Technical Manual KH Volume 2

PaKTI II
esovePAbTdanbeckeTs
matika
matika ................................................................................................................................................. i
Garmkfa ........................................................................................................................................... iii
Epk 6 bTdanbeckeTssRmab; smar nigkarsagsg;................................................... i
buBVkfanbTdanbeckeTs .................................................................................................................... 1
cMNuc 6.1 ebtug 1:3:6: PaBFn; 15 (15 N/mm ) ................................................................................. 3
cMNuc 6.2 ebtug 1:2:4 PaBFn; 25 (25 N/mm ) ................................................................................... 6
cMNuc 6.3 ebtug 1:2:3 PaBFn; 30 (30 N/ mm ) .............................................................................. 10
cMNuc 6.4 srsEdkBRgwg................................................................................................................ 14
cMNuc 6.5 karBum< nigcnl;RT ............................................................................................................ 18
cMNuc 6.6 )ayGrkMe)ar nig)ayGrbUk 1:1:6 ...................................................................................... 22
cMNuc 6.7 )ayGr suT nigkarbUk 1:4 ................................................................................................ 24
cMNuc 6.8 CBaaMgf............................................................................................................................ 26
cMNuc 6.9 CBaaMgerob\dtan; ............................................................................................................. 28
cMNuc 6.10 CBaaMg\dRbehag.............................................................................................................. 33
cMNuc 6.11 kargarCIk nigkargardITUeTA................................................................................................ 38
cMNuc 6.12 karCIkdI nigkargardIsRmab;TMnb;Tb;Twk nigRbLay ............................................................ 40
cMNuc 6.13 karcak;dIlb;RbePTTI1 kareFVICaRTg;RTay nigkarbgab;edayd ..................................... 42
cMNuc 6.14 karcak;dIbMeBjRbePTTI 3 eFVIRTg;RTay nigbgab;edayma:suIn ........................................ 45
cMNuc 6.15 RkYssRmab;RKwHRsTab;TIBIr............................................................................................... 48
cMNuc 6.16 RTnab;lU .......................................................................................................................... 50
cMNuc 6.17 ceRmaHBIl,aykemcf...................................................................................................... 52
cMNuc 6.18 ceRmaHs,CIGUticsay .................................................................................................... 54
cMNuc 6.19 ceRmaHxSac; nigRkYssRmab;eFVIRbRBwtikmTwk ...................................................................... 57
cMNuc 6.20 )atRKWHfl;BIfm:akadamesIm (WBM)............................................................................... 59
cMNuc 6. 21 RsTab;RKwHfl; ................................................................................................................. 63
2
cMNuc 6.22 kRmalRkYsRkhm ........................................................................................................... 66

