Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

CHAPTER 23
1.

For a flat mirror the image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front, so the distance from object to
image is
do + di = 1.5 m + 1.5 m =
3.0 m.

2.

Because the angle of incidence must equal the angle of reflection,

we see from the ray diagrams that the ray that reflects to the
top of the object must be as far below the horizontal line to the
reflection point on the mirror as the top is above the line,
regardless of object position.

Mirror

Position 1 Position 2

3.

We show some of the rays from the tip of the arrow that
form the three images. Single reflections form the two side
images. Double reflections form the third image. The two
reflections have reversed the orientation of the image.

I3

I2

I1

Object

4.

The angle of incidence is the angle of reflection.

Thus we have
tan = (H h)/L = h/x;
(1.62 m 0.43 m)/(2.10 m) = (0.43 m)/x,
which gives x = 0.76 m =
76 cm.

Mirror

x
L

5.

From the triangle formed by the mirrors and the

first reflected ray, we have
+ + = 180;
40 + 135 + = 180, which gives =
5.

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Chapter 23

6.

Because the rays entering your eye are diverging from the image position behind the mirror, the diameter
of the area on the mirror and the diameter of your pupil must subtend the same angle from the image:
Dmirror/di = Dpupil/(do + di);
Dmirror/(70 cm) = (5.5 mm)/(70 cm + 70 cm), which gives Dmirror = 2.75 mm.
Thus the area on the mirror is
5.9 106 m2.
Amirror = (pDmirror2 = (p(2.75 103 m)2 =

7.

For the first reflection at A the angle of incidence 1 is the

angle of reflection. For the second reflection at B the angle of
incidence 2 is the angle of reflection. We can relate these
angles to the angle at which the mirrors meet, , by using the
sum of the angles of the triangle ABC:
+ (90 1) + (90 2) = 180, or = 1 + 2 .
In the same way, for the triangle ABD, we have
+ 21 + 22 = 180, or = 180 2(1 + 2) = 180 2.
At point D we see that the deflection is
= 180 = 180 (180 2) = 2.

8.

(a) The velocity of the wave, which specifies the direction of the light wave, is in the direction of
the ray. If we consider a single reflection, because the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection, the component of the velocity perpendicular to the mirror is reversed, while the
component parallel to the mirror is unchanged. When we have three mirrors at right angles, we
can choose the orientation of the mirrors for our axes. In each of the three reflections, the
component of velocity perpendicular to the mirror will reverse. Thus after three reflections, all
three components of the velocity will have been reversed, so the wave will return along the line of
the original direction.
(b) Assuming the mirrors are large enough, the incident ray will make two reflections only if its
direction is parallel to one of the mirrors. In that case, it has only two components, both of which
reversed along the line of the original direction.
will be reversed, so the ray will be

9.

The rays from the Sun will be parallel, so the image will be at the focal point. The radius is
r = 2f = 2(17.0 cm) =
34.0 cm.

10. To produce an image at infinity, the object will be at the focal point:
do = f = r/2 = (27.0 cm)/2 =
13.5 cm.

11.
Object
Object

Image

Image

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Chapter 23

12. The ball is a convex mirror with a focal length

f = r/2 = ( 4.5 cm)/2 = 2.25 cm.
We locate the image from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/(30.0 cm)] + (1/di) = 1/( 2.25 cm), which gives di = 2.09 cm.
The image is
2.09 cm behind the surface, virtual.
The magnification is
m = di/do = ( 2.09 cm)/(30.0 cm) = + 0.070.
upright.
Because the magnification is positive, the image is

13. We find the image distance from the magnification:

m = hi/ho = di/do ;
+ 3 = di/(1.3 m), which gives di = 3.9 m.
We find the focal length from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/(1.3 m)] + [1/( 3.9 m)] = 1/f, which gives f = 1.95 m.
The radius of the concave mirror is
r = 2f = 2(1.95 m) =
3.9 m.

14. We find the image distance from the magnification:

m = hi/ho = di/do ;
+ 4.5 = di/(2.20 cm), which gives di = 9.90 cm.
We find the focal length from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/(2.20 cm)] + [1/( 9.90 cm)] = 1/f, which gives f = 2.83 cm.
concave
with a radius of
Because the focal length is positive, the mirror is
5.7 cm.
r = 2f = 2(2.83 cm) =
15. To produce an upright image, we have di < 0. A smaller image means |di | < do, so f < 0, which means the
mirror is
convex.
The focal length of the mirror is
f = r/2 = ( 3.2 m)/2 = 1.6 m.
We locate the image from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/(15.0 m)] + (1/di) = 1/( 1.6 m), which gives di = 1.45 m.
Because the image distance is negative, the image is
virtual.
We find the image height from the magnification:
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
0.13 m.
hi/(1.3 m) = ( 1.45 m)/(15.0 m), which gives hi =

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Chapter 23

16. (a) We see from the ray diagram that

the image is behind the mirror, so it is
virtual. We estimate the image
distance as
7 cm.
O

(b) If we use a focal length of 10 cm, we locate the image from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/(20 cm)] + (1/di) = 1/( 10 cm), which gives di = 6.7 cm.
(c) We find the image size from the magnification:
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
hi/(3.00 mm) = ( 6.7 cm)/(20 cm), which gives hi =
1.0 mm.

