Chemistry
(D)
iodine
[1]
ii.
(B)
boiling point
[1]
iii.
(D)
90 and a b c
[1]
iv.
(A)
He + O2
[1]
v.
(B)
1 d[NO 2 ]
4
dt
vii.
[1]
1 d[N 2 O5 ] 1 d[NO 2 ] d[O 2 ]
=
=
2
dt
4 dt
dt
(C) 625 K
The reaction turns from spontaneous to non-spontaneous when G = 0.
0 = G = H T S
H
50 103 J
= 625 K
=
T=
80 J K 1
S
[1]
(B) 2 : 1
The reaction occuring during electrolysis of acidified water is
2H2O(l)
2H2(g) + O2(g)
[1]
. (i)
. (ii)
. (iii)
To find:
The standard enthalpy of the reaction, H
Calculation: Multiply equation (i) by (2),
2H3BO3(aq) 2HBO2(aq) + 2H2O(l), H = 0.04 kJ
Multiply equation (ii) by ,
1
1
H2B4O7(s) B2O3(s) + H2O(l), H = 8.65 kJ
2
2
1
Reverse equation (iii) and multiply by ,
2
1
1
2HBO2(aq)
H2B4O7(s) + H2O(l), H = 5.79 kJ
2
2
. (iv)
. (v)
. (vi)
[1]
1
ii.
Given:
To find:
Formulae:
[1]
[1]
Calculation: a.
Molarity =
b.
6.3 103
= 1.04 mol/dm3
63 103 96.15 103
[1]
[1]
iii.
a.
[1]
[1]
b.
(hot and
conc.)
[1]
Sodium
chloride
Sodium
chloride
Sodium
chlorate
Sodium
hypochlorite
iv.
Chemistry
[1]
Potassium
chloride
Volume =
Density
Given:
Volume =
2g
= 0.2 cm3
3
10 g cm
[]
[]
[]
0.2cm3
1 1024 cm3
= 0.2 1024 unit cells
The given unit cell is of fcc type, therefore, it contains 4 atoms.
=
[]
[]
0.2 1024 unit cells will contain 4 0.2 1024 = 0.8 1024 atoms
= 8 1023 atoms
Number of atoms present in 2g of crystal is 8 1023 atoms.
[]
ii.
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[]
[]
[]
[]
iv.
Molecularity of reaction
Order of reaction
a. It is the number of reactant molecules It is the sum of the exponents to which the
taking part in an elementary reaction.
concentration terms in the rate law are
raised.
b. It is the theoretical property indicating It is an experimental property indicating
the number of reactant molecules the dependence of the observed reaction
involved in each act leading to the rate on the concentration of the reactants.
reaction.
c. It is always an integer and never a
It may be an integer, fraction or zero.
fraction or zero.
d. It does not change with the experimental It may change with the experimental
conditions.
conditions.
e. It is the property of only elementary It is the property of both the complex and
reactions and has no meaning for the elementary reactions.
complex reactions.
f. It is based on balanced chemical It is not based on balanced chemical
equation.
equation.
[ 4]
[2]
[1]
Chemistry
Definition of entropy:
The property of a system which measures the degree of disorder or randomness in the system
is called entropy. It is denoted by letter S.
vi.
[1]
Structure of H4P2O6:
O O
HO P P OH
OH OH
[1]
Hypophosphoric acid(H4P2O6)
vii.
a.
b.
viii. a.
[1]
Henrys law:
Henrys law relates solubility of a gas with external pressure. The law states that, the
solubility of a gas in liquid at constant temperature is proportional to the pressure of
the gas above the solution. If S is the solubility of the gas in mol dm3, then according
to Henrys law,
S P i.e. S = KP
where, P is the pressure of the gas in atmosphere, K is constant of proportionality and
has the unit of mol dm3 atm1.
[1]
Effect of temperature:
According to Charles law, volume of a given mass of a gas increases with increase in
temperature. Therefore, volume of a given mass of dissolved gas in solution also
increases with increase in temperature, so that it becomes impossible for the solvent in
solution to accommodate gaseous solute in it and gas bubbles out. Hence solubility of
gas in liquid decreases with increase of temperature.