cMNuc 6.23 RsTab;)atRKwHfl;............................................................................................................ 69
cMNuc 6.24 kRmalRkYsFmCati .......................................................................................................... 72
cMNuc 6.25 kRmalkMeTcf; ................................................................................................................. 75
cMNuc 6.26 kRmalpverobf ............................................................................................................... 79
cMNuc 6.27 kRmalpvebtugGas;sVal; ................................................................................................ 82
cMNuc 6.28 ebtugKansrsEdk ......................................................................................................... 85
cMNuc 6.29 ebtugsMNaj;Edk............................................................................................................. 87
cMNuc 6.30 ebtugGaem:Edk ................................................................................................................ 91
cMNuc 6.31 eGsbeGsFI (SBST) ...................................................................................................... 95
cMNuc 6.32 DIbeGsFI (DBST) .......................................................................................................... 98
cMNuc 6.33 lUebtug nigkg;lUkat;pv ................................................................................................. 101
cMNuc 6.34 kg;lUGNg.................................................................................................................... 104
cMNuc 6.35 kg;lUk,alGNg ........................................................................................................... 106
cMNuc 6.36 GNgCIk ....................................................................................................................... 108
cMNuc 6.37 GNgxYg ....................................................................................................................... 113
cMNuc 6.38 RTugsMNaj;dak;f ........................................................................................................... 120
cMNuc 6.39 fFM fsRmab;karBarkarhUreRcaH .................................................................................. 127
cMNuc 6.40 ssrRKwHebtugcak;Rsab;sRmab;sMNg;xattUc minEmns<anebtug................................... 130
cMNuc 6.41 viFIsaRskgkarbgab; edayeRbI rWuL RbePTepSgKa ........................................................ 133
cMNuc 6.42 cMNat;fak;EdleRbIR)as;sRmab;eQI ................................................................................ 135
Garmkfa
esovePAenH KWCaksarPaKTI II nesovePAENnaMbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat; Edl)anbegIteLIgeday
KNkmaFikarCatisRmab;kaGPivDtamEbbRbCaFibetyenAfak;eRkamCati (NCDD) edayman
shkarN_CamYy RksYgGPivDn_CnbT (MRD) RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tniym (MoWRAM) nig
RksYgnanamYycMnYneTot. esovePAENnaMbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat; man 7 Epk EdlRtUv)aneKEck
ecBaJCa 3 PaK EdlrYmman:
PaKTI I: esovePAENnaMsIBI karsikSanigkareRKagbg;
PaKTI II: esovePAbTdanbeckeTssRmab; karsagsg; smar nigkargar
PaKTI III: esovePARtYtBinitkicsna
esovePAPaKTI II enHKWsRmab;ENnaMBI bTdanbeckeTssRmab; karsagsg; smar nigkargar
sRmab;karGnuvt KeRmagehdarcnasm<n xattUEdleRbIR)as; mUlniFi XMu sgat;. vaCaEpkTI 6 kgcMeNam
7 EpknesovePAENnaM beckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;.
cMeBaH EpkTI1 EpkTI2 EpkTI3 EpkTI4 nig EpkTI5 EdlniyayGMBI esckIENnaMsIBI karsikSa
nigkareRKagbg; GkGacrk)anenA PaKTI I nesovePAENnaMbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;. rI Epk 7
Edlerobrab;BI karRtYtBinitkics na GkGacrk)anenA PaKTI III nesovePAENnaMbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM
sgat;.
Epk 6
bTdanbeckeTssRmab;
smar nigkarsagsg;
EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;
buBVkfanbTdanbeckeTs
bTdanbeckeTspl;nUvkarENnaMsRmab;smar nigkickarsMNg;TUeTA. tRmUvkarmYycMnYnsRmab;smar
nig kickarsMNg;nanaEdlcaM)ac; enAeBlEdltRmUvkarTaMgenHRtUv)anbgajenAkgKMrU b KMnUrbg;rbs;
KeRmagEdlcaM)ac; nigkgkrNIEdlmantRmUvkarCan;Ka b pyBIbTdanbeckeTsTUeTAenaHtRmUvkar
Edl)anbgaj enAkgKMnUrbg;RtUvEteRbIR)as;.
bTdanbeckeTsCabBati
bTdanbeckeTsRtUv)anbgajenAkgTRmg;Catarag. TRmg;enH KWRsedogKaeTAnwgTRmg;Edl)aneRbIkal
BIelIkmun sRmab;KeRmagmUlniFiXuMsgat;nkmviFIsila. PaBxusKacm,grYmman
RbFanbTnImYymandak;elxtamcMNuc
mankarbriyaylmitGMBIsmar ehIykarENnaMGMBIkarRbtibtikargarRtUv)anBRgIkbEnm
cMNucmYycMnYnRtUv)andak;bEnmedIm,IEklmdl;bTdanbeckeTs
nigsRmab;eRbIR)as;CamYynwgKMnUr bg;beckeTsEdl)aneFVI[RbesIrrYcehIy.
bTdanbeckeTssresrCa {TRmg;BIrPasa} KWPasaExrEdlsresrBIeRkamedayPasaGg;eKs. enHKW
sRmab;CaplRbeyaCn_nGkeRbIR)as;kgkarRtYtBiniteRbbeFobsRmab;karEQVgyl; ehIynigkarbk
ERb. vaGaceFVI[mankarFujRTan; karlM)ak nigPaBminRbRktIkgkarbBaak;rvagksarCaPasaExr nig
PasaGg;eKsEdlenAdac;BIKa ehIyCaBiess KWedaysarEtvamanTRmg;Catarag. bTdanbeckeTsnkm
viFIsilaksresrkg {TRmg;CaBIrPasapgEdr} .
EpknbTdanbeckeTsnImYy RtUv)anEbgEckCaR)aMRbFanbT
1. smasPaB erobrab;GMBIsmarEdlRtUvkar
Edl)anEbgEckCaEpkrgsmRsbtamsarFatubTdan beckeTs karbriyayGMBIsarFatu
nigbrimaN nsarFatu.
2. tRmUvkarepSg tRmUvkarcaM)ac; b BtmansMxan;. edayminEmnRKb;smarTaMgGs;mantRmUvkar
TaMgenHeT.
3. beckeTssagsg; karENnaMcaM)ac;sRmab;karerobcMsmar nigb kargarsagsg;.
4. kareRbIR)as; EdnkMNt;nkareRbIR)as;CaBiessenAeBlEdlsmarmYyRtUveRbIR)as;
nigenAeBlmin RtUveRbIR)as;.
esovePAbTdanbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;
II-1
karKNnabrimaNsmar EpkenHKWsRmab;eKalbMNg):an;sanbrimaNsmar nigtm.