17. (a) With di = do , we locate the object from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/do) + (1/do) = 1/f, which gives do = 2f = r.
The object should be placed at the
center of curvature.
(b) Because the image is in front of the mirror, di > 0, it is
real.
(c) The magnification is
m = di/do = do/do = 1.
Because the magnification is negative, the image is
inverted.
(d) As found in part (c), m =
1.

18. We take the object distance to be 8, and find the focal length from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/8) + [1/( 14.0 cm)] = 1/f, which gives f = 14.0 cm.
Because the focal length is negative, the mirror is convex.
The radius is
28.0 cm.
r = 2f = 2( 14.0 cm) =

19. We find the image distance from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f = 2/r, which we can write as di = rdo/(2do r).
The magnification is
m = di/do = r/(2do r).
If do > r, then (2do r) > r, so
| m | = r/(2do r) = r/(> r) < 1.
If do < r, then (2do r) < r, so
| m | = r/(2do r) = r/(< r) > 1.

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20. From the ray that reflects from the

center of the mirror, we have
tan = ho/do = hi/di ;
| m | = ho/hi = di/do .
Because the image distance on the ray
diagram is negative, we get
m = di/do .

Chapter 23

ho
do

21. From the ray diagram, we see that

tan = ho/do = hi/di ;
tan = ho/(do + r) = hi/(r di ).
When we divide the two equations. we get
(do + r)/do = (r di )/di ;
1 + (r/do) = (r/di) 1, or
(r/do) (r /di) = 2;
(1/do) (1/di) = 2/r = 1/f,
with f = r/2.
From the ray diagram, we see that di < 0.
If we consider f to be negative, we have
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f.

ho
O

22. We find the image distance from the magnification:

m = hi/ho = di/do ;
+ 0.80 = di/(2.2 m), which gives di = 1.76 m.
We find the focal length from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/(2.2 m)] + [1/( 1.76 m)] = 1/f, which gives f =

do

hi

di

hi

di

8.8 m.

23. (a) As the radius of a sphere gets larger, the surface is flatter. The plane mirror can be considered a
spherical mirror with an infinite radius, and thus
f = 8.
(b) When we use the mirror equation, we get
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/8 = 0, or
di = do .
(c) For the magnification, we have
m = di/do = ( do)/do =
+ 1.
(d)
Yes, these are consistent with the discussion on plane mirrors.

24. (a) To produce a smaller image located behind the surface of the mirror requires a
(b) We find the image distance from the magnification:
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
(3.5 cm)/(4.5 cm) = di/(28 cm), which gives di = 21.8 cm.
As expected, di < 0. The image is located
22 cm behind the surface.
(c) We find the focal length from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
98 cm.
[1/(28 cm)] + [1/( 21.8 cm)] = 1/f, which gives f =
(d) The radius of curvature is
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convex mirror.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

r = 2f = 2( 98 cm) =

196 cm.

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Chapter 23

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

25. (a) To produce a larger image requires a

concave mirror.
(b) The image will be
erect and virtual.
(c) We find the image distance from the magnification:
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
1.3 = di/(20.0 cm), which gives di = 26.0 cm.
We find the focal length from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/(20.0 cm)] + [1/( 26.0 cm)] = 1/f, which gives f = 86.7 cm.
The radius of curvature is
173 cm.
r = 2f = 2(86.7 cm) =

26. (a) The speed in crown glass is

v = c/n = (3.00 108 m/s)/(1.52) =
(b) The speed in Lucite is
v = c/n = (3.00 108 m/s)/(1.51) =

1.97 108 m/s.

1.99 108 m/s.

27. We find the index of refraction from

v = c/n;
2.29 108 m/s = (3.00 108 m/s)/n, which gives n =

28. We find the index of refraction from

v = c/n;
0.85vwater = 0.85c/1.33 = c/n, which gives n =

1.31.

1.56.

29. The % uncertainty in the index is

[(0.000010)/(1.00030)](100) = 9.997 104 %,
which will be the % uncertainty in the speed. Thus we have
v = c/n = [(2.997925 108 m/s)/(1.00030)] 9.997 104 %
(2.997026 0.000030) 108 m/s.
= 2.997026 108 m/s 9.997 104 % =

30. We find the angle of refraction in the glass from

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
(1.00) sin 63 = (1.50) sin 2 , which gives 2 =

31. We find the angle of refraction in the water from

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
(1.33) sin 42.5 = (1.00) sin 2 , which gives 2 =

32. We find the incident angle in the water from

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
(1.33) sin 1 = (1.00) sin 60, which gives 1 =

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36.

64.0.

41.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

33. We find the incident angle in the air from

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
(1.00) sin 1 = (1.33) sin 21.0, which gives 1 = 28.5.
Thus the angle above the horizon is
90.0 1 = 90.0 28.5 = 61.5.

