ieu
199
kien nhat nh.

oi vi nhn g vat lieu nay phai x ly nhiet: Nung nong s bo va lam giam toc o
nguoi. Nh thep C trung bnh, mot so thep hp kim thap va trung bnh
+ Nhom 3: Vat lieu co tnh han han che.
Gom nhng vat lieu ch cho phep tao thanh moi han trong cac ieu kie n cong nghe
rat ac biet va phc tap. Gom co thep cacbon cao, thep h p kim cao...
+ Nhom 4: Vat lieu co tnh han xau.
- La cac vat lieu khong the tao thanh moi han thoa man yeu cau, ke ca khi co x ly
bang cac bien phap cong nghe ac biet. Han cac vat lieu nay de b cac khuyet tat ro, nt.
V du nh gang va mot so hp kim ac biet,
1.3.2 anh gia tnh ha n cua thep .
Muc ch cua viec nay la xac nh cac ch tieu sau:
- Thep co tnh han khong?
- Co kha nang tao nt nong, nt nguoi khong?
- Xac nh nhiet o nung nong s bo .
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
* Ham lng cacbon tng ng CSEu. ph

H
nga D
o
u
t
cu
va
t lieu, bieu hien tnh han cua no. CE c tnh theo
CE: ac trng cho tnh cha
r
t T
h
g
i
yr
ham lng cua C va
Copcac nguyen to h p kim khac (Mn, Cr, Mo) co trong thep.
- oi vi thep cacbon thap va thep hp kim thap.
Mn Cr +Mo + V Ni Cu
6
5
15
Cr, Mn, C: Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to o co trong thep.
CE = C +
Thong qua gia tr C E co the anh gia tnh han cua thep thuoc loai nao,
Theo kinh nghiem san xuat ngi ta cung co the anh gia gan ung tnh han cua
thep theo thanh phan hoa hoc bang cach so sanh tong lng cac nguyen to hp kim
H.K(%) vi ham lng cua C co trong thep C (%) nh bang sau:
Tnh han cua thep theo % C
H.K(%)
(Mn, Si, Cr, Ni)
Tot
Thoa man
Han che
Xau
< 1,0
< 0,25
0,25 0,35
0,35 0,45
> 0,45
1,0 3,0
< 0,20
0,20 0,30
0,30 0,40
> 0,4
> 3,0
< 0,18
0,18 0,28
0,28 0,38
> 0,38
* Thong so anh gia nt nong HCS.

oi vi thep C trung bnh, the p hp kim trung bnh th xac nh theo co ng thc kinh
nghiem:
200
H CS
Si Ni 3
.10
C P S
25 100
3MnCr Mo V
C, P, S Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to co trong thep.

Khi H CS 4 th thep co khuynh hng nt nong khi han.
De dang nhan thay S c coi la nguyen nhan chnh gay ra nt nong. C,P,S se lam
tang manh kha nang nt non g. Mn, Cr, Mo, V co tac dung can tr lai s nt nong.
* Thong so anh gia nt nguoi PL .
PL: La thong so bieu th s anh hng cua cac nguyen to hp kim ti s hnh than h
nt nguoi.
H D K .
(%)
60 4.10 4
nh
i Mit oi vi thep hp
PCM: La thong so bieu th s bien don cua vung anh hn gChnhie
Ho
TP.
t
kim thap.
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
Si Mn Cr Cu uNi
Mo
h V
PCM C
S p 5 B
H
D
30
20
60 10
15
ng
Truo
t
HD: La ham lnygrigHh2 co trong kim loai moi han (ml/100g).
Cop
Khi PL 0,286 th the p co khuynh hng nt nguoi.
PL PCM
e han che hien tng nt nguoi can phai giam ham lng C va H2 trong kim loai
moi han (v du dun g que han, thuoc han khong am co cha t H 2).
* Xac nh nhiet o nung nong s bo TP
oi vi thep C trung bnh, cao, thep hp kim can phai nung nong s bo trc khi
han.
Nhiet o nung no ng s bo c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
TP 350 C E 0,25 ( o C )
Trong o C E - Ham lng C tng ng cua thep.
201
Chng 2
HAN HO QUANG TAY

2.1 Khai niem.
2.1.1 Thc chat.
Han ho quang tay thc chat la phng phap han nong chay ma nguon nhiet khi han
la ho quang ien chay gia hai ien cc. S chay va duy tr on nh cua ho quang trong
qua trnh han c thc hien bang tay (hnh 3-4a).
2.1.2 ac iem.
- Co the han c moi han cac v tr khong gian.
- Thc hien han c tren cac chi tiet to, nho, n gian, phc tap khac nhau.
- Co the thc hie n han trong cac moi trng khac nhau (Kh bao ve, han di nc,
nh
i Mi
h
C
- Thiet b han va trang b ga lap han n gian, de thao ta
cH. o
TP.
t
a
u
h
- Nang suat han thap, chat lng moi han kho
Ky tng cao, phu thuoc vao trnh o con g
m
a
h
Su p
nhan.
H
D
ng
Triuo
- c s dung rohntg ra
ig
opynrg nghiep
trong cac nganhCco
han trong chan khong...)
nh che tao may, giao thong

van tai, xay dng...
2.2 Ho quang han.

2.2.1 Khai niem ve ho
a)
quang han.
Ho quang han la s phong
ien on nh qua moi trng kh
a c ion hoa. Dong ien
truyen qua kh nam gia hai
cc: cc am goi la katod, cc
dng goi la Anod.
Ho quang phat ra mot
nguon sang va nhiet cao. Nguon
b)
nhiet co nhiet o tap trung rat

cao, dung lam nong chay kim
loai. Anh sang cua ho quang
chia ra hai loai: mot loai nhn
Hnh 3-4 Han ho quang tay.

a) Mach ien han.
b) Ho quang han.
202
thay c va mot loai khon g nhn thay c, thng gay ra viem mat va hong da. Bi vay
e bao ve mat va da, khi han ngi th phai eo mat nava quan ao bao ve.
2.2.2 Cach gay ho quang va
s chay cua ho quang.
a. Phng phap gay ho
quang khi ha n.
Cho que han cham nhanh
vao vat han theo phng thang
goc (hnh 3-5a) hoac cho que han
vach len vat han nh cach anh
diem (hnh 3-5b) khoang 1/10s,
luc nay mach ien han ngan
b)
a)
Hnh 3-5 Cach gay ho quang khi han.
a) Phng phap mo thang. b) Phng phap ma sat.
mach, cng o dong ien tang len, mat au que han va be mat vat hanhkhong nhan, do
n
i Mi
h
C
o que han va vat han ch tiep xuc tai nhng iem
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
nhap nho, dan en mat o dong ien ay rat cao.y th
am K
phsinh
Di tac dung cua dong ien co mat o
l
n
ra
u
S
DH
g
n
uo c tao nen nhng
mot nhiet nang ln , cho tie
p rxu
tT
h
g
i
yr
vung nong chay rie
Conpg biet, chung phat trien va lien
ket lai vi nhau tao nen mot lp kim loai no ng chay
mong gia au que han va vat han (hnh 3-6a, b).
Khi nhac que han len khoang 25mm khoi vat han
(hnh 3-6c,d) th cot kim loai long b keo dai ra,
phan kim loai nong chay au que han b that lai va
tiet dien ngang giam dan, mat o dong ien tai ay
Hnh 3-6 Qua trnh hnh

thanh ho quang han.
tang len va nhiet o cung tang nhanh lam kim loai long tach khoi que han va ri vao vung
han.
Trong khoang cach gia 2 ien cc l tng ng vi ien the xac nh U. Cac
electron va ion am se chuyen ong t am cc sang dng cc, con cac ion dng chuyen
t dng cc sang am cc. Vi toc o rat ln, chung va cham manh vi cac phan t kh,
lam ion hoa moi trng kh phat nhiet va anh sang. Nh vay ho quang c hnh thanh
gia hai cc (tc gia que han va vat han).
Hien nay cun g co the gay ho quang han bang nguo n xoay chie u cao tan. Trong
trng hp nay khong can phai lam ngan mach ien cc. Nh s phong ien cua dong
ien cao tan vi ien ap cao gia hai ien cc ma trong thi gian rat ngan hnh thanh ho
quang han. Phng phap nay s dung e gay ho quang khi han bang ien cc khong nong
chay.
203
b. ng ac tnh tnh cu a ho quang han.

Tnh chat ien cua ho quang c ac trng bang s phu thuoc gia ien ap va dong
ien trong ho quang goi la ac tnh tnh Volt-Amper cua ho quang (hnh 3-7).
nh
i Mi
h
Hnh 3-7 ac tnh tnh cua ho quang han.
C
P. Ho
a) Cau tao ng ac tnh. b) Cac loatih
uat nTg ac tnh.
y
am K
h
p
u
DH S
g
n
- ac tnh nay co the chia
o m 3 khu vc: khu vc I la ac tnh giam, khu vc II la
rula
tT
h
g
i
ac tnh cng, khu v
cyrIII la ac tnh tang.
Cop
- oi vi ho quang ien e han, thong thng la ac tnh cng, tc la ien ap thc
te khong phu thuoc vao dong ie n han (trong khoang dong ien 80 800A ho quang chay
on nh nhat, va ch co chieu dai ho quang thay oi th ien the mi thay oi). ac tnh
nay thng dung cho han ho quang tay, han t o ng di lp thuoc han vi don g han nho,
han trong moi tr ng kh bao ve vi ien cc khong nong chay.
- Ho quang vi ac tnh tang s dung cho han trong moi trng bao ve vi ien cc
nong chay va han t ong di lp thuoc vi mat o dong ien han ln. Ho quang vi ac
tnh giam t on nh nen t s dung trong thc te.
- Khi ho quang chay ien the hai au ien cc giam xuong.
Theo G.Airton ie n the cua cot ho quang c xac nh nh sau:
c dl hq
(V)
U h a blhq
Ih
Uh: ien the cua ho quang (V).
lhq: Chieu dai cot ho quang (cm).
Ih: Dong ien han (A).
a: ien the ri tren 2 cc a = Uk + Ua, no phu thuoc vao ie n cc, khi la que han
a= 15 20V, khi la ien cc khong nong chay a = 30 35V.
204
b: ien the ri tren mot n v chieu dai ho quang (V/cm) khi han the p cacbon
b = 15 v/cm.
c,d: La cac he so. Khi que han thep c=9,4W, d=2,5W/cm.
V Ih kha ln ne n ien the ho quang co the tnh gan ung nh sau:
Uh = a + blhq (V).
Vay e gi cho ho quang chay o n nh khi han th phai gi s o n nh chieu dai ho
quang. Co ngha la ngi cong nhan han phai am bao s dch chuyen que han eu an,
hoac noi mach ien han vi bo on ap .
2.2.3 Hien tng thoi lech ho quang.
Cot ho quang co the xem gan nh day dan mem, do vay khi han, lc ien tr ng tac
dung len ho quang gom co lc ien trng tnh cua mach han va lc ien trng sinh ra
bi Fe t lam ho quang b lech i rat nhieu, do o co anh hng xau en qua trnh han.
a. Anh hng cua ie n trng tnh.
nh
i Mni trng tnh, trong
h
Khi han vi dong mot chieu, xung quanh ho quang phat Hsinh
ie
C
o
TP.
t
a
u
o thanh phan nam hn g phap tuyen: tuy thuoc yvthtr au ien ma anh h ng nay co
K
pham
khac nhau (hnh 3-8).
u
S
g DH
- Hnh 3-8b ien trn gTruon
ght
pyri ho
oi xng xung Coquanh
quang. Tac dung oi xng cua
ien trng len cot ho quang
nen ho quang khong b thoi
lech.
- Hnh 3-8a,c Ho quang
b lech do tac dung cua ien
Hnh 3-8 Tac dung cua ien trng len ho quang.
trng khon g oi xng. T

pha dong ien i vao mat o ng sc day hn, the ien tr ng manh hn, do o ho
quang b thoi lech ve pha ien trng yeu. Khi ho quang ngan th s thoi lech nay yeu
hn so vi ho quang dai.
b. Anh hng cua sat t.
Vat lieu sat t at gan ho quang se lam
tang o t tham cua no, do vay se lam ho
quang b hut ve pha vat sat t o. ieu nay
thay ro khi han ho quang vi moi han mep
vat han hoac khi han giap moi thi iem
Hnh 3-9. Anh h ng cua sat t en ho

quang.
a) Khi han moi han goc.
b) Khi han moi han giap moi.
205
c) Khi han en cuoi moi han.
bat au va ket thuc moi han, ho quang eu b

lech ve pha vat han co khoi lng ln .
c. Anh hng cu a goc nghieng ien cc han.

Goc nghien g cua ien cc han cung anh hn g en s phan bo ng sc t xung
quanh ho quang.
Bi vay chon goc nghieng ien cc han
(que han ) thch hp co the thay oi c tnh
chat phan bo ng sc t va co the tao ra
ien trng ong eu, khac phuc hien tng
thoi lech ho quang khi han.
Hien tng thoi lech ho quang cung co
Hnh 3-10. Anh hn g goc nghieng

ien cc han en s lech cua ho quang.
the do mot so nguyen nhan khac gay nen: tac

dung trc tiep cua cac luong kh, gio manh hoac do loi que han va thuoc boc khong ong
tam, nhng chu yeu la do ien trng phan bo kho ng ong eu xung quanh cot ho quang.
Khi co hie n tng thoi lech ho quang th ngi th han kho ieu khien ho quang vao ung
nh
i oMive vung han cung
h
v tr can han e tap trung nhiet nang ln nhat cho qua trnh ha
n
,
ba
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
nh chat lng moi han noi chung.
h
Ky t
m
a
h
d. Cac bien phap khac phu c:
Su p
H
D
ngt han e tao ra ien trng oi xng (hnh 3-8b).
- Thay oi v tr noi day Tv
ruiova
t
h
yrig
- Nghieng que
Cophan ve pha ho quang b thoi lech. Neu nghieng que han khon g ung
se lam ho quang lech cang nhieu.
- Giam chieu dai ho quang ti mc co the (han bang ho quang ngan).
- Thay nguo n han mot chieu bang nguon han xoay chieu.
- at them vat lieu sat t (pherit) gan ho quang e keo ho quang lech ve pha o,
tao nen t trng oi xng.
- Co bien phap che chan gio hoac cac dong kh tac ong len ho quang khi han ngoai
tri.
2.3 Phan loai han ho quang.

2.3.1 Phan loai theo ien cc han. Co hai loai.
a. Han ho quang bang ie n cc khong nong chay.
ien cc ay la cac thanh graphit, than va vonfram. ien cc co tac dung gay va
duy tr s chay ho quang e nung nong. S hnh thanh moi han la do kim loai vat han
nong chay (hnh 3-11b,c) hoac do ca kim loai que han phu (hnh 3-11d) bo sung.
Hnh 3-11:
Cac hnh
thc han ho
quang ien
cc khong
nong chay.
206
b. Han ho quang bang ien cc nong chay.

Tieng Anh goi la Shielded Metal Arc Welding viet tat la SMAW.
ien cc ay la que han bang kim loai. Que han va co tac dung gay va duy tr ho
quang, nung nong chay mep han ong thi bo sung kim loai e hnh thanh moi han
(hnh 3-11a).
2.3.2 Phan loai theo dong ien: chia lam 2 loai.
a. Han ho quang bang dong ie n xoay chieu AC(Alternating Current).
Dung dong ien cong nghiep , tan so 50HZ ho quang chay khong on nh, nen chat
lng moi han khong cao. Tuy nhien han ho quang dong xoay chieu van c s dung
nhieu v thiet b n gian, de thao tac, gia thanh re.
b. Han ho quang bang dong ien mot chieu DC (Direct Current).
Ho quang chay on nh, chat lng moi han cao, de han. Tuy nhie n thiet b han phc
tap, at tien. Khi han bang dong mot chieu, co hai phng phap noi day: h
n
i Mi
h
C
* Noi thuan (hnh 3-12a):
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Noi cc am cua nguon ien vi que han, conKc
y tchdng noi vi vat han.
m
a
u phn vat han cao hn que han. V vay thng
Trng hp nay nhiet o ho quang
Spha
H
D
ng
dung e han vat co chieu da
yTlruno. Khi han ien cc than th noi thuan se lam tang tuoi tho
t
igh
opnyhr s xam nhap cac bon vao moi han. oi vi han ien cc Volfram
cua no, ong thi Ctra
trong moi trn g bao ve, th noi thuan se bao ve ien cc khoi b oxyhoa.
Hnh 3-12 Phng phap noi thuan (a) va noi nghch (b).
1. Nguon ien han. 2. Cap han. 3. Vat han.
* Noi nghch: La noi cc dng cua nguon vi que han, con cc am noi vi vat
han (hnh 3-12b). Thch hp han cac tam mong, cac kim loai co nhiet o chay thap (ong,
nhom).
2.3.3 Phan loai theo phng phap noi day.
a. Noi trc tiep.
Que han (ien cc) noi vi mot cc cua nguon, con vat han c noi vi cc khac
cua nguon. Ho quang chay gia que han va vat han (hnh 3-11a).
Thng dung khi han bang ien cc no ng chay (que han).
207
b. Noi gian tiep.