[1]
Schottky defect:
1.
Sometimes during crystallisation, some of
the places of the constituent particles
remain unoccupied and the defect
generated is called vacancy defect or
B
B
A+
A+
Schottky defect.
2.
The unoccupied positions are called Cation
A+
B
B
vacancy
vacancies.
3.
It results in the decrease in density of the
B
A+
A+
B
substance.
4.
In case of ionic solids, cations and anions Anion
A+
B
A+
in stoichiometric proportions remain vacancy
absent from their position to maintain
Schottky defect
electrical neutrality.
5.
In Ionic compounds, this defect is known as Schottky defect.
6.
The defects are observed in solids with cations and anions having almost equal
size like NaCl, KCl, CsCl, etc.
[1]
5
Frenkel defect:
1.
When cation or anion from ionic solid
leaves its regular site and moves to
occupy a place between the lattice site
called interstitial position, the defect is Cation
called interstitial defect or Frenkel defect. vacancy
2.
The presence of this defect does not alter Cation in
interstitial
the density of the solid.
site
3.
This defect is common when the
difference in ionic radii of cations and
anions is large.
4.
This defect is observed in AgCl solid
because of Ag+ ions or ZnS solid because
of Zn++ ions.
A+
B
A+
B
A+
+
A
+
A+
A+
Frenkel defect
4H2O(l) + 4e
2H2(g) + 4OH (aq)
2.
3.
[]
[]
2H2(g) + O2(g)
4.
[1]
2H2O(l)
(cathodic reduction)
(overall reaction)
[1]
Calculation of e.m.f.:
E 0Cu = 0.334 V
E 0Zn = 0.76 V
The overall cell reaction is the redox reaction which is the sum of oxidation half
reaction at anode and reduction half reaction at cathode.
Zn(s) Zn2+(0.1M) + 2e
(oxidation half reaction at anode)
2+
[]
[]
[1]
c.
ii.
a.
Chemistry
Isotonic solutions: Two or more solutions exerting the same osmotic pressure are
called isotonic solutions.
eg. 0.05 M (3.0 g L1) urea solution and 0.05 M (17.19 g L1) sucrose solution are
isotonic because their osmotic pressures are the same. If these solutions are
separated by a semipermeable membrane, there is no flow of solvent in either
direction.
[1]
H U = n RT
[1]
Activation energy: The activation energy (Ea) is defined as the minimum kinetic
energy required for a molecular collision to lead to reaction.
[1]
k2 = 4k1
k
or 2 = 4
k1
To find:
Activation energy (Ea)
T2 T1
Ea
k
Formula: log 2 =
2.303R T1T2
k1
323 303
Ea
4k1
=
log10 4 =
2.303 8.314
97869
0.60206 2.303 8.314 97869
Ea =
= 5.641 104 J/mol
20
= 56.41 kJ/mol
The activation energy for the given reaction is 56.41 kJ/mol.
Calculation: log10
[1]
[]
[]
[]
[]
7
Powdered coke
Copper clamp
Carbon lining
(cathode)
Iron container
Molten
aluminium
Outlet for
aluminium
[2]
c.
Atomic number
10
Electronic configuration
1s22s22p6
[1]
Uses of neon:
a.
Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and in green houses.
b.
neon lights. Neon lights are glass tubes filled with neon or mixture of neon
and other gases at about 2mm pressure. They glow on electric discharge.
They are attractive and have a great penetrating power in mist and fog.
When the composition of gaseous mixture and the colour of tube is
changed, various shades of neon light are observed.
2.
3.
[ 2]
[1]
SECTION - II
Q.5. Select and write the most appropriate answer:
i.
(B) dichromate ion changes to chromate ion.
ii.
[1]
[1]
Peroxide
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 + HCl
|
But-1-ene
Cl
2-Chlorobutane
(sec-Butyl chloride)
(major product)
iii.