34. For the refraction at the first surface, we have

nair sin 1 = n sin 2 ;
(1.00) sin 45.0 = (1.52) sin 2 , which gives 2 = 27.7.
We find the angle of incidence at the second surface from
(90 2) + (90 3) + A = 180, which gives
3 = A 2 = 60 27.7 = 32.3.
For the refraction at the second surface, we have
n sin 3 = nair sin 4 ;
(1.52) sin 32.3 = (1.00) sin 4 , which gives
4 = 54.3 from the normal.

35. We find the angle of incidence from the distances:

tan 1 = L1/h1 = (2.7 m)/(1.3 m) = 2.076, so 1 = 64.3.
For the refraction from air into water, we have
nair sin 1 = nwater sin 2 ;
(1.00) sin 64.3 = (1.33) sin 2 , which gives 2 = 42.6.
We find the horizontal distance from the edge of the pool from
L = L1 + L2 = L1 + h2 tan 2
= 2.7 m + (2.1 m) tan 42.6 =
4.6 m.

A
1

h2

nair

h1

36. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence:

refl = 1 = 22 .
For the refraction we have
nair sin 1 = nglass sin 2 ;
(1.00) sin 22 = (1.52) sin 2 .
We use a trigonometric identity for the left-hand side:
sin 22 = 2 sin 2 cos 2 = (1.52) sin 2 , or cos 2 = 0.760, so 2 = 40.5.
81.0.
Thus the angle of incidence is 1 = 22 =

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L1
L2

nwater

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Chapter 23

37. (a) We find the angle in the glass from the refraction
at the airglass surface:
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
n2
n3
n1
26.9.
(1.00) sin 43.5 = (1.52) sin 2 , which gives 2 =
3
(b) Because the surfaces are parallel, the refraction angle
from the first surface is the incident angle at the second
2
2
surface. We find the angle in the water from the refraction
at the glasswater surface:
1
n2 sin 2 = n3 sin 3 ;
31.2.
(1.52) sin 26.9 = (1.33) sin 3 , which gives 3 =
(c) If there were no glass, we would have
n1 sin 1 = n3 sin 3;
(1.00) sin 43.5 = (1.33) sin 3, which gives 3 =
31.2.
Note that, because the sides are parallel, 3 is independent of the presence of the glass.

38. Because the surfaces are parallel, the angle of refraction

from the first surface is the angle of incidence at the second,
Thus for the refractions, we have
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
n2 sin 2 = n3 sin 3 .
When we add the two equations, we get
n1 sin 1 = n1 sin 3 , which gives 3 = 1 .
Because the ray emerges in the same index of refraction, it is undeviated.

39. Because the glass surfaces are parallel, the exit beam will be
traveling in the same direction as the original beam.
We find the angle inside the glass from
nair sin = n sin .
If the angles are small, we use
cos 1, and sin , where is in radians.
(1.00) = n, or = /n.
We find the distance along the ray in the glass from
L = t/cos t.
We find the perpendicular displacement from the original
direction from
d = L sin ( ) t( ) = t[ (/n)] = t(n 1)/n.

n2

n1

3
2

n1

nair = 1.00

nair = 1.00

40. When the light in the material with a higher index is incident at the critical angle, the refracted angle is
90:
nLucite sin 1 = nwater sin 2 ;
61.7.
(1.51) sin 1 = (1.33) sin 90, which gives 1 =
Because Lucite has the higher index, the light must start in
Lucite.

41. When the light in the liquid is incident at the critical angle, the refracted angle is 90:
nliquid sin 1 = nair sin 2 ;
nliquid sin 44.7 = (1.00) sin 90, which gives nliquid =
1.42.
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Chapter 23

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

42. We find the critical angle for light leaving the water:
n sin 1 = sin 2 ;
(1.33) sin C = sin 90, which gives C = 48.8.
If the light is incident at a greater angle than this, it will
totally reflect. We see from the diagram that
R > H tan C = (62.0 cm) tan 48.8 =
70.7 cm.

Chapter 23

air

43. We find the distance L between reflections from

d = L sin ;
3.9 104 m.
104 m = L sin 15, which gives L =

44. We find the angle of incidence from the distances:

tan 1 = L/h = (7.0 cm)/(8.0 cm) = 0.875, so 1 = 41.2.
For the maximum incident angle for the refraction from liquid into air, we have
nliquid sin 1 = nair sin 2 ;
nliquid sin 1max = (1.00) sin 90, which gives sin 1max = 1/nliquid .
Thus we have
sin 1 = sin 1max = 1/nliquid ;
nliquid = 1.5.
sin 41.2 = 0.659 = 1/nliquid , or

45. For the refraction at the first surface, we have

nair sin 1 = n sin 2 ;
A
(1.00) sin 1 = n sin 2 , which gives sin 2 = sin 1/n.
We find the angle of incidence at the second surface from
(90 2) + (90 3) + A = 180, which gives
1
3 = A 2 = 75 2 .
2
For the refraction at the second surface, we have
n sin 3 = nair sin 4 = (1.00) sin 4.
n
The maximum value of 4 before internal reflection takes
place at the second surface is 90. Thus for internal reflection
to occur, we have
n sin 3 = n sin (A 2) = 1.
When we expand the left-hand side, we get
n(sin A cos 2 cos A sin 2) = 1.
If we use the result from the first surface to eliminate n, we get
sin 1 (sin A cos 2 cos A sin 2)/(sin 2) = sin 1(sin A/tan 2 cos A) = 1, or
1/tan 2 = [(1/sin 1) + cos A]/sin A = [(1/sin 45) + cos 75]/sin 75 = 1.732,
which gives
tan 2 = 0.577, so 2 = 30.
From the result for the first surface, we have
nmin = sin 1/sin 2max = sin 45/sin 30 = 1.414, so
n = 1.414.

