UNIT 1

VOCABULARY RELATED TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS

1. Match the words from box A to the words from box B to form collocations.
Sometimes more than one combination is possible.
A
social; mortgage; healthcare;
unfit; dereliction of;
ethnic; notice of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

B
security number; debt; system;
duty; cleansing; eviction; parent

_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

2. Check your answers for exercise 1 and then match the collocations with the
appropriate definitions:
DEFINITIONS
1. Intentional or conscious neglect of ones assignments, work etc.
2. The amount of money that a person owes to a bank generally as a
result of borrowing money to buy a property and of signing a legal
contract to repay that money over a period of years
3. A nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents,
and temporary (working) residents with a view to tracking
individuals for social security purposes.
4. A person who cannot care for a child properly
5. A statement informing somebody they have to vacate a property
by a certain date
6. The practice of removing or killing people who belong to an
ethnic group that is different from the ruling group in a country or
region
7. The organization of people, institutions, and resources to deliver

health related services to meet the health needs of certain

populations.
3. Complete the following sentences using the collocations from exercise 1.
1. Getting a _____________________ is quite difficult in this part of the
country since the immigration services are very much on alert with all these
illegal immigrants crossing the border under the cover of darkness.
2. There are many things that the United Kingdom government has done in
recent years to improve the _________________. Enforcing some
management principles on the way medical institutions are run seems to
have had some very positive outcomes that outweigh the downsides.
3. The officer was charged with a very serious ___________________ as he
had walked out of the unit while he was supposed to be guarding the
ammunition.
4. That morning, when the family woke up, they found that a
________________ had been hung on their door. They knew that they were
behind on their payments, but they were unaware that the situation was so
serious.
5. The process of ___________________ that was undertaken in the former
republic of Yugoslavia is one of the most serious acts of this kind in
contemporary times in Europe and it outraged the international community.
6. In order to cover the ________________ and be allowed to keep their home,
many families have been faced with very tough choices, such as getting
second jobs, selling their valuable possessions, choosing public over private
education for their children.
7. More and more cases are brought to court in modern society regarding
______________ who do not physically or psychologically abuse their
children but rather ignore them or neglect their emotional needs.
4. Complete the sentences below, using one of the verbs in the box in the right
tense. Pay attention to the collocations they form.
to live to take to be x2 to battle to dismiss to go to make
1. After the police arrived at the scene and found the thief still in the house
they __________ him into custody and took him to the police station.

2. Since more and more people have been unable to pay their mortgage debts,
more and more homes in large and small cities __________ into foreclosure.
3. The general manager admitted that the budget for the next year was not what
they had expected; in fact it was about 20% less than they had requested
initially, but they ____________ do with what they got.
4. The company ____________ in the red for the past 2 quarters. They need to
do something to salvage the situation or they will go bankrupt very soon.
5. More and more people ___________ on welfare in our society. The
economic crisis has led to the loss of many jobs and homes, subsequently.
6. Many young people start using all kinds of drugs as a way of unwinding or
of socializing with their peers and before long they find themselves in a
desperate situation. Some of them manage ____________ addiction and they
fight for their lives, while others just slip away and die of overdoses.
7. Although the prosecutor thought he had presented enough evidence to
convict the murderer, the judge __________ the case on a technicality that
the defense pointed out. The defendant went free and, three days later, killed
another person.
8. Politicians ___________ with the crimes they commit and they should stand
trial even if they are in office when those crimes are discovered. This might,
in my opinion, reduce the number of corrupt politicians.
5. Complete the following statements with one of the words or phrases in the
box:
deterrent

famine

capital punishment

first offence

1. They gave him a very tough sentence considering that it was his
______________. The judge was very tough because he wanted to set an
example.
2. Some argue that the development of nuclear weapons is in fact a
______________ to nuclear war, not an encouragement. The more countries
have this type of arsenal, the more secure they feel, and the less likely they
are to want to use them to destroy their enemies and themselves implicitly.
3. Somali children are the first image that pops to mind when anybody
mentions ____________. The media has been feeding us images of underfed
children with big bellies living on practically nothing and dying in huge
numbers.

4. The only way to prevent murders as vicious as this is the _____________

for convicted murderers. This way, at least, prevents them from being
released and killing anyone else.

UNIT 2
VOCABULARY RELATED TO GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY
1. Complete the following text with the phrases in the box. You may need to
change the form of some nouns.
media campaign; affordable housing; slim majority; unrivalled services; shadow
government; binding contract; red tape; population survey; economic policy;
forthcoming elections; faceless bureaucrats
There is a very tight race for the (1) _________________. There are two
very strong candidates, both with very good strategies and (2)
_________________ meant to get the country out of the difficult situation it is in at
present. However, the word on the street is that only one of the candidates will
definitely win because he has the support of the (3) _______________ , a group of
people who control the countrys main business sectors. The polls show that this
candidate has a (4) _____________ , but not enough for a sure victory.
Both candidates are conducting serious (5) ______________ which focus on
the tough issues that the country is facing such as a lack of (6) ______________
for young people who are just starting their lives together, or the countless
(7) _____________ that make peoples lives difficult when they have to pay taxes
or obtain documents from the state. The problem of (8) _____________ is also a
campaign issue as it impedes not only economic processes but also the collection
of money for the budget.
The two candidates have suggested different ways of addressing these
problems and of providing top-notch, (9) _____________ from state employees.
Also one of the candidates has asked for an independent agency to carry out a (10)
______________ to find out what the people believe are the most important

problems society is facing at present and what some solutions may be in their
opinion. The other candidate has declared that if he wins the elections he will sign
a (11) _____________ with the representative of the people which will state that if
he does not implement his strategies properly and timely he will present his
resignation.

2. Match the first part of each sentence in column A with its appropriate ending
in column B:
A
B
1. There is a big meeting scheduled a) get back into the swing of things
for tomorrow at the Ministry of
after he had his heart attack.
Defense and consequently
2. The shadow government is starting b) seize power and overthrow the
to take action in order to
current leaders and possibly
destabilize the country.
3. Preparations are underway for the c) and they tend to breed resentment
upcoming NATO summit
and even lead to street protests.
4. This kind of crisis-induced d) despite the fact that he is not doing
measures are not at all popular with
very well in the polls at the
the people
moment.
5. The world started changing really e) our whole department is in a flurry
fast, some would even say it started
of activity trying to solve last
spiraling out of control
minute problems.
6. It only took the president three f) with the advent of computer
weeks to
technology and of the Internet.
7. The victims from the subway g) and the whole city is in a state of
accident caused by a malfunction
alert with police and military forces
have hired a law firm
everywhere.
8. Everybody believes that he will win h) and are suing to claim financial
the elections
compensation for the trauma they
underwent.
3. Choose the best word to complete the sentences:

1. Once slavery was __________ the large plantations in southern USA started
having financial difficulties and were eventually sold.
a) abolished
b) dismissed
c) suppressed
2. The ____________ from the government may compensate the farmers for
the loss of their crops but they will not help them in the long run.
a) insurance
b) subsidies
c) funds
3. The _____________ population has finally had enough and they have
rebelled against the corrupt regime and overthrew it.
a) indignant
b) oppressed
c) repressed
4. The government will attempt to make a ___________ to subsidize farmers
incomes in drought years.
a) decree
b) suggestion
c) motion
5. Their proposal was __________ because it did not receive enough votes to
pass. They will have to come up with another one.
a) ignored
b) classified
c) dismissed
4. Choose which phrases from exercises 1 and 2 match the following
definitions:
DEFINITIONS
1. A sudden burst or commotion or movement
2. A small advantage in number of political supporters
3. The coming or arrival, especially of something extremely
important

4. A process of choosing a representative by voting, which is

about to happen
5. to be the source of; produce indignation
6. "the secret government" or "the invisible government"
7. An agreement that limits or holds someone to respect it to the
letter

UNIT 3
WORK-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Match the first part of a dialogue in column A to the second part of the
dialogue in column B:
A
1. Something must be done; things
cannot go on as they have so far. We
need to change something in our
SOPs or we will end up losing many
lives.
2. Unfortunately, in the current
economic situation, companies have
few solutions if they want to stay
afloat.
3. I heard that he has changed his job
recently. Why did he do that?