(A)
2-iodo-3-methylbutane
CH3
CH3
|
|
2-Iodo-3-methylbutane
[1]
Chemistry
(A)
1-phenylhexan-2-one
O
||
C6H5 CH2 C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
1
[1]
1-Phenylhexan-2-one
v.
(A)
antiseptic
[1]
vi.
(D)
tetrasaccharides
[1]
vii.
(D)
HDPE
[1]
OH
+
Zn
Phenol
b.
+ ZnO
[1]
Benzene
OH
O
Na 2 Cr2 O7
H 2SO 4
Phenol
[1]
O
Benzoquinone
c.
OH
OH
O2N
NO2
conc.H 2SO 4
+ 3HNO3
+ 3H2O
(conc.)
ii.
[1]
NO2
Phenol
Picric acid
(2,4,6-Trinitrophenol)
|
|
OH
HCC=O
C C = O + H2O
|
|
H
H
Ethanal
Carbanion
[1]
Step 2: The nucleophilic carbanion or enolate ion attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon
atom of second molecule of aldehyde to form the alkoxide ion.
H H
|
|
HCC=O
|
H
H H
| |
CC=O
|
H
H H H H
| |
| |
H C C C C = O
|
| |
H O H
[1]
Ethanal
Alkoxide ion
Step 3 : The alkoxide ion thus formed, accepts a proton from water, forming aldol and OH.
H H H
|
|
|
H C C C = O + H OH
|
|
|
H O H
H H H H
| | |
|
H C C C C = O + OH
| |
|
H OH H
3-Hydroxybutanal
(-Hydroxyaldehyde)
Alkoxide ion
iii.
iv.
Although the open chain structure of D (+) Glucose explains most of its reactions, it fails to
explain the following facts:
a.
D (+)-Glucose does not undergo certain characteristic reactions of aldehydes.
eg., Glucose does not form NaHSO3 addition product, aldehyde-ammonia adduct,
2, 4 DNP derivative and does not respond to Schiffs reagent test.
b.
Glucose reacts with NH2OH to form an oxime but glucose pentaacetate does not react
with NH2OH, which implies that the free aldehyde group is absent in glucose
pentaacetate.
c.
D(+)-Glucose exists in two stereoisomeric crystalline forms, i.e. -glucose and
-glucose, called anomers. -D(+)-Glucose is obtained when a concentrated aqueous or
alcoholic solution is crystallised at 303 K. It has a melting point of 419 K and has a
specific rotation of +111 in a freshly prepared aqueous solution.
However, when glucose is crystallised from water above 371 K, -D(+)-glucose is
obtained. It has a melting point of 423 K and has a specific rotation of +19.2 in a
freshly prepared aqueous solution. This behaviour could not be explained by the open
chain structure of glucose.
a.
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
Silver
Nitrite
Nitromethane
OR
Nitromethane is obtained in good yield by action of sodium or potassium nitrite on
bromomethane,
in
presence
of
solvent
dimethyl
sulphoxide
or
N,N-dimethylformamide.
eg.
dimethyl sulphoxide or
CH3 Br
+ NaNO2/KNO2
CH3 NO2 + NaBr/KBr
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Bromomethane
10
Sodium/potassium
nitrite
Nitromethane
[1]
Chemistry
+ NaCl
[1]
H2O
CH3 NO2 + NaHCO3
Nitromethane
c.
H
CH3 C = CH NO2 + H2O
CH3 NO2 + CH3 C = O
[1]
Nitromethane
2-Methyl-1-nitropropene
ONa+
+ NaOH
[1]
Carbolic acid
ONa+
CH3 I
O CH3
+ NaI
[1]
Methoxy benzene
ii.
iii.
[2]
C6H5 C = NMgI
Benzonitrile
[1]
C6H5
Phenyl
magnesium
iodide
Adduct
H3O+
C6H5
C = O + Mg(OH)I + NH3
C6H5
[1]
Benzophenone
11
Amide
[]
1 Amine
O
CH3 CH2 C NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH CH3 CH2 NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O []
Propanamide
b.
c.
v.
vi.
Ethanamine
Hormones:
a.