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Chapter 23

46. For the refraction at the side of the rod, we have

n2 sin = n1 sin .

n1
The minimum angle for total reflection min occurs when = 90:
n2 sin min = (1.00)(1) = 1, or sin min = 1/n2 .
90

We find the maximum angle of refraction at the end of the

rod from
max = 90 min .

n2
Because the sine function increases with angle, for the
refraction at the end of the rod, we have
n1 sin max = n2 sin max ;
(1.00) sin max = n2 sin (90 min) = n2 cos min .
If we want total internal reflection to occur for any incident angle at the end of the fiber, the maximum
value of is 90, so
n2 cos min = 1.
When we divide this by the result for the refraction at the side, we get
tan min = 1, or min = 45.
Thus we have
n2 = 1/sin min = 1/sin 45 = 1.414.

47. (a) The ray enters normal to the first surface, so there is no
deviation there. The angle of incidence is 45 at the second surface.
When there is air outside the surface, we have
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
n1 sin 45 = (1.00) sin 2 .
For total internal reflection to occur, sin 2 = 1, so we have
n1 = 1/sin 45 =
1.414.
(b) When there is water outside the surface, we have
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
(1.50) sin 45 = (1.33) sin 2 , which gives sin 2 = 0.80.
the prism will not be totally reflecting.
Because sin 2 < 1,
(c) For total reflection when there is water outside the surface, we have
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 ;
n1 sin 45 = (1.33) sin 2 .
For total internal reflection to occur, sin 2 = 1, so we have
n1 = 1.33/sin 45 =
1.88.

n2
45

n1
45

48. (a) From the ray diagram, the object distance is about six focal lengths, or

F I
O

(b) We find the object distance from

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390 mm.

90

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;

(1/do) + (1/78.0 mm) = 1/65.0 mm, which gives do = 390 mm =

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Chapter 23

39.0 cm.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

49. (a) To form a real image from parallel rays requires a

(b) We find the power of the lens from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f = P, when f is in meters;
(1/8) + (1/0.185 m) = P =

Chapter 23

converging lens.

5.41 D.

50. To form a real image from a real object requires a

converging lens.
We find the focal length of the lens from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/225 cm) + (1/48.3 cm) = 1/f, which gives f =
+ 39.8 cm.
Because di > 0, the image is
real.

51. (a) The power of the lens is

P = 1/f = 1/0.295 m =
3.39 D, converging.
(b) We find the focal length of the lens from
P = 1/f;
6.25 D = 1/f, which gives f = 0.160 m = 16.0 cm, diverging.

52. (a) We locate the image from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/18 cm) + (1/di) = 1/24 cm, which gives di = 72 cm.
The negative sign means the image is
72 cm behind the lens (virtual).
(b) We find the magnification from
+ 4.0.
m = di/do = ( 72 cm)/(18 cm) =

53. (a) Because the Sun is very far away, the image will be at the focal point. We find the size of
the image from
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
hi/(1.4 106 km) = (28 mm)/(1.5 108 km), which gives hi =
0.26 mm.
(b) For a 50 mm lens, we have
hi/(1.4 106 km) = (50 mm)/(1.5 108 km), which gives hi =
0.47 mm.
(c) For a 200 mm lens, we have
1.9 mm.
hi/(1.4 106 km) = (200 mm)/(1.5 108 km), which gives hi =
(d) The 28-mm lens simulates being farther away, so it would be a
wide-angle lens.
The 200 mm lens simulates being closer, so it would be a
telephoto lens.

54. (a) We find the image distance from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
81 mm.
(1/10.0 103 mm) + (1/di) = 1/80 mm, which gives di =
(b) For an object distance of 3.0 m, we have
82 mm.
(1/3.0 103 mm) + (1/di) = 1/80 mm, which gives di =
(c) For an object distance of 1.0 m, we have
87 mm.
(1/1.0 103 mm) + (1/di) = 1/80 mm, which gives di =
(d) We find the smallest object distance from
(1/domin) + (1/120 mm) = 1/80 mm, which gives di = 240 mm = 24 cm.

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Chapter 23

55. We find the image distance from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/0.140 m) + (1/di) = 6.0 D,
which gives di = 0.076 m =
7.6 cm (virtual image behind the lens).
We find the height of the image from
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
hi/(1.0 mm) = ( 7.6 cm)/(14.0 cm), which gives hi =
0.54 mm (upright).

