Introduction:
Development of a suitable system in which a sensor is for carrying out surveillance of
recognizable real time video information should be transmitted to the receiver point suitably
located in the observation area. Sensor should be able to detect man sized objects in abovementioned conditions.
The project aims at making the robot to move in any direction, connected at the receiver side,
specified by the user at the transmitter side using RF technology. The project uses the RF
technology, wireless camera and Embedded Systems to design this application. The main objective
of this project is to design a system that continuously checks for the data received from the
transmitter section and also monitor video captured by the and transmit the same to remotlely
placed or a PC.
1.3 RF Technology:
RF refers to radio frequency, the mode of communication for wireless technologies of all kinds,
including cordless phones, radar, ham radio, GPS and radio and television broadcasts. RF waves are
electromagnetic waves which propagate at the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second (300,000
km/s). The frequencies of RF waves, however, are slower than those of visible light, making RF
waves invisible to the human eye. The frequency of a wave is determined by its oscillations or
cycles per second.
CHAPTER 2
Literature review:
2.1 Methods of Programming a Microcontroller:
In System Programming Application development for embedded systems is usually done on a
desktop computer (PC), using a high level language like C or assembly language. After the
executable binary has been created by the cross development tools, these binary needs to be
uploaded to the target board. In most cases it will go to some kind of non-volatile memory,
requiring specific programming procedures.
While in earlier days a chip had been removed from the target board and placed in a programming
device, today's microcontrollers and external memory chips can be re-programmed without being
removed from the circuit. This is called in-circuit or in-system programming.
For in-system programming the following items are needed
1. A software tool running on the desktop computer, which is able to control the
programming interface via any standard port.
2. A programming adapter which allows to connect the programming interface to any
standard port available at the PC, like USB, RS-232, printer port etc.
3. A
special
programming
interface
like
SPI
(Serial
Programming
Interface),
All three requirements must be fulfilled somehow, but there is a large variety of real world
implementations. For example, the programming adapter may be integrated on the target board. In
that case, for example, a USB cable may be used to directly connect the PC to the target board.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY:
3.1 RF Transmitter:
Block diagram of RF transmitter:-
POWERE SUPPLY
MICROCONTROLLER
(AT 89 C51)
SYSTEM
USB (DB9)
RX.
TX.
RX.
Transmitted signal
RF TRANSMITTER
ENCODER HT 12 E
Working of Transmitter:
In this section, we are using RF transmitter module, microcontroller (AT 89C51) IC, encoder IC,
Max 232 IC and power supply. System is connected with transmitter by RS 232.When a signal is
send by system that is received at MAX 232.Then this signal is passes to microcontroller (AT
89C51).
Microcontroller process this signal and send it to encoder IC. Encoder IC encoded this signal and
transmit to RF module. RF module transmit this signal.
3.2 RF receiver:
Received Signal
BATTERY
M1
RF RECEIVER
module
DECODER
MICROCONTROLLER
(AT 89C 51)
MOTOR
DRIVE CKT
(L29 3D)
(HT12 D)
M2
Working of Receiver:
In this section, we are using RF receiver, microcontroller(AT 89C51), Decoder IC, Motor drive
IC,motor,battery. RF receiver received RF signal and send it to the decoder IC . Decoder IC decode
this signal and send it to the microcontroller at 89c51.
Microcontroller process this signal and send it to motor drive ckt IC. whenever we give command
signal from system , RF receiver ckt received the RF signal then moving robot drive by motor ckt,
perform some operation like forward , back, stop, left and right.
10
11
12
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by
the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port Pin Alternate Functions
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to
external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In
normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used
for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each
access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR
location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no
effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external
data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code
from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if
13
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP)
during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
Microcontroller
The RF TX-400 MHz is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer
range is required.
The transmitter operates from a1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery-powered
applications.
The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the RFTX-400mhz
suitable for high volume applications.
14
Features:
400mhz Frequency
Low Cost
1.5-12V operation
Pin Description:
DATA: Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be driven with
CMOS level inputs.
VCC: Operating voltage for the transmitter. VCC bypassed with should be a .01uF ceramic
capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power supply will
degrade transmitter noise performance.
ANT: 50ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power and
harmonic emissions.
15
The data is received by the RF receiver from the antenna pin and this data is available on the data
pins. Two Data pins are provided in the receiver module. Thus, this data can be used for further
applications.
Pin Description:
VCC- VCC pins are electrically connected and provide operating voltage for the receiver.
