Competitividad y Poltica

Industrial: Anlisis del caso de los Clusters

Industriales en China Implicaciones para
importantes pases de Amrica Latina

Primer Seminario Internacional China Amrica

Latina y el Caribe: condiciones y retos del siglo XXI
Clemente Hernndez Rodrguez, PhD.
Director de la Ctedra Investigacin
Asia-Pacfico

CLUSTERS
Oriented to the
Same Market or
Field

ic
al
P

ro
x

im
it
y

r
fo
ls n
ne tio
an ica
C h un
ve m
ti m
Ac Co

eo
g

ra
ph

Infrastructure
Human Resources
Technology
Purchases

Margin

Internal
External Marketing
Operation
Service
Logistics
Logistics and Sales

Companies have a connection in any

way in the value chain

Generate Wealth
Creation

- Firms
- Educational Institutions
- Financial Institutions
- Suppliers
- Specialized HR (pool)
- Government

:
ps
hi
ns n
on
io io n ti e
at at io ta c
el r it n en
R ope et me nd
p e e
Co m l p
- Co mp de
- Co er
- I nt
-

Participants:

Generete Wealth
Creation

:
ss
e
n
y
si
ar
t
Bu ilar d
en
m ate em
i
- S Rel pl
- om
-C
Support Infraestructure

Promote:
- Innovation
- Technology
- Competitiviness
- Knowlege Spills

Common Elements in the Advantage

Knowlegde
Spillover

Agglomeration Economies

Increase
Productivity and
Efficiency

Positive Impact
on the Operation

Economic Impact

Social Impact

Best Practices
are Rapidly
Transmitted

Economies of
Scale

Vaue Chain
Development

Faster
Benchmarking

Increase Value
Added

Investment
Attraction

Increase
Employment

Academic
Research
(marketed)

Joint Marketing

Local Suppliers
Development

Specialized
Assets

Faster
Benchmarking

New Enterprise
Attraction

Increase
Cooperation and
Coordination

Access to
Information

Pool of Trained
Workers

More Levels in
the Value Chain

Access to
Resources

Better Business
Environment

Economic
Growth
(development)

New Roles in
Public and
Private Sector

Innovation

Resources
Alignment

Outsourcing

Increase
Regional/
National
Competitivenes

Reduction of
Production Cost

Improve
Competitive
Position

Common
Oportunities

Reduction Of
Inventory Cots

Increase the
Number of
Companies

Guide to
Economic and
Social Policies

Greater Market
Reach

Access to Capital

Make the Region

More Attractive

Increase
Exportations

Political Stability

Technology
Transfer
Quick Release of
New Products
Easy to
Experimentation
Forum for
Dialogue

Reduction of
Transportation
Time and Cost
between Stages
Increase
Domestic and
International
Sales

Improve
Competitiveness
of SMEs
Intensify
Industrial
Cooperation

Nearby
Complementary
Products

Improve
Economic
Performance

Competitive Advantage

Impactos (dimensiones)

Economas de Aglomeracin,
Derrama de Conocimiento,
Aumentos en Productividad y eficiencia,
Impacto Positivo en la operacin,
Impacto Econmico,
Impacto Sociopoltico, y
Competitividad

Industrial Clusters in China

Harbin
-Industrial Equipment
-Pharmaceutical
-Petrochemical

Urumqi
-Petrochemical
-Coal
-Metallurgy

Changchun
-Optomechanics
-Automotive
-Auto Parts

Chongqing
-Motorcycle
-Instrumentation
-Weapons
Production

Guiyang
-Aluminum
-Solar Cells
-International
Scientific Industrial
Base

Kunming
-Automotive
-Industrial
Equipment
-IT

Chengdu
-Petrochemical
-Biomedical
-Metallurgy and
Construction Materials

Zhengzhou
-Steel
-Wheat
-Corn

Taiyuan
-Steel
-Coal
-Metallurgy
Jinan
-Steel
-Chemical Engineering
-Apples

Beijing
-Automotive
-IT
-Biomedical

Hefei
-Automotive
-Industrial Equipment
-Household Appliances
Shanghai
-Biotechnologi
-Metallurgy
-Petrochemical
Taipei
-Biotechnology
-Metallurgy
-Petrochemical

Xian
-Automotive
-Aviation
-IT

Changsha
-Automotive
-Tobacco
-Industrial
Equipment

Mapa de Clsters en Brasil

Mapa de Clsters en Chile

Mining
(Cu)

Wine

Aquaculture Fishing

Agrifood

Mapa de Clsters en Mxico

Mapa de Clsters en Per

Latin America Versus China

Peaks
Competitiveness Growth

100
Brazil

75
Social Impact

Knowledge Spillovers

Chile

50
Mexico

25
0
Economic Impact

Peru
Agglomeration Economies
China

Positive Impact of the

Operation

Productivity Growth

Agglomeration Economies

Knowledge Spillovers
105

90

90

75

75

60

60

45

45

30

30

15

15

Brazil

Chile

China

Mexico

Peru

Brazil

Population Index of Cities with Highest Concentration of People (2010)

Secondary Sector Value (2010)
Average Power Consumption (Electricity, Petroleum, Natural Gas) (2010)
Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEINDEX 2009)

80
70
60
50

Mexico

Ranking on Ease of
Doing Business
(2009)
Number of Days to
Start a Business
(days) (2008)

50

40

40

30
20

30

10

20

Economic Incentive
Regime (2009)

10

0
Brazil

Chile

China

Mexico

Peru

Peru

Positive Impact of the

Operation

Productivity
Levels in 2008 90
(GDP per
80
Hour worked)
70
(1990=100)
60

90

China

Number of Patents Created in the Year

Innovation Capacity
Public Expenditure on Education as Percentage of Total Government Spending
Social Knowledge Indicator KAM

Productivity Growth
100

Chile

Brazil

Chile

China

Mexico

Peru

Economic Impact

SocioPolitical Impact

100
Foreing Direct
Investment
Coming into the
Country (2008)
GDP Growth
2008 (%)

90
80
70
60
50

90
Employment Rate
(% of employed
labor force)
(2008)
Human
Development
Index 2009

80
70
60
50
40

Percentage of
GDP Dedicated to
Education (2009)

20

20

10

High Technology 10
Exports 2007 (%
0
of GDP)

Political
Instability Index
(2009/10)

40

Exports 2007 (%
of GDP)
30

30

Brazil

Chile

China

Mexico

Peru

Brazil

Chile

China

Mexico

Competitiveness Growth
70
68
66

Global
Competitiveness
Index (2009)

64
62
60
58
56
54
52
Brazil

Chile

China

Mexico

Peru

Peru

Caractersticas de desarrollo de clsters

industriales en China
1. La mayora de las empresas en la industria de clsters
son propiedad privada de PyMES.
2. Distribucin desigual de los clsters industriales en
China.
3. Algunas industrias tienen ms posibilidades que otras.
4. Alto grado de divisin del trabajo y especializacin.
5. La clave de la empresa configura el desarrollo del
clster industrial.
6. Establecimiento de mercados de cambio en o cerca de
los clsters industriales.
7. Clsters industriales por ciclos de vida.