B
a) Yes, indeed, and one of them,
and perhaps the most drastic, is to
lay off staff. Even though it
creates other types of pressure on
the economy, this method has
become a favorite with
companies.
b) Yes, sir, I have come today to
officially hand in my resignation,
effective immediately.
c) Well, its not enough to find the
problem; we cannot simply say

the old ones are out-of-date. We

have to come up with an
alternative or nobody will take us
seriously.
4. Are you sure this is the right course d) I have managed to narrow down
of action for you? I thought you were
the list to five candidates, who are
happy here. Do you really want to
going to be called in for one final,
quit?
decisive interview.
5. You have interviewed quite a few
e) Well, mainly because he wanted
people for this position already. How
to earn a better living, but also
is the selection process going?
because his former boss had
something against him and
wouldnt give him the promotion
he deserved.
2. Identify the collocations in the examples in exercise 1.

3. Check your answers for exercise 2 and match the definitions below to the
corresponding collocations in exercise 1.
DEFINITIONS
1. to give up a job or position in a formal or official way
2. any sequence of activities that an individual or unit may follow.
3. to put an end to personnels employment at something
4. to bring forth, discover, or produce another way of doing
something
5. to make more money so as to ease ones life
6. to remain free or out of difficulty, especially financial difficulty
7. to focus on certain aspects, to reduce the number of possibilities
4. Match the first part of a dialogue in column A to the second part of the
dialogue in column B:
A

1. You look extremely tired. I think

you should see a doctor to find out
if everything is ok.
2.

3.

4.

5.

a) Well, his efficient methods and his

professional conduct have helped
him move up the ladder more
quickly than anyone else his age.
I wasnt very confident when you b) Actually, I am still in shock. I
first gave this assignment to Jerry. I
cant believe he has gone through
actually thought it was a big
all this trouble just to help me in
mistake, with him being so new to
this difficult period in my life.
the department.
Your boss has been most
c) Yes, I remember you telling me
understanding with you lately. You
that he was wet behind the ears,
must be very grateful.
and that he hadnt had time to get
his feet wet. But look, everything
he has done has been spot on. He
has certainly risen to the
challenge.
Its been very difficult here lately. d) No need to worry about me. Im
The staff are getting more and more
healthy, but I have a very heavy
discontent with the measures
workload at present, and I barely
taken.
have time to sleep.
His record is spotless and he has
e) Well, they will simply have to bite
more commendations than anyone
the bullet and make the best of it,
else I know. And he is so young!
because it is the same everywhere.
But this situation cant last for long,
and well be back to normal before
long.
5. Check your answers for exercise 4 and identify the collocations in the
examples in exercise 4.
6. Match the definitions below to the corresponding collocations in exercise 4.
DEFINITIONS
1. young and not experienced
2. a lot of things to do in ones job
3. to get promotion after promotion
4. to make yourself do something or accept something difficult or
unpleasant
5. to start a new activity or job

6. to do as well as possible with something that is not too promising

7. to accept a challenge and complete the activity successfully
8. to do everything to possible to help somebody
9. returned to a previous state of normality
10.exactly correct
7. Complete the following sentences with a verb from the box in the right tense:
To set; to get x 2; to break; to be; to acquire; to have; to adhere; to abide; to
come
1. He ________________ a taste for very expensive gadgets since he got that
job with the multinational corporation. Practically all his money is spent on
the latest kinds of technology.
2. All soldiers have to ______________ to the principles of this unit and to
respect them even in the harshest conditions.
3. He ___________ bound to make a mistake sooner or later at the rate he is
going. He has too many things on his plate and is not willing to delegate any
responsibilities.
4. It is going to be very difficult to ______________ the news to families.
Nobody wants to hear that their loved ones have gone missing and are
presumed dead.
5. You have to do your best to explain the situation to Helen, or her deeds will
jeopardize her career. Somebody has to _____________ through to her
before it is too late.
6. He only started work here last week but he has made a lot of progress and
really seems to be _____________ the hang of things. Pretty soon, well be
able to delegate more responsibility to him.
7. What happened? I thought he was very excited to join our department?
Well, I think he ____________ a change of heart or maybe he got a better
offer and he didnt tell us about it.
8. It doesnt matter what you think about this situation; it isnt your call and
you have to _____________ by the chairmans decision and carry out his
instructions.
9. She is very influential in the world of fashion. Everybody looks to her and
expects her to _____________ the trend for each season.
10.After he made that terrible mistake that cost the department so much in point
of funds and reliability, the manager _____________ down very heavily on
him and not only fired him but also made him pay damages.

UNIT 4
VOCABULARY RELATED TO EXPRESSING
PERSONAL OPINIONS
1. Complete the following statements using one of the expressions from the
box. You have two statements for each expression. Pay attention to the verb
tenses:
dawn on
pass judgement on
make a lasting impression
have a clue

have nothing against

grasp the importance
have the guts

1. His opinions are very strong and he always stands up for what he believes.
He (even)________________ to tell his boss to his face when he was wrong.
2. Teenagers should be made to ___________________ of reading as a means
of developing their personal worldviews and opinions and as a way of
resisting manipulation from the media.
3. Despite everything that happened, I _______________ him getting the
promotion. I still believe that I deserved it more, but it was not my decision
and I have to reconcile with the situation as best I can.
4. The terrorist attacks on 9/11 ____________________ even on those who
only watched them on TV. I hate to think how the people who were actually
there felt.
5. Oh, it (just) ___________________ on me that we may have made a terrible
mistake. We must get that report back as soon as possible to check the final
figures again.
6. It is one of the most deeply rooted human habits to _________________ on
ones peers without being sure that all the facts informing that opinion are
accurate.
7. Look at him looking for the folder on his desk. I dont think he
_______________ where he put it or even if it is still on his desk or he
moved it to somebody elses.
8. The media creates and presents news so as to __________________ on the
audience, but this sometimes means that they have to stretch the truth a bit in
their search for the sensational.
9. Once he ___________________ of the document in front of him he
proceeded to inform his superiors and to come up with a plan of action that
might counter the negative effects of what was written there.
10.You must always _________________ to defend your opinions. They are
what sets you apart from others and help you find your way in the world.
11.I dont think it (ever)________________ on the reporters present at the
funeral that the family may have needed to be left in peace to mourn their
loss. All they cared about was the news and getting shots of the celebrities
present.
12.The police (not) _________________ as to the identity of the murderer even
after five days of investigation. They found no evidence at the crime scene
and they dont know where to start.
13.The manager _________________ our proposal. His only observation was
that we should double-check all our figures and make sure that the estimates
are correct.

14.I dont think its fair __________________ on somebody you dont know.
You should try to find out more information on a person and then form an
opinion.
2. Choose the best phrase to complete the following sentences:
1. __________________ that the new SOPs will help protect both our soldiers
and the civilian population much more effectively.
a) From my standpoint
b) It is my firm conviction
c) Against my better judgement
2. The member countries accepted the plan perhaps ___________________
since they were aware of the potential economic damages it could cause.
a) against their nagging doubt
b) against their character
c) against their better judgement
3. __________________ this measure will probably lead in the long run to an
improvement in the standard of living in poor countries.
a) From my standpoint
b) A nagging doubt
c) Against my better judgement
4. The government had __________________ that the conditions imposed by
the IMF were not actually as permissive as they appeared to be at first sight.
a) a nagging doubt
b) a firm belief
c) a valid point
5. I really dont know what to say about what happened. It is very difficult to
analyze the situation considering we have so many unknown elements. At
this time, ____________________ .
a) its no use crying over spilt milk
b) your guess is as good as mine
c) its a nagging doubt

UNIT 5
TOURISM-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Match the words from box A to the words from box B to form collocations.
Sometimes more than one combination is possible.

