Kuliah-1b

Kuliah
1b
Komplesi
p
& Kerja
j Ulang
g Sumur
(2 SKS)
Definisi & Konsep Dasar Komplesi & Kerja ulang Sumur

Dosen : IIr. A
D
Andry
d H
Halim,
li MM
Universitas Trisakti - Jakarta
2012

Objective/Sasaran
Konsep Dasar Komplesi
Konsepp Kerja
j Ulangg

Konsep Dasar Komplesi

Well Completion atau penyelesaian sumur adalah
Pekerjaan setelah pemboran, logging dan
pemasangan casing dan flanged sudah dilakukan.
Komplesi dapat dilakukan dengan rig yang sama
atau diganti dengan snubbing unit atau unit lain
yang lebih murah.

Konsep Dasar Komplesi

Fundamentals: Why Discuss Inflow?

Completions is more than installing the equipment
It is also
Designing the equipment for the life-of-the-well
Stimulating the formation to optimize well inflow
Designing the upper completion for optimum outflow
Fi
Finding
di th
the right
i ht bbalance
l
bbetween
t
well
ll productivity,
d ti it iinstallation
t ll ti cost,
t
operating cost and risk to optimize the well profitability.
The integration point for Reservoir, Drilling & Production

Completion Types

Open-Hole (Barefoot or Sand Control)

Single Cased-Hole Completion (perforated)
Multiple Cased-Hole Completion
Commingled Cased-Hole

Completion Types
Horizontal
Dual Cased-Hole
Multi-Laterals
Commingled Monobores
Others
- Multiple tubingless
Multi laterals
- Multi-laterals
- Expandable Screens

Fundamentals: Design Process

Design the well
ell from the reservoir
reser oir out
o t
- Well flow-rate capability
- Completion sized to deliver capability
- Well drilled to contain the completion
- Design for the life-of-the
life of the well
ell (e.g.,
(e g artificial lift in late life?)
- Optimize completion based on NPV

Completion design is a process

- Plan the well (Peer Assists & Risk Assessments)
- Execute the job (Action Reviews)
- Evaluate the results
lessons-learned
learned (Retrospect)
- Document the lessons
- Re-use the lessons to improve your next design

The Unocal Completions Process

Determine Completion Options

(Rates & NPVs)

PLAN
-Identify
-Validate
-Approve

Completion

CFTOpportunities
Knowledge
DOCUMENT

E i
Environment
t

EXECUTE
Maintain
Performance
Accountability

Capture Best
Practices/ Lessons
Learned

EVALUATE

Analyze Trends

Completed
Wells

Ops.

The Unocal Completions Process

Audit

Get Information

Post Project
Review

Project
Execution &
Daily risk
mitigation

Risk
Identification

Risk
Manageme
nt
Program

Communication

Risk
Assessment

Risk
Mitigation

Fundamentals: Design Issues

Key Design Issues:
Well Inflow / Outflow
Completion Selection
NPV Optimization (economics)
Design
g and Modeling
g
- Pre-Job Nodal Modeling (Prosper)
- Tubular Stress Analyses (TDAS or WellCat)
- Torque-and-Drag (Compass)
- Fracture
F
Stimulation
S i l i (StimPlan)
(S i Pl )
- Erosion Calculations (Flux-rates)
- Materials Selection (Metals, elastomers)
- Formation Geology
gy / Fluids and Filtration

Execution / Pumping
-Design and QC (operations, costs, etc)
Post-Job Evaluation
Production

Kerja Ulang Sumur

Kerja
j Ulangg Sumur

Materi terkait
komplesi
p
sumur

PERFORATING

OPTIMIZING FLUID FLOW

Casing
Cement

Goal : to establish effective

communication between the
wellbore and the reservoir

Undisturbed Formation
(Permeability ku)

Damaged Zone
(Permeability kd)

Crushed Zone
(Permeability kc)

Factors that influence fluid flow through the perforations :

- Perforating Geometry
- Damaged zones around the wellbore
- Crushed zones around the perforation
- Differential
Diff
ti l pressure that
th t exist
i t when
h perforating
f ti

