The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of an atom of the
element compared to the mass of _______ of an atom of _____________.
It can be found on the periodic table. From the relative atomic mass and atomic
number we can deduce the number of ______ and ______ in the nucleus of an atom.
H2O
NaOH
CaSO4
Fe2O3
Na2O
Molar Mass
18 g/mol
Higher
It is important for chemists to know exactly how much of a chemical to use in a
reaction for two reasons:
Cost - wasting chemicals costs money
Safety some chemicals are more hazardous than others and we must make
sure that they react completely
Consider the following reaction:
We want to react 10 grams of lithium with iodine to make lithium iodide
lithium
2Li
10g
iodine
I2
lithium iodide
2LiI
Two Problems:
Lithium reacts vigorously with water and oxygen so we need to make sure that
there is enough iodine to completely react all of the lithium.
Iodine is hazardous so we dont want to have too much left over.
1. Work out how many moles (atoms) there are in 10g of Li
The relative atomic mass (from the periodic table) tells us that each lithium atom has a
molar mass of ___ g/mole
moles =
mass
molar mass
Therefore in 10g there must be
2. Look at the symbol equation above
2 atoms of lithium react with
2 moles
Li
2.5 moles
So, to make sure that all 10 grams of lithium reacts, we must have a minimum of 159g
of iodine
4. Supposing we wanted to add a 2% excess of iodine to make certain the lithium has
reacted. How much iodine in total would we need?
Practice Questions
1. Determine the number of moles of an element from the mass of that element
moles = mass / molar mass
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2 g of hydrogen, H2
1 g of hydrogen
10g of hydrogen
56g of iron
14g of iron
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
184g of sodium
4.6g of sodium
32g of oxygen
4g of oxygen
10.8g of Al
2. determine the number of moles of a compound from the mass of that compound
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
10g of NaOH
272g of CaSO4
32g Fe2O3
31g Na2O
16.4g Ca(NO3)2
58.5g of NaCl
75g CaCO3
5.1g Al2O3
lithium
2Li
10g
iodine
I2
159g
lithium iodide
2LiI
____ g
1. Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, decomposes on heating to produce calcium oxide, CaO and
carbon dioxide, CO2.
a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction:
b) If 100g of CaCO3 produces 56g of CaO, how many grams of CO2 are produced?
c) If 100 tonnes of CaCO3 produces 56 tonnes of CaO, how many tonnes of CO2 are
produced?
d) If 300g of CaCO3 produces 168g of CaO, how many grams of CO2 are produced?
e) If 25g of CaCO3 produces 14g of CaO, how many grams of CO2 are produced?
Higher
f) On a separate sheet of paper, calculate out how many moles of CaCO 3, CaO and CO2
are produced in b) to e). Do you notice any patterns in terms of the number of moles?
Extension: for question 2 a) calculate how many moles of each substance there are and
b) work out the molecular formula for copper oxide.
2Pb
CO2
5. Calculate the mass of water produced when 1g of hydrogen burns completely in air.
2H2
O2
2H2O
7. Zinc oxide is heated with carbon to form zinc and carbon monoxide:
zinc oxide + carbon
ZnO
+ C
e) The carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen in the air to make carbon dioxide:
CO + O2
CO2
Using the information above, calculate what mass of carbon dioxide will be
produced. There are 2 ways you could do this, see if you can find both
methods.
c) How many moles of hydrochloric acid are needed? ( look at the balanced equation)
d) How many moles of hydrogen will be produced?
Teacher Copy
Empirical Formulae
An empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of each type of atom in a
compound.
molecular formula
empirical formula
e.g.
C2H6
C2H4
C6H6
CH4
C6H12O6
Calculating the empirical formula of a compound
1.
2.
3.
4.
Write
Write
Divide
Divide
Example 1:
Li
Empirical formula =
Example 2: Analysis of a sample of sodium oxide found it contained 2.3g of sodium
and 0.8g of oxygen. Find the empirical formula of sodium oxide
1. Write the symbols of all the elements in a line
2. Write the mass of % of each element under their symbol
3. Divide by the molar mass
Empirical formula =
Na
Hg
Example 4:
Fe
Empirical formula =
Extension: Can you suggest a name and formula for this compound?
Example 5: Analysis of a sample of gas found it contained 2.4g of carbon and 0.8g of
hydrogen. Find the empirical formula of this gas and name it.
1. Write the symbols of all the elements in a line
Name =
1.
7.2g of carbon was reacted 1.2g of hydrogen and 9.6g of oxygen. What is the
empirical formula of glucose?
2.
3.
4.
5.
magnesium
ribbon
pipeclay
triangle
heat
heatproof
mat
2 Explain why the mass of the crucible and its contents increased.
3 Explain why it was necessary to raise the crucible lid from time to time.
4 Explain why the crucible lid had to be put back quickly if the magnesium flared up.
5 Calculate the empirical formula for magnesium oxide. (H)
6 Comment on how easy it was to tell if the formula for magnesium oxide is Mg 2O, MgO
or MgO2. (H)
7 Look up the formula of magnesium oxide in a textbook or data book. Suggest why the
amount (in moles) of oxygen combining with the magnesium is lower than expected
from the formula.
8 What other metals, if any, could have their empirical formula found by this method?
(H)
clamp here
gas from
gas tap
black
copper oxide
heat
2 State the name the brownish pink solid formed at the end of the experiment.
3 Why did the mass of the copper oxide decrease?
4 What happened to the oxygen from the copper oxide?
5 Suggest why the gas from the gas tap is kept flowing through the tube after the
Bunsen burner has been removed. (H)