varYmbBal R)ak;]btmsRmab;karxatbg;smar
dUecHehIybrimaNenaHRtUvelIsBImrimaNsmarpal; net quantity eRbIR)as;eTAelIkargar.
bTdanbeckeTsRtUvEteRbIR)as;edayRsbeTAtamKMnUrbg;
nigkarENnaMeRKagbg;Edl)anbBaleTAkgTRmg; EbbbT T.XX nigbrimaNsmarEdl):an;san.
bTdanbeckeTsKWminRtUveRbItamKMrUsilacMeBaHdIbMeBj RbePTTI 2 eToteTEdlkarbgab;eFVIeLIgeday
buldUhSr bulldozer. enHedaysarEtkareFVIpveday buldUhSreFIV[karbgab;minGacTTYlyk)an
nigminsuIKa. karcak;bMeBjRbePTTI 3 KWrkSaTukenAdEdl ehIyRtUvykmkeRbIR)as;sRmab;kargardI
TUeTA. karcak;bMeBjRbePTTI 1 kRtUvrkSaTukpgEdrsRmab;kareRbI R)as;cMeBaHkargardI RTg;RTaytUc
EtmineRbIsRmab;kargarRKwH kargarTb;Twk b kargareFIVpvepSg nigkEng EdlsMrutticGacTTYlyk)an.
5.
II-2
cMNuc
6.1
ebtug
1:3:6:
PaBFn; 15 (15 N/mm )

2
Clause 6.1 Concrete 1:3:6: Grade 15 (15 N/mm2)

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
suIm:g;t_
suIm:g;t_Fmta
Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement
1 part in 10 of dry volume
f TMhM 20x40 mm
flit b RkYs EdlmanTMhMGb,brma

20 mm Gtibrma 40 mm
minmanFUlI dI\d b sRmam
Stone, 20x40mm size
Quarry stone or gravel, minimum

size 20 mm, maximum size 40 mm.
No dust, clay or organic matter
xSac;eRKIm
KandI\d b sRmam. xSac;RsYc b

xSac;TenEdlrelagminRtUvykmk
eRbIsRmab;ebtugeLIy.
Coarse sand
No clay or organic matter. Sharp

sand, smooth river sand shall not be
used in concrete.
Twk
Twksat edayminmansRmamkg 105 lIRt kgl,ay 1 m b 23 lIRt

sUluysg b l,ay GVIeLIy. Twk sRmab;suIm:g;t_mYy)av Tmn; 50 KRk
minRtUvmanpkCatieRbg b rUbFatuGVI enHCabrimaNTwkGtib,brmacaM)ac;
Edlmanpk sarFatueRbg dI\d b edIm,Ilay nigcak;ebtug.
GMbileLIy.
Water
Clean and free from any organic or

inorganic matter in solution or
suspension. It shall not contain any
grease or greasy particles, clay or
salt.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
PaK 10 ncMMNuHst
PaK 10 ncMNuHst
6 parts in 10 of dry volume
PaK 10 ncMNuHst
97 litres per m3 of mix or 23 litres

per 50 kg bag of cement, but anyway
the minimum amount needed to mix
and pour concrete
Other requirements
kRmitPaBFn; 15 (15 N/mm )