A
congested; hordes of; heritage;
hardcore; expanse of; timely; stretch
of; age-old
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

B
tradition; land; sites; roads;
conservationists; intervention; water;
tourists

_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

2. Check your answers for exercise 1 and then match the collocations with the
appropriate definitions:
DEFINITIONS
1. too full or crowded with vehicles
2. small number of very active and enthusiastic members of a group
of people who want to protect something
3. large groups of visitors to a place
4. a large open surface of water
5. places that reflect the traditions, achievements, beliefs, etc., that
are part of the history of a group or nation
6. something that stretches over an area or a distance; something
which covers or exists in the whole of that area or distance
7. customs that have existed for many generations or centuries.
8. an intervention that occurs at a moment when it is useful,
effective, or relevant

3. Complete the following sentences using the phrases from exercise 1.

1. When ____________ started making their way around old Greek ruins, the
danger of collapse increased tenfold simply because of the foot traffic.

2. ____________ have started attracting more and more public interest in

recent years as customized tour packages that focus on cultural aspects have
gained ground.
3. The ____________ in this part of the country are very ___________ at this
time of year since the tourists keep pouring in for the festival. Looking out at
this immense ____________ would help relax even the most stressed
person. Its wonderful, blue translucence catches and holds ones gaze
indefinitely.
4. The careless oversight of historical monuments may cause even more
problems than ____________ and restoration could ever fix.
5. This unspoiled ____________ was meant to be transformed into a high-end
ski resort, but the locals protested and it was finally turned into a natural
reservation.
6. There are many ____________ around the world and they all need to be
protected from excessive tourism so that we may keep our cultural legacy.
7. _____________ uphold a very drastic view of how archaeological sites
should be preserved. The first step they suggest is the ban of all tourists.
4. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column
B:
A
1. Most of the famous seaside resorts
are extremely crowded during the
summer.
2. Many wonder what drives modern
tourists to push the boundaries and
try to go where no man has gone
before.
3. We strongly recommend that tourists
who love the outdoor should prepare
very well before their trips.

B
a) They should take some survival
courses in case they ever get
stranded in the wilderness on a
trip and they need to know what
to do to make it out there.
b) They believe that if tourists
continue to be allowed to trample
over archaeological sites
unchecked, they may end
destroying them for future
generations.
c) These intrepid explorers have
been to the virgin parts of the rain
forests, to the arctic areas and to
the highest mountains in the
world.

4. The world nowadays is full of brave

people who challenge their own
limits and go to previously
considered inaccessible places.
5. Many people are worried about the
state of the historical monuments in
their countries.

d) Most of them admit that it is the

thirst for adventure that drives
them forward.
e) Many tourists enjoy going to
these crammed resorts where they
can barely find a place to put their
towel on the beach, because they
love being around other people.

5. Match the definitions below to the underlined phrases in exercise 4.

DEFINITIONS
1. an insistent desire to do something challenging
2. characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance
3. to stamp or walk roughly (on)
4. forced, pressed, or squeezed into an insufficient space
5. left in an unknown or unfavorable place especially without funds
or means to depart
6. to test one's abilities, resources or limits in a demanding but
stimulating undertaking
6. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column
B:
A
1. There are many new trends in
tourism, each of them addressed to a
particular segment of the population.

2. Each city has a history and a future,

and the two should co-exist not
cancel each other out.

B
a) Therefore, permits for the
construction of cutting-edge design
buildings in areas filled with
historical monuments should not be
given lightly. They could ruin the
special atmosphere of the place.
b) Whenever we get an SOS call we
send out a search party to try and
get them back as soon as possible.

3. Many travelers nowadays do not

enjoy going to the usual tourist
places and mingling with everybody.

c) For example, backpacking is a new

up and coming type of tourism onthe-go targeted especially at young

4. Many people get lost on the

mountain at this time of the year.

people, since it means travelling

with the bare minimum.
d) They prefer to travel off the beaten
track and try to discover places
where few have ever boon before.

7. Match the definitions below to the underlined phrases in exercise 6.

DEFINITIONS
1. to dispatch a band of people tasked to find and rescue somebody
2. the smallest possible quantity or the least fulfilling, but still
adequate for some purpose
3. located at a great distance in time or space or degree, away from
civilization
4. travelling and carrying food or equipment on the back especially
in hiking
5. the position of greatest advancement or importance; the forefront
6. novel and gaining prominence and likely to advance or succeed

UNIT 6
VOCABULARY RELATED TO THE NEWS
AND THE MASS-MEDIA
1. Complete the following statements with one of the words or phrases in the
box so that they complete the expressions:
Press x 2; foregone; slight; bottom; widespread; damaging
1. Once more the media have jumped to the __________ conclusion that the
current economic problem is the fault of the previous prime minister. So far,
he has unjustifiably taken the blame for everything that has gone wrong in
the past four years.
2. A lot can happen between now and December, but the _________ line is
that the city is not doing very well and may face a winter without any heat.
3. The ___________ coverage for the biggest sporting event of the decade has
been quite satisfactory, but they could have dedicated more time to each
sport individually.
4. The mayor meant to build a new ring road around the city to ease the traffic
in the downtown area, but there was a ____________ change in plan
because it took him more time than he expected to expropriate the owners.
But the building will start quite soon.
5. The prime minister issued a ___________ release regarding the visit and the
discussions with the IMF and the decisions that will have to be put into
practice as soon as possible.
6. The candidates were both afraid of _____________ disclosures from their
opponents, as they both had some skeletons in the closet that they would
have liked to keep out of the public eye.
7. Contrary to ___________ belief, the earth may not be getting warmer, as
much as cooling down as a result of the gases disrupting the sunlight.

2. Check your answers for exercise 1. Then match the expressions with their
definitions:
DEFINITIONS
1. the main or essential point; the final result or statement
2. written or recorded communication directed at members of the
news media for the purpose of announcing something ostensibly
newsworthy
3. a commonly-held opinion
4. a small modification in something that was established before
5. a conclusion formed in advance of argument or consideration
6. making known something that may hurt a persons reputation
7. reports about something in newspapers, and magazines and other
media
3. Match the sentences with similar meanings. Pay attention to the underlined
expressions:
1. The weather will undergo a change for the worse in the following days.
People should get ready for heavy rains and strong winds.
2. It is the duty of the police force to uphold the law regardless of external
influences.
3. The minister bowed to public pressure and gave in to the requirements of the
airline workers.
4. We feel that the electorate have been misled by the media campaign
organized by the current mayor.

5. The presidents advisor issued a statement today regarding the situation in

the northern part of the country.
6. The man gave a detailed account of the facts and the police were able to
apprehend the murderer based on this information.
7. The witness will have to give an account of his involvement with the victim,
before he testifies.
8. All reporters live by one rule: never divulge your sources. Otherwise they
would not be able to get any good stories any more.
9. In order to disseminate information promptly and effectively, one has to
have access to the latest technological developments.
10.Sometimes the media tends to blow things out of proportion just to get better
ratings for news stories.
A. The mayor in office has put together a press initiative that has been meant to
misinform the public about his true intentions.
B. In their quest for larger and larger audiences, TV channels may exaggerate
the news they present.
C. The police detectives managed to catch the killer based on the elaborate
description of events provided by a witness.
D. The media received a statement from the presidents office concerning what
is happening in the north.
E. State-of-the-art information technology allows people access to information
quickly and at high standards.
F. The airline workers pressed the government and the minister finally
accepted their demands.
G. We will notice a severe alteration of the meteorological conditions in the
upcoming period and we advise everybody to prepare for gale and showers.

