Kuliah-13

Kuliah
13
Peretakan Hidrolik (lanjutan)
Komplesi & Kerja Ulang Sumur
(2 SKS)
Dosen : Ir.
Ir Andry Halim,
Halim MM
Universitas Trisakti
2012

Objective/Sasaran
Memahami konsep
konsep-konsep
konsep Peretakan
Hidrolik
Memahami teknik perencanaan Peretakan
Hidrolik
Memahami
M
h i penerapannya di dunia
d i
Perminyakan

Daftar Pustaka
Allen S.O. and Robert A.P. Production Operation, Vol. I Oil and
Gas Cons
Consultant
ltant International Inc
Inc.
Schlumberger Hydraulic Fracturing.
Peter E. Clark,Well Completions : Stimulation and Work Over.
Unocal Completion training/Course
Schlumberger Hydraulic Fracturing Training Material
Pertamina Hulu
Hulu, Teknik Produksi
Produksi , Jakarta,
Jakarta 2003
H.K. Van Poolen,Well Completion and Stimulations Program.
Peter E. Clark,Well Completions : Stimulation and Work Over.
Jonathan Billary
Billary,Well
Well Completions Design
Design, PetroleumElsevier,
PetroleumElsevier
2009
Semua buku perihal Komplesi dan uji Sumur
Semua
ua Ju
Jurnal
a te
tentang
ta g Komplesi
o p es da
dan uj
uji Su
Sumur
u
Se

FORMATION FRACTURING

OBJECTIVES
The objective of hydraulic fracturing for well stimulation is to increase
well productivity by creating a highly conductive path (compare to
permeability)
y) some distance away
y from wellbore into the
reservoir p
formation.
Fracture Initiation
A hydraulic fracture treatment is accomplished by pumping a suitable
fluid into the formation at a rate faster than the fluid can leak off into
the rock. Fluid pressure is built up sufficient to overcome the earth
compressive stress holding the rock material together. The rock then
parts or fractures along a plane perpendicular to the minimum
compressive stress in the formation matrix.

Fracture Extension
As injection of frac fluid continues, the fracture tends to grow in width
as fluid
fl id pressure iin th
the ffracture,
t
exerted
t d on th
the ffracture
t
fface, works
k
against the elasticity of the rock material. After sufficient frac fluid
pad has been injected to open the fracture wide enough to accept
proppant,
p
pp , sand is added to the frac fluid and is carried into the
fracture to hold it open after the job.
The growth upward or downward may be stopped by a barrier
g
mayy also be stopped
pp by
y fallout of sand
formation;; downward growth
to the bottom of the fracture. The growth outward away from the
wellbore will be stopped when the rate of frac fluid leakoff through the
face of the fracture into the formation equals the rate of fluid injection
into the fracture at the wellbore.
wellbore

Mechanics of Fracturing

Regional Rock Stresses

S

h2
= Total vertical stress, psi
= 0.007 D
= average rock density, lb/ft
h1
D = depth, ft
h1 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix stress
v = 0.007 D Pr
Pr
h2 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix stress
= formation pore pressure, psi
h
= 1 - (v Pr)
= Poissons ratio

Horizontal Matrix stress depend on rock properties and pore pressure.

Horizontal Fracture
Assuming vertical components of force are exerted against the
formation, the condition necessary for horizontal fracture initiation is
that the wellbore pressure must exceed the vertical stress plus vertical
tensile strength of the rock plus pore pressure.
Vertical
V
ti l Fracture
F
t
Condition for vertical fracture initiation depend on the relative strength
of the two principal horizontal compressive stresses.

Fracture Propagation
Fracture Orientation
The fracture will propagate in a plane perpendicular to the minimum
effective matrix stress. Usually the minimum stress is horizontal, and a
vertical fracture results.
Where horizontal matrix stress are unequal, there will be a preferred
direction for the vertical fracture.
Fracture Closure Pressure
To hold the fracture open after initiation (or to just keep it from closing),
the pressure in the fracture must exceed the pressure by an amount
equal to the minimum effective rock matrix stress. This pressure is
usually called the fracture closure pressure. The fracture gradient is the
fracture closure pressure divided by depth.

