Introduction to Graphics Communication

Sketching

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Graphics Communication
An effective means of communicating technical ideas and problem solutions

What are Engineering Activities:

A total view of Engineering
divided into its major activities

Engineering is 92% graphically based!!

The other 8% is divided between mathematics,
written and verbal communications
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Engineering Design Process

Concept
(Conceptual solution for a problem)

Visualization
(See the problem and the possible solution)

This is how the engineers

and technologists
communicate as the
design a new product

Sketch
(Record initial idea)

Geometric Model
(Modeling for Engineering analysis)

Detail Drawings
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

(Precise data needed for production process)

Engineering Design Process

A new product is
designed for a specific
task and within
specified parameters

Just imagine trying to

communicate all the
necessary details for
manufacturing of a jet aircraft
verbally or in writhing
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Graphics in the Design Process

Technical Graphics is a real complete language
used in the design process for:

1-Visualization
Ability to mentally picture things that do not exist
Multi-view
drawing of a
journal bearing
Only experienced
user can interpret
the various line,
arcs and other
entities to get a
clear mental
picture of what
this part looks like
Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Graphics in the Design Process

2- Communication
Ability to communicate with other activities

A refined 3D model of a
bicycle used to
communicate the design
without ambiguity

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Graphics in the Design Process

2-
Input for Engineering Analysis

This Finite Element

model is used in the
analysis of a new design
for an automotive shock
assembly to determine
where the maximum
stress and strain occur
when the part is under
varying load condition

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Graphics in the Design Process

3- Documentation
Ability to permanently record the solution

A detailed drawing used

in documentation
process

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Traditional Design Process

Traditionally, the design process
is a linear activity consisting of
six major phases
Technical graphics is
used through this
process to document the
solutions

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Design Process in Concurrent

Engineering (CE)
CE gets everyone involved in the design process, including
customer.

The overlapping
circles indicate
the designing
concurrently is
an integrated
activity involving
many people.

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Computer Aided Design (CAD)

CAD is computer software and hardware that replace
traditional hand tools in creating model and technical drawing
CAD database, which is represented as graphics, provides
technical information not only to the engineers on the
design team, but also to the other teams

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Standard & Conventions

The language of graphics has been used for thousands of
years; The effectiveness of the Graphics in the modern times
is due to the establishment of the standards

Example of drawing
conventions:
Dashed lines are used to
represent hidden features

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Standard & Conventions

Dimensioned mechanical drawing using
ASME Y14.5M-1994 Standards
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T)

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The alphabet of lines

ASME standard line
types used in
engineering
drawings
ASME Y14.2M-1992

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Pencils
Hard grad leads range from 4H to 9H;
The higher the number, the harder the lead
(Construction lines)

Medium grad leads are

3H, 2H, H, F, HB and B
(General purpose, sketching)

Soft grad leads range from 2B to 7B (higher

number represents softer grade)
(Artworks)
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Steps in reading the Scale

"

16

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Metric Scale for SI units

1=25.4 mm

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Sketching
Sketching is an important method of quickly communicating design
ideas; therefore, learning to sketch is necessary for any person working
in a technical field

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Technical Sketching
A rough sketching can be made to capture a design idea quickly

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Multi-view Sketching
Multi-view is used by engineers to communicate technical information

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Pictorial sketching
Pictorial sketching is used to communicate in a form that is easy to
visualize

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Freehand sketching tools

Pencils
Eraser
Papers; grid papers; square grid papers, isometric
grid papers

Common density: 4 to 10 lines per inch

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CAD sketching tools

Sketching software
Raster to vector software

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Sketching techniques
Seeing Imagining. Representation
Sketching is based on the interactive process of
seeing, imaging and representation

A pattern
seeking
Process

Perception
Process

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Recording
Process

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Pattern seeking Process

Ambiguity
Head of an older
woman of profile of a
younger woman

Vase or profiles
facing each other

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Pattern seeking Process

Optical illusion
Follow the path
of the water!

Different interpretation of
the same object
Hexagonal like
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Sketching techniques
Contour Sketching
The most fundamental element to creating sketch is the line or the
outline of the object

Contour sketching of a
stapler made without
looking at the paper

Contour sketching of a
stapler made while
looking at the paper

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Sketching techniques
Negative Space Sketching
Concentrate on the space between
or around the object and not the
object itself

Negative space

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Sketching techniques
Upside-Down Sketching
A good practice to improve
your sketching.
Help to concentrate on shape
and form of the object and not
the names of the parts

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Sketching techniques
Proportions and Construction Lines
A proportion is the ratio
between any to dimensions of
an object.

Grid paper is
used to scale an
object

Drawing construction lines at

the first step of sketching
guides a sketch overall shape
and proportion.

Construction lines
are used to draw
diagonals which
can be used for a
new square

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Lettering
Legibility is the most important issue
ANSI standards suggest the
use of single-stroke Gothic
characters for maximum
readability

Our Lettering Standard in this Course

Inclined or vertical Gothic text style
All Capital Letters
Use 1/8 (3mm) for most text height
Use 1/4 (6mm) for height of fractions
Minimum line space by taking the text
height and dividing it by 3

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