VCC can be applied to either or both. VCC should be bypassed with a .1F ceramic
capacitor. Noise on the power supply will degrade receiver sensitivity.
16
DATA-Digital data output. This output is capable of driving one TTL or CMOS load. It is a
CMOS compatible output.
17
transmission
enable
(TE
for
the
HT600/HT640/HT680
or
D12~D17
for
theHT6187/HT6207/HT6247, active high). This cycle will repeat itself as long as the transmission
enable (TE or D12~D17) is held high. Once the transmission enable falls low, the encoder output
completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.
18
Transmission enable
For the TE trigger type of encoders, transmission is enabled by applying a high signal to the TE pin.
But for the Data trigger type of encoders, it is enabled by applying a high signal to one of the data
pins D12~D17
Pin Diagram :
For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same number of address and data
format should be selected.
The 3^18 series of decoders receives serial address and data from that series of encoders that are
transmitted by a carrier using an RF medium.
A signal on the DIN pin then activates the oscillator which in turns decodes the incoming address
and data.
It then compares the serial input data twice continuously with its local address.
If no errors or unmatched codes are encountered, the input data codes are decoded and then
transferred to the output pins.
The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. That will last until the address code is
incorrect or no signal has been received.
The 3^18 decoders are capable of decoding 18 bits of information that consists of N bits of address
and 18N bits of data
Applications
20
The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232 logic levels during serial
communication of microcontrollers with PC. The controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V)
whereas the serial communication in PC works on RS232 standards (-25 V to + 25V). This makes it
difficult to establish a direct link between them to communicate with each other.
The intermediate link is provided through MAX232. It is a dual driver/receiver that includes a
capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a single 5V supply. Each receiver
converts RS232 inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers (R1 & R2) can accept 30V inputs.
The drivers (T1 & T2), also called transmitters, convert the TTL/CMOS input level into RS232
level.
The transmitters take input from controllers serial transmission pin and send the output to RS232s
receiver. The receivers, on the other hand, take input from transmission pin of RS232 serial port and
give serial output to microcontrollers receiver pin. MAX232 needs four external capacitors whose
value ranges from 1F to 22F.
Microcontroller
MAX232
RS232
Tx
T1/2 In
T1/2 Out
Rx
Rx
R1/2 Out
R1/2 In
Tx
21
Function
Name
Capacitor 1 +
Capacitor 3 +
3
4
Capacitor 2 +
Capacitor 2 -
Capacitor 4 -
Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 logic level;
T2 Out
R2 In
Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL logic level;
R2 Out
Input pins; receive the serial data at TTL logic level; connected to
T2 In
11
T1 In
12
Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL logic level;
R1 Out
R1 In
Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 logic level;
T1 Out
Ground (0V)
Ground
16
Vcc
22
3.6 RS232:
Electronic data communications between elements will generally fall into two broad categories:
single-ended and differential. RS232 (single-ended) was introduced in 1962, and despite rumours
for its early demise, has remained widely used through the industry.
Independent channels are established for two-way (full-duplex) communications. The RS232
signals are represented by voltage levels with respect to a system common (power / logic ground).
The "idle" state (MARK) has the signal level negative with respect to common, and the "active"
state (SPACE) has the signal level positive with respect to common. RS232 has numerous
handshaking lines (primarily used with modems), and also specifies a communications protocol.
RS232 data is bi-polar.... +3 TO +12 volts indicate an "ON or 0-state (SPACE) condition" while A 3 to -12 volts indicates an "OFF" 1-state (MARK) condition.... Modern computer equipment ignores
the negative level and accepts a zero voltage level as the "OFF" state. In fact, the "ON" state may be
achieved with lesser positive potential. This means circuits powered by 5 VDC are capable of
driving RS232 circuits directly, however, the overall range that the RS232 signal may be
transmitted/received may be dramatically reduced.
The output signal level usually swings between +12V and -12V. The "dead area" between +3v and 3v is designed to absorb line noise. In the various RS-232-like definitions this dead area may vary.
For instance, the definition for V.10 has a dead area from +0.3v to -0.3v. Many receivers designed
for RS-232 are sensitive to differentials of 1v or less.
In telecommunication RS-232 is
the
traditional
name
for
series
of
standards
for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer
23
serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning
of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard
is TIA-232-F Interface between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment
Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.An RS-232 port was once a standard
feature
of
a personal
computer
for
connections
data
storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. However, the low
transmission speed, large voltage swing, and large standard connectors motivated development of
the universal serial bus, which has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles.