56. (a) We see that the image is behind the lens,

so it is
virtual.
(b) From the ray diagram we see that we need a
converging lens.
(c) We find the image distance from the
magnification:
m = di/do ;
+ 2.5 = di/(8.0 cm), which gives di = 20 cm.
We find power of the lens from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f = P, when f is in meters;
7.5 D.
(1/0.080 m) + [1/( 0.20 m)] = P =

57. We can relate the image and object distance from the magnification:
m = di/do , or do = di/m.
We use this in the lens equation:
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(m/di) + (1/di) = 1/f, which gives di = (1 m)f.
(a) If the image is real, di > 0. With f > 0, we see that m < 1; thus m = 2.00. The image distance is
di = [1 ( 2.00)](50.0 mm) = 150 mm.
The object distance is
do = di/m = (150 mm)/( 2.00) =
75.0 mm.
(b) If the image is virtual, di < 0. With f > 0, we see that m > 1; thus m = + 2.00. The image distance is
di = [1 (+ 2.00)](50.0 mm) = 50 mm.
The object distance is
do = di/m = ( 50 mm)/(+ 2.00) =
25.0 mm.

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Chapter 23

58. We can relate the image and object distance from the magnification:
m = di/do , or do = di/m.
We use this in the lens equation:
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(m/di) + (1/di) = 1/f, which gives di = (1 m)f.
(a) If the image is real, di > 0. With f < 0, we see that m > 1; thus m = + 2.00. The image distance is
di = [1 (+ 2.00)]( 50.0 mm) = 50.0 mm.
The object distance is
do = di/m = (50.0 mm)/(+ 2.00) =
25.0 mm.
The negative sign means the object is beyond the lens, so it would have to be an object formed by a
preceding optical device.
(b) If the image is virtual, di < 0. With f < 0, we see that m < 1; thus m = 2.00. The image distance is
di = [1 ( 2.00)]( 50.0 mm) = 150 mm.
The object distance is
75.0 mm.
do = di/m = ( 150 mm)/( 2.00) =
The negative sign means the object is beyond the lens, so it would have to be an object formed by a
preceding optical device.

59. (a) We find the focal length of the lens from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/31.5 cm) + [1/( 8.20 cm)] = 1/f, which gives f =
The image is in front of the lens, so it is
virtual.
(b) We find the focal length of the lens from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/31.5 cm) + [1/( 38.0 cm)] = 1/f, which gives f =
The image is in front of the lens, so it is virtual.

11.1 cm (diverging).

+ 184 cm (converging).

60. (a) We find the image distance from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/1.20 103 mm) + (1/di) = 1/135 mm, which gives di =
152 mm (real, behind the lens).
We find the height of the image from
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
0.279 cm (inverted).
hi/(2.20 cm) = (152 mm)/(1.20 103 mm), which gives hi =
(b) We find the image distance from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/1.20 103 mm) + (1/di) = 1/( 135 mm),
which gives di =
121 mm (virtual, in front of the lens).
We find the height of the image from
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
+ 0.222 cm (upright).
hi/(2.20 cm) = ( 121 mm)/(1.20 103 mm), which gives hi =

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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

61. The sum of the object and image distances must be the
Screen
distance between object and screen:
do + di = L = 60 cm.
For the lens we have
F
I
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/do) + [1/(60 cm do)] = 1/(15 cm),
O
F
which gives a quadratic equation:
do2 (60 cm)do + 900 cm2 = 0, or (do 30 cm)2 = 0.
Thus the two answer are the same: 30 cm, so the lens should
be placed
midway between the object and screen.
Note that in general the screen must be at least 4f from the object for an image to be formed on the screen.

62. For a real object and image, both do and di must be positive, so the magnification will be negative:
m = di/do ;
2.75 = di/do , or di = 2.75do .
We find the object distance from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/do) + (1/2.75do) = 1/(+ 75 mm), which gives do = 102 cm.
The image distance is
di = 2.75do = 2.75(102 cm) = 281 cm.
The distance between object and image is
L = do + di = 102 cm + 281 cm =
382 cm.

O
63. (a) For the thin lens we have
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
[1/( f + x)] + [1/( f + x)] = 1/f,
F
which can be written as
2f + x + x = ( f + x)( f + x)/f
x
= f + (x + x) + (xx/f ), or xx = f 2.
(b) For the standard form we have
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/45.0 cm) + (1/di) = 1/32.0 cm, which gives di =
+ 110.8 cm.
(c) For the Newtonian form we have
xx = f 2;
(45.0 cm 32.0 cm)x = (32.0 cm)2, which gives x = 78.7 cm.
Thus the distance from the lens is
110.8 cm.
di = x + f = 78.7 cm + 32.0 cm =

x
F
I

64. We find the image formed by the refraction of the first lens:
(1/do1) + (1/di1) = 1/f1 ;
(1/35.0 cm) + (1/di1) = 1/27.0 cm, which gives di1 = + 118.1 cm.
This image is the object for the second lens. Because it is beyond the second lens, it has a negative object
distance: do2 = 16.5 cm 118.1 cm = 101.5 cm.
We find the image formed by the refraction of the second lens:
(1/do2) + (1/di2) = 1/f2 ;
[1/( 101.5 cm)] + (1/di2) = 1/27.0 cm, which gives di2 = + 21.3 cm.
Thus the final image is
real, 21.3 cm beyond second lens.
The total magnification is the product of the magnifications for the two lenses:
m = m1m2 = ( di1/do1)( di2/do2) = di1di2/do1do2
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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

= (+ 118.1 cm)(+ 21.3 cm)/(+ 35.0 cm)( 101.5 cm) =

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Chapter 23

0.708 (inverted).

