12

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

A n a Ve l o s a
Cristiano Figueiredo
Paulo Cachim
Oswaldo Cascudo

IC

DS

METAKAOLIN INFLUENCE
IN CHLORIDE
PENETRATION IN
CONCRETE

CHLORIDE INGRESS MECHANISM

LNE
C

Causes degradation of reinforced concrete in marine

environments through direct contact with sea water or saline
mist.
Chloride ingress by capillary absorption or dif fusion.
Destruction of passive layer of steel frames.

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

Interaction with chlorides.

Formation of Friedels salt.

12

METAKAOLIN IN CONCRETE

IC

DS

Ca2Al(OH)6(Cl, OH) 2 H2O.

LNE
C

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS

Cement used was type CP V

ARI RS by Brazilian
regulations.

Commercial Metakaolin
from Brazil.

METHODS
XRF characterization of
raw materials
XRD- reaction products
SEM/EDS- reaction products,
Friedels salt?
ASPERSION OF SILVER
NITRATE chloride
penetration depth

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

OPC
%

SiO2

26,24

Al2O3

8,57

CaO
MgO
SO3
MgO
Fe2O3
TiO2
Na2O
P2O5

57,81

34,97

47,98

0,05

5,63

0,54

5,30

0,03

5,63

0,54

2,58

1,72

0,39

1,21

0,55

0,03

0,15

0,05

1,36

1,88

IC

LOI

MK

DS

Element

12

XRF CHARACTERIZATION OF
MATERIALS

CONCRETE COMPOSITION

LNE
C

Commercial concrete composition from Goiania, Brazil, was

used a a basis.
3 dif ferent mixes were made.

Mix (weight)

w/b

Mref
(100% CP)

1:2,42:3,16

0,60

M1
(90%CP + 10%MK)

0,9:0,1:2,42:3,16

0,60

M2
(90%CP + 10%MK)

0,9:0,1:2,42:3,16

0,68

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

12

SPECIMENS AND CURING CONDITIONS

Cylinders with 100 mm diameter and 200 mm high.

DS

The curing conditions were in lime water according to NBR

9479/1994.

LNE
C

IC

After 90 day of curing, half of the specimens were submitted

to a chloride attack consisting in 8 weekly cycles submerged
in a 10% NaCl solution. Each cycle consisted in 4 day
immersion and 3 days of natural air drying.

RESULTS

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

w/b

Mix

12

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive strength (MPa)

28 days

90 days

DS

7 days

Mref

25,35

31,70

38,61

0,60

M1

31,00

38,28

46,46

0,68

M2

23,89

28,12

36,11

IC

0,60

XRD

LNE
C

Evidence of Friedels salt

XRD

IC

DS

Evidence of Friedels salt

12

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

SEM/EDS

LNE
C

Formation of Friedels salt

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

12

ASPERSION OF SILVER NITRATE

IC

DS

Chloride penetration

ASPERSION OF SILVER NITRATE

LNE
C

Chloride penetration

w/b

Mix

Average of lateral
attack (mm)

Standard deviation

0,60

Mref

22,95

3,35

0,60

M1

20,00

2,46

0,68

M2

22,50

2,84

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

12

CONCLUSIONS

DS

This work enabled the determination of chloride ingress in

Metakaolin concrete versus ordinary concrete.
The influence of this material in the chloride ingress
phenomenon was verified.

IC

Friedels salt formation was observed in chloride attacked

samples, enhanced by the presence of MK.

LNE
C

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to acknowledge Fundao para a Cincia e

a Tecnologia and COMPETE for the financial support under
project METACAL PTDC/ECM/100431/2008, CONCRECON in
Brazil, LABMIC from the Federal University of Gois and
Laboratrio da Carlos Campos, Goinia,