PPT No.

11

* Gausss

Law for Dielectric Materials,

* Electric Displacement Vector D
* Permittivity
* Susceptibility
* Dielectric Constant

Gauss Law for Dielectric Materials

Electrostatic field in the dielectric material
is modified due to polarization and
is not the same as in vacuum.
Hence the Gauss law
which is applicable in vacuum
needs to be reconsidered for dielectric media.
Gauss Law for Dielectric Materials has two forms
A) Integral
B) Differential

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

Fig. parallel-plate conductors (a) without (b) with dielectric

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

(I) Consider two parallel-plate conductors in vacuum having
plane area S, separation d and vacuum between plates.
Let +q and q be the charges deposited on the plates.
Due to the charges, E0 is the uniform electric field
directed from positive to negative plate (Fig. a).
Consider the Gaussian surface,
In the form of a rectangle
around the upper conducting plate of positive charges.

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

Applying Gausss law

the electric flux passing through the closed surface is given by

The field is

It is normal to the plate surfaces.

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

(II) Consider that a dielectric material of permittivity and

dielectric constant k is filled completely between the plates
Charges q and +q are induced on the dielectric surfaces
that are in the proximity of
the plates having charges q and -q respectively. (Fig.b).

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

The induced charges set up an electric field Eind

in the dielectric.
The dielectric is polarized.
The dielectric remains as a whole electrically neutral as
the positive induced surface charge must be equal to
the negative induced surface charge.

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

In the presence of the dielectric

the surface encloses two types of charge:
Free charge on the upper conducting plate is q and
Induced charge on the top face of dielectric is -q
due to the polarization of the dielectric material

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

The net charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface

around the (same upper conducting) plate
(of positive charges +q)
is q-q.

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

According to Gausss law

Field E in the dielectric is in the opposite direction

to that of the applied electric field E0.
The effect of the dielectric is
to weaken the original field E0 by the factor k= / 0.

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

Fig. E-Field Lines in a dielectrcic due to Applied Field E0 & Induced Field Eind

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

The magnitude of the net induced charge q`

is always less than
magnitude of the free charge q
applied to the plates
& is equal to zero if dielectric is absent

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

The induced surface charge is purposely

ignored on the right side of this equation,
since it is taken into account fully by
introducing k on the left side.
Where D = E = 0 k E
D is called as the displacement vector.

(k= / 0).

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

The equation states that

the surface integral of displacement vector D
over a closed surface =
the free charge enclosed within the surface or
The outward flux of D over any closed surface S equals
the algebraic sum of the free charges enclosed by S

A) Integral Form of Gauss Law

This important equation,

although derived for parallel plate conductors,
is true in general.
It is the most general form of Gauss law.
The charge q enclosed by the Gaussian surface is
the free charge only, which can be controlled and measured.
Hence this form of Gauss law is very useful.

B) Differential Form of Gauss Law

A dielectric material kept in an electric field

is polarized.
It has bound or polarization charge density b
due to accumulation of bound charges

B) Differential Form of Gauss Law

The applied electric field itself is created by
transferring electric charges.
They are called as free charges (brought from
outside e.g. conduction electrons in metals).
They give rise to f the charge density due to
free charges i.e. not due to polarization.
The total charge density consists of two parts

B) Differential Form of Gauss Law

According to Gauss' law in differential form

E is the total electric field due to

both types (bound and free) charges.
Rearranging the expression and substituting

B) Differential Form of Gauss Law

The differential form of Gauss Law in dielectrics

This is the differential form of Gauss Law in dielectrics.

D is termed as the electric displacement.
D has the same dimensions as P
(dipole moment per unit volume).

B) Differential Form of Gauss Law

This is Gauss law in Dielectrics

In terms of D
It can be written in terms of E
using relation D = E =>
. E = f
The other equation in electrostatics
xE=0
remains unchanged in dielectrics.

