AC Circuits

Lecture Notes
EEE 165
Basic Electrical Technology
Course Teacher: Mr. Hafiz Imtiaz

Submitted by:

Saad Abd Ar Rafie

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L-1/T-2, Section B
Department of Civil Engineering

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOL OGY

AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 12

Date: 08-10-2011

Alternating Current (AC)

A current that reverses at regular time intervals and has alternately positive and
negative values is an alternating current. An alternating current is usually referred
to as sinusoidal current.
A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function. Thus, circuits
driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are called ac circuits.
Let us consider the alternating current ,
i (t) = Im sin (t)
where,
Im = the amplitude of the current
= the angular frequency in radians/s
t = the argument of the sinusoid

The magnitude of current will be 0 (zero) when its amplitude is also zero.
Alternating current will be transformed into direct current when = 0.

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

It is evident that the sinusoid repeats itself every T seconds ; thus T is called
the period of the sinusoid. From the figure included above, we observe that

T = 2
T=
i(t) repeats itself every T seconds is shown by replacing t by t+T . So, we get

i (t+T) = Im sin (t+T) = Im sin (t +

= Im sin (t + 2) = Im sin (t) = i (t)

i has the same value at (t+T) as it does at t and so i(t) is said to be periodic.
Cycle : The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.
Frequency : The number of cycles that occur in 1 s. The frequency of the
waveform of Fig. 13.5(a) is 1 cycle per second, and for Fig. 13.5(b), 12
cycles per second. If a waveform of similar shape had a period of 0.5 s [Fig.
13.5(c)], the frequency would be 2 cycles per second.
Thus we get,

f=

So, finally we get the relation = 2f , which is the angular frequency.

A more general expression for sinusoid,

i (t) = Im sin (t + )
where,

(t + ) is the argument and is the phase.

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 13

Date: 19-10-2011

Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more convenient to
work with than sine or cosine functions.
A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a
sinusoid. A complex number , can be written in the rectangular form as :
=
Where, z =
Polar form:

is the real part and

is the imaginary part.

z=r

Im axis

Exponential form: z =
Given

and , we can get r and

r=

as

Re axis

=t n
On the other hand we can obtain
=r

and

as

= r sin
So, z can be written as
=

Eulers Identity:

=r

=r(

s +

sin )

sin )

Where,

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sin

(
(

)
)
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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

Given a sinusoid for alternating voltage,

( )=

s(

+ )=

)
)

where,
=

For alternating current,

( )=

s(

+ )=

where,
=
( )=

( ) ( )=

)
(

+ )

s(
*

}
)

Thus, time domain representation may be transformed into phasor domain

representation.

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 13

Date: 19-10-2011

Instantaneous expression for reactance:

( )=

+ )

s(

Part of this, phasor expression:

Instantaneous

Phasor

s(

s(

Impedance: Inductance
( )=
()

()

=
=

sin(

s(

)
+

=
Inductive resistance,

Note: Generally, the instantaneous expression is converted into the cosine

function to obtain the phasor domain representation.

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

Impedance: Capacitance

()

( )=

()

( )

( ) =
=

sin

s(

+
+

=
For AC circuits,
=

2
Capacitative reactance,
=

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 14

Date: 22-10-2011

The RL Branch:

() = ()
=

()

()

= s( +

()

() =

( )=
=

+ )

Impedance,

()

s(

()

sin

s(

=
= (

Impedance,

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+ )

( + ) = ( + )

() =

()

( )=

The RC Branch:

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

The RLC Branch:

()

()

( )=

( )=

s(

( )=

s(

2

2

So,
Impedance,

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 15

Date: 24-10-2011

Calculation of Power:

()

= ||

()

=
So, |

+ (
|=

)
+(

() =
)

() =

|| =

=t n

Instantaneous Power, ( ) =
=
=

( )

s(

( )
s( )

* s(2

s(

)
)+

s +

The angle difference between voltage and current is the angle of impedance
=

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= (

( )
( )

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

To get the average, well divide the whole thing by 2 instead of T and integrate:

* s(2

)+

s
s(2

+
)

Here,

s(2

,sin -

Let, 2 =
2 =

Average Power =

( sin + sin ) =

Instantaneous Power, ( ) =

* s(2

)+

2
2

s +

s
= | || |

So, the value for average power can be obtained by the multiplication of the
phasor amplitude by the modulus of voltage, current and cos .

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 16

Date: 26-10-2011

Stored Power for an Inductor:

() = ( + )

() =

()

sin()

()

() = () ()
=
=

s( +

| ( )|

, s(2

( s

( 2)

)-

s( +

{ sin(2)}

sin(2

s()

s )

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

Stored Power for a Capacitor:

() =
() =

()

( )

( )=

| ( )|

()

= * sin +

()

( )=

s(

s( +

)=

sin 2

sin 2

, s2

( 2)

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 17

Date: 16-11-2011

Phasor Diagram:
VL
-

VR

VL
-

VS

VR

= +
=t n

In a series circuit the angle of the current is zero. So, it is taken as the reference
quantity. All the angles are considered with respect to the reference quantity.
VR=IR, so angle of VR will be zero
VL= I XL

X L = XL = X L

So, the angle of VL will be +90 with respect to I.

In the whole circuit
VL + VR = VS

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

Phasor Diagram:
R
VR = Voltage across the resistor

VL= voltage across the inductor

L

VS

At first a reference point has to be selected, which is parallel to the X axis. All the
angles are then calculated with respect to the X axis. Here, the current is selected
as the reference quantity and set in a direction long the X axis.
VL

= +
IXL

=t n

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VR

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes
+

VR

VR

VC
VS

VC

Phasor diagram

=t n
=
So,

is at an angle of -90 with respect to IR.

VR1

VL

XL

R1

+
R2

VR2
-

VS

- XC

+
V
- C
VR2

VL

VC

Phasor Diagram

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VR1

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

Series Resonance:
| |=

+(

In a series circuit the magnitude of I is maximum at a certain frequency. This

frequency is called the resonance frequency.
Here, I should be differentiated with respect to frequency.
=

=
(

+.

/ )

At resonance point,
XL = X C

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

LECTURE 18

Date: 19-11-2011

Wye-Delta Connection:

Z1

Z3

Z2

ZBC

Balanced 3-phased Circuits:

a

ZA

Vbn

Wye
Van
Vcn

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AC Circuits

Lecture Notes

The voltage between a to b, b to c or c to a is called line to line voltage. The

voltage from the phase to neutral is said to be the line to neutral voltage.
a

Delta

Zbc

Line to line voltage =

Vbc
ak

Vbn

bk
Vca

c k 24

Van
Vcn

Reference quantity

Vab

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