Thermochemistry is the study of changes in heat energy which take place during
chemical reaction.
Exothermic - A chemical reaction that GIVES OUT/ RELEASES heat to the surroundings.
Endothermic - A chemical reaction that ABSORBS heat from the surroundings.
Bond breaking requires less energy than bond formation. So, the energy released to form the
bond is higher / greater than the energy absorbed to break the bonds. Then, excess heat
energy is released to the surroundings. Thus, during the reaction temperature of the mixture
increases, The total energy of product is lower than the total energy of reactant.
EXAMPLE OF EXOTHERMIC REACTION
Most of the chemical reaction is exothermic such as
-
Combustion
Bond breaking requires more energy than bond formation. So, the energy released to form the
bond is lower / less than the energy absorbed to break the bonds. Then, heat energy is
absorbed from the surroundings. Thus, during the reaction temperature of the mixture
decreases. The total energy of product is higher than the total energy of reactant.
Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome by the colliding
particles of the reactants in order for reaction to occur / to become the products.
H = The change in the amount of heat in a chemical reaction is called the heat of
reaction.
2. Salt crystallization
4. Reaction between acid with sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydrogen
carbonate;
6. Photosynthesis
7. Process of melting, evaporation and boiling.
HEAT OF PRECIPITATION
-
The heat of precipitation is the heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed
from their ions in aqueous solution. Precipitate is insoluble salt .
The preparation of precipitate can only be double decomposition.
[unit = J or kJ]
Description
mass of solution
specific heat capacity of solution
temperature change
Unit
1cm3 = 1 g
4.2 J g-1 oC-1
o
C
H = -50 kJmol-1
PbSO4
50 kJ heat released when 1 mol of lead(II) ions react with 1 mol of sulphate ions to form 1
mol precipitate of lead(II) sulphate.
The heat of precipitation for PbSO4 = 50 kJmol-1
Example
When 50 cm3 calcium nitrate solution, Ca(NO3)2 2 mol dm-3 is added to 50 cm3 sodium
carbonate solution, Na2CO3 2.0 mol dm-3, precipitate of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is
produce. Temperature of the mixture solution decrease 3.0 oC. Calculate the heat of
precipitation of calcium carbonate.
[Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution: 1 g cm-3]
Chemical equation;
Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaNO3
Ionic equation:
Ca2+ + CO3 CaCO3
MV
1000
MV
1000
2 X 50
1000
2 X 50
= 1000
= 0.1 Mol
= 0.1 Mol
= 100 g
Temperature change
= 3 oC
H = mc
= 100 x 4.2 x 3
= 1260 J
Therefore, heat given out during the experiment is 1.26 kJ
1260
0.1
J mol-1
12600 J mol-1
12.6 kJ mol-1
Thus
The heat of precipitation CaCO3, H = + 12.6 kJ mol-1
HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
The heat of neutralisation is the heat change when one mole of water is formed from
the reaction between an acid and an alkali.
ii.
H = -55 kJ mol-1
In neutralization between weak acid and strong alkali, heat of neutralization is less than -57.3
kJmol-1.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION
The heat of combustion is the heat change when 1 mol of substance is completely burnt
in oxygen under standard conditions.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF VARIOUS ALCOHOLS
Name
Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-1-ol
Butan-1-ol
Molecular
formula
(CnH2n+1OH)
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
C4H9OH
No. of carbon
atom per
alcohol
molecule
1
2
3
4
Mass of
molecular
relative
Heat
combustion
H (kJ mol-1)
32
46
60
74
-725
-1376
-2015
-2676
If the number of carbon atom per molecule of alcohol is higher, the heat of
combustion also increases.
The difference in heat of combustion between alcohol member is almost the same
because each alcohol member difference is in one group of CH2
Example :
The heat from combustion of 0.28 g octane, C8H18 increasing temperature of 200 cm3 water
from 30 oC to 46 oC. Based on this information,
[ Ar: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; 1 mole gas is occupy 24 dm3]
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Solution
Chemical equation;
C8H18 +
25
2
9H2O (ce)
0.28
114
= mc
(exothermic react.)
= 200 x 4.2 x 16 J
= 13440 J
= 13.44 kJ
Therefore;
Combustion of 1 mol octane releases;
= 0.0025 mol
13.44
0.0025
= 5376
kJ mol-1
kJ mol-1
Thus;
= - 5376 kJ mol-1
= - 5376 kJ mol-1
114 gmol-1
Therefore;
1 mole of octane, C8H18
= 114 g
Thus;
Fuel value of octane =
5376
114
kJ g-1
47.15 kJ g-1
25
2
= 0.7488 dm3
= 748.8
cm3
mass of water
Molar Mass
= 0.0225 x 18 g
= 0.405 g