24
3.7 JMK WS -309 AS CAMERA AND Easy cap 002 USB2.0 DVR :In this project this camera is used for catching the real time image and send it to the pc or laptop by
using RF band, and that real time image received by laptop with the help of Easy cap 002 USB 2.0
interface 4 channel device.
25
Bridge Rectifier:50V 1A
Resistors: 470
When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the
26
color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap
of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical
robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
Advantages:
7805 series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source
of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. Other
voltage regulators may require additional components to set the output voltage level, or to
assist in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switched-mode power supply)
may need substantial engineering expertise to implement.
7805 series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They
have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most
applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 7805 devices can provide
protection not only for the 7805 itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.
27
Disadvantages:
The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount
(typically 2 volts). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices from
certain types of power sources (for example, powering a circuit that requires 5 volts using 6volt batteries will not work using a 7805).
As they are based on a linear regulator design, the input current required is always the same
as the output current. As the input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage,
this means that the total power (voltage multiplied by current) going into the 7805 will be
more than the output power provided. The extra input power is dissipated as heat. This
means both that for some applications an adequate heat sink must be provided, and also that
a (often substantial) portion of the input power is wasted during the process, rendering them
less efficient than some other types of power supplies. When the input voltage is
significantly higher than the regulated output voltage (for example, powering a 7805 using a
24 volt power source), this inefficiency can be a significant issue.
Even in larger packages, 78xx integrated circuits cannot supply as much power as many
designs which use discrete components, and are generally inappropriate for applications
requiring more than a few amperes of current.
28
Components used:
For this project, well be using the following components:
Two DC motors
The H-Bridge is the key component. To power this chip, we use the two voltage regulators. The
7805 is used for generating logic voltages (5V = logical 1). The 7812 will actually power the
motors.
The two thick lines on the left are the main DC power supply (probably from some battery source or
maybe a DC adapter). Once the power is routed through this circuit, you get a 5 volt potential
difference across the ground and the line marked +5V. And you get 12 volts potential difference
across the +12V line and ground.
29
However, there are always fluctuations in the input lines. To minimize these, we add capacitors
across the input terminals and the output terminals. So the final power supply circuit for our project
would be like this.
30
The four grounds have to connect to ground. No questions asked. Without that, the chip wont
function. The Vs is connected to +12V because well be running our DC motors at this voltage.
We put a +5V into Vss because thats the standard voltage for a logical 1. Based on this voltage, the
L293D will decide if a given voltage input is a logical 1 or a logical 0.
ENABLE1 and ENABLE2 are connected to +5V because we will be using both sides of the chip.
We put a logical 1 into these pins.
31
32
x =logic();
switch(x)
{
case 0:
output=0xf5;
break;
case 1:
output=0xf1;
break;
case 2:
output=0xf4;
break;
case 3:
output=0xfa;
33
break;
default:
output=0xf0;
break;
}
}
}
}
#include<reg51.h>
unsigned char recv(void);
//void trans(unsigned char);
34
void main()
{
unsigned char a;
SCON=0x50;
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=-3;
TR1=1;
while(1)
{
//trans('A');
a=recv();
switch(a)
{
case 'W':
P1=0xfe; //left
break;
case 'A':
P1=0xfd; //up
break;
case 'D':
P1=0xfb;
// down
break;
case 'S':
P1=0xf7;
// right
break;
default:
P1=0xff;
35
break;
}
}
}
/*void trans(unsigned char value)
{
SBUF=value;
while(TI==0);
TI=0;
}*/
unsigned char recv(void)
{ unsigned char value;
RI=0;
while(RI==0);
value=SBUF;
return value;
}
36
CHAPTER 4
This project presents a human being detecting robot using RF communication with wireless real
time image transmission and it is designed and implemented with Atmel 89C51 MCU in embedded
system domain.
The robot is moved in particular direction using switches and the images are captured and images
are watched on the laptop .Experimental work has been carried out carefully. The result shows that
higher efficiency is indeed achieved using the embedded system. The proposed method is verified to
be highly beneficial for the security purpose and industrial purpose.
The future aspect of our project we can use flying object and work on image processing technique.
37
CHAPTER 5
DISADVANTAGES:
No safety equipment added
It would not detect perfect person details.
38
REFERENCES
Text Books:
[1]
[2]
Edition, 2005.
Magazines:
[1]
[2]
Electrikindia
[1]
www.howstuffworks.com.
[2]
http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc0265.pdf.
[3]
www.intechopen.com/download/pdf/pdfs_id/68.pdf.
Web portal:
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40