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

65. The image of an infinite object formed by the refraction of the first lens will be at the focal point:
di1 = f1 = + 20.0 cm.
This image is the object for the second lens. Because it is beyond the second lens, it has a negative object
distance: do2 = 14.0 cm 20.0 cm = 6.0 cm.
We find the image formed by the refraction of the second lens:
(1/do2) + (1/di2) = 1/f2 ;
[1/( 6.0 cm)] + (1/di2) = 1/( 31.5 cm), which gives di2 = + 7.4 cm.
Thus the final image is
real 7.4 cm beyond second lens.

66. We see from the ray diagram that the image from the
first lens will be a virtual image at its focal point.
This is a real object for the second lens, and must be at
the focal point of the second lens. If L is the separation
of the lenses, the focal length of the first lens is
f1 = L f2 = 21.0 cm 31.0 cm =
10.0 cm.

f1 < 0

f2 > 0

f1
f2

67. We find the focal length by finding the image distance for an object very far away.
For the first converging lens, we have
(1/do1) + (1/di1) = 1/fC ;
(1/8) + (1/di1) = 1/fC , or, as expected, di1 = fC .
The first image is the object for the second lens. If the first image is real, the second object distance is
negative:
do2 = di1 = fC .
For the second diverging lens, we have
(1/do2) + (1/di2) = 1/fD ;
[1/( fC)] + (1/di2) = 1/fD .
Because the second image must be at the focal point of the combination, we have
( 1/fC) + (1/fT ) = 1/fD , which gives 1/fD = (1/fT) (1/fC).

68. We find the focal length of the lens from

1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)]
= (1.52 1){[1/( 31.2 cm)] + [1/( 23.8 cm)]}, which gives

69. We find the index from the lensmakers equation:

1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)];
1/28.9 cm = (n 1)[(1/31.0 cm) + (1/31.0 cm)], which gives n =

70. When the surfaces are reversed, we get

1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)]
= (1.51 1){[1/( 18.4 cm)] + (1/8)},
which gives f = 36.0 cm, which is the result from Example 2317.

Page 23 19

f = 26.0 cm.

1.54.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

71. We find the radius from the lensmakers equation:

1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)];
1/28.5 cm = (1.46 1)[(1/8) + (1/R2)], which gives R2 =

13.1 cm.

72. We find the radius from the lensmakers equation:

1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)];
1/( 25.4 cm) = (1.50 1)[(1/8) + (1/R2)], which gives R2 =
The negative sign indicates concave.

73. We find the radius from the lensmakers equation:

1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)];
+ 1.50 D = (1.56 1)[(1/20.0 cm) + (1/R2)], which gives R2 =

12.7 cm.

43.1 cm (concave).

74. We find the focal length of the lens from

1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)]
= (1.56 1){[1/( 21.0 cm)] + [1/(+18.5 cm)]}, which gives f = 277.5 cm.
We find the image distance from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
156 cm (in front of the lens).
(1/100 cm) + (1/di) = 1/277.5 cm, which gives di =
The magnification is
m = di/do = ( 156 cm)/(100 cm) =
+ 1.56 (upright).

75. The refraction equations are all based on

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2 .
The lensmakers equation is derived assuming air (n = 1.00) on the left-hand side. If we have some other
material with n different from 1.00, we can make the equation equivalent to this by using an effective
index:
sin 1 = (n2/n1) sin 2 = neff sin 2 , where neff = n2/n1 .
Thus we have
Pair = 1/fair = (nglass 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)];
Pwater = 1/fwater = [(nglass/nwater) 1][(1/R1) + (1/R2)].
If we divide the two equations, we get
Pwater/Pair = [(nglass/nwater) 1]/(nglass 1);
Pwater/(+ 5.2 D) = [(1.50/1.33) 1]/(1.50 1), which gives Pwater =
+ 1.3 D.

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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

76. For a plane mirror each image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front. Each reflection produces
a front-to-back reversal. We show the three images and the two intermediate images that are not seen.

I3

I2

I1

I1

I2

(a) The first image is from a single reflection, so it is

d1 = 2D = 2(1.5 m) =
3.0 m
away.
The second image is from two reflections, so it is
d2 = L + d + D = 2.0 m + 0.5 m + 1.5 m =
4.0 m
away.
The third image is from three reflections, so it is
d3 = 2L + D + D = 2(2.0 m) + 1.5 m + 1.5 m =
7.0 m
away.
(b) We see from the diagram that
the first image is facing
toward you;
away from you;
the second image is facing
the third image is facing
toward you.