Gauss Law in Dielectrics

According to the divergence theorem
the differential form changes to integral form as

The flux of D out of a closed surface S is equal to

the total free charge enclosed within that surface.
Thus the statement of Gausss Law in integral form
can be obtained from differential form.
It can be derived from
first principles also. (Refer to Integral form)

Susceptibility
For most linear, isotropic, homogeneous dielectric materials,
the polarization P is is aligned with and
directly proportional to the average electric field intensity E
so that the ratio of the two, P/E, is a constant.
e = P/E
e = P/(0E)

in centimetre-gram-second (cgs) system

in metre-kilogram-second (mks) system
(0 = Electric constant)

In MKS, the constant of proportionality

is usually written as 0e
(to make e dimensionless).

Susceptibility

e expresses an intrinsic property of the material

called as the Electric.
The relation between vectors P and E becomes

Susceptibility

(In an anisotropic material,

the polarization P and the field E
are not necessarily in the same direction.
Then the Electric Susceptibilityof the medium is
a tensor quantity instead of e)

Susceptibility

The electric susceptibility e of a dielectric material is

a measure of the ease of polarization in applied electric field
It is also called as dielectric susceptibility.
It is a dimensionless parameter having positive value.

Susceptibility

Due to the difference in definition,

the value of the electric susceptibility of a given material in
the mks system is 4 times its value in the cgs system
e in the mks system = 4 times e in the cgs system

Permittivity
The relation between Electric Displacement D &
the polarization density P by

The displacement field D is also proportional to

electric field intensity E
D=E
where = r 0

Permittivity

D=E
The new constant
is called the Permittivity of the material

Permittivity is directly related to

electric susceptibility .

Permittivity

Permittivity is a measure of the ease /degree

to which molecules of some materials polarize (align)
under the influence of an electric field.
Permittivity () is a physical quantity that describes how
an electric field affects and is affected by a dielectric medium,
It is determined by the ability of a material to polarize in
response to the field & reduce the field inside the material.

Permittivity

Permittivity relates to the ability of a material

to transmit (or "permit") an electric field.
In a capacitor, an increased permittivity allows
the same charge to be stored with a smaller electric field
(and thus a smaller voltage)
which results in an increased capacitance.

Permittivity

In SI units, permittivity is measured in

farad per meter (F/m);
0 = 8.85 1012 F/m
is the Permittivity of vacuum or free space.

Susceptibility e and Relative permittivity

Relation between r the relative Permittivity & susceptibility

r = 1 + e
[e = P/(0E)]

e = r - 1.

e = r - 1.
The relation between electric susceptibility of a medium e
to its relative Permittivity r implies that
the Electric susceptibility is a measure of that part of
the relative permittivity which is due to the material itself.

Susceptibility e and Relative permittivity

In the case of a vacuum,

Susceptibility determines
the electric Permittivity of the material.
It has influence on many physical phenomena in the medium

Dielectric constant
*The dielectric constant is a characteristic quantity
of a given dielectric substance.
The dielectric constant is
the relative Permittivity of a dielectric material i.e.
the ratio of the Permittivity of a substance to
the permittivity of free space.
* It is denoted by k
k = / 0

Dielectric constant
k = / 0
Since the dielectric constant is just a ratio of
two similar quantities,
it is dimensionless.
* The dielectric constant of free space / vacuum is 1.
It is a measure of the extent to which a material
concentrates electrostatic lines of flux.

Dielectric constant
It can also be expressed as the ratio of
the electric field without the dielectric (Eo) to
the net field (E) with (i.e. in the presence of) the dielectric
= Eo / E
E Eo , so the dielectric constant 1.

Dielectric constant

As the dielectric constant increases,

the electric flux density increases,
if all other factors remain unchanged.
This enables objects such as sets of metal plates,
to hold their electric charge for long periods of time,
and/or to hold large quantities of charge.

Dielectric constant
= C / Co, where
Co is the capacitance with no dielectric between the plates
Materials with high dielectric constants are useful in
the manufacture of high-value Capacitors.
is an important parameter in characterizing Capacitors

Dielectric constant

In a region completely filled by material of

dielectric constant k,
all electrostatics involving the permittivity constant 0
is to be modified by replacing 0 by k0