H. Policemen have to make sure the citizens abide the law under all
circumstances.
I. The person who saw what happened to the victim will first have to explain
his involvement with the victim. Only then can he appear in court.
J. All reporters have to respect the confidentiality of their informants if they
want to keep getting information.

4. Complete the following statements with one of the adjectives in the box:
misquoted; doubtful; debatable; misinformed; notorious; controversial;
1. This issue is quite ____________; many people believe that celebrities lives
should be wide open, while others believe that they are entitled to their
privacy.
2. It is very ___________ whether or not nuclear energy is the best way of
ensuring the survival of our energy-fueled society.
3. The ___________ mastermind of the terrorists is rumored to be hiding in the
mountainous region in the north of the country.
4. The workers were very ___________ about the benefits of the new pension
system, but they had no say in it unfortunately.
5. The spokesperson explained that the president had been ____________ by
the press, and issued a full statement to explain what had really happened.
6. The public has been ____________ during the election campaign as both
sides were trying to convince them their candidate was the best and had the
best strategy.
5. Complete the following statements with one of the adjectives in the box:
likelihood; speculation; outlook; incentive; prospect
1. The country's economic ___________ is quite bleak at the moment and the
international community is threatening to impose economic sanctions.
2. The frightening __________ of going to war at the present is driving people
out of the cities and into the countryside.

3. In all ___________, the economy of the country will recover in two years
time with a new infusion of capital from the European Union.
4. There is ___________ that he will run for president again. He has many
supporters and he is still quite young and healthy.
5. The rising cost of electricity provides a strong ___________ to save energy
and to find alternative means of producing it.

UNIT 7
ECONOMY-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Complete the following sentences with the words from the box:
feeble; debt-ridden; thriving; commercial; plummeting;
soaring; undeclared; source of; grounds for
1. The shadow economy is based on the ___________ earnings of hundreds of
firms which try to elude the state and refuse to pay taxes.
2. If the services provided were perfect then we would have no ___________
complaints. But given the situation, we would like to file a complaint with
customer protection services.
3. There is only one country in the region whose economy is __________
despite the chaos that faces all the others in the region. The only explanation
is that their government did not loan money from others and managed on its
own.
4. Due to the ___________ state of the economy we cannot afford to make any
major investments at the moment. Maybe when things become more stable
we will be able to make our move.
5. Greece has become such a ____________ country that investors stay away
for fear they may lose their money. Quite soon Greece may find itself in an
impossible situation and have to be declared bankrupt.

6. I would like to propose a _____________ venture that may bring both our
companies quite a profit if everything is done right.
7. Many families have been left without a ___________ income when the old
mines shut down.
8. With _____________ profits many companies have to withdraw from the
country before they are affected too seriously.
9. ______________ prices threaten to trigger a new food crisis around the
world, that could spell famine for many people in underdeveloped countries.
2. Check your answers for exercise 1. Then match the words and expressions
with their definitions:
DEFINITIONS
1. a new activity, project, business, etc., that typically involves risk
2. countries or organizations owe so much money they cannot pay
the money back
3. falling or dropping suddenly in amount, value
4. money made that the state does not know about and for which
taxes have not been paid
5. the place where one gets money from
6. increasing very quickly in amount or price
7. growing and developing successfully; flourishing
8. the reasons one may have to be displeased with a service, product,
situation etc.
9. very weak
3. Choose the best answer a, b, or c to complete the following text:
The global economic crisis that started some years ago has definitely taken
its 1. _________ on less developed countries. Many companies have gone 2.
___________ and many people have been made 3. __________ and the situation
does not seem to be improving. Their progress has been 4. __________ because
they do not have enough economic strength to stand on their own without help
from the more economically-developed countries. They need to be able to get loans
and advice in order to 5. __________ their economies in the right direction.
Unfortunately, this crisis has set in 6. __________ a chain of events that affects not
only poor but also rich countries. This means that help is in high demand nowadays
and the ones doing the asking must first of all 7. _________ through a lot of red

tape, meaning they have to present strong investment plans that justify every penny
they borrow. Secondly, they have to meet a series of very strict 8. _________ that
are meant to get things back on track and to stimulate growth. The richer countries
have to 9. _________ their interests and this means that they are not willing to lend
money to just anyone without some kind of guarantee that they will get it back.
Consequently, the countries that do not come up to 10. __________ have their
support withdrawn and their fate is anything but good. This has already happened
to several and more and on the brink of collapse.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

a. toll
a. bad
a. redundant
a. bothered
a. induce
a. action
a. cut
a. demands
a. look
a. notch

b. problem
b. wrong
b. fired
b. hindered
b. conduct
b. motion
b. pass
b. qualities
b. safeguard
b. standard

c. effect
c. bankrupt
c. helpless
c. minded
c. steer
c. place
c. sever
c. requirements
c. improve
c. scratch

4. Check your answers for exercise 3. Then match the expressions with their
definitions:
DEFINITIONS
1. to be legally declared financially insolvent.
2. to guide in a certain direction
3. to make (someone or something) safe or secure
4. to cause a series of things to begin happening
5. to be deprived of ones job because it is no longer necessary for
efficient operation
6. to meet or be equal to someones requirements
7. to cause harm or suffering
8. to satisfy the conditions
9. to get around the bureaucracy
10. to make the progress slow or difficult

UNIT 8
VOCABULARY FOR HEALTH-RELATED TOPICS
1. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column B:
A
B
1. The people who had been exposed to a. The exposure to pollutants and to
the airborne virus were not doing
genetically modified food increase
very well.
the likelihood of alterations
occurring at the smallest level in our
DNA structure.
2. People nowadays take such powerful b. They were gasping for breath and
medication for even the slightest of
running very high fevers. On top on
conditions.
everything, they were not

3. All drugs have to be tested throughly c.

before being released on the market
for the general public to use.
4. Due to their unhealthy diets and
d.
sedentary lifestyles many people are
experiencing health problems, earlier
and earlier in their lives.
5. Genetic mutations are very likely to e.
occur more and more frequently.

responsive to medication.
They start being overweight and get
an elevated blood pressure and high
cholesterol levels.
Moreover, their side effects are not
limited to the human population; the
plant and animal life will also suffer
greatly.
It presents with symptoms that are
simply unheard of. This virus seems
to be completely out of control.
This is the reason why they have
built up resistance to drugs.
The survival rate for people
exposed to them is slim to none.

6. Biological weapons imply creating

f.
drug-resistant virus strains.
7. This outbreak of an unknown disease g.
threatens to kill most of the
population in this area.
8. Biological and chemical weapons are h. Even so, adverse reactions still
dangerous not only at the time when
appear but in a much smaller
they are used.
number of people than it would
otherwise happen.

2. The definitions for some of the expressions in exercise 1 have been provided
below. Match them to the corresponding expressions in exercise 1.
DEFINITIONS
1. too heavy or fat
2. an effect that a drug has on your body in addition to curing
pain or illness
3. when a disease suddenly starts to happen in an area
4. carried through the air
5. have a high body temperature
6. to breath quickly in a way that that can be heard because you
are in pain or having difficulty breathing
7. a negative consequence of using certain drugs

8. a category of viruses that is not affected by known drugs

UNIT 9
MILITARY-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Complete the following sentences with the words in the box. The form of
some words may need to be changed:
deployment; menace; outpost; harsh; bitter; drone; bulk

1. Terrorist cells, active or not, are always seen as a potential ____________

because they can spring into action at any given moment.
2. Some soldiers have been withdrawn from this theater of operations but the
_____________ of the troops is staying put until HQ says that the danger
has passed.
3. The greatest challenge in a theater of operations is to get used to the
_____________ conditions, as most missions take place in arid areas, a type
of terrain and environment which is alien for most soldiers.
4. The United States government has made hundreds of ___________ attacks
on targets in northwest Pakistan since 2004. They are controlled by the
Central Intelligence Agency's Special Activities Division. These attacks are
part of the United States' War on Terrorism campaign, seeking to defeat
Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants in Pakistan.
5. It is very difficult for soldiers to deal with the relentless burden of repeated
________________. Besides the traumatic effects of the missions, they also
feel that they are no longer in control of their lives, as they cannot plan
ahead for fear they may be shipped away again.
6. The construction of combat ______________ by the U.S. military in
Afghanistan and Iraq has been almost unanimously described in positive
terms by defense analysts and military officers as a means through which to
carry out its counterinsurgency efforts.
7. These two countries have been ______________ enemies since the oil crisis
began. They do not seem able to reach a compromise no matter what.
2. Complete the following sentences with one of the verbs from the box in the
right form:
restore; bring; launch; suffer; call; escalate; disband; lift
1. The goal of this task force is __________ peace to this part of the world; or,
if this fails, at least to ensure that no more civilian lives are lost.
2. The conflict _____________ mainly because more than 100 civilians were
killed or injured in a surprise bomb attack in one of the busiest markets in
town.
3. When the United States were first attacked on their own soil, they decided
_____________ a counterattack that is still going on at present and that is
now fueled by much more than simple desire for revenge or for retribution.