Hai cc cua nguon ien noi vao hai ien cc, ho quang chay gia hai ien cc (hnh
3-11b). Khi han ngi ta co the ieu chnh nguo n nhiet cua ho quang vao vung han bang
cach ieu chnh khoang cach t ho quang en be mat moi han. Phng phap noi gian tiep
thng du ng khi han bang ien cc khong nong chay va han cac tam mong.
c. Noi day hon hp.
Khi han tren may han ba pha (co n goi la han ho quang ba pha) ngi ta noi 2 pha
vi hai ien cc, con pha th 3 noi vi vat
han. Nh vay trong cung mot luc co 3 ho
quang chay ong thi (hnh 3-11c).
u iem cua phng phap nay la
nang suat cao, tiet kiem nang lng ien
(khoang 20 25%). Nhc iem la phai
che tao que han ac biet: que han 2 loi
(hnh 3-13).
Ky t
m
a
ph
inh
i Mha
h
Hnh 3-13
Que
n ba pha.
C
. Ho
P
T
huat
u
DH S
g
n
uo
2.4.1 Yeu cau cu a gnguo
nrie n han va may han.
tT
h
i
r
opycung
Nguon ienCe
cap cho ho quang gom co nguon xoay chieu va nguo n mot
2.4 Thiet b han ho quang.
chieu.
- Nguon xoay chieu kho gay ho quang va tnh on nh cua ho quang kem, song thiet
b n gian, de che tao nen gia thanh ha.
- Nguon mot chieu de gay ho quang, ho quang chay on nh nen chat lng moi han
tot hn, nhng thiet b han ket cau phc tap, kho che tao, tieu hao nhieu nang lng nen
gia thanh cao.
- Ngi ta khong the s dung trc tiep nguon ien li e han ma phai a qua may
han nham bao am cac yeu cau sau:
+ Muon gay c ho quang nguon ien phai co ie n the u l n e gay c ho
quang va duy tr ho quang chay on nh ma khong gay nguy hiem en ngi s dung.
oi vi nguon xoay chieu. ien the khong tai Uo = 55 80V, ien the khi han
Uh = 25 45V. oi vi nguon mot chieu Uo = 30 55V, Uh = 16 35V.
+ Quan he ien ap tren hai au ra cua nguon ien han va cng o dong ien han
c goi la ac tnh ngoai cua may (hay la n g ac tnh ong). Mot so n g ac tnh
ngoai cua nguon han va ac tnh tnh cua ho quang tren hnh 3-14. Tuy theo phng phap
han cu the e chon loai nguon han co ac tnh phu hp . Khi han ho quang tay nen s dung
loai may han co ng ac tnh doc (ng 1 hnh 3-14) thng c goi may han kieu
dong ien khong oi (CC) vi y ngha la neu co bien thien ien ap nho xay ra do s thay
208
oi chieu dai ho quang trong khi han

th dong ien han thay oi khong
ang ke. ng ac tnh ong cang
doc th cang thoa man vi yeu cau
tren.
+ Khi han ho quang tay, hien
tng ngan mach xay ra thng
xuyen, luc nay cng o dong han
rat ln co the lam hong may. Do o
may han phai co dong ien ngan
mach I khong qua ln, thng
I (1,3 1,4)Ih .
+ May han ho quang tay phai
ieu chnh c vi nhieu loai che
o han khac nhau.
Hnh 3-14 Cac ng ac tnh

ngoai
inh
M
i
h c tnh tnh cua ho
cuanguon (1,2,3,4)HovaCa
.
P
T
quang vthi uca
atc chieu dai ho quang khac
y
K
am ( lhq2> lhq> lhq1).
phnhau
+ oi vi may han dung dong Su

H
gD
nha
o
u
ien xoay chieu, e cho qua trnh
n
o n nh th gia ie n ap va dong ien han phai co
r
tT
h
g
i
s lech pha nhau, C
tocpylar chung khong co cung tr so 0 tai cung mot thi iem.
+ May han phai co khoi lng, kch thc nho, he so hu ch cao, de dang thao tac,
sa cha va gia thanh ha.
2.4.2 May han xoay chieu.
May han xoay chieu e han ho quang tay thc chat la mot bien ap han dung dong
ien mot pha hoac ba pha, gom co cac bo phan chu yeu sau ay:
- Bo bien ap chnh.
- Khung.
- C cau ieu khien dong.
- He thong lam mat (t nhien, cng bc)
Cau tao va phng phap ieu khien dong ien mot so loai may han ho quang xoay
chieu thong du ng (hnh 3-15):
1. Bien ap co bo t cam rieng (hnh 3-15a): Bo t cam lap noi tiep mach th cap
muc ch e tao ra s lech pha cua dong ien va ien ap. Tao ra ng ac tnh doc lien
tuc va thay oi cng o dong ien han. Loai may nay thng cong kenh v co 2 bo phan
rieng re.
2. Bien ap co cac cuon day di ong (hnh 3-15b): Da tren nguyen ly thay oi v tr
tng oi cua cac cuon day vi nhau se lam thay oi khoang h t thong gia chung, tc
la se lam thay oi tr khang gia cac cuon day va lam thay oi dong ien han theo y
209
muon. S thay oi v tr gia cac cuon day c thc hien bang c cau vt dan cho phep
ieu chnh vo cap don g han.
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 3-15 Cac loai bien ap han va phng phap ie u khien dong ie n han.
a) Bien ap co bo t cam rieng. b) Bien ap co cac cuon day di ong. c) Bien
ap co loi t di ong. d) Bie n ap co loi t di ong trong cuon cam. e) Bien ap
co bo t cam bao hoa.
3. Bien ap co loi t di ong (hnh 3-15c): Gia khoang 2 cuon day s cap va th
cap at mot loi t di ong e tao ra s phan nhanh t thong sinh ra trong loi cua may. Neu
ieu chnh loi A i sau vao khung loi bie n ap th tr so t thong re qua A cang ln, phan t
thong i qua loi cuo n th cap cang nho va dong ien sinh ra trong mach han cang nho.
Ngc lai, neu ie u chnh loi A chay ra va tao nen khoang trong khon g kh ln th t
thong re qua mach A cang be va dong ien trong mach han se ln. V vay loai bien ap
nay co the ieu chnh vo cap dong ien han va co kha nang dieu chnh rat chnh xac.
4. Bien ap co loi t di ong trong cuon cam (hnh 3-15d): La s ket hp cua hai
phng phap ieu khien dong han tren. Loi t di ong trong cuon cam lam thay oi khe
h kho ng kh va tr khang cua mach han . Khe h khong kh cang ln, cam khang cang
nho th dong ien han cang cao.
210
5. Bien ap co bo t cam bao ho a (hnh 3-15e): S dung cau chnh lu va bien tr

e ieu khien dong ien mot chieu trong phan ie u khien. Khi khong co dong ien mot
chieu i qua cuon day ie u khien , cam khang la cc ai va dong ie n han cang be. Ngc
lai, khi co dong ien mot chieu cc ai i qua dong ien han se at gia tr cc ai. May
lam viec em v khong co cac c cau chuyen ong va co the de dang ie u khien t xa.
2.4.3 May han ho quang mot chieu:
Gom 2 loai chu yeu la may phat ien han va may chnh lu han.
1. May phat ien ha n: May c truye n on g bang mot ong c ien hay ong c
ot trong (xan g hay diesel). Nguye n ly may phat ien mot chieu kieu cac cc t lap ri.
Hnh 3-16
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
2. May chnh lu han. Gom mot may bien ap han (co c cau ieu chnh) va mot
mach chnh lu dong xoay chieu thanh dong mot chieu (hnh 3-17).
Hnh 3-17. S o nguyen ly may han chnh lu mot pha va ba pha.
211
2.5 Vat lieu han ho quang tay.

e han ho quang tay ngi ta dung ien cc nong chay (que han) va ien cc
khong nong chay.
Hnh 3-18 Cau tao que han ien.1. Loi que. 2. Vo thuoc.
2.5.1 Que han.
Trong qua trnh han ho quang tay, que han lam nhiem vu: Gay hoinquang,
ong thi
h
iM
h
C
Ho
bo sung kim loai cho moi han.
TP.
t
a
u
h
a. Cau tao (hnh 3-18):
Ky t
m
a
ph
- Que han gom co loi kimg D
loa
H iSula nhng oan day kim loai co chieu dai t
ruon 6mm.
T1,6
250 450mm va ng knh

t
t
gh
pyri
o
C
- Boc ngoai loi la lp thuoc han. o la hon hp cac hoa chat, khoang chat, fero hp
kim va chat dnh ket.
Thuoc boc que han can thoa man cac yeu cau sau:
. Tao ra moi trng ion hoa tot e am bao de gay ho quang va ho quang chay o n
nh. Th ng du ng cac nguyen to cua nhom kim loai kiem.
. Tao ra moi trng kh bao ve tot vung han, khong cho no tiep xuc vi oxy va nit
cua moi trng xung quanh. Thng dung cac chat hu c (tinh bot, xenlulo), cac chat
khoang (manhedit, a cam thach).
. Tao lp x long phu eu len be mat kim loai moi han, bao ve khong cho khong
kh xam nhap trc tiep vao vung han va tao ieu kien cho moi han nguoi cham. Lp x
nay phai de bong sau khi moi han nguoi. Thng dung cac loai nh TiO2 , CaF2 , MnO2,
SiO2
. Co kha nang kh oxy, hp kim hoa moi han,nham nang cao hoac cai thien thanh
phan hoa hoc va c tnh cua kim loai moi han. Trong vo thuoc, cac fero hp kim thng
c a vao e thc hie n chc nang nay.
. Bao am o bam chac cua vo thuoc len loi que, bao ve loi que khong b oxy hoa
va s dnh ket tot gia cac chat khoang nhng khong gay ra kh oc khi han. Thng dung
nc thuy tinh, dextrin
212
. Nhiet o no ng chay cua hon hp vo thuoc phai ln hn nhiet o nong chay cua loi
que e khi han vo thuoc tao ra hnh pheu hng kim loai que han nong chay i vao vung
han thuan li. Vo thuoc phai chay eu va khong ri thanh cuc.
- V vay que han can am bao:
. Bao am yeu cau ve thanh phan hoa hoc, c tnh cua kim loai moi han.
. Co tnh con g nghe tot ngha la de gay ho quang va duy tr s chay on nh ho
quang. Nong chay e u, co kha nang han c moi han nhieu v tr trong khon g gian.
. Kim loai moi han t b khuyet tat: nt, ro, x
. X han de noi, phu eu, de tach khoi moi han khi nguoi.
. Nang suat cao va gia thanh re.
. Khong gay oc hai cho cong nhan khi han.
b. Phan loai:
- Theo cong dung nh que han thep C va thep hp kim ket cau, que
inh han gang, que
M
i
Ch
han ong
. Ho
P
T
uat
- Theo chieu day lp vo boc (hnh 3-18): Loa
y ti hvo thuoc mong (D/d 1,2); Loai vo
K
ham
u pthuo
S
thuoc trung bnh ( 1,2 < D/d 1,45); Loa
i
vo
c day ( 1,45<D/d 1,8); Loai vo thuoc ac
H
ng D
o
u
r
biet day (D/d > 1,8);
T
ght
i
r
y
op t chu yeu cua vo thuoc: Loai vo thuoc he axt (k hieu la A) c
- Theo tnhCcha
che tao t cac loai oxt (Fe, Mn, Si), feromanganQue han vo thuoc loai nay co toc o
chay ln, cho phe p han bang ca hai loai dong ien xoay chieu va mot chieu , han hau het
cac v tr khac nhau trong khong gian cua moi han. Nhc iem la moi han de co khuynh
hng nt nong, nen rat t dung e han cac loai thep co ham lng S vaC cao.
Loai vo thuoc he baz (B) co canxi cacbonat, manhe cacbonat, huynh thach,
feromangan, Si,TiKhi han tao ra kh bao ve CO va CO2. Que han thuoc he baz thng
ch s dung vi dong ien han mot chieu noi nghch. Moi han t b nt ket tinh, nhng rat
de b ro kh. e han thep co o ben cao, cac ket cau han quan trong.
Loai vo thuoc he hu c (O hay C): cha nhieu tinh bot, xenlulo e tao ra moi
trng kh bao ve cho qua trnh han. Muon tao x tot thng cho them vao hon hp thuoc
mot so tinh quang Ti, Mn, Si va mot so fero hp kim. ac iem cua loai que han nay la
toc o ong ac cua vung han nhanh nen s dung han ng t tren xuong, dung dong mot
chieu hoac xoay chieu.
Loai vo thuoc he rutin (R) cha TiO 2 , grapht, mica, trng thach, Ca, MgCO3, fero
hp kimS dung c vi ca dong ien mot chieu va xoay chieu , ho quang chay o nh,
moi han hnh thanh tot, t ban toe, nhng de b ro kh va nt ket tinh trong moi han.
c. K hieu: que han theo tieu chuan Viet nam. V du: N50-6B la que han thep
cacbon va hp kim thap, vo thuoc baz thch hp vi han dong mot chieu noi nghch.
213
Kim loai moi han co gii han ben keo toi thieu la 50 kG/mm2 (hay 490MPa), o dai
va ap khong be hn 1,3MJ/m2, o dan dai tng oi k 20%, goc uo n 150o.
N
2 ch
so
1 ch
so
1 ch ca i
in hoa
Que han
noi
Ch he vo boc cua que

han A (Axit), B (Baz),
R (Rutin)
Ch gii han ben keo toi

thieu (kG/mm2) va cac
ch tieu khac ve c tnh
cua kim loai moi han.
Ch loai dong ien va cc tnh cua

dong mot chieu. 6- que han ch
han bang dong mot chieu noi nghch
(DC+)
d. Chon que ha n: phai tao c kim loai moi han co ac tnh ben va thanh phan
nh
i Mi kho ng gian, thch
hoa hoc tng ng vi kim loai c ban, thch hp vi v tr moi hanCtrong
h
Ho
TP.
t
hp vi nguon ien va may han
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
2.5.2 ien cc khong no ng chay. u ph
DH S
g
n
Trong han ho quang tay rie
n
c
c khong nong chay thng dung la ien cc than,
T uo
t
h
graphit va ien cc ovolfram.
yrig
C p
- ien cc than, graphit co dang hnh tru co chieu dai t 200 700mm va n g knh
5 25 mm, khi han mot au c vat con 60o 70o .
- ien cc Volfram: La loai ien cc chat lng cao nhat trong cac ien cc khon g
nong chay. No co nhiet o chay cao 3377oC, co tnh dan ien, co tnh co ng nghe va c hoc
cao. S tieu hao ien cc khi han thap (mot vai gam sau mot gi han). ien cc Volfram
co ng knh t 0,2 10mm, dai t 250 350mm. e duy tr s on nh cua ho quang va
nang cao tuoi tho cua ien cc, ngi ta cho them mot so loai oxt co hoat tnh cao nh
ThO2, La2O3
ien cc Volfram c dung trong han t ong va ban t ong trong moi trn g kh
bao ve, han ho quang tay yeu cau chat lng cao.
2.5.3 Cong nghe che tao que han.
Gom cac nguyen cong sau:
- Nan day, lam sach va cat day thanh loi co chieu dai yeu cau.
- Xac nh me lieu (n thuoc) cua thuoc boc que.
- Che tao hon hp thuoc t (ep banh).
- Boc que han (ep thuoc len be mat que).
- Say que han. Kiem tra chat lng que han va bao goi.
214
2.6 Cong nghe han ho quang tay.

2.6.1 V tr moi han trong khong gian.
Chia thanh 4 loai (hnh
3-19):
- Moi han sap ( con goi
la han bang, han phang): la
moi han nam trong cac mat
phang phan bo t goc
0o 120o , de thc hie n va cho
nang suat cao nhat. V the khi
han, neu co the xoay lat ket
cau c, nen co gang a
nh
i Mi
h
C
tot nhat.
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Hnh 3-19 V tr
mo
h i han trong kho ng gian.
- Moi han ng: la moi
Ky t
m
a
h
han nam trong cac mat phang
Su p
H
D
uongm vi goc nay neu phng cua moi han song song vi
Trpha
phan bo t goc 60 120o. Trong
t
h
yrig
Cop th moi han o c goi la moi han ngang.
mat phang nam ngang
moi han ve v tr han sap la
Moi han tran (han nga): la moi han nam trong cac mat phang phan bo trong goc t
o
120 180o.
2.6.2 Cac loai moi ha n.
1. Moi han giap moi (hnh 3-20a) Co the khong can vat mep khi chieu day vat han
S4mm va vat mep khi chieu day S> 4mm. ac iem cua loai nay la rat n gian, tiet
kiem, de che tao va la loai dung pho bien nhat.
2. Moi han gap mep (hnh 3-20b) dung khi chieu day S2mm, loai moi han nay co
the dung ie n cc han khong non g chay, hoac han kh khong can que han phu .
3. Moi han cho ng (hnh 3-20c, d): Loai nay thng t dung so vi loai moi han giap
moi v tang lng ton that kim loai.
4. Moi han co tam em (hnh 3-20e, g), loai nay ton that kim loai nhieu, o ben
thap, dung e sa cha.
5. Moi han go c (hnh 3-20i, h), co the vat me p hoac khong vat mep khi han. Moi
han nay c dun g nhieu trong cac ket cau han.
6. Moi han ch T (hnh 3-20k) dung kha pho bien trong cac ket cau, no co o ben
cao. Khi han co the han mot ben hay hai ben tuy theo tnh trang chu lc cua no.
215
7. Moi han mat au (hnh 3-20l) ch c dung khi lap ghep hai tam co be mat tiep
xuc nhau.
8. Moi han vien mep ( hnh 3-20m) dung trong trn g hp chi tiet han khong cho
phep tang kch thc. e tang chieu dai han (tc tang kha nang chu lc) thng cat mot
phan theo chu vi kn hoac h.
9. Moi han kieu chot (n), dung t v o ben khon g cao, tnh cong nghe kem. Lo chot
han co the khoan tren mot hoac ca hai tam han.
Hnh 3-20 Cac
dang moi han.
a) Moi han giap
a
b
c
moi.
b) Moi han gap
mep.
c,d) Moi han
nh
i Mi
d
h
h
C
i Ho
chong.
TP.
t
a
u
i,h) Moi han
h
Ky t
m
a
h
goc.
Su p
H
D
k) Moi han ch
ng
Truo
t
T.
gh
e
pyri
o
g
C
e,g) Moi han co
l
tam em.
l) Moi han mat
au.
n
m) Moi han vien
m
mep.
n) Moi han
chot.
2.6.3 Chuan b mep han.