2
Strength Grade 15 (15 N/mm2)
II-3
cMNuc
6.1
ebtug
1:3:6:

2

3.
beckeTssagsg;
Construction techniques
karlay
layedaydsRmab;kargarRTg;RTaytUc bm:asuInsRmab;kargarRTg;RTayFM.
Mixing
By hand for small works or by machine for large works
karbgab;
bgab;edayEdkbukedayd b smarFmtasRmab;kargarRTg;RTaytUc b
edayeRbIma:suIn;jrbgab;sRmab;kargarRTg;RTayFM
Compaction
Compact by hand poker or simple equipment for small works or by

mechanical vibrator for large works
tMNsMNg;
tMNsMNg;RtUveFVIeLIgenAkEngEdlkargarcak;ebtugcb;sBVRKb;sRmab;
fenaH b kEngEdleRKgbgMsMNg;BIebtugmYyRtUv)ancak;Tl;nwgeRKgbgM
nsMNg;ebtugmYYyeTotEdl)ancak;BImun. tMNsMNg;enaHRtUvEtBnat[
eBjFatueRKagsMNg;ebtugenaH.
Construction joints
Construction joints shall be made where concrete placing operations end for
the day or where one concrete structural element is cast against a previously
placed concrete structural element. The construction joint shall extend
entirely through the concrete element.
enAmuxtMNrIkrYmbEnmelIlTPaBeprbnkEdlpl;edaysrsEdkBRgwgKW
kMlaMgkkkitrvagRKab;f nkRmalxNenaH.
kargarenHRtUveFVIy:agNa[ebtugEdl)ancak;elIkdMbUgmanp eRKIm enARtg;
tMNenaH. RbsinebIpeRKImRtUv)aneFIVeLIg edaykarQUsqaypebtug tMN
enaHRtUvEtsmat[satGs; edayeRbIxl; )aj; b viFIsaRsdTeTot
EdlmanRbsiTPaBenAmuneBlcak;ebtugfI. tMNlak; (karxas;bRBasKa)
minRtUveRbIeLIyeRBaHviFIsaRsenHmanlTPaBeprbnkexSay CaBiesssRmab;
ebtugKansrsEdk.
In a normal contraction joint load transfer, additional to that provided by
reinforcing steel when present at the joint, shall by aggregate interlock. This
requires the first placed concrete to have a rough and irregular surface at the
join. If the roughened surface is prepared by scabbling then the joint must be
thoroughly cleaned with compressed air or other effective means before
placing fresh concrete. Keyed joints shall not be used because this method
has poor load transfer, especially for unreinforced concrete.
RbsinebItMNsMNg;enAkgebtugKansrsEdk manprelag enaHRtUveRbIEdk

Tm<k;edIm,I[TTYl)ankareprTmn;bnkqgkat;tammuxtMN.
II-4
cMNuc
6.1
ebtug
1:3:6:

2

If the construction joint is made smooth in unreinforced concrete then dowel
bars shall be used to achieve load transfer across the joint.
kargarseRmc
kargarseRmcsRmab;prelag KWmintRmUv[eRbIR)as;dUcEdl)anGnuBaatenA
kgcMNucTIbYndUcxageRkam.
Finishes
Smooth surface finishes are not required for the use permitted in 4. below.
kargarEfTaM
ebtugEdleTIbcak;fI RtUvkarBarBIxl;st ePg nigkMedARBHGaTit

edayRKbva[CitedayeRbIpaMgekAsU b GVIepSgeTot
cMeBaHebtugrYmTaMgpxageRkApgEdr RtUvepSImTwk[)anjwkjab;tamviFI
EdlmankarkPaB y:agehacNas;ryeBl 7f bnab;BIcak;ebtugrYcral;
enAkgryeBlEfTaMebtug RtUvTukenAkuM[mankarb:HBal;eRkABIkargarRKb
BIelI ebtugLb;EL b kargartPab; tMNsMNg;rbs;kRmalxN.
Curing
Newly placed concrete shall be protected from drying wind, rain and sun
by completely covering it with plastic (or other) sheeting.
The concrete, including exposed faces, shall be frequently wetted by
approved means for at least 7 days after placing.
During the curing period, the concrete shall be left undisturbed other than
works to be covered (blinding) or joined (slab construction joint).
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RKwHebtugKansrsEdk
ebtugLb;EL
Mass concrete foundations.