4. When they realized the seriousness of the damage sustained, they

_____________ for a ceasefire so they could have time to regroup and take
the casualties to medical facilities.
5. These measures are meant ____________ stability to this troubled country.
They will ensure workplaces for the unemployed and an influx of funds for
reconstruction.
6. The army of the country _____________ (passive) in an attempt to stop all
military actions. However, the guerilla forces are intact and they wreak
havoc in the mountainous region of the country.
7. The blockade ______(only)_______ (passive) when the government signs
the nonaggression pact and agrees to the terms and conditions imposed by
the international community.
8. The allied forces _____________ a large number of casualties in the
overnight attack and consequently withdrew from the area.
3. Choose the best definition for the underlined expressions in the following
sentences:
1. The privates had an attitude problem because they didnt respect their
sergeant.
a) They didnt behave appropriately
b) They had different attitudes toward work
c) They had discussions among themselves
2. When they first entered the village, they encountered difficulties as the
villagers didnt believe they were friendly and wanted to attack them with
whatever weapons they had.
a) They had an encounter
b) They met some enemies
c) They experienced some problems
3. When they join the military young people are told that they must relish a
challenge because the situations they will come up against in their future
careers will be quite unexpected.
a) Adapt to rigors well
b) Enjoy adventure
c) Like a steady life
4. Complete the following statements with one of the words in the box:
resilience; outraged; mayhem; rationale

1. The ___________ for this decision is to allow for further talks to lead to the
signing of the agreement by the end of the week.
2. The soldiers were ____________ when they were informed that their
shipment home had been postponed for one more week.
3. It is practically impossible to prevent terrorists from unleashing
___________ in one part of the world or another. Their brand of wafare
breaches all rules and is highly unpredictable.
4. The earthquake destroyed thousands of people's lives but the whole world
was struck by the incredible ___________ of the survivors who simply tried
to pick up the pieces and move on with their lives.

UNIT 10

CRIME-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Match the sentences 1-8 with the sentences with similar meanings a-h. Pay
attention to the underlined expressions:
1. Some criminals would do anything to escape punishment, they move,
change their names, they even have plastic surgery.
2. We need to come up with a plan; the situation isnt looking good and we
have to figure out what to do.
3. In such cases, involving big companies, lawyers usually negotiate
settlements because they would rather pay large amounts of money than
stand trial and have their businesses exposed to the public eye.
4. He refused point blank to accept the deal the district attorney offered. He
kept saying that he is innocent and he is not afraid of going to trial.
5. The presumed terrorist protested his innocence saying to anyone who would
listen that he had been nowhere near the site of the attack on that day.
6. The police have been notified of the mayors involvement in illegal renting
of parking spaces in the downtown area, and he will be brought in for
questioning.
7. He thought that he will get away with fraud, but the detectives have found a
trail of evidence that points in his direction.
8. When people are at the end of their rope they may decide to do desperate
things, such as stealing in order to survive.

a. He didnt want to accept under any circumstances what the district attorney
proposed as he claimed he wasnt guilty of the crime and he thought a jury
wouldnt convict him.
b. We have to think of a way to get out of this situation.
c. When they feel that they have nothing more to do to improve their situation,
people may resort to desperate measures such as taking things that do not
belong to them.
d. The man they have captured in relation to the terrorist attack claims that he
is not guilty of the attack as he had been somewhere else entirely on the day
in question.
e. Some people who have broken the law would go to any lengths not to get
caught: they change their places of residence, their identities, and even their
appearance.
f. Despite his strong belief that his fraud will not be noticed, the police who
were investigating him managed to amass enough proof on him and his
actions.
g. Large corporations try to prevent lawsuits from going to court by paying the
plaintiffs large sums of money in exchange for signing non-disclosure
agreements.
h. The mayors part in the illegal scheme concerning parking places in the
center of the city has been made known to the authorities and they will take
action presently.
2. Choose the synonyms of some of the underlined expressions in exercise 1.
At the end of ones endurance
To inform
To escape
To think of something
To claim

3. Choose the best expressions to complete the sentences below:

1. His crime was terrible but there were ____________________ as he had
been robbed blind by that company and he had lost every penny he had.
a. aggravating circumstances
b. extenuating circumstances
c. understandable circumstances
2. If it can be argued that the criminal is guilty _________________ then the
jury will have no trouble declaring him so and he can be convicted for his
crimes.
a. beyond any reasonable doubt
b. above suspicion
c. against all prejudice
3. ____________________ we have decided to accept your plea bargain. My
client will plead guilty but will get a reduced sentence and will only spend 6
months in prison.
a. Despite everything
b. In your favor
c. After careful consideration
4. The best methods to put an decrease the crime rate in any city have always
been _________________. No two specialists agree on what the best
deterrent to crime may be.
a. a matter of interest
b. a bone of contention
c. a suspicious discussion

UNIT 11
ENVIRONMENT-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Choose the best answer a, b, or c to complete the following text:
The 1. ___________ destruction of our planet is always on the news
nowadays. Either it is environmentalists who try to 2. ____________ awareness
about the greenhouse effect and the 3. ____________ disaster it will cause. Or it is
the forecast which mainly deals with changing 4. weather ____________ in many
regions of the world, such as 5. ___________ heat in Canada and snow in Africa,
with 6. ___________ sea levels that threaten to drown coastal cities and dry
vegetation fires that plague Europe and Australia.
Not to mention what is happening to the flora and fauna of the world. More
and more species are 7. __________ or on the 8. __________ of extinction due to
intensive hunting or harvesting just as much as to the destruction of their natural 9.
____________.
Most scientists warn us that the effects of changes we are noticing could be
diminished if only people accepted that they are the main actors of change in the
environment and tried to reduce their carbon 10. ___________. But most people
still do not have the 11. ___________ idea that they might be to blame for the
weather phenomena that wreak 12. __________ around the globe. They do not
understand that a few simple things could really help protect the planet. It is as
easy as reducing their energy 13. __________ and using 14. ________ sources of
energy. Also, they could stop using 15. __________ chemicals around that house,
chemicals that find their way into the water and pollute it beyond control,
threatening the survival of many types of fish and aquatic plant life.
In recent years we have noticed an increase in the production of eco-friendly
substances and materials used for building different structures. Opportunities 16.
__________ in this field for many people who take a 17. __________ interest in
protecting the environment and also want to ensure that nature is around for
generations to come. It is still not too late, but we should not rely on this and keep
postponing everything that must be done now before it is too late.