- Con g viec chuan b mep han phu thuoc vao chieu day chi tiet han, phng phap va
kha nang cong nghe han.
- Nhng yeu to c ban khi vat mep la: goc vat, phan co n lai kho ng vat hoac la chieu
gap mep b. Goc vat lam cho kim loai ngau khap tiet dien moi han, phan khong vat b co
tac dung khong cho kim loai chay qua xuong pha di cha han.
- Cong viec vat mep co the tien hanh tren may bao, cat bang mo cat kh, cat
Plasma.
- Sau khi vat mep vat han , tien hanh lam sach ve moi pha cua ranh han 20
30mm, lam sach sn, g, dau m bang ban chai sat, giay nham, phun cat, hoac bang
phng phap hoa hoc
216
- Mot so dang vat mep khi han la:
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
2.6.4 Che o ha n ho quang tay.

a. ng knh que han d q:
S
- Khi han giap moi: d q 1mm
2
K
- Khi han goc, ch T: d q 2mm
2
217
Trong o:
S la chieu day vat han.

K la canh moi han.
Trong thc te, ch dung loai que han co ng knh t 2,0 5mm. V vay co the tra
ng knh que han theo bang di ay:
Chieu day vat
1,5
45
68
912
1315
1620
> 20
1,6
34
45
56
han S (mm)
ng knh
que han dq
(mm)
b. Cng o dong ha n Ih: Cng o do ng ie n han can tnh sao cho nhiet phat ra u
e nung chay que han va mep vat han. Nh vay c ng o dong ien phu thuoc vao chieu
day vat han va ng knh que han, v tr moi han trong khong gian
Han thep, v tr han sap, Ih c tnh bang cong thc gan ung nh sau:
nh
Ih = ( + dq).dq [A]
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Trong o dq: ng knh que han (mm).
TP.
t
a
u
th
va : Cac he so thc nghiem, khi hanhaba
nK
g yque the p cacbon = 20, = 6.
m
Su p
H
D
Trong san xuat co the tnh theo.
ng
Truo
t
Ih = (35y50)dq.
righ
Cop
Chu y: - Ne u vat co chieu day S>3dq e bao am han ngau ta tang dong ien han
theo tnh toan len 15%, neu vat han mong S<1,5dq ta giam dong ien 15%.
Khi han ng th giam c ng o tnh toan t 10% 15% va khi han tran giam dong
ien han t 15% 20% e kim loai lon g khong loang qua, t ban toe, bao am an toan cho
cong nhan.
- Tang Ih se lam tang chieu sau ngau cua moi han, nhng neu I h qua ln se lam que
han qua nong va anh hng xau en chat lng han. Ngc lai neu Ih thap th ho quang se
yeu va chieu sau ngau rat be.
- Que han c quy ng e han bang dong DC co the khong dung c vi may
han AC.
c. Chieu dai ho quang lhq : o la khoang cach t au mut que han en mat thoang
cua vung han. Ngi ta phan biet:
- Han ho quang bnh thng neu l hq = 1,1dq.
- Han ho quang ngan neu l hq < 1,1dq
- Han ho quang dai neu l hq > 1,1dq
Chu y: - Neu chieu dai ho quang cang ln th quang ng dch chuyen cua cac
giot kim loai long t que han vao vung han cang dai, do o chung de b tac ong xau cua
moi trng khong kh. Mat khac, han vi ho quang dai, ien ap ho quang se tang, chieu
sau ngau giam, s mat mat kim loai do ban toe, bay hi trong qua trnh han tang len, be
mat mi han go ghe, va de b khuyet tat lem chan.
218
- Neu chieu dai ho quang qua be th sc chay cua no khong on nh, dong ien co
hien tng chap mach thng xuye n, ien ap ho quang giam, chieu rong moi han giam,
be
mat moi han khong mn. Khi han bang do ng DC ho quang t b thoi lech hn.
d. Toc o han Vh: La toc o dch chuye n que han doc theo truc moi han. Neu Vh
qualn moi han se hep, chie u sau ngau moi han giam, khong phang va co the b gian
oan. Ngc lai, neu V h qua be se de xuat hien hien tng chay chan, kim loai c ban b
nung nong qua mc, vung an h hng nhiet ln, chie u ro ng va chieu sau ngau cua moi han
tang
Toc o han ho quang tay phu thuoc vao loai que han (he so ap), Ih va tiet dien
ngang cua moi han. Vh cang ln th nang suat
cang cao.
2.6.5 Ky thuat han ho quang tay.
a. Cac chuyen ong c ban khi han ho
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
K
e bao am duy tr chie u dai ho quang
pham
u
S
DHn, ngi
va kch thc chieu rong cua monig ha
Hnh 3-21 S o cac chuyen
o
u
r
T
t
cong nhan phai cungrigmo
h t luc thc hien ba
ong cua que han khi han.
y
Cop
chuyen o ng c ban (hnh 3-21):
quang tay:
1. Chuyen ong theo truc que han (1): e ieu chnh chieu dai que han . Chuyen
ong nay phai co toc o bang toc o chay cua que han th mi co the duy tr c ho
quang chay on nh.
- Muon am bao chat lng moi han, que han
can phai at nghieng theo hng han mot goc 75-85o.
2. Chuyen ong doc theo truc moi han (2)
e han het chieu dai moi han. Chuyen ong nay co
anh hng kha ln en chat lng moi han va nang
suat lao ong.
- Vi moi han mot lt ta thc hien chuyen
ong doc phan oan hay phan oan nghch theo hnh
3-22.
- Khi han cac moi han giap moi nhieu lp , th
t thc hien cac lp han nen tien hanh nh hnh 3-23.
- Khi han cac vat lieu co tnh han xau, moi han
dai va phai han nhieu lp ta co the thc hien chuyen
ong doc theo phng phap han phan oan kieu bac
Hnh 3-22 Han cac moi han

co chieu dai khac nhau.
219
thang hoac ha doc (hnh 3-24)

3. Chuyen ong dao ong ngang (3):
e bao am chieu ro ng moi han, bao am han ngau hai mep han va nung e u lam
cho moi han nguoi cham.Neu khi han khong co chuye n ong dao ong ngang (phng
phap keo thang) th chieu rong moi han ch at c c (0,8 1,5)dq. Chieu rong nay ch
phu hp oi vi han cac chi tiet mong khong vat mep hay han lp th nhat cua moi han
nhieu lp. a so cac trng hp khac, chieu rong moi han yeu cau bang (3 5)dq. Do o,
trong qua trnh han , que han can phai co chuyen o ng dao ong ngang.
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su p
H
D
Hnh 3-23 Th
t
th
c
hie
n moi han nhieu l p.
uong
r
T
ht
yrig
p
o
C
Hnh 3-24
Phng phap
han phan oan
bac thang (a) va
phan oan ha
doc (b).
Phoi hp 3 chuye n ong tren lai ta co cac kieu chuyen ong c ban cua que han
nh hnh 3-25. Kieu 1,2,3 va 4 dung pho bien nhat, kie u 5 dung khi can nung nong nhieu
phan gia moi han, kieu 6 va 7 dung khi can nung nong nhieu phan mep han.
220n ong cua que han.

Hnh 3-25 Mot so kieu chuye
b. Ky thuat khi han cac v tr trong khong gian.

1. Han moi han sap:Trong cong nghe han ho quang tay, khi han v tr han sap la
thuan li nhat cho viec tao hnh moi han va de at c chat lng cao, bi v ieu kien
thoat kh va va x noi len de nhat. V vay, khi thiet ke cac ket cau ta can co gang bo tr e
co the thc hien cac moi han v tr han sap.
- Khi han moi han giap moi, v tr cua que han c at nh hnh 3-26 va tuy theo
chi tiet co hay khong vat mep ma que han co hoac khong co chuye n ong dao ong
ngang.
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truohan va kie u dao ong thong dung khi han lien ket
Hnh 3-26 Goc o cu
a
que
t
igh
giap moi. a)CMa
opytrcat ngang. b) Mat cat doc. c) Kieu chuyen ong (1. lp lot
2. lp tiep theo).
- Khi han moi han goc co the thc hien bang hai phng phap: neu co the c th
tot nhat nen a lien ket han ve v tr han sap e han nh khi han moi han giap moi co vat
mep vi goc vat = 90o (hnh 3-27a), con neu kho ng the c th khi han v tr cua que
han va quy ao chuyen ong cua no se tien hanh nh hnh 3-27b, c. Can chu y la khi han
bao gi cung gay ho quang tam di ch khong gay tam tren. iem gay ho quang
cach nh moi han khoang 3 4mm.
Hnh 3-27 Han

moi han goc.
2. Han moi ha n ng:

Kho khan chu yeu khi han ng la kim loai long vung han va au que han
chay xuon g pha di. Han ng tot nhat la han t di len (con goi la han leo hnh 3-28a
221
thng dung han vat day) hoac co the han t tren xuong ( con goi la han tut e han vat
mong hnh 3-28b). e tao hnh moi han ep, ta gi chieu dai ho quang ngan, cng o
Hnh 3-28 Han

moi han ng.
a,b) Goc nghieng
que han.
c,d) Mot so kieu
chuyen o ng que
han.
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
ruo
tT
h
g
i
yr
Cop
dong ien giam, bien o dao ong ngang nho.
3. Han moi han ngang (hnh 3-29): v tr nay kho hn moi han ng. Kim loai long
thng chay nhieu xuong mep di. V vay ta ch can vat mep canh tren, con pha di e
nguyen e no gi kim loai long cua vung han, gay ho quang t mep di len tren, cac
ieu kien khac thc hien nh khi han ng.
4. Han moi han tra n (hnh 3-30): ay la v tr han kho nhat. Khi kim loai chay t
que han vao vung han ngc vi hn g cua tro ng trng nen kim loai lo ng de ri xuong
di. Song khi han kim loai long van chuyen vao vu ng han la
nh sc cang be mat, lc ien trng, t trng va ap lc cua
kh. e tao hnh moi han tot ta phai dung que han co ng
knh nho hn khi han sap 1mm (thng dung d q < 4mm),
cng o dong ien giam i 15% 20% hoac 25%, chieu dai
ho quang that ngan, phai dung que han co thuoc boc day va
co nhiet o chay cao hn loi que e tao thanh pheu hng kim
loai long vao vung han.
Hnh 3-30 Han moi

han tran.
1. Lp lot 2. Cac
lp tiep theo.
222
Hnh 3-29 Han moi han ngang.
Chng 3
HAN HO QUANG T ONG VA BAN T ONG.

3.1 Khai niem.
* Qua trnh han ho quang bao gom co cac bc sau:
- Gay ho quang.
- Dch chuyen que han (day han) xuon g vung han tng ng vi mc o chay cua
que han nham duy tr s chay on nh cua ho quang.
- Dch chuyen que han doc moi han e bao am han het chieu dai han.
- Bao am ho quang va vung han khoi b tac dung cua moi trng khong kh xung
quanh.
Trong han t ong, tat ca cac bc tren hoan toan t ong, con khi han ban t ong
co bc phai thc hien bang tay (thng la cong viec gay ho quang va dch chuyen day
nh
i Mi
han doc moi han do tay ngi th thc hien).
h
C
. Ho
taTcPiem sau:
* Han ho quang t ong va ban t ong co mothso
a
u
Ky t
m
a
- Nang suat cao (tang t 510 lan so
v
h i han tay) v toc o han eu va cao nen cho
Su p
H
D
ng du: dung que han ng knh dq = 5mm khi han tay
phep dung dong ien ln e haruno.V
T
t
h
cng o dong ienopch
yrigcho phep dung Ih = 250 A. Con khi han t ong vi cung ng
C
knh day, do ng ien co the dung en 800 A va cao hn.
- Bao am c c tnh cua moi han cao, v han t ong eu c thc hien trong
ieu kien co s bao ve ho quang (nh han di lp thuoc, han trong moi trng kh bao
ve).
- He so ap cao, tiet kiem kim loai day han.
- Tiet kiem c nang lng ien, v he so hu dung cua nguon nhiet ho quang
cao.
- ieu kien lao ong cua ngi cong nhan thuan li, de c kh hoa va t ong hoa
qua trnh han.
- Han t ong khon g han c nhng ket cau va v tr moi han phc tap, tuy nhien
han ban t ong co the han c tat ca cac moi han trong khong gian.
* Phan loai:
Han ho quang t ong cung nh ban t ong c chia lam 2 loai:
- Han ho quang h: La trong qua trnh han ho quang va moi han cothe nhn thay
c v ho quang chay trong moi trng kh bao ve (hoac trong khong kh).
- Han ho quang kn (ho quang chm): Tc la trong qua trnh han, ho quang va moi
han c bao ve bi mot lp thuoc han, do vay mat ngi khong the nhn thay c.
3.2 Han ho quang di lp thuoc bao ve.

223
3.2.1 Thc chat, ac iem va pham vi ng dung:

Han ho quang di lp thuoc bao ve tieng Anh viet tat la SAW (Submerged Arc
Welding) la qua trnh han nong chay ma ho quang chay gia day han (ie n cc han) va
vat han di lp thuoc bao ve .
Di tac dung nhiet cua ho quang, mep han, day han va mot phan thuoc sat ho
quang b nong chay tao than h vun g han. Day han c ay vao vu ng han bang mot c cau
ac biet vi toc o phu hp vi toc o chay cua no (hnh 3-31a).
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
a)
b)
Hnh 3-31 S o han di lp thuoc bao ve.
a) S o nguye n ly. b) Cat doc theo truc moi han.
Theo o chuye n dch cua nguon nhiet (ho quang) ma kim loai vung han se nguoi
va ket tinh tao thanh moi han (hnh 3-31b). Tren mat vung han va phan moi han a ong
ac hnh thanh mot lp x co tac dung tham gia vao cac qua trnh luyen kim khi han, bao
ve va gi nhiet cho moi han, va se tach khoi moi han sau khi han. Phan thuoc han cha b
nong chay co the s dung lai.
224
ac iem: - Nhiet lng ho quang rat tap trung va nhiet o rat cao, cho phe p han
vi toc o ln.
V vay phng phap han nay co the han nhng chi tiet co chieu day ln ma khong
can phai vat mep.
- Chat lng lien ket han cao do bao ve tot kim loai moi han khoi tac dung cua oxy
va ni t. Kim loai moi han ong nhat ve thanh phan hoa hoc. Lp thuoc va x han lam lien
ket nguoi cham nen t b thien tch. Moi han co hnh dang tot, eu an, t b cac khuyet tat
nh kho ng ngau , ro kh, nt va ban toe.
- Giam tieu hao vat lieu han (day han).
- Ho quang c bao boc kn bi thuoc han nen khong lam hai mat, da. Lng khoi
sinh ra rat t so vi han ho quang tay.
- De c kh hoa va t ong hoa qua trnh han.
Pham vi ng dung: Chu yeu han cac moi han v tr han bang, cac moi han co
chieu dai ln va co ng han khong phc tap.
3.2.2 Vat lieu, thiet b han ho quang t ong va ban t ong di lp thuoc bao
nh
ve.
i Mi
h
C
Ho
a. Vat lieu han:
TP.
t
a
u
- Day han la phan kim loai bo sung vao moKi yhath
n, ong thi ong vai tro ien cc
am
h
p
dan ien gay ho quang va duy tr s chaHySho
u quang. Day han thng co ham lng C
D
g
n
khong qua 0,12%. Ne u ham l
nugo C cao de lam giam tnh deo, gay nt trong moi han.
Tr
t
h
g
i
ng knh day han pho
yr quang t ong di lp thuoc t 1,6 6mm, con oi vi han ho
Co
quang ban t on g la t 0,8 2mm.
- Thuoc han co tac dung bao ve vung han, on nh ho quang, kh oxy, hp kim hoa
kim loai moi han va am bao lien ket han co hnh dang tot, x de bong.
Thuoc han co nhiet o chay thap hn so vi kim loai han, kch thc hat t 0,5
2mm. c phan loai theo cong du nh : thuoc han thep C thap, thep hp kim thap;
Thuoc han thep h p kim cao; Thuoc han kim loai va hp kim mau, phan loai theo thanh
phan hoa hoc, theo phng phap che tao nh thuoc han nong chay; Thuoc han khong nong
chay (gom).
b.Thiet b han ho quang di lp thuoc bao ve.
b)
a)
Hnh 3-32 Thiet b han ho quang t ong di lp thuoc bao ve.
a) S o nguye n ly.
b) au han t ong.
225
Thiet b gom mot so c cau bo phan chnh sau:

1. C cau cap day han va bo ie u khie n e gay ho quang va o n nh ho quang (au
han).
2. C cau dch chuye n au han doc theo truc moi han hay tao ra cac chuyen ong
tng oi cua chi tiet han so vi au han.
3. Bo phan cap va thu thuoc han.
4. Nguon ien han va cac thiet b ieu khien qua trnh han.
V du loai xe han hnh 3-32 th au han va ca c cau dch chuyen au han, cuon
day han, c cau cung cap thuoc han va ca he thong ieu khien qua trnh han c bo tr
thanh mot khoi. Nh vay xe han co the chuyen ong trc tiep theo me p rat linh ong, no
co the chuyen ong theo cac quy ao khac nhau tren ket cau dang tam, tham ch co the
thc hien c cac moi han vong tren cac mat tron va ng ong co ng knh ln.
oi vi may han ban t ong di lp thuoc bao ve th au han c thay bang mo
han hay sung han nho gon, de ie u khien ban g tay. C cau cap day co the bo tr ri hoac
nh
cung khoi trong nguon han vi cac c cau khac.
i Mi
h
C
o co pham vi ieu khien
Hva
Nguon ien han phai co he so lam viec lien tuc 100%
TP.
t
a
u
dong ien rong t vai tram en vai ngan ampe. Ky th
ham
u ipl
S
3.2.3 Cong nghe han ho quang
d
p thuoc bao ve:
H
ng D
o
u
r
T
a. Chuan b lienrike
ghtt trc khi ha n:
y
Cop
Chuan b vat mep va ga lap vat han yeu cau can than hn nhieu so vi han ho
quang tay.
Mep han phai bang phang, khe h han eu e cho moi han eu an, khong b cong
venh, ro
Nhng lien ket han co chieu day < 20mm khong phai vat mep khi han hai pha.
Chieu day ln hn th co the vat me p bang mo cat kh, may cat Plasma hoac gia cong
tren may cat got.
Trc khi han phai lam sach mep tren mot chieu rong 50 60mm ve ca hai pha
cua moi han, sau o han nh bang que han chat lng cao.
b. Che o ha n:
1. Dong ien ha n. Chieu sau ngau cua lien ket han ty le thuan vi dong ien han.
Tuy nhien khi tang dong ien han , lng day han nong chay tang theo, ho quang chm sau
vao kim loai c ban nen chieu rong cua moi han kho ng tang ro ret ma ch tang chieu cao
phan nho cua moi han, tao ra s tap trung ng suat, giam chat lng be mat moi han, x
kho tach. Neu dong ien qua nho th chieu sau ngau se giam, kho ng ap ng yeu cau
(hnh 3-33).
Hnh 3-33 Anh hn g
cua dong ien han ti
hnh dang moi han.
226
2. ien ap han. ien ap thay oi ty le vi chieu dai ho quang. Khi chieu dai ho
quang tang th ien ap tang lam tang dien tch nung nong, ap lc cua no len kim loai long
giam, do o chieu sau ngau giam va tang chieu rong moi han.
ieu chnh toc o cap day co the lam thay oi ien the cua cot ho quang: tang toc
o cap day th ien the cot ho quang se thap va ngc lai.
3. Toc o ha n. Toc o han tang, nhiet lng ho quang tren n v chieu dai cua
moi han se giam, do o o sau ngau giam, ong thi chieu rong cua moi han cung giam.
4. ng knh day han. Khi n g knh day han tang ma dong ien khon g oi th
chieu sau ngau giam tng ng. ng knh day han giam th ho quang an sau hn vao
kim loai c ban, do o moi han se hep va chieu sau ngau ln.
5. Cac yeu to cong nghe khac. (o dai phan nho cua day han, loai va cc tnh cua
dong ien v.v)
o dai phan nho cua day han tang le n th tac dung nung nong cua kim loai ien
inihien tr phan
cc trc khi vao vung ho quang tang len. Day han chay nhanh, ongi M
th
h
C
o y han co ng knh be
nho tang len, dong ie n han giam xuon g, ac biet la khi T
haPn. Hda
t
a
u
h
hien tng nay cang ro ret hn.
Ky t
m
a
u pph day th dung dong ien xoay chieu, con khi
Sthe
Thong thng khi han nhng ta
m
H
D
g
runogndong ien mot chieu e gi ho quang on nh hn. Vi
han nhng tam thep mong tth Tdu
gh
pyri dung hien nay, khi oi t noi thuan sang noi nghch chieu sau
cac loai thuoc haC
n oang
ngau se tang len. Han bang dong xoay chieu co chieu sau ngau mc trung bnh so vi
khi han bang don g ien mot chieu noi thuan va noi nghch.
Thuoc han co c hat nho se lam giam bt tnh hoat ong cua ho quang va lam tang
chieu sau ngau.
b. Ky thuat han.
Khi han giap moi mot lp, e tranh chay thung, e co o ngau hoan toan va s tao
hnh tot mat trai cua moi han ta co the ap dung cac bien phap nh: han lot pha di,
dung em thep, em thuoc hoac tam lot (hnh 3-34).
227
Hnh 3-34 Bien phap

chong kim loai chay
khoHnh
i khe 3-36
h haPhng
n.
phap
n=e
(0,30,5);
m lp thuoc han.
bn=1.4+5
Ong an hoi 2. C cau
1. Chi
tieThuo
t hanc2.
ep 3.
haMo
n 4.i Vat
hanha3.nMo
. i han lot
4. em thep 5. em
ong 6. em ong +
Thuoc han.
Tot nhat nen dung em thuoc e ngan kim loai long chay khoi khe h han
(hnh 3-35).
nh
i Mi
h
C
Ho
3.3 Han ho quang nong chay trong moi trng kh
TP.bao ve.
t
a
u
h
Kydutng.
3.3.1 Thc chat, ac iem va phampvi
n
g
m
a
h
Su
H
D
a. Thc chat, ac iemr: uong
T
ght
i
r
y
Han ho quang
Cop nong chay trong moi trng kh bao ve la qua trnh han nong chay
trong o nguon nhiet han c cung cap bi ho quang tao ra gia ien cc nong chay (day
han) va vat han.
Ho quang va kim
loai nong chay
c bao ve khoi
tac dung cua oxy
va nit trong moi
trng xung quanh
bi mot loai kh
hoac hon hp kh.
(Hnh 3-37) Tie ng
Anh goi la GMAW
(Gas Metal Arc
Welding).
a)
Kh bao ve
la kh tr (Ar, He
hoac hon hp Ar +
He) kho ng tac
dung vi kim loai
long trong khi han
hoac cac loai kh
b)
Hnh 3-37 S o han228
ho quang nong chay trong moi trn g kh
bao ve.
a) S o nguyen ly b) S o thiet b.
hoat tnh (CO2, CO2 + O2, CO2 + Ar,) co tac dung chiem cho ay khon g kh ra khoi vung
han va han che tac dung xau cua no.
- Han ho quang bang ien cc nong chay trong moi trng kh tr (Ar, He) goi la
phng phap han MIG (Metal Inert Gas). V cac loai kh tr co gia thanh cao nen khong
c ng dung rong rai, ch dung e han kim loai mau va thep hp kim.
Han ho quang bang ien cc nong chay trong moi trng kh hoat tnh (CO2 , CO2
+ O2,) goi la phng phap han MAG (Metal Active Gas). Kh CO2 de kiem, gia thanh
thap, nang suat han trong CO2 cao gap 2,5 lan so vi han ho quang tay, tien hanh han
moi v tr khong gian khac nhau, san pham han t b cong venh do toc o han cao, vung
anh hng nhiet hep, khon g phat sinh kh oc
-
b. Pham vi ng dung:
Khong nh ng han cac loai thep ket cau thong thng, ma con co the han cac loai
thep khon g g, thep chu nhiet, thep ben nong, cac hp kim ac biet, hp kim Al, Mg, Ni,
Cu
nh
i Mi
h
C
Chieu day vat han t 0,4 4,8 mm th ch can han moPt .l
Hop ma khon g phai vat mep,
T
t
a
u
t 1,6 10 mm han mot lp co vat mep, con t 3,2Ky 25
th mm th han nhieu lp.
m
a
ph
3.3.2 Vat lieu va thiet b han:DH Su
g
ruon
TMAG
t
a. Day han: Khi
ha
n
n g knh day han t 0,8 en 2,4 mm (thng ma
h
yrig
p
o
ong, cuo n lai thaC
nh cuon, khoi l ng t 5 en 80 kg).
Day han bot: (Han ho quang loi tr dung FCAW Flux- Cored Arc Welding) c
cau tao bi mot lp vo kim loai boc trong no la mot hon hp gom bot kim loai va mot so
thanh phan lien ket khac (hnh 3-38). Hon hp trong day va lam nhiem vu bo sung kim
loai, hp kim hoa ong thi con co tac dung bao ve kim loai nong chay khoi tac dung cua
moi trng kho ng kh, co tac dung duy tr s chay on nh cua ho quangv.v Day han bot
c dung di hai hnh thc sau:
- Vi chc nang t bao ve (e
dung trong han ho quang h ).
- Vi chc nang c bao ve bang
moi trng kh CO2.
b. Kh bao ve: Kh tr nh Ar tinh
khiet (100%) thng e han thep. Kh
He tinh khiet (100%) han Al, Mg,
CuHien nay dung rong rai kh CO2 hoac
Hnh 3-38 Cac dang ket cau day han bot.
hon hp Ar + 20%CO2 , Ar + 15%CO2 +
5%O2. Han trong moi trng kh bao ve Ar at chat lng cao nhng gia thanh cao, do vay
thng e han kim loai va hp kim mau, thep hp kim cao.
229
c. Thiet b han: (hnh 3-37b) gom nguon ien han, c cau cap day han t ong,
sung han i cung cac ng ong dan kh, dan day han va cap ie n, chai cha kh bao ve
kem theo bo ong ho, lu l ng ke va van kh.
Nguon ie n han thong thng la nguon mot chieu DC. ac tnh ngoi cua nguon
ien han la ac tnh cng (ien ap khong oi). ieu nay c dung vi toc o cap day han
khong oi, cho phep ieu chnh t ong chie u dai ho quang.
Mo han (sung han) bao gom bep tiep ien e chuyen dong ie n han en day han,
ng dan kh va chup kh e hng dong kh bao ve bao quanh vung ho quang, bo phan
lam nguoi co the bang kh hoac nc tuan hoan, cong tac ong ngat ong bo dong ien
han, day han va dong kh bao ve (hnh 3-39).
ight
opyr
uo
Tr
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Hnh 3-39 Mo han co cong, lam nguoi bang kh.
3.4 Han ho quang ien cc khong nong chay trong moi trng kh tr.
3.4.1 Thc chat, ac iem va pham vi ng dung.
Han ho quang ien cc khong nong chay trong moi trng kh tr la qua trnh han
nong chay , trong o nguon nhiet cung cap bi ho quang c tao thanh gia ien cc
khong nong chay va vung han (hnh 3-40). Vun g ho quang c bao ve ban g moi trng
kh tr (Ar, He, Ar +He) e ngan can nhng tac ong co hai cua oxy va nit trong khong
kh. ien cc khong nong chay thng dung la volfram, nen phng phap han nay tieng
Anh goi la han TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas).
Hnh 3-40
S o
nguyen ly
han ho
quang
ien cc
khong
nong chay
trong moi
trng kh
230
Vung ho quang c
ch ra tren hnh 3-41. Ho
quang trong han TIG co
nhiet o rat cao co the at
ti hn 6100o C. Kim loai
moi han co the tao thanh ch
t kim loai c ban khi han
nhng chi tiet mong vi lien
ket gap mep, hoac c bo
sung t que han phu. Toan
Hnh 3-41 Vung ho quang va vung han trong han TIG.
bo vung han c bao boc
bi kh tr thoi ra t chup
kh.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Phng phap nay co mot so u iem ang chu y:
P. Ho
T
t
a
u
- Tao moi han co chat lng cao oi vi hau he
ht kim loai va hp kim .
Ky t
m
a
- Moi han khong phai lam sach sau khi
ha
n
.
h
Su p
H
D
- Ho quang va vung han coonthe
quan
sa
t c trong khi han.
u g
r
T
n toe.
- Khong co kim loa
hit ba
yrig
p
o
- Co the haCn moi v tr khong gian.
- Nhiet tap trung cho phep tang toc o han, giam bien dang cua lien ket han.
Phng phap han TIG c ng dung nhieu trong lnh vc san xuat, ac biet rat
thch hp trong han thep hp kim cao, kim loai mau va hp kim cua chung. Phng phap
nay thao tac bang tay va co the t ong hoa hai khau di chuyen ho quang cung nh cap
day han phu.
3.4.2 Vat lieu va thiet b han TIG
- Kh tr Ar c ieu che bang phng phap hoa long kho ng kh, co o tinh khiet
99,99% c cung cap trong cac bnh di ap suat cao.
- ien cc volfram: volfram c dung lam ien cc v co tnh chu nhiet cao (
nhiet o nong chay la 3410oC), phat xa ien t tng oi tot, lam ion hoa ho quang va duy
tr tnh on nh ho quang. Volfram co tnh chong oxy hoa rat cao. Cac ien cc volfram co
them thori (Th) co tnh phat xa ien t, dan ien va chong nhiem ban tot, moi ho quang
tot hn va ho quang on nh hn. Cac ien cc volfram co ng knh 0,25 en 6,4 mm,
chieu dai 76 en 610 mm, au ie n cc phai c mai hp ly.
- Que han phu co chieu dai t 500 1000 mm vi ng knh 1,2 ; 1,6 ; 2,0 ; 2,4 ;
3,2 mm. Cac loai que han phu gom co: ong va hp kim ong, thep khong g Cr cao va
Cr-Ni, nhom va hp kim nhom, thep C thap, thep hp kim thapv.v
- Thiet b dung cho han TIG co cac bo phan chnh sau (hnh 3-42):
231
Nguon ien han, bao gom ca he thong ieu khien kh bao ve, nc lam mat, dong
ien va ien ap han; mo han; chai cha kh tr va van ieu khien lu l ng kh.
- Mo han TIG: Chc nang cua mo han TIG la dan dong ien va kh tr vao vung
han. ien cc W dan ien c gi chac chan trong mo han bang ai gi vi cac vt lap
trong than mo han (hnh 3-43). Kh c cung cap vao vung han qua chup kh. Chup kh
co ren c lap vao au mo han , e hng va phan phoi dong kh bao ve.
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
hnugatcho han TIG.
t
Hnh 3-42 Thiet b
du
y
mK
phtab.
u
a) S o
thie
b) May han TIG.
S
DH
g
n
Truo
t
righ
y
p
o
Mo han TIG
C c phan lam 2 loai theo c cau lam mat:
+ Mo han lam mat bang kh - tng
ng vi cng o do ng ien han < 120A.
+ Mo han lam mat bang nc tng ng vi cng o dong ie n han
> 120A.
Hnh 3-43 Cau tao mo han TIG.

a) Mo han TIG lam mat bang nc.
b) Mo han TIG co ong hoi tu kh.
232
Chng 4
HAN IEN TIEP XUC

4.1 Thc chat, ac iem va cac phng phap han ien tiep xuc.
4.1.1 Thc chat, ac iem va ng dung.
1. Thc chat: Han ien tiep xuc la mot dang han ap lc, dung dong ien co cng
o ln i qua cho tiep xuc gia cac chi tiet e sinh ra nhiet lng nung no ng vung han en
trang thai chay hoac deo, sau o dung lc ep thch hp ep cac be mat tiep xuc lai vi
nhau tao thanh moi han.
Theo nh luat Jun- Lenx th khi cho dong ien i qua mot vat dan se sinh ra nhiet
lng Q:
Q = 0,24.I2 .R.t
T cong thc tren ta thay: Cac be mat tiep xuc co nhan bong va a
lam sach hoan
inh
M
i
hao en au th van co nhng cho nhap nho va mang oxyt. V othe
Chkhi bat au ep chung
. Hnhieu so vi tiet dien chi
P
T
ch tiep xuc tren cac iem, lam cho tiet dien tiep xuc nho
hn
t
thua
ycho
K
tiet, mat khac cho tiep xuc co mang oxyt va khe
h
ne
n co ien tr rat ln. ong thi
pham
u
S
do tiep xuc iem nen mat o dong ie
nH tai iem tiep xuc rat ln. Ket qua nhiet lng ln
ng D
o
u
r
T nung nong chung en trang thai han (chay long hoac deo),
sinh ra tren be mat tiep xutc se
gh
i
r
y
p tao ieu kien cho viec khuech tan nguyen t, lam cho cac vat han
sau o dung lc eC
poe
noi chac vi nhau.
2. ac iem.
Han ien tiep xuc co cac ac iem sau:
- Dong ien co cng o rat ln, thi gian tac dung ngan, khong can phai dung que
han phu, thuoc han hay kh bao ve ma moi han van am bao chat lng, khong co x, chi
tiet han t b bien dang.
- Chat lng san pham cao: v du cac moi han iem, ng thc hien tren cac vo
khung o to , may bay... cho chat lng tot, ep hn nhieu so vi han nong chay.
- Co the han c cac ket cau phc tap, cac moi han cac v tr khon g gian khac
nhau, han c cac chi tiet co tiet dien nho (nh cac day vi ng knh en 0,06 mm
hoac ng knh ln tren 200mm).
- De dang c kh hoa va t on g hoa qua trnh cong nghe.
- Nang suat, chat lng han cao v co kha nang rut ngan thi gian san xuat va t
ong hoa san xuat, moi han ep .
- Tiet kiem nguye n vat lieu va nang lng.
Han ien tiep xuc c s dung rat rong rai trong cac nganh che tao xe may, oto,
che tao dung cu o, co ng nghe tieu dung...
3. Phan loai.
233
Han ien tiep xuc co the phan theo dang moi han, theo nguon ie n hoac theo
nguon nan g lng.
Han ien tiep xuc
Theo dang moi han
Han Han Han

iem ng giap
moi
Han
ien
cc
gia
Theo loai dong ien
Han
ng
giap
moi
ruon
T
ght
i
r
y
Cop
Mot Hai
Nhieu
iem iem iem
han
han
han
Theo dang nguon

nang lng
Dong Dong Dong

mot xoay xung
nh
i Mi
h
C
chieu chieu
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
u ph
DH S
Nong
chay
Gian
oan
ien
tr
Lien
tuc
4.1.2 Cac phng phap han ien tiep xuc.