Hormones are the chemicals secreted by the ductless glands (endocrine glands) and
transported by the blood stream, to different parts of the body where they control
different physiological actions of the body.
b.
The blood provides the required chemicals in the form of raw materials for secretion of
hormones and also act as a vehicle for transport of hormones to reach the specific
organs of the body.
c.
The parts of the body organs where hormones are produced are called effectors and
where they act on cells are called targets.
d.
Hormones are easily diffusible, have low molecular weight and affect biological processes.
e.
Hormones are normally derived from amino acid derivatives or peptides and proteins or
steroids.
eg. Thyroxine, Insulin, Androgens, Estrogens and Progesterone.
Function of insulin:
Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted in pancreas and controls carbohydrate metabolism by
increasing glycogen in muscles and oxidation of glucose in tissue and also lowers the blood
sugar.
[1]
[1]
[1]
On the basis of mode of polymerisation, polymers are classified into the following groups:
a.
Addition polymers or chain growth polymers:
1.
A polymer formed by direct addition of repeated monomers without the
elimination of byproduct molecules is called addition polymer.
2.
In this, the monomers are alkenes, alkadienes (or their derivatives) or alkynes.
3.
All the atoms of monomers are present in the addition polymer and they have the
same empirical formula as their monomer.
eg. Orlon/ acrilan / polyacrylonitrile (PAN):
CN
CN
CN
n CH2 = CH
Vinyl cyanide
(Acrylonitrile)
(Monomer)
12
(aqueous
or alcoholic)
Polymerization
CH2 CH CH2 CH
n
Repeating unit
Orlon/Acrilan/PAN
(Addition polymer)
[1]
Chemistry
Adipic acid
O
n H 2O
[1]
Nylon-6,6
vii.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Addition of sugar: Preservation by addition of sugar and then applying heat is a highly
important method in case of fruits to prepare jams, jellies and marmalades. This
method is simple, cheap and easy to adopt.
Addition of salt: Common salt has antimicrobial activity. Salt is added to food to
control the growth of fungus and micro-organisms. When salt is added, bacterial cell
loses water due to osmosis. Due to this, the cell either remains dormant or dies. This
helps in storage of food. This method of preservation of food by addition of salt is
called salting. It is used for preservation of fish products, meat and for the preparation
of pickles of lemon, chillies, raw mangoes, etc. It is also used in the preservation of
amla, beans, tamarind, etc.
Addition of vinegar: Vinegar is added to preserve food like pickles, salad dressings,
mustard, fish, etc.
Addition of other chemicals: Chemicals like sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and
propionic acid, etc., are used as preservatives.
(Any two chemical methods)
[1 2]
[2]
viii.
Elements
Symbols
Chromium Cr
Manganese Mn
24
25
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
4.
5.
2.
b.
[1]
[1]
NH2
Melamine
c.
C
H3C
Non polar tail, oil soluble
hydrocarbon
14
ONa
Polar head, water
soluble part
[1]
Chemistry
When a soap is dissolved in water, many molecules come together and form a
group called micelle because their hydrocarbon chains come together and the
polar ends are projected outward.
[]
Micelle formation
3.
When a cloth with a spot of oil and dirt is soaked into the soap solution, soap
dissolves a tiny oil droplet by the hydrophobic end in the middle of the micelle.
Due to the outwardly projected polar ends, these micelles dissolve in water and
are washed away. Thus the clothes get cleaned.
Oil
droplet
[]
Oil droplet in the middle of the micelle
ii.
a.
2.
[]
[]
COOH
COOH
|
HO C* H
|
CH3
H C* OH
|
CH3
d-lactic acid
Mirror
[1]
l-lactic acid
Hence lactic acid can exist as d-form and l-form which are non-superimposable mirror
images of each other.
15
b.
Reactants
H
Products
Reaction co-ordinate
Energy profile diagram for S N1
mechanism
c.
d.
[1]
[1]
[1]
[]
[]
120
120
[]
O
120
The oxygen atom carries two lone pairs of electrons. The -electron cloud lies
above and below the plane of the rest of the atoms.
16
[]