1.
a. immediate
b. definite
c. imminent
2.
a. raise
b. lift
c. make
3.
a. unmitigated b. relentless
c. forceful
4.
a. schemes
b. patterns
c. designs
5.
a. bad
b. serious
c. searing
6.
a. rising
b. increasing
c. improving
7.
a. unprotected b. endangered
c. jeopardized
8.
a. bank
b. edge
c. brink
9.
a. zone
b. area
c. habitat
10. a. trace
b. footprint
c. fingerprint
11. a. slightest
b. smallest
c. littlest
12. a. disaster
b. hell
c. havoc
13. a. consumption b. use
c. usage
2.
Match
14. a. replenishable b. renewable
c. reusable
the first
15 a. detrimental
b. harmful
c. bad
part of
16. a. present
b. rise
c. arise
the
17. a. keen
b. precious
c. severe
contexts
in column A to the second part in column B. Pay attention to the underlined
expressions:
A
1. The world population reached 7
billion in 2011.
2.

3.

4.

5.

B
a. However, impoverished countries
are not able to spare any funds to
invest in green technology.
Many non-profit organizations plan
b. This is why we should try to keep a
charity events on a regular basis to
constant influx of budget funds for
support different causes related to the
environmental projects.
environment.
Many countries are taking steps to
c. Even so, there are still sparselyreduce the amount of greenhouse
populated areas in the world, such
gases they produce.
as the highest mountains and the
deserts.
When we let standards slip in our
d. For example, we can carpool to
environmental policies the effects
work, or choose apartments that are
may be tremendous.
within walking distance of schools,
supermarkets, shops, etc.
In order to reduce our personal
e. Their hope is to raise enough funds
carbon footprint we need to take
to help some conservation plans to

some simple measures.

succeed.

3. Match the underlined expressions in exercise 2 with their definitions:

DEFINITIONS
1. to get money for a cause
2. friendly with the environment
3. a distance that can be covered on foot
4. the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to support human
activities, expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide
5. with very few people living there
6. to allow things not to measure up to standards
7. an arrangement whereby several people travel together in one
vehicle, share the costs and often take turns as the driver
8. countries which are short of money
4. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column
B. Pay attention to the underlined expressions:
A
1. There are many densely populated
areas in the world. They are mostly
large cities with millions of
inhabitants.

B
a. It is the only means of preventing
our world from becoming a large waste
dump site.

2. Recycling all materials: paper,

plastic, glass etc. is very important.

b. Most likely it will take another few

decades for the technology to be
perfected and for the recharging
network to be in place everywhere in
the world.
c. Many inventions that have
revolutionized the world started from

3. The environmentalists staged a

protest in front of the summit venue.

what seemed to be an inconsequential

idea, but one in which someone had the
courage to invest.
4. There is only a slim chance that the
d. Their goal was to force the world
electric car will be able to replace the leaders hand to sign a treaty for the
traditional car in the short term.
drastic reduction of fossil fuels
emissions.
5. Their company is always on the
e. It is these areas that are the most
lookout for viable green
responsible for the increasing quantity
technologies, no matter where these of polluting agents released in the
ideas may come from.
atmosphere.
5. Match the underlined expressions in exercise 4 with their definitions:
DEFINITIONS
1. to be vigilant, alert
2. not a very good possibility of something coming true
3. to be organized properly
4. an organic substance found underground and used as a source of
energy
5. to organize a public demonstration
6. a location for specific types of events
7. with a lot of people living there
8. a place where garbage is thrown
6. Choose the best words to fill in the gaps in the sentences:
1. Because of the feeling of impending ____________ many people try their
best to protect their families and homes.
a. distress
b. doom
c. terror
2. Localized ____________ early last week saw a few areas very wet indeed,
with some flooding reported, while in other areas not even one drop of rain
was reported.
a. downpours
b. rain
c. hail

3. Genes from desert plants can be used to produce crops that

withstand____________. This technology may help us in the future as many
areas in the world are experiencing desertification.
a. the sun
b. high winds
c. drought
4. The deliberate release of the virus last year led to the most devastating
global ___________ ever known.
a) distress
b) misfortune
c) plague
5. With a third of species facing ____________ over the next fifty years the
support of large benefactors has never been more vital. We need to do
something to protect them.
a. relocation
b. extinction
c. intervention
7. Complete the following dialogues with one of the expressions in the box:
to say the least; whats at stake; its wishful thinking
1. I believe that more can be done to raise peoples awareness about what is
happening to the environment.
I absolutely agree with you. Much more could be done; the problem is lack
of funds. Without money 1. _______ (only) __________. Everything takes
money and thats exactly what environmentalists dont have.
2. People have to understand once and for all 2._____________. These
environmentalists arent talking just to hear themselves. They really do have
a point about the destruction of the planet.
Yes, but unfortunately there are bigger interests here; oil must be sold, and
bought; cars must be made; weapons must be used; and the environment is
practically the last of anyones concerns.

3. The situation of animals in this part of the world is dire 3.

_____________.
Yes, I see what you mean. The vegetation is gone because of the drought,
the watering holes are dry, and the poachers are more active than ever.

UNIT 12
VOCABULARY RELATED TO
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Complete the following sentences with a verb from the box. Use the verb in
the correct tense.
to judge; to toy; to impart; to give; to highlight; to broach; to make;
to get; to spark; to withstand
1. I am so glad I managed ____________ across the idea regarding an
extended-schedule daycare. It is very important for young children not to be
left at home alone and unsupervised.
2. The teacher ____________ with the idea of giving the students a quiz test,
but decided against it as some of them were missing from class.
3. If you want to become the manager of a top 500 company you have to be
able _____________ the pressure of working in such a high stakes
environment.
4. We have arranged for guest speakers to come to different classes, starting
next term. They _______________ their knowledge of different fields from
a practical point of view and help students choose a profession.

5. We have no way of knowing if this plan will work until we ____________ it

a shot. It looks good on paper but since it deals with adult learners the results
may be unpredictable.
6. Most children sent to boarding schools have a difficult time adjusting to life
in such a closed community, especially since they are separated from their
parents, but eventually they learn ___________ the best of it.
7. The way the topics are presented should be aimed at _______________ the
childrens interest. They are not very fascinating in themselves so the
presentation must be entertaining and engaging.
8. In order for the students to learn more easily and efficiently, the teacher
_______________ the most relevant aspects of any lesson. After all, that is
the information the students will be left with in the long run.
9. Every project _____________ (passive) solely on its merits and the winner
will be announced later today.
10.The disastrous grades in the final exams this year represent a very difficult
subject for any politician _____________, but especially for the minister of
education whose resignation parents and teachers alike have been clamoring
for since the results were made public.
2. Match the beginning of the sentences in column A with their endings in
column B. Pay attention to the expressions that are thus formed:

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

A
It is very difficult to get better
results in final exams with so many
disenchanted
Many teachers complain that no
matter what they do disruptive
One method of ensuring that
students study throughout the year
and not only for final exams is to
introduce on-going
One method of correction that is
not accepted in classrooms is verbal
When they are not interested in a
subject students will only make a
half-hearted
When analyzing poor exam results

B
a. assessments that will help monitor
students progress throughout the
school year.
b. effort to learn anything regarding
that subject.
c. results in an attempt to attract as
many students as possible.
d. knowledge of the world or should
focus on specialized fields of study.
e. thinking. This is one skill that will
turn them into adults who can think
for themselves.
f. students are more and more

we should look at the underlying

7. Some private schools present
overrated

g.

8. One of the most important skills

that needs to be developed in
children of all ages is critical
9. When analyzing a situation, we
have to start with a working
10.It is a question of whether students
should have a comprehensive

h.
i.
j.

frequently encountered and they

make any lesson a living hell for
them.
teachers, who only do the bare
minimum and are not motivated to
invest more in their students
education.
abuse directed at the students who
have difficulties solving different
tasks.
hypothesis which will be improved
continuously as more data flows in.
causes and not start passing blame
from one to another.

