RESEARCH ON ELT I

Lecture II

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

By the end of this course, you will be

able to :

mention the definition of

population and sampling,
and types of sampling
techniques

What is
Population?

A research population is generally a large

collection of individuals or objects that is
the main focus of a scientific query.
It is also defined as a well-defined
collection of individuals or objects
known to have similar characteristics.
All individuals or objects within a
certain population usually have a
common, binding characteristic or
trait.

In short, population does not

only cover people but also
the other objects. It is not just
about the number of the
object/subject being studied,
but rather covering the
characteristic/nature they
have as well.

However, due to the large

sizes of populations,
researchers often cannot
test every individual in the
population because it is too
expensive and timeconsuming. This is the
reason why researchers
rely on sampling
techniques.

What is
Sampling
Technique?

Sampling or sampling
technique is the process of
selecting a group of subjects for
a study in such a way
that the individuals represent
the larger group from which
they were selected.
(L. R. Gay, 1987:01)

This representative portion of a

population is called a sample.
(Ary et. al., 1987:125)

A sample-based research is
applicable when the subject of
the study is claimed to be
homogenous.

Sample-based research is more

advantegous rather than that of
population-based one because of the
following reasons :
1. You can save time, cost, and energy for
the subject of the study is relatively
small in number.
2. You might not miss important details.

3. You may not experience fatique in terms

of note taking and analysis.

TYPES
OF
SAMPLING

RANDOM

NON RANDOM

every individual in the population have equal

chance of being selected as a subject for the
research

members of the population do not have equal

chance of being selected

The advantage of using probability sampling

is the accuracy of the statistical method after
the experiment. It can also be used to
estimate the population parameters since it
is representative of the entire population. It
is also a reliable method to eliminate
sampling bias.

This sampling method is usually employed in

studies that are not interested in the
parameters of the entire population. Some
researchers prefer this sampling technique
because it is cheap, quick and easy.

RANDOM
SAMPLING

SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING

STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING

CLUSTER RANDOM
SAMPLING

SYSTEMATIC
RANDOM SAMPLING

AREA RANDOM
SAMPLING

NON RANDOM
SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE
SAMPLING
SNOW-BALL
SAMPLING

PURPOSIVE
SAMPLING

The detailed
explanation about
sampling techniques
is provided in MWord file