77. We find the angle of incidence for the refraction from water
into air:
nwater sin 1 = nair sin 2 ;
(1.33) sin 1 = (1.00) sin (90 14),
which gives 1 = 47.
We find the depth of the pool from
tan 1 = x/h;
tan 47 = (5.50 m)/h =, which gives h =
5.2 m.

nair
nwater

78. At the critical angle, the refracted angle is 90. For the refraction from plastic to air, we have
nplastic sin plastic = nair sin air ;
nplastic sin 37.3 = (1.00) sin 90, which gives nplastic = 1.65.
For the refraction from plastic to water, we have
nplastic sin plastic = nwater sin water ;
53.7.
(1.65) sin plastic = (1.33) sin 90, which gives plastic =

79. We find the object distance from

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/do) + (1/7.50 103 mm) = 1/100 mm, which gives do = 101 mm =
We find the size of the image from
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
hi/(0.036 m) = (7.50 m)/(0.101 m), which gives hi =
2.7 m.

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0.101 m.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

80.

I1

30
30

30

30
30 30

I4

30

I2

I3

I5

Object
81. We find the object distance from the required magnification (which is negative for a real object and a real
image):
m = hi/ho = di/do ;
(2.7 103 mm)/(36 mm) = (9.00 m)/do , which gives do = 0.120 m.
We find the focal length of the lens from
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
(1/0.120 m) + (1/9.00 m) = 1/f, which gives f = 0.118 m = + 12 cm.

82. We get an expression for the image distance from the lens equation:
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
1/di = (1/f ) (1/do), or di = fdo/(do f ).
The magnification is
m = di/do = f/(do f ).
If the lens is converging, f > 0.
For a real object, do > 0.
When do > f, we have (do f ) > 0, so all factors in the expressions for di and m are positive;
thus di > 0 (real), and m < 0 (inverted).
When do < f, we have (do f ) < 0, so the denominator in the expressions for di and m are negative;
thus di < 0 (virtual), and m > 0 (upright).
For an object beyond the lens, do < 0.
When do > f, we have (do f ) < 0, so both numerator and denominator in the expression for di are
real.
The numerator in the expression for m is negative;
negative; thus di > 0, so the image is
thus m > 0, so the image is
upright.
When 0 < do < f, we have (do f ) < 0, so we get the same result:
real and upright.

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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

83. We get an expression for the image distance from the lens equation:
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f;
1/di = (1/f) (1/do), or di = fdo/(do f ).
If the lens is diverging, f < 0. If we write f = | f |, we get di = | f |do/(do + | f |).
For a real object, do > 0.
All factors in the expression for di are positive, thus di < 0, so the image is always virtual.
We can have a real image, di > 0, if do < 0, and | do || < | f |, so the denominator is still positive. Thus to have
a real image from a diverging lens, the condition is
0 < do < f.

84. For the refraction at the second surface, we have

n sin 3 = nair sin 4;
(1.52) sin 3 = (1.00) sin 4.
The maximum value of 4 before internal reflection takes
place at the second surface is 90. Thus for internal reflection
not to occur, we have
(1.52) sin 3 = 1.00;
sin 3 = 0.658, so 3 = 41.1.
We find the refraction angle at the second surface from
(90 2) + (90 3) + A = 180, which gives
2 = A 3 = 72 3 .
Thus 2 = 72 41.1 = 30.9.
For the refraction at the first surface, we have
nair sin 1 = n sin 2 ;
(1.00) sin 1 = (1.52) sin 2 ; which gives sin 1 = (1.52) sin 2 .
For the limiting condition, we have
sin 1 = (1.52) sin 30.9 = 0.781, so 1
= 51.3.

A
1

85. (a)
f1

f2
F1

I1

F1

F2
F2

I2

(b) We see that the mage is real and upright, and estimate that it is 20 cm beyond the second lens.
We find the image formed by the refraction of the first lens:
(1/do1) + (1/di1) = 1/f1 ;
(1/30 cm) + (1/di1) = 1/15 cm, which gives di1 = + 30 cm.
This image is the object for the second lens. Because it is in front of the second lens, it is a real
object, with an object distance of do2 = 50 cm 30 cm = 20 cm.
We find the image formed by the refraction of the second lens:
(1/do2) + (1/di2) = 1/f2 ;
(1/20 cm) + (1/di2) = 1/10 cm, which gives di2 = + 20 cm.
real, 20 cm beyond second lens.
Thus the final image is
The total magnification is the product of the magnifications for the two lenses:
m = m1m2 = ( di1/do1)( di2/do2) = di1di2/do1do2
= (+ 30 cm)(+ 30 cm)/(+ 20 cm)(+ 20 cm) = + 1.0.
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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Thus the final image is

upright, same size as object.