1. Han ien tiep xuc gia p moi.
Han ien tiep xuc giap moi la mot dang han ap lc ma moi han thc hie n tren toan
be mat tiep xuc cua chi tiet han.
S o nguyen ly han tiep xuc giap moi c gii thieu tren hnh 3-44: Cac chi tiet
han 1 c kep trong cc 2 cua may han tiep xuc. Cac cc c noi vi au ra cua cuon
th cap bien ap han 3. ieu khien o ln va thi gian tac dung cua lc ep Pe va dong
ien Ih nh thiet b ieu khien 4.
Han tiep xuc giap moi c chia thanh:
234
2
- Han giap moi ien tr: be mat
tiep xuc c nung en nhiet o gan
nhiet o nong chay cua kim loai chi tiet
han, sau o ngat dong ien va tang
nhanh lc ep lam bien dang vung tiep
xuc tao thanh moi han. c dung khi
han tiet dien nho (<100mm2), vat lieu
co tnh deo cao (thep t C, hp kim
mau).
- Han giap moi nong chay: be mat
kim loai cho tiep xuc c nung en
Hnh 3-44 S o han tiep xuc giap moi.

1. Chi tiet han 2. ien cc 3. Bien ap
han.
trang thai chay. Di tac dung cua lc ep len kim loai chay, x ban c ay ra ngoai tao
inh
hiyMnho hn so vi han
thanh moi han. Cng o dong ien va lc ep trong phng phaopCna
H
TP.
t
a
u
ien tr, kho ng can lam sach nhng chat lng tot hn.
h Han cac chi tiet dang o ng, han ray
Ky t
m
a
tau hoa, han cac phoi dai bang thep, hpSkim
u phva kim loai mau (thanh, thoi, day). ac biet
H
D
g ng cu cat (mui khoan, ta ro)
phng phap han chay e cheTta
du
ruoon
t
gh
pycriiem:
2. Han tiep
Coxu
Han iem thc chat la han ien tiep xuc, trong o cac chi tiet c han vi nhau
theo tng iem rie ng biet (hnh 3-45) goi la iem han.
Cac chi tiet han 1 c ghep
chong len nhau, du ng cac ien cc 2 e ep chung lai vi nhau, sau o cho do ng ien chay
Hnh 3-45 S o nguyen ly han iem. a) han 2 pha. b) Han 1 pha.

1. Chi tiet han. 2.ien cc. 3. Bie n ap han. 4. Thiet b ieu khien. 5. Tam
235
qua. Cho tiep xuc nam gia 2 chi tiet c nung nong trang thai chay con xung quanh th
en trang thai deo. Di tac dung cua lc ep P moi han c hnh thanh. Thiet b ieu
khien 4 co nhiem vu t ong ong ngat dong ien va lc ep. Vat lieu dung lam ien cc
co tnh dan ien, dan nhiet, chu nhiet va co o ben cao nh ong ien phan, ong co pha
Cr va Cd, ien cc co ng dan nc lam nguoi.
- Han tiep xuc iem hai pha (hnh 3- 45a) la hai ien cc c bo tr ve 2 pha cua
cac chi tiet han. Moi lan ep ch han c 1 iem. Co the han hai hay nhieu tam mong vi
chieu day bang nhau.
- Han tiep xuc iem mot pha (hnh 3- 45b) la hai ien cc c bo tr ve mot pha
cua chi tiet han. Phng phap nay moi lan han c 2 hay nhieu iem cho nang suat cao,
e han cac tam co chieu day khong bang nhau.
Han tiep xuc iem chiem gan 80% so l ng cac lien ket han tiep xuc. c dung
rong rai trong cong nghiep che tao xe may, o to, toa xe, nganh xay dng Chieu day tam
nh
i Mi
h
han co the t vai m en 30mm.
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
3. Han tiep xu c ng la mot dang han tieyp txu
h c trong o moi han la tap hp cac
K
m
a
iem han lien tuc, tai moi mot thi iemSco
u phmot iem han c tao ra di tac dung cua
H
D
uocngien cc hnh a quay lien tuc ( hnh 3-46).
dong ien va lc ep thong qua
Trca
t
h
yrig
Cac ien c
Cocpco the bo tr ve 1
pha hay 2 pha so vi chi tiet han. Hai
ien cc hnh a quay ngc chieu
nhau nh mot ong c co toc o ieu
khien c e tao ra ng han kn.
Tuy thuoc vao chuyen ong
cua ien cc khi co dong ien chay
qua, han ng chia thanh 3 loai sau:
- Han ng lien tuc. ien cc
quay lien tuc, dong ien luon chay
qua chi tiet han, tao thanh ng han
kn tren suot chieu dai moi han.
Phng phap nay nang suat cao,
nhng ien cc chong mon do b nung
Hnh 3-46 S o nguyen ly han tiep xuc

ng.
1. Chi tiet han. 2.ien cc hnh a. 3. Bien ap
han. 4. Thiet b ieu khien.
nong lien tuc. Thng e han cac moi han ngan, cac tam mong yeu cau o kn.
- Han ng gian oan. ien cc quay lien tuc, nhng dong ien chay qua chi tiet
theo chu ky ngan (1/10 1/1000s) va moi han hnh thanh tai thi iem o. Thng e han
cac moi han dai.
- Han bc. ien cc quay gian oan theo chu ky, khi ien cc ngng quay dong
236
ien c cap va tao thanh iem han.

ien cc hnh a lam bang vat lieu giong nh trong han iem. Toc o han co the
at c 10m/phut. Moi han co o tin cay cao khi lam viec trong moi trn g chan khong
hoac chu ap lc ln (bnh, noi cha bao am o kn, o ben cao). Han ng c dung
pho bien e han cac tam mong co moi han kn, cac loai ong dan chat lon g hoac chat kh
trong nganh o to, thiet b trong tu lanh, may giat, cong nghiep thc pham
4.2. Cong nghe han ien tiep xuc.

4.2.1 Cong nghe han tiep xuc gia p moi.
e at c chat lng moi han tot, qua trnh co ng nghe can c cac yeu cau sau:
- Lam sach be mat tiep xuc trc khi han va bao ve be mat tiep xuc khong b oxy
hoa trong qua trnh han.
- Cac chi tiet han khi ga lap, kep chat phai ong tam.
i
- Nung nong eu be mat tiep xuc cua hai chi tiet han. P. Ho Ch
T
huat
t
a. Chuan b chi tiet trc khi han.
y
am K
pchca
u
S
Phoi lieu sau khi cat tren cac ma
y
hoa
t
DH
g
n
bang mo cat kh eu phai Tla
rumo sach g. Cac
t
h
g
i
r mat au tiep xuc phu
phng phap chuaonpyb
C
thuoc vao dang san xuat, thiet b han va mc o
t ong hoa khi han , cac phoi lieu co tiet die n
tiep xuc khac nhau eu phai x ly (gia cong) e
kch thc cua chu ng bang nhau hoac gan ban g
nhau (hnh 3-47) va c lam sach tot.
b. Ky thuat va che o han.
Han ien tr.
Min
Han tiep xuc giap moi thc hien bang

phng phap han ien tr ch thch ng vi cac
chi tiet khong ln, thng co hnh tron, co tiet
dien ngang oi vi thep C khong ln hn
200mm2, Al, Cu 100 mm2.
Phng phap nay han thep cacbon tng
oi de dang, o ben moi han at gan bang o
ben cua kim loai c ban.
Che o han tiep xuc ien tr c xac nh
bi cac thong so chu yeu sau: Dong ien han I h,
mat o dong ien J, thi gian han t h, lc ep Pe va
lc chon Pc, chieu dai phan nho chi tiet.
Hnh 3-45 Hnh dang mat au chi

tiet khi han ien tr.
a) Hp ly. b) Khong h p ly.
237
Che o han ien tr c chon nh sau:

Mat o dong ien han:
J = 20 60 A/mm2
Thi gian han: th = 0,5 10 giay
Ap lc ban au: P e = 15 30Mpa
Ap lc chon:
P c = (1,5 2,0)Pe
Han tiep xuc giap moi no ng chay: co 2 phng phap han
- Han nong chay gian oan e han cac chi tiet co dien tch tiet dien ngang
1000mm2
- Han nong chay lien tuc
Qua trnh han gom 2 giai oan chnh: giai oan nung nong va giai oan ep han.
4.2.2 Cong nghe han tiep xuc iem va tiep xuc ng.
- Chuan b be mat va lap rap chi tiet.
nh
i Mnig bao gom: ng
h
C
- Cac kch thc quan trong cua mot lien ket han iem, Hha
n
o
TP.
t
a
u
knh iem han (han iem) d, chieu rong ng hany(ha
h n n g), chieu rong nho nhat cua
K t
m
a
h
phan hai chi tiet chong len nhau B, va b
Suc phan t.
H
D
ng
- Tuy thuoc vao hnh da
Trnugo be mat ngoai cua chi tiet ma co the chon ien cc hay
t
h
yrig
con lan co dang hnh
Coptru hoac hnh cau.
- Che o han tiep xuc iem: dong ien han Ih , thi gian han th, lc ep Pe
Che o han tiep xuc ng: dong ien han Ih, thi gian han th, toc o han Vh, lc
ep Pe.
V du: Chieu day chi tiet S = S1 = 0,5 + 0,5 mm, n g knh iem han (han iem)
nho nhat la 3mm, chieu rong ng han (han ng) nho nhat la 3mm, chieu rong nho
nhat cua phan hai chi tiet chong len nhau oi vi thep la 8mm, bc nho nhat gia cac
iem han la 10mm.
Che o han tiep xuc iem the p C thap ( dong xoay chieu 1 pha) I h = 6-7 kA;
th = 0,08-0,1s; Pe =1,2 1,8 kN
Che o han tiep xuc n g Ih =
7-8 kA; t h = 0,02-0,04s; Vh = 1-1,2 m/ph;
Pe = 1,5-2 kN
238
Chng 5
HAN VA CAT BANG KH

5.1 Thc chat, ac iem va ng dung cua han kh.
Han kh la qua trnh nung nong vat han va que han en trang thai han bang nhon
la cua kh chay (C2H2, CH4, C3 H6...) vi O2.
nc ta hien nay sau phng phap han ho quang ien, phng phap han va cat
kim loai bang kh ang c s dung rong rai trong cac nha may, x nghie p va cong
trng v thiet b han n gian va re tien, s dung nh ng vu ng xa nguon ien, co the han
c nhie u loai vat lieu khac nhau nh thep, gang, ong, nhom... ac biet no rat thch hp
khi han nhng vat lieu nhiet o chay thap, cac ket cau mong.
Tuy nhien, so vi han ie n, han kh co nhc iem ln la vat han de b bie n dang
va cong venh, nang suat han thap hn. Do vay pham vi s du ng hep hn hahn ho quang tay.
n
i Mit tat cua san pham
h
C
Han kh chu yeu dung e han cac chi tiet mong, sa ch
a
khuye
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
uc, han vay , han ap. Ngon la kh chay con dunygthe nung nong vat lieu, toi, cat kim
K
pham
loai bang kh
u
S
H
ng D
o
u
r
T
Nhiet lng sinh ra
ghtcua kh chay vi oxy thc hien theo phan n g:
i
r
y
Cop
C2H2 + O2 = CO + H2 + Q
5.2 Vat lieu va thiet b han kh.