Fracture Propagation Pressure

As the fracture is extended,
extended the pressure in the fracture at the wellbore
(fracture propagation pressure) increases as a result of fluid friction
required to push the frac fluid through an increasing distance toward
the tip of the fracture.
Other factor that can increase fracture propagation pressure is the
increasing of pore pressure in the rock near the fracture due to fluid
leakoff (also increased closure pressure).
Net Fracture Pressure
Pressure in the fracture in excess of the fracture closure pressure is the
net fracture pressure. Net fracture pressure acts against the elasticity,
or Youngs modulus, of the rock to open the fracture wider.
During the fracture job, the net fracture pressure (Nolte Plot) can be
used as an indicator of fracture extension (see next plot).

Lo
og net fraccturing pressure

I
II
III
IV

- Confined height; unrestricted extension

- Unstable growth, or fluid loss
- Growth restriction
- Unstable height
II

III

IV
I

Log Time

Production Increase From Fracturing

Reasons for production increases from fracturing are :
1. New Zones Exposed
2. Reduced permeability bypassed (bypassed Damage)
3. Flow pattern in reservoir changed from radial to linear

Propping the Fracture

The objective of propping is to maintain desired fracture conductivity
economically.
Fracture conductivity depends upon a number of interrelated factors :
Type, size, and uniformity of the proppant
Degree of embedment, crushing, and or deformation of proppant
Amount of proppant
Manner of placement
Desirable Properties For Propping Agents
Size and Uniformity
Strength
Physical Properties (Acid solubility, roundness, and density)
Cost

Frac Fluids
Basically oil or water fluids are used to create
create, extend
extend, and place
proppant in the fracture.
Fluid Properties and Modification
Frac fluid consideration :
Fluid viscosity
Fluid loss
Friction loss (down the pipe)
Proppant carrying ability
High temperature stability
Formation damage
Fracture clean up
Mixing and storage problems
Cost

Frac Job Design

1. Select
1
S l t th
the right
i ht wellll
Consider the risks involved condition that increase risks are :
Less than 15-20 ft of shale between the frac interval and gas or
water sand.
Others things being equal fractures tends to move upward due to
sand fallout to the bottom of the fracture sometimes this effect
can be maximized.
Water or gas contact nearby
nearb and located in a direction so that
fracture would go toward it.
Well producing high GOR or WOR are poor candidates for
fracturing
g unless it is free g
gas or water from a zone which can be
shut off.
2. Design for the specific well
Design parameter to be considered are :
Lithology and mineralogy of the formation
Fracture geometry parameters (Young modulus, Poissons ratio,
formation boundary horizontal matrix stress)
Reservoir fluids and reservoir pressure/energy
Physical well configuration

3. Optimize design over several jobs

Usually the experience gained in several carefully designed and
evaluated jobs is necessary to achieve optimum design.
4. Utilize calculation procedures as a guide
Treatment design must specify the following parameters :
Frac fluid type
Fluid volume
Fl id viscosity
Fluid
i
it and
d flfluid
id lloss schedule
h d l
Proppant size and type
Proppant schedule
Injection
j
rate schedule
Basic design procedures :
Determine required fracture length and conductivity
Determine frac fluid characteristic and injection rates
Determine a treatment pumping and proppant injection
schedule
Computerization speeds calculation procedures

Hydraulic Fracturing Equipment

Fluid storage
Proppant storage
Blender
Primary high pressure pumps
The Operational control centre
Frac Job Evaluation
To evaluate the success of a frac treatment and help design
succeeding treatments, it is necessary to know :
What sustained production increase was obtained
What zone or zones were actually stimulated.
For vertical fractures, what was the fracture height and azimuth.
What was the fracture length
What was the fracture conductivity

PERENCANAAN
PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK

PERENCANAAN PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK

PERENCANAAN PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK

PERENCANAAN PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK

PERENCANAAN PEREKAHAN HIDROLIK

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

CONTOH SOAL

QUESTIONS ?

PR 13
PR-13
1. Apa
p y
yang
g dimaksud dengan
g fracture initiation. Jelaskan secara
singkat
2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan fracture extension. Jelaskan secara
singkat
3. Jelaskan tahap2 fract job design
4. Sebutkan hydraulic fracturing equipment