3. Match the words from column A to the words from column C to form
collocations. Sometimes more than one combination is possible. You may
need to use one of the prepositions in column B.
A
B
thirst; reduction; advent; stroke; for
computer; state
in
of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

C
genius; the art; literate; knowledge;
technology; attention span;

4. Check your answers for exercise 3 and then match the collocations with the
appropriate definitions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The latest in point of technology

The desire to learn various things
Loss in concentration
The development of technology
An inspired or effective idea or act
Having knowledge of how to operate a PC

UNIT 1
VOCABULARY RELATED TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS
1. Match the words from box A to the words from box B to form collocations.
1

social

2
3
4

mortgage
healthcare
dereliction
of
notice of
ethnic
unfit

5
6
7

security
number
debt
system
duty
eviction
cleansing
parents

Other combinations may also be possible: e.g. mortgage system, social duty, etc.
2. Check your answers for exercise 1 and then match the collocations with the
appropriate definitions:
derelictio
n of duty
mortgage
debt
social
security
number
unfit
parent
notice of
eviction
ethnic
cleansing

DEFINITIONS
1. intentional or conscious neglect of ones assignments, work etc.
2. the amount of money that a person owes to a bank generally as a
result of borrowing money to buy a property and of signing a
legal contract to repay that money over a period of years
3. a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents,
and temporary (working) residents with a view to tracking
individuals for social security purposes.
4. a person who cannot care for a child properly
5. a statement informing somebody they have to vacate a property
by a certain date
6. the practice of removing or killing people who belong to an
ethnic group that is different from the ruling group in a country
or region

healthcare
7. the organization of people, institutions, and resources to deliver
system
health related services to meet the health needs of certain
populations.
3. Complete the following sentences using the collocations from exercise 1.
1. social security number
2. healthcare system
3. dereliction of duty
4. notice of eviction
5. ethnic cleansing
6. mortgage debts
7. unfit parents
4. Complete the sentences below, using one of the verbs in the box in the right
tense. Pay attention to the collocations they form.

1. took him into custody

2. have gone into foreclosure
3. would have to make/ would make
4. has been
5. live
6. to battle
7. dismissed
8. should be charged
5. Complete the following statements with one of the words or phrases in the box:
1. first offence
2. deterrent
3. famine
4. capital punishment
UNIT 2
VOCABULARY RELATED TO GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY
4. Complete the following text with the phrases in the box:
1. forthcoming elections
2. economic policies
3. shadow government
4. slim majority
5. media campaigns
6. affordable housing
7. faceless bureaucrats
8. red tape
9. unrivalled services
10.population survey
11.binding contract
5. Match the first part of each sentence in column A with its appropriate ending
in column B:
A
1
2
3
4

B
e
b
g
c

5
6
7
8
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

f
a
h
d
Choose the best word to complete the sentences:
a)
b)
b)
c)
c)

7. Choose which phrases from exercises 1 and 2 match the following

definitions:
Flurry of
activity
Slim
majority
The advent
of
Forthcomin
g elections
Breed
resentment
Shadow
government
Binding
contract

1. A sudden burst or commotion or movement

2. A small advantage in number of political supporters
3. The coming or arrival, especially of something extremely
important
4. A process of choosing a representative by voting which is
about to happen
5. to be the source of; produce indignation
6. the secret government or the invisible government
7. An agreement that limits or holds someone to respect it to
the letter

UNIT 3
WORK-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Match the first part of a dialogue in column A to the second part of the
dialogue in column B:

A
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

B
c.
a.
e.
b.
d.

2. Identify the collocations in the examples in exercise 1.

to lay off staff
to stay afloat
to hand in ones resignation
to come up with an alternative
course of action
to narrow down the list to
to earn a better living
3. Match the definitions below to the corresponding collocations in exercise 1.
to hand in ones
resignation
course of action
to lay off staff
to come up with an
alternative
to earn a better living
to stay afloat
to narrow down the
list to

DEFINITIONS
1. to give up a job or position in a formal or official way
2. any sequence of activities that an individual or unit
may follow.
3. to put an end to personnels employment at something
4. to bring forth, discover, or produce something another
way of doing something
5. to make more money so as to ease ones life
6. to remain free or out of difficulty, especially financial
difficulty
7. to focus on certain aspects, to reduce the number of
possibilities

4. Match the first part of a dialogue in column A to the second part of the
dialogue in column B:
A
B
1.
d)
2.
c)
3.
b)
4.
e)
5.
a)

5. Identify the collocations in the examples in exercise 1.

To move up the ladder
To go through all this trouble
Wet behind the ears
To get ones feet wet
Spot on
To rise to the challenge
Heavy workload
To bite the bullet
To make the best of something
Back to normal
6. Match the definitions below to the corresponding collocations in exercise 1.
DEFINITIONS
Wet behind the ears 1. young and not experienced
Heavy workload
2. a lot of things to do in ones job
To move up the
3. to get promotion after promotion
ladder
To bite the bullet
4. to make yourself do something or accept something difficult
or unpleasant
To get ones feet
5. to start a new activity or job
wet
To make the best of 6. to do as well as possible with something that is not too
something
promising
To rise to the
7. to accept a challenge and complete the activity successfully
challenge
To go through all
8. to do everything to possible to help somebody
this trouble
Back to normal
9. returned to a previous state of normality
Spot on
10.exactly correct
7. Complete the following sentences with a verb from the box in the right tense:
1. has acquired

2. abide
3. is
4. break
5. get
6. getting
7. had
8. abide
9. set
10. came
UNIT 4
VOCABULARY RELATED TO EXPRESSING
PERSONAL OPINIONS
1. Complete the following statements using one of the expressions from the
box. You have two statements for each expression. Pay attention to the verb
tenses:
1. had the guts
2. grasp the importance
3. have nothing against
4. made a lasting impression
5. has just dawned
6. pass judgement
7. has a clue
8. make a lasting impression
9. grasped the importance
10.have the guts
11.dawned
12.dont have a clue
13.had nothing against
14.to pass judgement
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Choose the best phrase to complete the following sentences:

b)
c)
a)
a)
b)

UNIT 5
TOURISM-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Match the words from box A to the words from box B to form collocations.
Sometimes more than one combination is possible.
congested
hordes of
heritage
hardcore
expanse of
stretch of
timely
age-old

roads
tourists
sites
conservationists
water
land
intervention
tradition

2. Check your answers for exercise 1 and then match the collocations with the
appropriate definitions:
congested
roads

DEFINITIONS
1. too full or crowded with vehicles

hardcore
conservationist
s

2. small number of very active and enthusiastic members of a

group of people who want to protect something

hordes of
tourists

3. large groups of visitors to a place

expanse of
water

4. a large open surface of water

heritage sites

5. places that reflect the traditions, achievements, beliefs,

etc., that are part of the history of a group or nation
6. something that stretches over an area or distance covers or
exists in the whole of that area or distance
7. customs that have existed for many generations or

stretch of land
age-old

tradition
timely
intervention

3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

centuries.
8. an intervention that occurs at a moment when it is useful,
effective, or relevant

Complete the following sentences using the phrases from exercise 1.

hordes of tourists
age-old traditions
roads .. congested
expanse of water
timely intervention
stretch of land
heritage sites
hardcore conservationists

4. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column
B:
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

B
e)
d)
a)
c)
b)

5. Match the definitions below to the underlined phrases in exercise 4.

the thirst for
adventure
intrepid explorers
to trample over
crammed
stranded in the
wilderness
challenge their

DEFINITIONS
1. an insistent desire to do something challenging
2. travelers characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and
endurance
3. to stamp or walk roughly (on)
4. forced, pressed, or squeezed into an insufficient space
5. left in an unknown or unfavorable place especially without
funds or means to depart
6. to test one's abilities, resources or limits in a demanding but

own limits

stimulating undertaking

6. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column
B:
A
1.
2.
3.
4.