5.2.1 Vat lieu han
1. Oxy (O2).
Oxy dung trong ky thuat han can co o tinh khiet t 98,5 99,5%( con lai la tap
chat nit va argon ) , nen thng goi la o xy ky thuat. Oxy la loai kh trong suot, khong
mau va mui v, khi tac dung vi cac chat hu c no sinh ra mot lng nhiet lng ln. Kh
oxy trang thai b nen, khi tiep xuc vi dau m khoang vat hoac cac chat de chay nh bui
than co the t boc chay. V vay khi s dung oxy, ac biet la trang thai b nen, phai
kiem tra trc can than, tranh tiep xuc vi cac chat hu c de chay.
e san xuat oxy dung phng phap lam lanh khong kh en the long, sau o nang
dan nhiet o e cac chat kh bay hi. nhiet o -195,8o C Nit boc hi, - 185,7o C acgong
boc hi, - 182,06oC th oxy boc hi. Phng phap nay nang suat cao, nang lng ien tieu
ton t.
2.Kh axetylen:
en
Axetylen (C2 H2 ) la mot loai kh chay, chu yeu c ieu che bang cach cho at
( CaC2 ) tac dung vi nc:
CaC2 + 2 H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 + Q
Phan ng sinh ra mot nhiet l ng Q kha ln.
239
at en la mot hp chat hoa hoc cua canxi va cacbon, mat gay cuc at en co
mau nau xam. No thng c san xuat bang cach nau chay a voi vi than coc hoac
angtraxit trong lo ien 1900o 2300o C.
at en de b phan huy trong kh am. Hat cang mn, o am cang cao th at en
phan huy cang manh.
Theo ly thuyet th c 1kg CaC2 tac dung vi nc se cho ra 372,5 lt C2H2, nhng
tren thc te phu thuoc vao o tinh khiet cua at en va ieu kien phan ng, ta ch thu
c 230 265 lt C2H2.
Axetylen khong co mau , nhe hn khong kh va co mui hac khi dang nguyen chat.
ieu kien ap suat va nhiet o cao kh C2 H2 rat de no ( P >1,5 atm, nhiet o > 580oC).
Hon hp cua C2H2 vi cac chat co cha oxy cung rat de no: khi C2H2 hoa hp vi
khong kh ap suat kh tri nhiet o t 305 4700 C hoac vi oxy nguyen chat nhiet
o t 297o 306oC. Hoac tiep xuc lau ngay vi ong o, bac tao thanh axetylua ong va
axetylua bac de no khi b va ap manh hay nhiet o tang cao.
3. Que han va thuoc han khi ha n kh.
a. Que ha n.
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat tla ngon la han . Trong qua trnh
t
y
- Han kh la mot dang han nong chay, nguo
n
nhie
K
pham
u
S
han co the dung que han phu e bogsung
H kim loai cho moi han, hoac khong can dung (khi
n D
o
u
r
T
han nhng tam kim loai mo
ghtng co gap mep).
i
r
y
Copp c tnh cua moi han phu thuoc chu yeu vao s bao ve vung han cua
- Khi han the
ngon la, vao chat lng be mat vat han va thanh phan hoa hoc cua que han (thng
giong hoac gan giong kim loai han).
- Que han e han kh can thoa man cac yeu cau sau:
. Nhiet o nong chay cua que han kho ng cao hn nhiet o nong chay cua kim loai
c ban.
. ng knh que han phai tng ng vi chieu day vat han.
. Be mat cua que han phai sach (khong b g, khong b dau m va cac chat ban
khac).
. Khong gay hien t ng soi lam ban kim loai ra khoi vung han.
. Khong tao cac bot kh trong vung han va kho ng a vao vung han cac tap chat
phi kim.
Khi han thep t cacbon, tot nhat la dung loai day han Si-Mn v no bao am c tnh
moi han cao nh khi han ho quang bang que han co chat lng tot.
Han thep du ng day han co ng knh t 0,3; 0,5; 0,8; 1,0; 1,2 12 mm.
Han gang th ng dung cac loai co ng knh 6,8; 10; 12 mm.
b. Thuoc ha n.
240
- Trong qua trnh han, tat ca cac kim loai va hp kim cua chung eu ket hp vi
oxy
cua khong kh va cua ngo n la han e tao ra cac oxt co nhiet o nong chay rat cao, cao
hn chnh ca kim loai han. e tranh kho ng cho kim loai nong chay b oxy hoa va loai bo
cac oxyt hnh thanh trong khi han , ngi ta dung cac loai bot han goi la thuoc han.
- Khi han kh thuoc han c a vao vung han di dang bot hoac di dang chat
long de boc hi. Thuoc han c boi vao cac mep cua kim loai han va tren que han, hoac
a vao vung han bang cach thnh thoang lai nhung que han vao bnh cha thuoc han.
- Khi dung thuoc han di dang hi th ngi ta chuyen bot xuong ngon la han
mot cach t ong vi lieu lng chnh xac bang dung cu ac biet.
- Trong qua trnh han, thuoc han a vao vung han se nong chay ra va ket hp vi
cac oxyt e tao ra mot lp x de nong chay noi len tren be mat vung han. Lp x nay bao
ve cho moi han kho ng b tac dung cua khong kh xung quanh.
inh
hi Mi thoa man cac yeu
- Thuoc han dung trong han kh co nhieu loai, nhng chuongCpha
H
TP.
t
a
u
cau sau:
h
Ky t
m
a
ph t o chay cua kim loai c ban va que han.
. De chay, co nhiet o chay nho hn
Su nhie
H
D
g
. Phan ng nhanh vi T
carcuoonxt kim loai e qua trnh hoa tan cua cac oxt ket thuc
t
igh
trc khi vung hanCo
opynrg ac.
. X c tao thanh e bao ve tot kim loai cua vung han khoi b oxy hoa va de tach
ra khoi moi han sau khi han.
. Thuoc han nong chay khong c toa kh oc hai va anh hng xau en moi han.
. Khoi lng rieng x do thuoc han tao nen phai nho hn khoi l ng rieng cua kim
loai han, muc ch e x c tao thanh de noi len tren be mat cua vung han.
. Gi c cac tnh chat cua thuoc trong qua trnh han, re, de kiem .
- Tuy theo tnh chat cua kim loai han (cac ox yt tao thanh trong vung han) ma dung
thuoc han co tnh axt hay baz. Neu hnh thanh oxyt baz th phai dung thuoc han axt va
ngc lai neu hnh thanh o xyt axt th dung thuoc han baz.
Trong ca hai trng hp phan ng xay ra theo s o sau:
Oxyt axt + Oxyt baz = muoi
- e lam thuoc han kh, ngi ta dung borac, axtboric, oxit va muoi bari, kali,
natri....
- Thanh phan thuoc han c xac nh tuy theo tnh chat cua kim loai han.
Khi han thep, han o ng se hnh than h cac oxyt baz (FeO, CuO, Zn) do o e hoa
tan chung dung thuoc han axt nh borac Na2B 4O7 . Khi han gang, trong vung han hnh
thanh oxyt axt SiO2, e hoa tan no phai a vao cac oxyt baz manh: K2O, Na 2O.
241
- Trc khi han thuoc han can c nung nong trc e khi han no khong sinh ra
cac loai bot kh va tiet ra nc lam giam chat lng moi han, ong thi tranh hien tng
thuoc b ban ra khoi vun g han.
5.2.2 Thiet b han kh.
Hnh 3-46 S o tram han kh.
1. Thung ieu che hay bnh cha kh C 2H2.
2. Bnh O2 . 3.Van giam ap. 4. Khoa bao
hiem. 5. O ng dan kh.6. Mo han. 7. o
nghe khac.
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
h
Su p
H
D
- Bnh cha dung e chrauokh
ng nen. Trong thc te san xuat, e tien li cho viec van
T
t
igh cha co dung tch khac nhau. e han va cat kh thng dung
chuyen, ngi ta duonpgyrbnh
C
bnh cha co dung tch 40 lt, ap suat co the en 200at.
1. Bnh cha.
- Bnh cha che tao bang thep hp kim hoac thep cacbon bang cach dap hay han,
ben ngoai sn mau e phan biet cac loai kh.
V du: Oxy sn xanh, C2 H2 sn trang, Acgon ky thuat sn en hoac trang, Acgon
nguyen chat na tren trang na di en, khong kh sn en, Hyro vang sam, cac kh
khac mau o. Bnh cha oxy co dung tch 40 lt, ap suat 150 atm cha 6m3oxy ( 20oC va
1 atm). Bnh cha C 2H2 co dung tch 40 lt va ap suat < 19 atm ben trong cha chat bot xop
bang than hoat tnh va c tam axeton.
- Bnh cha nhat la bnh cha O2 do chu ap suat cao va b an mon do s oxy hoa
sat nen khi s dung can kiem tra can than tranh gay no. Tuy theo tnh chat va ieu kien
lam viec ma ngi ta quy nh thi gian va phng phap kiem tra bnh cha.
2. Thung ieu che kh Axetylen.
Thung ieu che axetylen (con goi la bnh hi han) la thiet b trong o dung nc
phan huy at en e lay axetylen.
Cong thc phan huy nh sau:
CaC2 + 2H20 = C2 H2 + Ca(OH)2
Trong thc te 1kg at en cho ta khoang 220 300 lt kh C2H2.
Mot thung ieu che kh phai co ay u cac bo phan chnh sau ay:
242
- Buong sinh kh (mot hoac nhieu cai ).

- Thung cha kh.
- Thiet b kiem tra va an toan (nh ap ke , nap an toan ).
- Khoa bao hiem.
Cac bo phan tre n co the bo tr thanh mot ket cau chung hay lap rieng roi noi vi
nhau bang cac ong.
Theo he thong ie u chnh va s tac dung gia CaC2 vi H2O co cac loai sau: a ri
vao nc (hnh 3-47a) hoac nc ri vao a(hnh 3-47b), a tiep xuc vi nc (hnh 347c).
ruo
T
ghbt
i
r
y
op
HS
ng D
uat T
y th
am K
u ph
Chi
P. Ho
Min
c
C
Hnh 3-47. S o nguye n ly thung ieu che C2 H2 .
a
3. Khoa bao hiem .

Khoa bao hiem la mot thiet b bao ve cho
thung ie u che C2H2 va cac ong dan khong b chay
no khi co ngon la quat t mo han hoac mo cat
truyen ti. Ngon la quat sinh ra khi toc o chay
cua hon hp kh chay (O2 + C2 H2) ln hn toc o
kh cung cap.
Toc o chay cang tang khi: tang lng O2,
nhiet o kh cao, moi trng han kho rao va nhiet
Hnh 3-48. S o nguyen ly

lam viec cua khoa bao hiem
kieu h.
o cao vv.. Toc o kh cung cap cang giam khi tang ng knh lo mo han, giam ap lc va
kh tieu hao, hoac ong dan b tac v.v
Co cac loai: khoa bao hiem kieu h, kieu kn, kieu kho.
Khoa bao hiem kieu h (hnh 3-48) gom co vo 1 va 2 ong dan (ong dan 4 dan kh
C2H2 va ong bao hiem 8). Ong bao hiem ngan hn o ng dan kh, pha tren co mang bao
hiem 6 va pheu 7. Khi m van 5, kh C 2H2 t thung ieu che theo ong 4, qua nc va van
3 i ra mo han (hnh 3-48a). S chenh lech ap suat gia C2H2 va moi trng c bieu th
243
bang coat nc H (hnh 3-48b). Khi co ngon la quat, ap suat trong vo 1 tang len, ep nc
vao ca hai ong 4 va 8, mc nc trong vo 1 ha xuo ng cho en khi chan ong 8 h ra. Hon
hp no lap tc theo ong 8 vao pheu 7 pha v mang bao hiem 6 i ra ngoai (hnh 3-48c).
Sau khi ngo n la quat b dap tat qua trnh han tr lai bnh thng (hnh 3-48d). Can kiem
tra thng xuyen lng nc can thiet trong vo 1 bang van kiem tra 2.
4. Van giam ap.
Van giam ap dung e giam ap suat cao cua kh trong bng cha ti ap suat thap
phu hp vi che o han va ie u chnh lng tieu hao kh nen, gi cho ap suat cua hon hp
kh au mo han on nh khong phu thuoc vao s thay oi ap suat trong bnh cha.
V du ap suat cua oxy bnh cha la 150atm, mo han ch can 35atm.
Ap suat cua C2H2 bnh cha la 16atm, mo han ch yeu cau 0,30,5atm, nh co
van giam ap ma ta duy tr c ap suat cua hon hp kh au mo han gan nh kho ng oi.
Theo nguyen ly tac dung: co van giam ap tac dung thuan va van giam ap tac dung
nh
i Mi
h
nghch.
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Sau ay gii thieu van giam ap tac dung nghch
h v no la loai van c ap dung
Ky t
m
a
ph n ly lam viec c gii thieu hnh 3-49.
rong rai nhat trong thc te san xuat. S oSunguye
H
D
g
uonbnh
Khi nen ap suat cao
Trt
t
righng 4 ( buon g
cha theo ong 1 vaoopybuo
C
cao ap), ap suat trong buon g cao ap
c o ban g ong ho 2. Nh co khe
h di nap 5 kh se i xuong buong
thap ap 8, vi ap suat c xac nh
theo ong ong ho 7, roi i ra mo han.
Ban au, ta nhn vao ong ho 7 ieu
chnh the tch buong 8 co ap suat yeu
cau bang cach ieu chnh mang cao su
11 nh vt 10 tho ng qua lo xo 9. Trong
qua trnh han, neu ap suat buong 8
thay oi th no se t ieu chnh. V du
ap suat buong 8 giam th lo xo 9 se
nang mang cao su 11, thanh 12 va nap
van 5 len lam cho the tch buong 8 thu
hep lai va van 5 m rong ra, lng kh
t buong 4 se i xuong nhieu hn do
o ap suat buong 8 lai tang len ti mc
Hnh 3-49 Van giam ap tac dung nghch.
yeu cau. Ngc lai, neu ap suat
buong 8 v mot ly do nao o tang len,
luc o mang cao su 11 se nen lo xo 9 lai, keo thanh 12 va nap van 5 xuong lam cho ca
van 5 thu hep lai, kh t buong 4 i xuong t hn va ap suat trong buong 8 lai c giam
en mc yeu cau. Trng hp ap suat cua kh trong buo ng 8 tang len qua mc lam cho
244
mang cao su khong the ep c lo xo 9 xuong hn na th van an toan 6 se m va kh c

thoat ra ngoai.
V chieu m cua van 5 ngc chie u i vao cua dong kh nen goi la van giam ap tac
dung nghch.
5. Mo han.
Mo han la dung cu quan trong nhat trong trang b cua mot tram han kh. Nhiem vu
c ban cua no la nhan kh O2 va C2 H2 t cac bnh cha kh ( hoac C2H2 t thung ieu che )
en buong hon hp a ra mo han tao thanh ngon la cung cap nhiet nang cho qua trnh
han. Mo han phai rat an toan trong s dung, on nh c s chay cua ngon la, nhe
nhang, de ieu chnh thanh phan va cong suat cua qua trnh han. Co 2 loai:
a. Mo ha n hut: (hnh 3-50).
Cau tao mo han hut nh sau : kh oxy co ap suat 3-4 at theo o ng dan 1 qua van ieu
chnh vao mieng phun 2. V au mieng phun co n g knh rat be nen dong O2 i qua co
toc o ln tao thanh vung co ap suat thap 3 xung quanh mieng phun.
Nh vay, kh
inh
M
i
axetylen c hut vao buong hon hp 5 qua ong dan 4 ket hp v
Ci hoxy tao thanh hon hp
. Ho
P
T
kh. Hon hp kh nay theo ong 6 ( than mo han ) i ratha
uaut mo han 7 khi b ot se chay tao
y
K
thanh ngon la han.
am
u ph
S
H
ac iem cua mo han nay nlag D
buong hon hp kh co cau tao phc tap , tuy yeu cau
uo
r
T
n ang ap.
che tao thap hn so virimo
htha
y g
p
o
C
Hnh 3-50. Mo han hut.

Theo nguyen ly cau tao kieu hut ta can phai chu y la khi han phai m oxy trc,
m axetylen sau. V neu m axetylen trc th do ap lc thap no se khong ra c. Trong
qua trnh han do s ban toe kim loai va x long, lo cua au mo han co the b bam ban lam
cho ngo n la khong at c hnh dang va tnh chat yeu cau. Luc o, nen khoa cac ng
dan kh lai va thong lo au mo han. Khi mo han nong qua, ngon la chap chn gian oan
hoac nghe ro nh ng tien g no t pha au mo han , th cu ng nen tat ngon la va nhung no
vao nc e lam nguoi sau o mi tiep tuc han.
b. Mo han a ng ap. (hnh 3-51)
So vi mo han hut mo han ang ap t s dung hn. No chu yeu s dung khi can
bao am thanh phan hon hp cua ngon la la khong oi (v du khi han cac loai hp kim
mau, thep hp kim hoac trong han kh t ong )
Cau tao mo han nh sau: Kh O2 va C2H2 theo ong 4 va 5 vao buon g hon hp di
mot ap suat nh nhau, sau o qua than mo han 2 i qua au mo han 1 e chay thanh ngon
245
la. Lng O2 va C2H2 c ieu chnh bang cac khoa 3 va 6. Loai mo han nay co ket cau
n gian, de che tao, ngo n la chay on nh, de han song phai luon am bao c ieu
kien on nh ap suat kh i vao mo han. V the loai nay ch s dung trong ieu kien ca O2
va C2H2 c lay trc tiep t cac bnh cha qua van giam ap (t dung trong trng h p
C2H2 c lay ra trc tiep t thung ieu che ).
Thong thng mo han kh c che tao thanh bo, gom mot than mo va mot so au
han ( 4-7 au han ) anh so th t t nho en ln. V vay, khi chuan b han phai can c
vao cong suat cua ngon la can thiet e chon so hieu au han cho hp ly. Khi thay au
han can chu y van chat e tranh ro kh ra ngoai.
Hnh 3-51 Mo han ang ap.
5.3 Cong nghe han kh.
uat T
y th
am K
5.3.1 ieu chnh ngon la han.
u ph
Hp Skh,
Can c vao ty le cua hong h
D
uon
T3r loai (hnh 3ngon la han co the chiaghla
m
t
pyri
o
C
52):
Chi
P. Ho
Min
a. Ngo n la bnh thng.

Kh co ty le
02
11
, 1,2
C2H2
Ngon la nay chia lam 3 vung (hnh

3-52a).
- Vung nhan.
O2 va C2H2 t mo han ra, kh ot C2H2 b
phan huy C2 H2 = 2C + H2.
V the vung hat nhan co mau sang
trang, nhiet o thap va trong o co cacbon
nen khong dung e han v de lam cho moi
Hnh 3-52 Cac loai ngon la han.

a) Ngon la bnh thng. b) Ngon la
cac bon hoa. c) Ngon la o xy hoa.
1. Nhan ngon la. 2. Vun g hoan
nguyen. 3. Vung chay hoan toan.
han tham cacbon tr nen don.

- Vung hoan nguyen (chay khon g hoan toan)
C2H2 + O2 = 2CO + H2 + Q.
Vung nay co mau sang xanh, nhiet o cao (hnh 3-53), co CO va H2 la nh ng chat
kh kh O2 cua oxyt kim loai trong moi han, ong thi chung con tac dung vi oxy cua
246
moi trng, bao ve cho moi han khoi b o xy hoa. V vay vung nay goi la vung hoan
nguyen hay vun g chay khong hoan toan va c dung e han.
- Vung chay hoan toan (vung oxy hoa).
San pham cua vung tre n tiep tuc chay vi O2 cua khong kh.
2CO + H2 + 1,502 = 2CO2 + H2 O + Q
Vung nay mau nau sam co khoi,
nhiet o thap v co hi nc. Do hi nc
va kh CO2 de b phan huy thanh O2 va
nhiet o cao no se o xy hoa kim loai han
nen vung nay khong dung e han. Mat
khac khi cacbon b chay hoan toan lai co
kha nang oxy hoa kim loai nen vung nay
goi la vung o xy hoa.
b. Ngon la o xy hoa.
uat
02
y th
Ngon la nay co ty le
1, 2 .
K
am
C2 H 2
u ph
S
H
gD
Qua trnh chay xay ra la
r:uon
T
ight
C2H2 + 1,5 COo2p=yr2CO + H2 + 0,5 O2.
Chi
P. Ho
Min
Sau o chay tiep vi O2 cua khong
Hnh 3-53. S phan bo nhiet o theo

chieu dai cua ngon la bnh thng.
kh.
2CO + H2 + 0,5 O2 + O2 = 2CO2 + H2O.
Do tha O2 nen nhan cua ngon la
ngan lai, vung gia va vung uoi kho ng phan biet ro rang (hnh 3-52c). Ngon la co mau
sang trang, ngon la nay dung e han ong thau, nung nong va cat ht be mat kim loai.
c. Ngo n la cacbon ho a.
La ngon la co ty le
02
1,1 . Qua trnh chay xay ra la:
C2 H 2
C2H2 + 0,502 = CO + C + H2.