 PERFORATING GEOMETRY
Perforating geometry involves :
Gun Phasing
Shot density
Perforation diameter
Penetration depth
0.1 ent. hole
2.5 penetration

Gun Phasing

Cement
7 Casing
0.3 ent. hole
6.0 penetration

Bore hole

Perforation
Diameter
Penetration

FORMATION FRACTURING

OBJECTIVES
The objective of hydraulic fracturing for well stimulation is to increase
well productivity by creating a highly conductive path (compare to
reservoir p
permeability)
y) some distance away
y from wellbore into the
formation.
Fracture Initiation
A hydraulic fracture treatment is accomplished by pumping a suitable
fluid into the formation at a rate faster than the fluid can leak off into
the rock. Fluid pressure is built up sufficient to overcome the earth
compressive stress holding the rock material together. The rock then
parts or fractures along a plane perpendicular to the minimum
compressive stress in the formation matrix.

Fracture Extension
As injection of frac fluid continues, the fracture tends to grow in width
as fluid
fl id pressure in
i the
th fracture,
f t
exerted
t d on th
the ffracture
t
fface, works
k
against the elasticity of the rock material. After sufficient frac fluid
pad has been injected to open the fracture wide enough to accept
proppant,
p
pp , sand is added to the frac fluid and is carried into the fracture
to hold it open after the job.
The growth upward or downward may be stopped by a barrier
g
mayy also be stopped
pp by
y fallout of sand to
formation;; downward growth
the bottom of the fracture. The growth outward away from the wellbore
will be stopped when the rate of frac fluid leakoff through the face of
the fracture into the formation equals the rate of fluid injection into the
fracture at the wellbore
wellbore.

Mechanics of Fracturing
Regional Rock Stresses

= Total vertical stress, psi

= 0.007 D
= average rock density, lb/ft
D = depth, ft
v = 0.007 D Pr
Pr = formation pore pressure, psi

h2
h1
h1 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix stress
h2 = Maximum principal horizontal matrix stress

Horizontal Matrix stress depend on rock properties and pore pressure.

ZONE ISOLATION
SQUEEZE CEMENTING
PACKERS

Squeeze Cementing - Definition

Injection of Cement Slurry
into the voids behind the
casing
Dehydration
y
of cement
requires: fluid fluid-loss, porous
(permeable) matrix,
differential pressure, time.
Injection below or above
fracture pressure

PACKERS
Objectives
All packers
k
will
ill attain
tt i one or more off the
th following
f ll i objectives
bj ti
when
h they
th
are functioning properly :
p
1. Isolate well fluids and pressure.
2. Keep gas mixed with liquids, by using gas energy for natural flow.
3 Separate producing zones
3.
zones, preventing fluid and pressure contamination
contamination.
4. Aid in forming the annular volume (casing/tubing/packer) required for
gas lift or subsurface hydraulic pumping systems.
5. Limit well control to the tubing at the surface, for safety purposes.
6 Hold well servicing fluids (kill fluids,
6.
fluids packer fluids) in casing annulus.
annulus

COMPLETION FLUID

Fungsi C/WO Fluids

Fungsi utama:
Stabilize the wellbore & control subp
surface pressure
Fungsi lain:
Suspend equipments and transport solids
Sebagai medium untuk well logging
Pelumasan
Displace
p
other fluids

JENIS FLUIDA C/WO

Solids
Solids--Free Brine Systems (Clear Fluid)
SolidsSolids-Laden Fluids
Drilling Fluids
Lease Water or Seawater

Solids--Free Brine Systems

Solids
y
NaCl dan KCl brines biasanya
y dibuat
dengan melarutkan kristal garam kering
dengan air karena densitas maximum
yang dapat
d
dicapai
d
relatif
l f rendah;
d h bila
bl
dijual dalam bentuk larutan biaya
angkutan menjadi mahal karena adanya
tambahan berat air.
NaBr biasanya dibuat dari garam kering
atau tersedia dari supplier dalam
bentuk larutan pekat dengan densitas
sesuai dengan kebutuhan.

