Reference:
Sections 1.1 - 1.4 of
University of Toronto
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Independent Variable
Signal:
I
any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any other
independent variable or variables
Examples: pressure as a function of altitude, sound as a
function of time, color as afunction of space, . . .
x(t) = cos(2t), x(t) = 4 t + t 3 , x(m, n) = (m + n)2
System:
I
I
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
I
-4
-3
-2
-1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0.5
-2
x(t)
-3
-2
1
0.5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0.5
-2
-1
1.5
2.5
t
-3
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
-3
-2
-1
-2
-1
1
-3
-2
-1
n
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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x(t)
x[n]
-2
2.5
-2
x[n]
-3
x[n]
x[n]
-1
1.5
x(t)
-4
-2
1
Discrete-Amplitude Signals: signal amplitude takes
on values
from a finite set
2
-4
-3
-2
-1
-3
-2
-1
x[n]
x(t)
-4
-3
-2
x(t)
-1
-3
-2
-1
x(t)
-1
0.5
-2
-2
-1
0.5
1.5
2.5
1
-3
-2
-1
1
3
x[n]
1
0.5
-2
-3
-3
1
0.5
-4
-2
-2
-4
x[n]
2
1.5
2.5
1
-3
-2
-1
1
3
n
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
-3
-2
1
0.5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0.5
-2
-1
1.5
2.5
x[n]
2
-2
-2
x[n]
-3
-1
discrete-time
x(t)
-4
I
discrete amplitude
x(t)
continuous-time
1
-3
-2
Chapter 1: Introduction
-1
1
3
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Chapter 1: Introduction
digital system =
digital signal input + digital signal output
I
Deterministic signal:
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Random signal:
I
I
I
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
I
I
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Continuous-time Sinusoids
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R+
smaller F , larger T
larger F , smaller T
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
Discrete-time Sinusoids
Discrete-time Sinusoids
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Discrete-time Sinusoids
MINIMUM OSCILLATION
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MINIMUM OSCILLATION
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
Complex Exponentials
Complex Exponentials
e j = cos() + j sin()
cos() =
e j +e j
2
sin() =
e j e j
2j
Eulers relation
Continuous-time: A e j(t+) = A e j(2Ft+)
Discrete-time:
where j ,
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Periodicity: Continuous-time
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Periodicity: Discrete-time
x(t + T ), T R+
A e j(2F (t+T )+)
e j2Ft e j2FT e j
e j2FT
e j2FT , k Z
k
T =
k Z
F
1
T0 =
, k = sgn(F )
|F |
x(n + N), N Z+
A e j(2f (n+N)+)
e j2fn e j2fN e j
e j2fN
e j2fN , k Z
k
=
k Z
N
k0
k0
=
, min |k 0 | Z such that
Z+
f
f
x(n) =
j(2fn+)
Ae
=
j2fn
j
e
e
=
1 =
j2k
e
=1 =
x(t) =
j(2Ft+)
Ae
=
j2Ft
j
e
e
=
1 =
j2k
e
=1 =
A e j(n+) = A e j(2fn+)
Chapter 1: Introduction
f
N0
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1
6
Example 1: = /6 =
x[n] = cos
Chapter 1: Introduction
n
6
2k
2k
= 1 = 12k
6
= 12 for k = 1
N =
N0
Chapter 1: Introduction
Example 2: = 8/31 =
x[n] = cos
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ENVELOPE CYCLES
Chapter 1: Introduction
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8
31
8n
31
2k
2k
31
= 8 = k
4
31
= 31 for k = 4
N =
N0
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ENVELOPE CYCLES
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Example 3: = 1/6 =
x[n] = cos
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
6
n
6
NOT PERIODIC
N Z+
2k
2k
= 1 = 12k
6
does not exist for any k Z; x[n] is non-periodic.
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Uniqueness: Continuous-time
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Uniqueness: Discrete-time
Let f1 = f0 + k where k Z,
For F1 6= F2 ,
A cos(2F1 t + ) 6= A cos(2F2 t + )
except at discrete points in time.
x1 (n) =
=
=
=
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A e j(2f1 n+)
A e j(2(f0 +k)n+)
A e j(2f0 n+) e j(2kn)
x0 (n) 1 = x0 (n)
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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-3
-2
-2
-1
-1
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
-3
-3
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-1
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Chapter 1: Introduction
-2
-1
Uniqueness: Discrete-time
I
-2
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Scientific Designation
C-1
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
..
.
Frequency (Hz)
8.176
16.352
32.703
65.406
130.813
261.626
..
.
k for F0 = 8.176
1
2
4
8
16
32
C9
8372.018
1024
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
C1
C2
C3
Frequency (Hz)
32.703
65.406
130.813
261.626
523.251
1046.502
2093.005
4186.009
C4
C6
Chapter 1: Introduction
k for F0 = 8.176
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
C5
1
1
=
cyclic frequency
kF0
period: Tk = any integer multiple of T0
1
common period: T = k T0,k =
F0
fund. period: T0,k =
C7
C8
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Discrete-time Case:
For periodicity, select f0 =
1
N
where N Z:
sk+N (n) =
=
=
=
e j2(k+N)n/N
e j2kn/N e j2Nn/N
e j2kn/N 1
e j2kn/N = sk (n)
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
A/D converter
xa(t)
A/D converter
xq(n)
x(n)
Sampler
Analog
signal
Quantizer
Discrete-time
signal
xa(t)
01011...
Coder
Quantized
signal
Digital
signal
xq(n)
x(n)
Sampler
Analog
signal
Quantizer
Discrete-time
signal
01011...
Coder
Quantized
signal
Digital
signal
Sampling:
I conversion from cts-time to dst-time by taking samples at
discrete time instants
I E.g., uniform sampling: x(n) = xa (nT ) where T is the sampling
period and n Z
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Analog
signal
A/D converter
x(n)
Sampler
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
A/D converter
xa(t)
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Quantizer
Discrete-time
signal
xq(n)
Quantized
signal
xa(t)
01011...
Coder
Digital
signal
Analog
signal
Quantization:
I conversion from dst-time cts-valued signal to a dst-time
dst-valued signal
I quantization error: eq (n) = xq (n) x(n) for all n Z
x(n)
Sampler
Quantizer
Discrete-time
signal
xq(n)
Quantized
signal
01011...
Coder
Digital
signal
Coding:
I representation of each dst-value xq (n) by a
b-bit binary sequence
I e.g., if for any n, xq (n) {0, 1, . . . , 6, 7}, then the coder may
use the following mapping to code the quantized amplitude:
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Sampling Theorem
A/D converter
xa(t)
x(n)
Sampler
Analog
signal
Quantizer
Discrete-time
signal
xq(n)
01011...
Coder
Quantized
signal
Fs > 2Fmax = 2B
Digital
signal
then xa (t) can be exactly recovered from its sample values using the
interpolation function
Example coder:
0
1
2
3
000
001
010
011
4
5
6
7
Chapter 1: Introduction
g (t) =
100
101
110
111
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Sampling Theorem
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Bandlimited Interpolation
Sampling Period = T =
1
1
=
Fs
Sampling Frequency
sin(2Bt)
2Bt
x(n) samples
bandlimited interpolation
function -- sinc
xa (nT )g (t nT )
n=
0
xa (t) =
x(n) g (t nT )
n=
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
x(n)
original/bandlimited
interpolated signal
original/bandlimited
interpolated signal
zero-order
hold
I
-3T -2T -T
2T
Professor Deepa Kundur (University of Toronto)Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
original/bandlimited
interpolated signal
-3T -2T -T
linear
interpolation
2T
3T
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3T
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