Sau o chay vi O 2 cua khong kh.
CO + C + H2 + 2O2 = 2CO2 + H2O.
Do vung gia cua ngon la nay co mot lng cacbon t do ln nen ngo n la mang
tnh chat cacbon hoa. Nhan cua ngon la keo dai ra sat nhap vao vung gia (hnh 3-52b).
Ngon la nay co nhiet o thap v co kh CO2 va hi nc. Mat khac cacbon t do de xam
nhap vao kim loai han nen no thng c du ng e han gang, nhom va hp kim nhom, toi
be mat, han hp kim cng.
5.3.2 Phng phap ha n phai va ha n trai.
247
Can c vao s dch chuyen cua mo han va que han ta chia han kh ra lam hai
phng phap han:
1. Phng phap ha n phai:
Khi han, mo han va que han chuyen ong t trai sang phai, mo han i trc, que
han i sau (hnh 3-54).
ac iem cua phng phap nay la
ngon la luo n luon hn g vao vung han,
hau het nhiet tap trung vao viec lam
chay kim loai han. Trong qua trnh han
do ap suat cua ngon la ma kim loai
long cua vung han luo n luon xao tron
eu, tao ieu kien cho x noi len tot hn.
Mat khac, do ngo n la bao boc lay vung
han nen moi han c bao ve tot, nguoi
cham va giam ng suat bien dang do qua
uat T
y th
am K
Chi
P. Ho
Min
trnh han gay ra. Phng phap nay eSu ph

DH
nghoa
o
u
han cac chi tiet day (> 5mm),
c
r
Hnh 3- 54 Phng phap han phai.
t T
h
g
i
r
y
nhng vat lieu co C
oopnong chay cao.
2. Phng phap ha n trai.
Khi han , mo han va que
han chuye n ong t phai sang trai,
que han i trc, mo han theo sau
(hnh 3-55). Phng phap nay co
ac tnh hau nh ngc vi han
phai. Trong qua trnh han, ngon la
khong hn g trc tiep vao vung
han, do o nhiet tap trung vao ay
t hn, vung han t c xao tron
eu va x kho noi len hn. Ngoai
Hnh 3-55 Phng phap han trai.
ra, ieu kien bao ve moi han kho ng
tot, toc o nguoi cua kim loai ln, ng suat va bien dan g han sinh ra ln hn trong phng
phap han phai. Tuy nhien, bang phng phap han trai, ngi th han de quan sat mep chi
tiet tao kha nang nhan c moi han eu, ep. Phng phap nay thng s dung e han
cac chi tiet mong (di 5mm), hoac nhng vat lieu co o nong chay thap .
5.3.3 Chuan b chi tiet han:
Trc khi han, tuy theo chieu day cua chi tiet co the vat mep hoac khong.
248
Lam sach mep cac chi tiet han ve ca hai pha, chieu rong moi pha khoang 10 20mm.
Khi ga lap nen han nh mot so iem e gi v tr tng oi cua cac chi tiet trong
qua trnh han. oi vi cac chi tiet han mong, chieu dai moi han nh la 4 5mm va cach
nhau mot khoan g t 50 100mm. oi vi chi tiet ln, day th chie u dai moi han nh la
20 30mm va cach nhau mot khoan g t 300 500mm.
5.3.4 Che o ha n kh.
Ngoai toc o han ra, cac thong so c ban cua che o han kh la: goc nghieng cua
mo han, cong suat cua ngon la va ng knh que han phu.
1. Goc nghieng cua mo han:
Goc nghieng cua mo han so vi be mat cac
chi tiet han phu thuoc chu yeu vao chieu day va
tnh chat nhiet ly cua kim loai han. Chieu day
cang ln, goc nghieng phai cang ln. Tren hnh 356 gii thieu s phu thuoc goc nghieng mo han
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
khi han thep C va hp kim thap co chieu day khac y thuat
K
pham
nhau.
u
S
g DH
n
o
u
Goc nghien g cua mo ha
n
co
the thay oi
r
t T
h
g
i
yr
trong qua trnh ha
Cno.p Luc au e nung nong kim
loai c tot va hnh thanh moi han nhanh, goc
nghieng cua mo han co tr so ln nhat ( 80 - 900). Hnh 3-56 Goc nghieng mo han
Trong qua trnh han, goc nghieng can c thay khi han thep C va h p kim thap.
oi cho phu hp vi chie u day va tnh chat cua
kim loai han. Luc gan ket thuc, e moi han c ien ay va tranh s chay kim loai, phai
giam goc nghieng cua mo han xuong. Luc o, ngon la han nh trt tren be mat cac
chi tiet (hnh 3-57).
Hnh 3-57 V tr cua mo han cac giai oan khac nhau khi han thep
co chieu day trung bnh.
a) Nung nong trc khi han. b) Giai oan han. c) Ket thuc han.
249
2. Cong suat ngon la han:

Cong suat nay c tnh bang lng kh chay tieu hao trong mot gi. No phu thuoc
chu yeu vao chieu day cua chi tiet han va tnh chat nhiet ly cua kim loai c ban: chieu
day cang ln, nhiet o nong chay va tnh dan nhiet cua kim loai c ban cang cao, th cong
suat cua ngon la han cang ln va ngc lai. Han the p cacbon va thep hp kim thap, cong
suat
cua ngon la c xac nh theo co ng thc kinh nghiem sau ay:
oi vi phng phap han phai:
VC2 H 2 = (120 150 ) .S, lt / gi.
oi vi phng phap han trai:
VC2 H 2 = (100 120 ) .S, lt / gi.
Trong o S la chieu day cua chi tiet han (mm).
nh han mot cach

Phai can c vao cong suat cua ngon la e chon so hieu auMimo
i
h
C
Ho
thch hp.
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
3. Que han phu
m
a
ph
Sume
H
Khi han cac chi tiet mong nco
ga
p
p th khong can s dung que han phu, trong
D
uo g
r
T
nhng trng hp khacrpha
hti dung que han phu e bo sung kim loai cho moi han .
y ig
p
o
C dung e han thep cacbon va hp kim thap phai thoa man cac yeu cau
Que han phu
nh: co ng knh ty le vi chieu day chi tiet han; be mat phai sach (khong g, khong
dnh dau m, va cac chat ban khac); t gay ra hien tng ban toe kim loai long ra khoi
vung han; khong cha cac chat phi kim va de tao thanh cac bot kh trong kim loai moi
han.
Thong thng que han phu co dang day, ng knh t 0,3 12mm. Con lai can c
vao chieu day ta co cong thc thc nghiem (han thep co chieu day t 12 15mm):
oi vi phng phap han trai: d = S/2 +1 (mm).
oi vi phng phap han phai: d = S/2 (mm).
Chi tiet co chieu day hn 15mm, n g knh que han phu lay 6 8mm.
5.3.5 Chuyen ong cua mo han va que han phu:
Phai can c vao v tr cua moi han trong khong gian, chie u day cua chi tiet han,
yeu cau ve kch thc cua moi han e chon chuyen ong cua mo han va que han cho hp
ly.
e thc hien cac moi han sap bang phng phap han trai (khong vat mep), khi chi
tiet co chieu day nho hn 3mm hoac ln hn mot chut th dung phng phap han phai,
chuyen o ng th ng dung nhat cua mo han va que han phu nh hnh 3-58a.
250
Khi thc hie n cac moi han goc, chuyen ong cua mo han va que han phu nh hnh
3-58b.
Khi cac chi tiet han co vat mep t mo han nam sau trong ranh han (hnh 3-58c).
Luc nay mo han ch co chuyen ong doc, con dao ong ngang la do que han phu thc
hien.
Han kh co nang suat thap nen t khi s dung e han cac chi tiet co chieu day ln,
neu can thiet th han nhieu lp theo th t nh hnh 3-58d.
Nhng chi tiet mong co uon mep, khi han khong can s dung que han phu e bo
sung kim loai cho no. Chuyen ong cua mo han trong tr ng hp nay nen thc hien theo
hnh xoan oc hay dao ong hnh sin nh hnh 3-58e,g.
ight
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uat T
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am K
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P. Ho
Min
Hnh 3-58 Cac chuyen ong cua mo han va que han phu.
1. Chuyen o ng cua mo han. 2. chuyen ong cua que han
phu.
5.4 Cat kim loai va hp kim.

5.4.1 Cat kim loai bang ngon la kh chay vi oxy.
a. Thc chat, ac iem va ng du ng:
- Cat kim loai ban g ngon la kh chay la qua trnh dung nhiet lng cua ngon la
kh chay (C2 H2 hoac cac kh cacbua hydro khac) vi oxy e nung nong cho cat en nhiet
o chay cua kim loai, tiep o dung luo ng o xy co lu lng ln thoi bat lp oxyt kim loai
a nong chay e lo ra phan kim loai cha b oxy hoa; lp kim loai nay lap tc b chay
251
(oxy hoa) tao thanh lp oxyt mi, roi en lt lp oxyt mi nay b nong chay va b luong
oxy cat thoi i. C the cho en khi mo cat i het n g cat (hnh 3-59).
- ac iem: thiet b n gian, de van hanh. Co the cat c kim loai co chieu day
ln, nang suat cao nhng ch co the cat c kim loai nao thoa man ieu kien cat, vung
anh hng nhiet ln nen chi tiet de b cong ven h, bien dang ac biet la chi tiet dai.
- Cong dung: Cat bang ngon la kh chay c s dung rong rai trong nganh ong
tau, che tao toa xe , xay dnge cat thep tam, phoi tron, va cac dang phoi khac. Phng
phap nay ngay nay a c t ong hoa, t may cat t ong kieu con rua e n may cat kh
ieu khien so hay may cat gian CNC vi nhieu mo cat cung mot luc, mang lai nang suat
va hieu qua cao.
b. ieu kien cat c cua kim loai:
Kim loai co the cat c phai thoa man cac
ieu kien sau ay:
Chi
P. Ho
1. Nhiet o nong chay cua kim loai can phai

T
huat
t
y
cao hn nhiet o chay cua no.
K
pham
3
u
S
2. Nhiet o nong chay cua oxDitHkim loai phai
g
ruoankim loai o. Neu
4
Tcu
nho hn nhiet o nong gcha

y
t
h
i
r
y
p
ieu kien nay khoCnog thoa man th oxit kim loai sinh
ra tren be mat do phan ng chay vi oxy se khon g
Min
2
1
nong chay va khong b thoi i, lam can tr s oxy

hoa lp kim loai tiep theo.
3. Nhiet lng sinh ra trong phan ng chay
cua kim loai phai u e duy tr qua trnh
cat lien tuc . Khi cat thep gan 70% lng
nhiet sinh ra la do phan ng chay cua kim
loai vi oxy cung cap , ch co 30% la do
Hnh 3-59 S o qua trnh cat

bang kh.
1. Dong oxy cat. 2. Ong oxy.
3. Hon hp kh chay vi oxy.
4. Ngon la han. 5. Oxt b thoi
i do oxy cat.
ngon la nung nong .

4. X tao thanh khi cat phai co tnh chay loang cao e co the de dang b thoi khoi
ranh cat.
5. Tnh dan nhiet cua kim va hp kim khong c cao qua . Bi v neu cao qua
nhiet se b truyen nhanh khoi cho cat lam cho qua trnh cat khong on nh va co
the b ngat bat c luc nao.
c. Thiet b cat.
- Mo cat bang tay: Mo cat co tac dung tron hon hp kh chay vi oxy tao thanh
ngon la nung nong va dan luong oxy cat vao mep cat.
252
S o nguye n ly mo cat kieu phun (hnh 3-60 ):
Hnh 3-60.
Kh chay theo ong dan 6 i vao buong hon h p 12 qua van ieu chnh 9, con ox y
theo ong dan 5 qua van 4 i vao buong hon hp. Luong o xy cat th i qua van 3 e en
trc tiep au cat ma khong qua buong hon hp.
inh
inM
h
Viec chon so hieu au cat, ap lc oxy cat va ieu chnh
co
g
suat ngon la tuy
C
. Ho
P
T
uaot qua trnh cat at nang suat cao
thuoc vao chieu day kim loai c cat, lam sao amthba
y
K
am
nhat.
u ph
S
H
D
ongco mot hoac nhieu mo cat va gom cac he thong e
- May cat: May the co
uthe
r
T
ightcat theo tuyen cat.

yrmo
chuyen o ng va h
n
g
p
o
C
May cat chia ra hai loai van nang va chuyen dung. May van nang dung e cat
thep tam va thep nh hnh. May chuyen dung dung e cat nhng chi tiet nhat nh nh
cat ong, khoet lo, vat mep han
May cat t ong xach tay (may cat con rua):
e t ong hoa qua trnh cat, lam giam nhe lao ong va nang cao hieu suat cat
ngi ta a a vao s dung may cat kh t ong kieu xach tay, nho gon e de c ong
tren hien tr ng.
Hnh 3-61 gii thieu may cat kh t
ong xach tay cua Nhat. May chuyen
ong tren thanh ray nh hnh nh ong c
mot chieu co toc o ieu khien c bang
num xoay. Banh dan hng am bao may
luon bam theo ng ray, con banh dan
ong co nhiem vu truyen chuyen ong t
ong c (qua hop giam toc).
May co khoi lng 9,8 kg, ray cat
Hnh 3-61. May cat IK-12 Hunter.
dai 1800mm, chieu day cat max: 100mm,

toc o cat 100 1000 mm/phut.
253
Hnh 3-62 V tr cua mo cat khi cat thep
tam.
a) Bat au cat. b) Trong qua trnh cat.
d. Ky thuat cat.
1. Bat au cat:
- Cat tam day, khi bat au cat mo cat e nghieng vi goc 5o , con trong qua trnh
cat th e 25o (hnh 3-62).
- Cat tam mong (S<50mm) mo cat c at vuon g goc vi chi tiet.
- Khi cat phoi tron v tr cua mo cat luc bat au va trong qua trnh cat c e nh
hnh 3-63.
2. Khoang cach t nhan ngon la en vat
cat tot nhat la 1,5 2,5mm. Khoang cach h t au mo
cat en mat kim loai khi cat thep tam co S<100mm co
the tnh nh sau:
h = L + 2 mm.
L: chieu dai cua nhan ngon la (mm).
Chi
P. Ho
e gi c khoang cach nay kho ng oi trong
Min
T
khi cat ta co the ga them mot cap banh xe. giay t2huat
mK
phae
banh xe nay co mot c cau kep au caHt co
ieu
u c
S
D
g
n
ruot en be mat chi tiet
chnh khoang cach t au mo
ca
tT
Hnh 3-63. V tr cua mo cat
h
g
i
yr
p
o
cat.
C
khi cat thep tron.
Khi cat bang ngon la oxi axetylen, khoang
cach t au cat en be mat chi tiet c xac nh theo bang sau:
Chieu day kim loai,
3 -10
10 - 25
25 - 50
50-100
100-200
2 -3
3 -4
3 5
4 6
5-8
200-300
mm
Khoang cach t au
cat en chi tiet, mm
7 - 10
Khi cat bang cac kh chay khac khoang cach nay c tang len 30 40%.
- Chieu rong ranh cat phu thuoc vao phng phap cat va chieu day kim loai. Chieu
day kim loai cang ln th chieu rong ranh cang ln:
Chieu day kim
5 - 15
15 -30
30 - 60
60 -100
100 - 150
2 2,5
2,5 - 3,0
3,0 3,5
3,5 4,5
4,5 5,5
loai, mm
Chieu rong ranh
cat, mm
3. Che o cat: cong suat ngon la nung no ng, ap lc kh oxy cat va toc o cat.
- Cong suat cua ngon la: c ac trng bi lng kh chay tieu hao trong mot
n v thi gian. Khi cat cac kim loai co chieu day di 300mm th ngi ta dung ngon
la bnh thng.
254
- Ap lc kh oxi cat: phu thuoc vao chieu day kim loai, kch thc lo thoi oxi cat va
o tinh khiet cua kh oxi. Khi tang ap lc oxy cat se lam cho lng kh oxy cat b tieu hao
nhieu hn.
Ap lc kh oxy cat phu thuoc vao chie u day kim loai.
Chieu day kim loai,
5 - 20
20 40
3-4
4-5
40 60
60 100
5-6
7-9
mm
Ap lc oxy, atm
Toc o cat (toc o dch chuyen cua au cat): can phai phu hp vi toc o chay
cua kim loai. o on nh va chat lng cua qua trnh cat phu thuoc vao toc o cat. Toc o
cat be lam cho mep cat b chay hong, con neu toc
o cat ln th khong cat t c chi tiet, nhat la
cuoi ng cat.
Toc o cat cua mot so loai mo cat thng
Chi
P. Ho
Min
T
huat
t
y
am K
Tren hnh 3-64 a ra phngHpha
u pphchon
S
D
ontgcat.
uve
toc o cat hp ly theo hnh da
n
g
r
T
Hnh 3-64 Toc o cat.
ght
i
r
y
op
a) Khong u. b) Toi u. c) Cao.
5.4.2 Cat bang hoCquang PLASMA kh nen.
dung khoang 75 556mm/phut.
a. ac iem va ng dung.
Cat plasma da tren ac iem
cua ho quang nen co kha nang xuyen
sau vao kim loai va lam nong chay no
theo mep cat (hnh 3-65).
Khi cat bang ho quang plasma
trc tiep th di tac dung cua nhiet o
cao trong ho quang nen, kh 2 khi i qua
vung tch ien ho quang se b ion hoa
rat manh, tao thanh luong plasma lam
nong chay kim loai mep cat. Ho quang
Hnh 3-65 S o nguyen ly cat plasma.