Page 23 24

Chapter 23

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 23

86. (a) We find the focal length by finding the image distance for an object very far away.
For the first lens, we have
(1/do1) + (1/di1) = 1/f1 ;
(1/8) + (1/di1) = 1/f1 , or, as expected, di1 = f1 .
The first image is the object for the second lens. If the first image is real, the second object is
virtual:
do2 = di1 = f1 .
For the second lens, we have
(1/do2) + (1/di2) = 1/f2 ;
[1/( f1)] + (1/di2) = 1/f2 .
Because the second image must be at the focal point of the combination, we have
( 1/f1) + (1/fT ) = 1/f2 , which gives 1/fT = (1/f1) + (1/f2).
When we solve for fT , we get
fT = f1f2/(f1 + f2).
(b) If we use the intermediate result 1/fT = (1/f1) + (1/f2), we see that
P = P1 + P1 .

87. (a) We use the lens equation with do + di = dT :

(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f ;
(1/do) + [1/(dT do) = 1/f .
When we rearrange this, we get a quadratic equation for do :
do2 dTdo + dT f = 0, which has the solution
do = ![dT (dT2 4dT f )1/2].
If dT > 4 f, we see that the term inside the square root dT2 4dT f > 0, and (dT2 4dT f )1/2 < dT ,
so we get two real, positive solutions for do .
(b) If dT < 4 f, we see that the term inside the square root dT2 4dT f < 0 ,
so there are no real solutions for do .
(c) When there are two solutions, the distance between them is
?d = do1 do2 = ![dT + (dT2 4dT f )1/2] ![dT (dT2 4dT f )1/2] =
(dT2 4dT f )1/2.
The image positions are given by
di = dT do = ![dT (dT2 4dT f )1/2].
The ratio of image sizes is the ratio of magnifications:
m = m2/m1 = (di2/do2)/(di1/do1) = (di2/do2)(do1/di1)

= {![dT + (dT2 4dT f )1/2]/![dT (dT2 4dT f )1/2]}2

=

{[dT + (dT2 4dT f )1/2]/[dT (dT2 4dT f )1/2]}2.

88. We find the focal length by finding the image distance for an object very far away.
For the first lens, we have
(1/do1) + (1/di1) = 1/f1 ;
(1/8) + (1/di1) = 1/(10.0 cm), or, as expected, di1 = 10.0 cm.
The first image is the object for the second lens. The first image is real, so the second object is
virtual:
do2 = di1 = 10.0 cm.
For the second lens, we have
(1/do2) + (1/di2) = 1/f2 ;
[1/( 10.0 cm)] + (1/di2) = 1/( 20.0 cm), which gives di2 = + 20.0 cm.
Because the second image must be at the focal point of the combination, we have
f = + 20.0 cm (converging).
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Chapter 23

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

89. For both mirrors the image is virtual (behind the mirror),
so the image distances are negative.
The image distance for the plane mirror is di1 = do , and
the image is upright and the same size.
Because the angle subtended by the image is small, it is
1 = h1/(do di1) = h/2do .
The image distance for the convex mirror is di2 , and the
image is upright and smaller.
Because the angle subtended by the image is small, it is
2 = h2/(do di2) = 1/2 = h/4do , or
h2/h = (do di2)/4do .
We find the image distance from the magnification:
m2 = h2/h = di2/do = (do di2)/4do ,
which gives di2 = do/3.
We find the required focal length of the convex mirror from
(1/do) + (1/di2) = 1/f2 ;
(1/do) + [1/( do/3)] = 1/f2 , which gives f2 = do/2.
Thus the radius of curvature is
R2 = 2f2 = 2( do/2) = do =
3.25 m.

Chapter 23

h1

h
O

I1

do
2

h2
I2

90. The two students

chose different signs for the magnification, i. e., one upright and one inverted.
The focal length of the concave mirror is f = R/2 = (40 cm)/2 = 20 cm.
We relate the object and image distances from the magnification:
m = di/do ;
3 = di/do , which gives di = 3do .
When we use this in the mirror equation, we get
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f ;
(1/do) + [1/( 3do)] = 1/f , which gives
do = 2f/3, 4f/3 = 13.3 cm, 26.7 cm.
The image distances are = 40 cm (virtual, upright), and + 80 cm (real, inverted).

91. The refraction equations for the two surfaces are all based on
n sin 1 = n sin 2 , and n sin 3 = n sin 4 .
Eq. 2310 was derived based on having air (n = 1) outside the lens. We can make these equivalent to
having air outside the lens, if we write them as
sin 1 = (n/n) sin 2 , and (n/n) sin 3 = sin 4 .
Thus we see that we have an effective index, neff = n/n, to use in Eq. 2310:
1/f = [(n/n) 1][(1/R1) + (1/R2)].
The focal length in air is
1/f = (n 1)[(1/R1) + (1/R2)];
so we have
1/f = [(n/n) 1]/f(n 1).
Eq. 238 is derived using the focal points. Thus, if we use the above focal length, the derivation is the
same, so we have the same equation:
(1/do) + (1/di) = 1/f , where 1/f = [(n/n) 1]/f(n 1).
Eq. 239 is derived by comparing heights and distances, so it is unchanged:
m = hi/ho = di/do .

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