FORMATION DAMAGE
Damage
Zone

Basic Causes of Damage

Contact with
C
i h a foreign
f i fluid
fl id is
i the
h basic
b i cause off Formation
F
i Damage.
D
This foreign fluid may be a drilling mud, a clean completion or
workover fluid, a stimulation or well treating fluid, or even the
reservoir fluid itself if the original characteristics are altered.
altered
Most oilfield fluids consist of two phases liquid and solids. Either
can cause significant formation damage through one of several
possible mechanisms.
mechanisms

Plugging Associated with Solids

Occurs on the formation face, in the perforation, or in the formation :
Weighting materials, clays, viscosity builder, fluid loss control material, lost
circulation materials, drilled solid, cement particles, perforating charge
debris rust and mill scale
debris,
scale, pipe dope
dope, precipitated scale
scale, etc.
etc
Large Solids (perforating tunnel, face of an open hole zone, face of
natural or created fracture or in fracture channel)
Small Solids (may be carried for some distance into the pores)
Solids Precipitated (scale or asphaltene/paraffin)

Plugging
gg g Associated with Fluid Filtrate
The liquid filtrate may be water containing varying types and concentrations of
positive and negative ions and surfactants. It may be a hydrocarbon carrying
various surfactants.
The liquid is forced into porous zones by differential pressure, displacing or
commingling with a portion of the virgin reservoir fluids. This may create
blockage due to one or more of several mechanism that may reduce the absolute
permeability of the pore, or restrict flow due to relative permeability or viscosity
effects
ff t .

Classification Of Damage
The numerous mechanisms
Th
h i
that
th t result
lt in
i formation
f
ti damage
d
may be
b generally
ll
classified as to the manner by which they decrease production :
Reduced absolute permeability of formation results from plugging of pore
channels byy induced or inherent particles.
p
Reduced relative permeability to oil resultss from an increase in water
saturation or oil-wetting of the rock.
Increase viscosity of reservoir fluid results from emulsions or highviscosity treating fluids.
fluids

100

kd = 50 md

Produc
ction Rate bbl/day

kd = 10 md
10

kd = 1 md
1

Permeability
y of undamaged
g reservoir = 100 md

Relates productivity loss to degree

and depth of damage.
damage The important
point is that with radial flow, the
critical area is the first few feet away
from the well bore.

Formastion thickness 10 ft
Well bore radius
0.25 ft
Drainage Radius
500 ft
Oil Visosity
0.5 cp
Drawdown
53.6 psi

0.1

0.01
0

10

15

20

25

Radius of damaged zone beyond well bore, ft

Cement
7 Casing
Bore hole

Mengapa komplesi
sumur p
penting
g?

Fundamentals: Why Discuss Inflow?

60%

First Year production

above expectation

Andrew
Ram Powell
20%
Underspend

- 40%

-20%

Harding
Cupiagua

Overspend
40%

Liuhua

Chirag
Cusiana ph 2

Arkwright

80%

ETAP

W. Seno

Hugoton

-60%

Schiehallion
Pedernales

First Year production

below expectation
-100%

Foinaven

Historically,
Hi
t i ll the
th industry
i d t has
h nott been
b
greatt att predicting
di ti cost,
t productivity
d ti it or
risk. We must do better to handle Deepwater projects

Completion Options Life

Life--ofof-Well Issues
Classic Failure Rate

Completions are not much different from

other commodities (e.g., cars)

50
45
40

# Failures

35

S d Control
Sand
C
l Failure
F il
By
B Age
A and
d Completion
C
l i
Type

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

% of GP
P Wells That Fa
ail

80

0.1

70

SOC
CHGP
OHGP
FP

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

15

20

10
Time

FPs cost more but last

longer
Screen-only cost less but
fail more frequently

Years on Production
Ref G. King Completion Database dated 2004.

100

Questions ?

PR-1
1.
2.
3.
4
4.

Apa yang dimaksud dengan komplesi

Sebutkan jjenis jenis
j
komplesi
p
Apa yang dimaksud dengan kerja ulang
Sebutkan key issues pada komplesi
sumur