a) Cat bang ho quang plasma trc tiep.
b) Cat bang ho quang plasma gian tiep.
1 tao thanh gia kim loai nong chay 4

va ien cc volfram khong nong chay 5 phan bo ben trong au cat 6 (hnh 3-65a). Kh tao
plasma khi cat bang ho quang plasma phai am bao tao c plasma va bao ve c ien
cc volfram khoi b oxy hoa. Co the dung kh Ar, N, hon hp Ar +N, H2 va khong kh.
iem khac can ban nhat so vi cat ban g kh la khi cat ban g plasma kim loai mep
cat c nung chay bi nhiet lng cua ho quang plasma co nhiet o rat cao (5000
255
20000oC), tap trung, do vay co the cat c tat ca kim loai va hp kim vi vung anh
hng nhiet hau nh kho ng co. Tuy nhien do kha nang xuyen sau cua ho quang b han che
nen ch dung cat cac tam kim loai va hp kim co chieu day nho va trung bnh. Thng e
cat thep khong g, nhom, manhe, titan, gang va ong.
Cat bang ho quang plasma gian tiep th vat cat khong tham gia vao mach tao ho
quang. Kh tao plasma chu yeu dung Ar va hon hp Ar+N. Thng dung e cat tam kim
loai co chieu day be va vat lieu phi kim loai.
b. Thiet b cat plasma.
Gom nguon cat 1, may nen kh 2, bo phan loc va ieu chnh ap lc kh nen 3 va tay
cat 4 (hnh 3-66). May nen kh yeu cau phai co lu lng toi thieu 165 lt/phut, ap lc kh
nen toi thieu phai at 4atm. Bo phan loc va ieu chnh ap lc kh nen co tac dung ngan
chan bui, hi nc i vao mo cat lam hong ien cc volfram, ong thi dung e ieu
chnh ap lc kh nen i vao nguon cat. Tay cat co 2 loai: loai cong dung cho cat bang tay
nh
i Mi
h
(hnh 3-67) va loai thang dung e lap tren may khi cat t ong.
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
Hnh 3-66. S o he thong thiet b cat ho quang plasma kh nen.
Hnh 3-67. Mo cat plasma bang tay.

c. Ky thuat cat.
256
1. Cat tiep xuc bang tay: Khi cat cac tam co chieu day < 9 12mm co the cho
ien cc tiep xuc vi be mat vat cat (hnh 3-67).
Trnh t thao tac nh sau:
- An cong tac tay cat, ho quang dan c tao ra sau 1,5 giay.
- a au cat lai gan v tr cat, vi khoang cach 1 3mm, ho quang plasma se hnh
thanh.
- Cho au cat tiep xuc vi be mat vat cat, dch chuyen tay cat theo ng cat a
vach trc.
- en cuoi ng cat, nhac tay cat len 1 3 mm, cat t han tam kim loai can cat.
- Ho quang plasma ngat.
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Hnh 3-68.S o cat tiep xuc bang tay.
2. Cat khong tiep xuc bang tay.

S dung khi cat tam cat co chieu day trung bnh (> 9mm). Trnh t thao tac nh sau:
(hnh 3-69)
Hnh 3-69. S o cat khong tiep xuc bang tay.

- An cong tac tay cat, ho quang dan c tao ra sau 1,5 giay.
- a au cat lai gan v tr cat cach be mat vat cat 2 4 mm, ho quang plasma se
hnh thanh.
257
- Gi khoan g cach gia au cat va be mat vat cat trong khoang 2 4 mm, di chuye n
au cat e cat.
- en cuoi ng cat cho toc o cham lai mot chut e cat ri phan cuoi ng cat.
- Ho quang plasma ngat.
Toc o cat t 60 120 cm/phut (the p C thap, thep khon g g day 3,2 6mm).
ight
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P. Ho
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258
Chng 6
NG SUAT, BIEN DANG VA KHUYET TAT KHI HAN

6.1 ng suat va bien dang khi han.
Bien dang va ng suat han xuat hien va ton tai trong ket cau han la do ban than
qua trnh han gay ra. Chung co anh hng ln en kha nang lam viec va chat lng cua
san pham. C che xuat hien chung khong ch do qua trnh co ng nghe han ma con do ca
ac iem cua ket cau. Do vay phai xac nh nhng nguyen nhan va han che chung.
- Nung nong khon g ong eu kim loai vat han.
- o co ngot cua kim loai nong chay moi han sau khi ket tinh.
- S thay oi to chc cua vung kim loai lan can moi han.
Nung nong kho ng o ng eu kim loai vat han lam cho nhn g vun g xa nguon nhiet
khong hoac rat t b bien dang nhiet, chung se can tr s bien dang vung lan can moi
inh
han. Do vay se xuat hien ng suat trong moi han va vu ng lan can no
.i M
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Kim loai long moi han b giam the tch do ketht qua ong ac tng t vat uc, tao
y
am K
ng suat d.
h
p
u
DH S
g
n
o loai
Nhng thay oi to chTcrukim
t
h
g
i
vung lan can moi oha
ynr tao thanh noi ng
C p
suat.
V du khi han moi han giap moi co
vat mep (ch V,U) do kim loai nong chay
tap trung nhieu pha vat mep, nen khi
ket tinh sinh ra bien dang goc (hnh 3-70).
Khi ong ac, moi han xuat hien
cac hng ong ac sau: Theo phng
ngang x-x; theo phng doc y-y; theo
phng than g goc z-z va bien dang goc .
oi vi s co ngot theo phng x-x,
Hnh 3-70 Bien dang goc moi han vat
s gian n nhiet cua kim loai c s la
mep ch V do ng suat co ngot.
nguyen nhan chnh (90- 95%) ch con
khoang 5-10% la do s co ngot khi ong ac cua que han.
S co ngot doc y-y tng oi nhe khoang 0,1 0,3 mm/m chieu dai moi han , nhng
ng suat sinh ra theo phng nay lai ln.
S co ngot theo phng z-z khong thay ro.
S co ngot goc hoac s bien dang goc phu thuoc vao dang moi han, phng phap
cong nghe , chieu day vat han.
6.2 Cac dang khuyet tat han.

1. Nt. Nt la mot trong nhng khuyet tat nghiem tro ng nhat cua lien ket han.
258
Co the xuat hien tren be mat moi han, trong moi han va vung anh hng nhiet. Gom co
nt non g (nt >1000oC) va nt nguoi (nt <1000oC). Dang vet nt nh nt doc. nt ngang,
nt vung gay va ket thuc ho quang. Nguyen nhan do dung vat lieu han cha ung, ton tai
sc cang ln trong lien ket han, toc o nguoi cao,
bo tr cac lp han cha hp ly
2. Ro kh.
Ro kh sinh ra do hien tng kh trong kim
loai long cua moi han khong kp thoat ra ngoai
khi kim loai vung han ong ac. Ro kh sinh ra
ben trong hoac be mat moi han. Nguyen nhan:
vat lieu han b am, toc o han qua cao, chieu dai
cot ho quang ln
3. Khong ngau.
Han khon g ngau la loai khuyet tat nghiem
nh
i Mi
h
trong trong lien ket han. Thng sinh ra goc
C
Ho
TP.
t
moi han, mep han hoac gia cac lp han (hnh 3a
u
h
Ky t
71).
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
Nguye n nhan: mep han rchua
ngn b cha hp
Hnh 3-71. Han khong ngau.
T uo
t
ly, goc vat qua nho, do
a) Moi han giap moi. b) Moi
inggh ien han qua nho,hoac
opyr
C
toc o han qua nhanh, chieu dai cot ho quang qua
han goc. c) Moi han nhieu lp.
ln
4. Lan x.
X han va tap chat co the nam trong moi han,
nam tren be mat moi han, cho giap ranh gia kim loai
moi han va phan kim loai c ban hoac gia cac lt han.
Nguye n nhan: dong ien han qua nho,mep han
cha lam sach, han nh, han nhieu lp cha go sach x,
toc o han qua ln, lam nguoi moi han qua nhanh
5. Lem cha n va chay loang.
- Lem chan la phan b lem (lom, khuyet) thanh
ranh doc theo ranh gii gia kim loai c ban va kim loai
ap ( hnh 3-72).
- Chay loang la hien tng kim loai chay loang
tren be mat cua lien ket han.
6. Cac phng phap kiem tra: bang cac phng
phap khon g pha huy (mat thng, dung dch ch th mau,
bang t tnh, bang tia rnghen va , sieu am) va kiem tra
bang cac phng phap pha huy.
Hnh
3-72
Lem
chan
va
chay
loang
.
259
MUC LUC
Li noi au ........................................................................................................................2
PHAN I: CONG NGHE UC ................................................................... 3

Chng 1: KHAI NIEM VE QUA TRNH SAN XUAT UC ........................................ 3
1.1. Phan loai cac phng phap uc ................................................................................4
1.2. S ket tinh cua kim loai vat uc trong khuon. .........................................................6
1.3. To chc kim loai vat uc .......................................................................................... 8
1.4. Qua trnh san xuat uc bang khuo n cat .................................................................10
1.5. Nhng nhan to anh hng en chat lng vat uc ................................................11
Chng 2: NGUYEN LY THIET KE KET CAU VAT UC (tham khao) ..................13
2.1. Khai niem. ...............................................................................................................13
2.2. Nguye n tac thiet ke ket cau vat uc ...................................................................... 14
Chng 3: THIET KE UC .......................................................................................... 20
nh
20
3.1. Thanh lap ban ve uc..............................................................................................
i Mi
h
C
o
H
3.2. Thiet ke mau va hop loi..........................................................................................
30
P.
uat T
h
t
3.3.Thiet ke he thong rot va au hi, au ngot ............................................................
33
y
am K
h
p
u
Chng 4: CONG NGHE CHE TAOg KHUO
DH S N VA LOI ................................................ 42
n
uo
Tr
4.1. Vat lieu lam khuoynriva
ghtloi. ......................................................................................42
op
4.2. Che tao khuoCn va loi bang tay...............................................................................45
4.3. Che tao khuon va loi bang may. ...........................................................................49
4.4. Say khuo n, loi, lap khuon va rot kim loai vao khuon. .........................................54
Chng 5: UC CAC HP KIM ................................................................................... 55
5.1. Tnh uc cua hp kim .............................................................................................55
5.2. uc gang ..................................................................................................................60
5.3. uc hp kim mau .................................................................................................... 68
Chng 6: UC AC BIET .......................................................................................... 69
6.1. uc trong khuon kim loai .......................................................................................69
6.2. uc di ap lc........................................................................................................ 80
6.3. uc ly tam ...............................................................................................................87
6.4. uc lien tuc..............................................................................................................90
6.5. uc trong khuon vo mong.......................................................................................92
6.6. uc trong khuon mau chay ..................................................................................... 93
Chng 7: D KHUON, PHA LOI, LAM SACH VA KHUYET TAT VAT UC ....... 96
7.1. D khuon, pha loi, lam sach vat uc...................................................................... 96
7.2. Khuyet tat vat uc ...................................................................................................96
7.3. Kiem tra, sa cha khuyet tat vat uc .................................................................100
261
PHAN II: GIA CONG KIM LOAI BANG AP LC .......................... 101

Chng 1: KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE GIA CONG KIM LOAI BANG AP LC ........ 101
1.1. Khai niem, ac iem, phan loai ...........................................................................101
1.2. Bien dang deo cua kim loai ..................................................................................104
1.3. Nhng nhan to anh hng en tnh deo va bien dang deo cua kim loai ...........108
1.4. An h h ng cua bien dang deo en to chc va tnh chat cua kim loai ...............116
1.5. Cac nh luat c ban ap dung khi gia cong kim loai bang ap lc .......................118
Chng 2: NUNG NONG KIM LOAI E GIA CONG AP LC ..........................121
2.1. Muc ch cua nung nong kim loai ........................................................................121
2.2. Nhng hien tng xay ra khi nung ......................................................................121
2.3. Che o nung ...........................................................................................................123
2.4. Thiet b nung ..........................................................................................................126
Chng 3: CAN VA KEO KIM LOAI .....................................................................129
3.1. Can kim loai ..........................................................................................................129
nh
i Mi
3.2. Keo day ..................................................................................................................134
h
C
Ho
TP.
t
a
u
Chng 4: REN T DO VA REN KHUON .............................................................138
h
Ky t
m
a
h
4.1. Khai niem, phan loai .............................................................................................138
Su p
H
D
4.2. Re n t do ................................................................................................................146
ng
Truo
t
4.3. Re n khuon ..............................................................................................................159
h
yrig
Cop
Chng 5: DAP TAM .................................................................................................174
5.1. Khai niem, ac iem .............................................................................................174
5.2. Thiet b dap tam ....................................................................................................174
5.3. Cac nguyen cong cat phoi .....................................................................................176
5.4. Cac nguyen cong tao hnh ....................................................................................182
PHAN III: CONG NGHE HAN ........................................................... 193

Chng 1: CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN VE CONG NGHE HAN .......................193
1.1. Thc chat, ac iem, phan loai ............................................................................193
1.2. Qua trnh luyen kim va to chc kim loai cua moi han ........................................195
1.3. Tnh han cua h p kim............................................................................................199
Chng 2: HAN HO QUANG TAY ..........................................................................202
2.1. Khai niem ..............................................................................................................202
2.2. Ho quang han .........................................................................................................202
2.3. Phan loai cac phng phap han ............................................................................206
2.4. Thiet b han ............................................................................................................208
2.5. Vat lieu han ho quang tay .....................................................................................212
2.6. Co ng nghe han ho quang tay ................................................................................215
Chng 3: HAN T ONG VA BAN T ONG ...................................................223
3.1. Khai niem ..............................................................................................................223
262
3.2. Han ho quang di lp thuoc bao ve ...................................................................223

3.3. Han ho quang nong chay trong moi trng kh bao ve .......................................228
3.4. Han ho quang ien cc kho ng nong chay trong moi trng kh tr ...................230
Chng4: HAN IEN TIEP XUC ............................................................................233
4.1. Thc chat, ac iem, cac phng phap ................................................................233
4.2. Co ng nghe han ien tiep xuc ................................................................................237
Chng 5: HAN VA CAT BANG KH.....................................................................239
5.1. Thc chat, ac iem han kh.................................................................................239
5.2. Vat lieu, thiet b han kh .......................................................................................239
5.3. Co ng nghe han kh ................................................................................................246
5.4. Cat kim loai ...........................................................................................................251
Chng 6: NG SUAT, BIEN DANG VA KHUYET TAT CUA VAT HAN .....258
6.1. ng suat va bien dang cua vat han ......................................................................258
6.2. Cac dang khuyet tat cua vat han ..........................................................................258
nh
Tai lieu tham khao........................................................................................................260
i Mi
h
C
Ho
Muc luc..........................................................................................................................261
TP.
t
a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
Su p
H
D
ng
Truo
t
h
yrig
Cop
263
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1]. Hoang Tung, Pham Ba Nong
Che tao phoi. Tap 1 va 2- Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Ha noi 1993.
[2]. Hoang Tro ng Ba
Giao trnh Cong nghe kim loai phan Gia cong ap lc Trn g ai hoc s pham ky thuat 1993.
[3]. TS. Nguyen Thuc Ha- TS. Bui Van Hanh
Giao trnh Cong nge han - Nha xuat ban Giao duc. Ha noi 2002.
[4]. TS. Nguyen Tie n ao
Cong nghe kim loai va ng dung CAD/CAM/CNC. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky
thuat Ha noi 2001.
[5]. Nguye n Xuan Bong, Pham Quang Loc.
nh
i Mi
h
C
Thiet ke uc. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat Ha no. H
i 1978.
P o
T
t
a
u
[6]. Le Nhng- Nguyen Ngoc Tran.
h
Ky t
m
a
Cong nghe re n va dap nong. Nha xua
thban khoa hoc va ky thuat Ha noi 1976.
Su p
H
D
[7]. o H u Nhn, Nguye n
Ngo
c
Giao
uong
Trca
t
Hoi ap ve dap ita
m
va
n keo kim loai. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat Ha
h
yr g
p
o
C
noi 2001.
[8]. Le Nhng.
Ky thuat dap nguoi. Nha xuat ban cong nhan ky thuat Ha noi 1981.
260

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AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP. HO CH MINH

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KHAI NIEM VE QUA TRNH SAN XUAT UC

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Lam khuon Lam

San xuat hang loat trung Dung khi yeu cau

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1.2 S ket tinh cua kim loai vat uc trong khuon.

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ha nhiet ang ke.

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Lap rap khuon, loi

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Hnh 1-3 Qua trnh san xuat uc trong khuon cat.

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1.5 Nhng nhan to anh hng en chat lng vat uc

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Chng 2 (Tham khao)

NGUYEN LY THIET KE KET CAU VAT UC

Trung bnh (Kg)

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2.2 Nguyen tac thiet ke ket cau vat uc.

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Ket cau khong gay can tr

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3.1.2.Xac nh mat pha n khuon:

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