Outlines
Load Monitoring System
Load Voltage Monitoring and Control
Load Frequency Monitoring and Control
Load Shedding in Industrial Power
Systems
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ForFutureDesignorUpgrade
Usedatatocheckissuesand
problems
Usedatatoredesign
systemtobemoreefficient
Analyse
energy
consumption
Diagnosefor
powerquality
Control
energyflow/
equipment
Interface
withEnergy
Management
System
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Technical
Maintaingoodpowerquality
Minimise faultrisk
Minimise maintenanceworks
Prolongequipment/deviceslifespan
g q p
p
Nontechnical
Reduceadministrationandmaintenancecost
Betterenergyplanningandmanagement
Environmentallyfriendly
Non
interruptible
loads
Interruptible
loads
Shouldberunwithoutinterruptionincertain
processes.
Examples:lighting,firealarmsystems,security
cameras,ventilation,elevators,escalatorsand
mostlyproductionmachinery.
Thoseloadsthatarenotaffectproductivityorlevel
ofcomfortwhenturnedoffforacertainperiodof
time.
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Electrical
Parameters
kW,kVAr,V,I
Disturbances,PF,Harmonics,
Disturbances
PF Harmonics
Sags,Swell,Transient,
Equipmentstatus,
temperature,ventilation,
MonitoringA
Area
Mainswitchboard
Distributionswitchboard
Distribution switchboard
Mainraiser
Subdistributionboard
MCC
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Themotorfault
preventionsolution
Phase sequence
Loss of one or more phases
U b l
Unbalance
llevell
Voltage level between phases or between
phases and neutral
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Theloadfault
preventionsolution
11
Thenetwork
frequencyfault
preventionsolution
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Thefilling,draining
andmonitoring
solution
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Theoperatingrate
monitoringsolution
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Control
Voltage
LVMC
CT
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E
Z S RS jX S
IS
jX L I L
L V RI
L
jVX
VR
IL
Load
S L PL jQL
Voltageregulation canbedefinedasthe
proportionalchangeinvoltagemagnitude
attheloadbusduetochangeinload
current(sayfromnoloadtofullload). 19
IL
VR
E V V
V
V
V E V Z S I L
where Z S RS jX S
20
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S L V I L PL jQL
*
P jQL
V RS jX S L
R P X S QL
X P RS QL
S L
j S L
V
V
VR jVX
21
R P X S QL X S PL RS QL
E V S L
j
V
V
In magnitude basis,
R P X S QL X S PL RS QL
E V S L
V
V
V 4 2R S PL X S Q L E 2 V 2 R S2 X S2 Q L2 PL2 0
22
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Feeder
E
Z S RS jX S
IS
E V
Load
Comp.
V
QC
S L PL jQL
IL
IC
23
R P X S QN X S PL RS QN
E V S L
j
V
V
IC
IS
IL
jX S I S
RS I S
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E V S L
V
V
2
S
X S2 Q N2 2V 2 X S Q N V 2 R S PL
X S2 PL2 E 2V 2 0
QN
4ac
2a
25
26
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28
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30
15
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31
32
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34
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35
Faults
Severe Overloaded
Loss of generation
Switching errors, etc.
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37
38
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40
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Conventional
BreakerInterlock
Scheme
Intelligent
IntelligentLoad
Shedding(ILS)
Underfrequency
RelayScheme
PLCBasedLoad
Shedding
42
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43
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46
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48
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49
50
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d 1
1 P
50 pu
PD
f
1 d 1
50
d 1
P
d
f0
1 P
51
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54
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55
56
28
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57
58
29