Bernoullis Equation

Fluid dynamics - Applications

of Bernoullis principle
Fluid statics
What is a fluid?
Density !
Pressure!
Fluid pressure and depth
Pascals principle
Buoyancy
Archimedes principle
Fluid dynamics!
Reynolds number
Equation of continuity!
Bernoullis principle
Viscosity and turbulent flow
Poiseuilles equation

for any point along a flow tube or streamline

p + 1 " v2 + " g y = constant

2
Between any two points along a flow tube or streamline

p1 + 1 " v12 + " g y1 = p2 + 1 " v22 + " g y2

2
2

Lecture 5
Dr Julia Bryant

Dimensions
p [Pa] = [N.m-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]
1 " v2
2
" g h

[kg.m-3.m2.s-2] = [kg.m-1.s-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

[kg.m-3 m.s-2. m] = [kg.m.s-2.m.m-3] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

Each term has the dimensions of energy / volume or energy density.

web notes: Fluidslect5web.pdf

flow4.pdf flight.pdf

1
http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/wfluids.htm

1 " v2
2
" g h
p

KE of bulk motion of fluid

GPE for location of fluid
pressure energy density arising from internal forces within
moving fluid (similar to energy stored in a spring)

What is the speed with which liquid flows from a hole at

the bottom of a tank? Where does it hit the ground?

Solving Bernoullis Equation

Fluid is flowing from the

surface ==> Bernoullis applies

1.Establish points 1 and 2 along the flow.

2.Define the coordinate system - where is
y=0?
3.List your known and unknown variables.
4.Solve for the unknown variables, possibly
using the continuity equation.

(1)

Surface of liquid!

(2) Just outside hole!

v2 = ? m.s-1"
R?
3

Firstly, what is the speed with which liquid flows from a hole at
the bottom of a tank?

(1)

Surface of liquid!

p1 = patm

y2"

(2) Just outside hole!

p2 = patm
v2 = ? m.s-1"
y2 = 0"
5

v2 = $(2 g h)

p1"

p2 = patm

" g y1 = 1 "v22 + " g y2

2
v22 = 2 g (y1 y2) = 2 g h

h = (y1 - y2)

<-- y = 0"

Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid, Bernoulli's equation

can be applied
p1 + 1 " v12 + " g y1 = p2 + 1 " v22 + " g y2
2
2
A small hole is at level (2) and the water level at (1) drops
slowly (if tank is large) # v1 = 0

p1 = patm
v1 ~ 0 m.s-1 (large tank)"
y = h"

y1"

y1"
y = 0"

h = (y1 - y2)

h
p2"
y2"

Torricelli formula (1608 1647)

This is the same velocity as a particle falling freely through a

height h
6

Secondly, where does it hit the ground?

v2 = $(2 g h)
Recall
d=1 a t2"
2"
t= (2d/a)"

Secondly, where does it hit the ground?

R =2{h(y1 - h)}"
25
R

20

h=4

So, time taken to fall d= y1 - h is "

t= {2(y1 - h)/g}"

y2"

15
10
5
0

h=8.5

8 10 12 14 16 18 20
h

y1=20"

h Distance, "
R = v2 t"
= $(2 g h) . {2(y1 - h)/g}"
=2{h(y1 - h)}"

y1"

DEMO

h=14

R?

R?
7

Secondly, where does it hit the ground?

R =2{h(y1 - h)}"
20

Venturi Meter
A Venturi meter is used to measure the speed of the flow
in a pipe.
What is the speed v1 of flow in section 1 of the system?

DEMO

15
R

10
5
0

4.5

10 12 14 16

Y1=16"

10
DEMO

R?
9

Venturi Meter
Bernoullis equation only applies along the same
streamline. Therefore we must choose points 1 and 2
along the pipe, but not in the vertical tubes.

10

Venturi Meter

Q: What do we know?

y1 = y2 no height difference"

We will need to use: "

Bernoullis equation (Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid) !
p1 + 1 " v12 + " g y1 = p2 + 1 " v22 + " g y2
2
2
Continuity equation A1 v1 = A2 v2 !
hydrostatic equation for the vertical pipes p1 - p2 = "m g h!

DEMO
11

12

Bernoullis Bar

From Bernoulli:!
p1 + 1 " v12 + " g y1 = p2 + 1 " v22 + " g y2"
2
2!
y1 = y2"
p1 p2 = 1 " (v22 - v12) From the continuity equation v2 = v1 (A1 / A2)"
2
"
So, p1 p2 = 1 " ((A1 / A2)2 v12 - v12)"
2"
p1 p2 = 1 " v12 ((A1 / A2)2 - 1)
A1 > A2 so p1 p2>0
p 1 > p 2"
2"
From hydrostatics p1 = p0 + " g (d+h) !
p2 = p0 + " g d"
p1 - p2 = " g h!
d"
p1
p2"
"g h = 1 " v12 {(A1 / A2)2 - 1}"
2
"

v1 =

DEMO

or

2 gh "
{(A1 / A2)2 - 1}"
13

14

How to impress your mother in a pub!

From Bernoulli:
p1 + 1 " v12 + " g y1 = p2 + 1 " v22 + " g y2
2
2
y1 = y2 = 0
F!

F!

d=0.065 "
h=0.1"

patm!
Ffriction!

p2!

p1!