B
c)
a)
d)
b)

7. Match the definitions below to the underlined phrases in exercise 6.

to send out a
search party
the bare minimum
off the beaten
track
backpacking
cutting-edge
new, up and
coming

DEFINITIONS
1. to dispatch a band of people tasked to find and rescue
somebody
2. the smallest possible quantity or the least fulfilling, but still
adequate for some purpose
3. located at a great distance in time or space or degree, away
from civilization
4. travelling and carrying food or equipment on the back
especially in hiking
5. the position of greatest advancement or importance; the
forefront
6. novel and gaining prominence and likely to advance or
succeed
UNIT 6
VOCABULARY RELATED TO
THE NEWS AND THE MASS-MEDIA

1. Complete the following statements with one of the words or phrases in the
box so that they complete the expressions:
1. foregone
2. bottom
3. press
4. slight

5. press
6. damaging
7. widespread
2. Check your answers for exercise 1. Then match the expressions with their
definitions:
the bottom line

8. the main or essential point; the final result or

statement
press release
9. written or recorded communication directed at
members of the news media for the purpose of
announcing something ostensibly newsworthy
widespread belief
10.a commonly-held opinion
a slight change in
11.a small modification in something that was
plan
established before
foregone conclusion 12.a conclusion formed in advance of argument or
consideration
damaging disclosure 13.making known something that may hurt a persons
reputation
press coverage
14.reports about something in newspapers, and
magazines and other media
3. Match the sentences with similar meanings. Pay attention to the underlined
expressions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

G
H
F
A
D
C
I
J
E
B

4. Complete the following statements with one of the adjectives in the box:
1, 2 controversial

1, 2 debatable
3. notorious
4. doubtful
5. misquoted
6. misinformed
5. Complete the following statements with one of the adjectives in the box:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

outlook
prospect
likelihood
speculation
incentive
UNIT 7
ECONOMY-RELATED VOCABULARY
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Complete the following sentences with the words from the box:
undeclared
grounds for
thriving
feeble
debt-ridden
commercial
source of
plummeting
soaring

2. Check your answers for exercise 1. Then match the words and expressions
with their definitions:
DEFINITIONS
venture
1. a new activity, project, business, etc., that typically
involves risk
debt-ridden
2. countries or organizations owe so much money they
cannot pay the money back
plummeting
3. falling or dropping suddenly in amount, value
undeclared earnings 4. money made that the state does not know about and
for which taxes have not been paid
source of income
5. the place where one gets money from

soaring
thriving
grounds for
complaints
feeble

6. increasing very quickly in amount or price

7. growing and developing successfully; flourishing
8. the reasons one may have to be displeased with a
service, product, situation etc.
9. very weak

3. Choose the best answer a, b, or c to complete the following text:

1. a.
2. c.
3. a.
4. b.
5. c.
6. b.
7. a.
8. c.
9. b.
10.b.
4. Check your answers for exercise 3. Then match the expressions with their
definitions:
to go bankrupt
to steer
to safeguard ones
interests
to set in motion a
chain of events
to be made
redundant
to come up to
standard
to take its toll
to meet the
requirements
to cut through the
red tape
to hinder

DEFINITIONS
1. to be legally declared financially insolvent.
2. to guide in a certain direction
3. to make (someone or something) safe or secure
4. to cause a series of things to begin happening
5. to be deprived of one's job because it is no longer
necessary for efficient operation
6. to meet or be equal to someone's requirements
7. to cause harm or suffering
8. to satisfy the conditions
9. to get around the bureaucracy
10. to make the progress slow or difficult

UNIT 8
HEALTH-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column B:
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

B
b.
f.
h.
c.
a.
g.
e.
d.

2. The definitions for some of the expressions in exercise 1 have been provided
below. Match them to the corresponding expressions in exercise 1.
overweigh
t
side effect

DEFINITIONS
1. too heavy or fat

2. an effect that a drug has on your body in addition to curing

pain or illness
outbreak
3. when a disease suddenly starts to happen in an area
airborne
4. carried through the air
run a fever 5. have a high body temperature
gasp for
6. to breath quickly in a way that that can be heard because you
breath
are in pain or having difficulty breathing
adverse
7. a negative consequence of using certain drugs
reaction
drug8. a category of viruses that is not affected by known drugs
resistant
(virus)
strain
UNIT 9
MILITARY-RELATED VOCABULARY

1. Complete the following sentences with the words in the box. The form of
some words may need to be changed:
1. menace
2. bulk
3. harsh
4. drone
5. deployments
6. outposts
7. bitter
2. Complete the following sentences with one of the verbs from the box in the
right form:
1. to restore
2. has escalated
3. to launch
4. called
5. to bring
6. has been disbanded
7. will only be lifted
8. suffered
3. Choose the best definition for the underlined expressions in the following
sentences:
1. a.
2. c.
3. b.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Complete the following statements with one of the words in the box:
rationale
outraged
mayhem
resilience
UNIT 10
CRIME-RELATED VOCABULARY

1. Match the sentences with similar meanings. Pay attention to the underlined
expressions:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

e.
b.
g.
a.
d.
h.
f.
c.

2. Choose the synonyms of some of the underlined expressions in exercise 1.

At the end of ones endurance
At the end of ones rope
To inform
To notify
To escape
To get away with
To think of something
To come up with a plan
To claim
To protest
3. Choose the best expressions to complete the sentences below:
1. b.
2. a.
3. c
4. b.
UNIT 11
ENVIRONMENT-RELATED VOCABULARY
1. Choose the best answer a, b, or c to complete the following text:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

c.
a.
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
c.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

b.
a.
c.
a.
b.
b.
c.
a.

2. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column
B. Pay attention to the underlined expressions:
A
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

B
c.
e.
a.
b.
d.

3. Match the underlined expressions in exercise 2 with their definitions:

DEFINITIONS
to raise funds 3. to get money for a cause
green
4. friendly with the environment
technology
walking
3. a distance that can be covered on foot
distance
carbon
4. the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to support
footprint
human activities, expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide
sparsely
5. with very few people living there
populated
to let
6. to allow things not to measure up to standards
standards slip
carpool
7. an arrangement whereby several people travel together in
one vehicle, share the costs and often take turns as the driver
impoverished 8. countries which are short of money
countries
4. Match the first part of the contexts in column A to the second part in column
B. Pay attention to the underlined expressions:
A
B
1.
e.
2.
a.
3.
d.
4.
b.
5.
c.
5. Match the underlined expressions in exercise 4 with their definitions:
DEFINITIONS

on the lookout
a slim chance
to be in place
fossil fuel
to stage a
protest
venue
densely
populated
waste dump
site

1.
2.
3.
4.

to be vigilant, alert
not a very good possibility of something coming true
to be organized properly
an organic substance found underground and used as a
source of energy
5. to organize a public demonstration
6. a location for specific types of events
7. with a lot of people living there
8. a place where garbage is thrown

6. Choose the best words to fill in the gaps in the sentences:

1. b.
2. a.
3. c.
4. c.
5. b.
7. Complete the following dialogues with one of the expressions in the box:
1. its wishful thinking
2. whats at stake
3. to say the least

UNIT 12
EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Complete the following sentences with a verb from the box. Use the verb in
the correct tense.
1. to get
2. toyed
3. to withstand

4. will impart
5. give
6. to make
7. sparking
8. should highlight
9. will be judged
10.to broach
2. Match the beginning of the sentences in column A with their endings in
column B. Pay attention to the expressions that are thus formed:
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

B
g.
f.
a.
h.
b.
j.
c.
e.
i.
d.

3. Match the words from column A to the words from column C to form
collocations. Sometimes more than one combination is possible. You may
need to use one of the prepositions in column B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

State of the art

Thirst for knowledge
Reduction in attention span
The advent of technology
A stroke of genius
Computer literate

4. Check your answers for exercise 3 and then match the collocations with the
appropriate definitions:
1. State of the art
2. Thirst for knowledge
3. Reduction in attention span

4. Advent of technology
5. A stroke of genius
6. Computer literate