How does a
siphon work?

p1 p2 = 1 " (v22 - v12)

patm!
2
Continuity equation A2 v2 = A1 v1
A2 < A1 v2> v1 p2< p1 < patm"

Ffriction!

Fatm = pA = 1.013 x 105 x 0.065 x 0.1 = 658N

p2 patm = (F2-Fatm)/A "
If Fatm-F2 > Ff cans will accelerate towards each other."
The coefficient of friction between the cans and the bench is ~0.1
so, Ff =0.1 mg =0.013N (13g can) "
Friction force is tiny compared to Fatm so small drop in pressure
15
required to move cans."

C"

What do we know?
pA = patm = pD
vA =0 approximately

yC"

A"

What do we need to find?

vD = ?
yC = ?

yA"

B"
Assume that the
liquid behaves as an
ideal fluid, the
equation of continuity
and Bernoulli's
equation can be
used.

16

C"

D"

yC"

A"

yB"
yD = 0

yA"

B"
D"

pA = patm = pD
17

Focus on falling water

not rising water
patm - pC % 0
patm % " g yC

yB"

yD = 0

18

Consider points C and D and apply Bernoulli's principle.

pC + 1 " vC2 + " g yC = pD + 1 " vD2 + " g yD
2
2
From equation of continuity vC = vD
pC = pD + " g (yD - yC) = patm + " g (yD - yC)

C"
yC"

A"

The pressure at point C can not be negative

pC % 0 and yD = 0
pC = patm - " g yC % 0
C"
yC & patm / (" g)
yC"
A"
For a water siphon
yA"
B"
patm ~ 105 Pa
g ~ 10 m.s-1 " ~ 103 kg.m-3
yB"
D"
yD = 0
yC & 105 / {(10)(103)} m
yC & 10 m

yA"

B"
yB"
D"

How fast does

the liquid
come out?

19

FLUID FLOW
MOTION OF OBJECTS IN FLUIDS

How fast does the liquid come out?

C"
A"

yC"
yA"

B"
D"

yB"

20

Consider a point A on the

surface of the liquid in the
container and the outlet
point D.
Apply Bernoulli's principle

How can a plane fly?

Why does a cricket ball swing or a baseball curve?

yD = 0

pA + 1 " vA2 + " g yA = pD + 1 " vD2 + " g yD

2
2
vD2 = 2 (pA pD) / " + vA2 + 2 g (yA - yD)
pA pD = 0

yD = 0

assume vA2 << vD2

web notes:

vD = $(2 g yA )

flow4.pdf

flight.pdf

21

Uniform motion of an object through an ideal fluid !

(' = 0)

FORCES ACTING ON OBJECT MOVING THROUGH FLUID

Consider a cylinder.
The fluid will slide freely over the
surface.

Resultant FR"
Lift FL"

Pressure near A and B are equal and

greater than undisturbed flow
(streamlines further apart).
Pressure near C and D are equal and
lower then undisturbed flow

drag FD"

Motion of object through fluid

Fluid moving around stationary object

22

Forward thrust
by engine
23

C"
B"

A"
D"

# Resultant force = zero

No drag or lift.
The pattern is symmetrical

24

When real fluids flow they have a certain

internal friction called viscosity. It exists in
both liquids and gases and is essentially a
frictional force between different layers of
fluid as they move past one another.

Drag force
In a viscous fluid, a thin layer of fluid sticks to the
surface of an object and the resulting friction leads to a
drag force on the object.
The flow is no longer complete around the object, and
the flow lines break away from the surface resulting in
eddies behind the object. The pressure in the eddies is
lowered and the pressure difference gives pressure drag
force.

In liquids the viscosity is due to the cohesive

forces between the molecules whilst in
gases the viscosity is due to collisions
between the molecules.
VISCOSITY IS DIFFERENT TO DENSITY

Drag force due"

to pressure difference"

25

motion of air
motion of object

low pressure region"

rotational KE of eddies #
heating effect # increase
in internal energy #
temperature increases"

26

What happens if the object is spinning?

flow speed (high) vair + v!
# reduced pressure"

Drag force due"

to pressure difference"

vair (vball)"

MAGNUS EFFECT
flow speed (low) vair - v!
# increased pressure"

v!

high pressure region"

Drag force is
opposite to the
direction of motion"
high pressure region"
27

motion of air
motion of object

v!

low pressure region"

Boundary layer air

sticks to ball
(viscosity) air
dragged around with
ball"

28

The trajectory of a
golf ball is not
parabolic

Golf ball with backspin (rotating CW) with air stream going from
left to right. Note that the air stream is deflected downward with a
downward force. The reaction force on the ball is upward. This
gives the longer hang time and hence distance carried.

29

30

How can a plane fly?

Professional golf drive

Initial speed v0 ~ 70 m.s-1

Stagnation line

Angle ~ 6
Spin ( ~ 3500 rpm
5

Range ~ 100 m (no Magnus effect)

Range ~ 300 m (Magnus effect)

10
31

Lift increases
with angle of
attack, until
stall.
Higher v, lower pressure

32

Direction plane is moving w.r.t. the air

Direction air is moving w.r.t. plane

low
pressure

lift

!
low pressure drag
attack angle
momentum transfer

high
pressure

downwash
huge vortices

DEMO
33

34