Blinding.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Calculation of material quantities
Unit quantity:
smar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
suIm:g;t_
230
kg
0.90
m3
0.45
m3
Cement
f TMhM 10x20 mm
Stone, 10x20mm size
xSac;
Sand
II-5
cMNuc
6.2
ebtug
1:2:4

2
Clause 6.2 Concrete 1:2:4 Grade 25 (25 N/mm2)

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
suIm:g;t_
suIm:g;t_Fmta
Cement
f TMhM 10x20 mm
flit b RkYsEdlmanTMhMGb,brma
10 mm TMhMGtibrma 20 mm minRtUv
manFUlI dI\d b sRmam
PaK 7 ncMNuHst
PaK 7 ncMNuHst
Stone, 10x20mm size

size 10mm, maximum size 20mm.
xSac;eRKIm
KandI\d b sRmam. xSac;RsYc b

xSac;TenEdlrelagmin RtUvykmk
eRbIsRmab;ebtugeLIy.
Coarse sand

used in concrete.
Twk

sUluysg b l,ay GVIeLIy. Twk sRmab;suIm:g;t_mYy)av Tmn; 50 KRk
minRtUvmanpkCatieRbg b rUbFatu enHCabrimaNTwkGtib,brmacaM)ac;
GVIEdlmanpksarFatueRbg dI\d b edIm,Ilay nigcak;ebtug.
GMbileLIy.
Water

salt.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
PaK 7 ncMNuHst

and pour concrete.
Other requirements
kRmitPaBFn; 25 (25 N/ mm )
2
II-6
cMNuc
6.2
ebtug
1:2:4

2

3.
beckeTssagsg;
karlay
layedaym:asuIn
Mixing
By machine
karbgab;
bgab;edaym:asuInrMjremkanik
Compaction
Compact by mechanical vibrator
tMNsMNg;
fenaH b kEngEdleRKgbgMsMNg;BIebtugmYyRtUv)ancak;Tl;nwgeRKgbgM
Construction joints
minRtUveRbIeLIyeRBaHviFIsaRsenHmanlTPaBeprbnkexSay
CaBiesssRmab; ebtugKansrsEdk.

muxtMNedIm,I[TTYl)ankareprTmn;bnkqgkat;tammuxtMN.
II-7
cMNuc
6.2
ebtug
1:2:4

2
kargarseRmc
Finishes
pxageRkATaMgGs;Edl)aneFVIrYcral;ehIyRtUvEtmanPaBrelagrabesI.
pebtugRbehagsMbukXM nigTwkdk;enApxagelI
nigRbehagxl;kgebtugminRtUvbUkPitedIm,Ilak;)aMgbnab;BIedaHBum<ecj
enaHeT. karbUkbMeBjeday)ayGr GaceFVIeTA)anluHRtaEtmankarEN
naMBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTsb:ueNaH.
cMeBaHpebtugEdlminerobBum< elIkElgEtpkRmalxN RtUvEtvasedIm,I
[vamanPaBrelagrabesI.
pebtugEdlRtUvkarbUk)ayGrxageRkA b xagkg KWRtUveFVI[eRKIm edIm,I
[vaxaMCab;lsRmab;kargarbUkbBab;enaH. RbsinebIeyIg eRbI]bkrN_mut
RsYcQUseFVI[manpeRKIm enaHPaBxaMCab;Kanwgl. kareFVIEbbenH man
RbsiTPaBbMputcMeBaHebtugEdleTIbnwgcak;fI. CeRmIsmYyepSgeTot b
bEnmBImunenaH eyIgGaceRbIRsTab;bgaMeday)aj;l,ay)ayGr nigbEnm
sarFatuPab;eTAnwgCBaaMg. samekas b RsTab;bgaMenaHRtUvTukryeBl
24ema:g muneBlvas b bUkRsTab;)ayGr.
pkRmalxNnGaKarRtUvEtb:UlaedayenA)acemSAsuIm:g;t_ edIm,IFana
[manprabesI.
pvedIr nigkEngcak;ebtugRtUvEtbegIyedayduHRcaseRKIm edIm,IkMu[rGil.
All exposed finished surface shall be smooth.

Honeycombed surfaces and superficial water and air holes shall not be
made good immediately on removal of the formwork and shall only be
filled in with mortar on the instructions of the Technical Supervisor.
The faces of concrete for which formwork is not provided, other than
slabs, shall be floated to provide a smooth surface.
Faces of concrete to receive render or plaster shall be roughened to
provide a good key for the applied finish. A good key can be provided if
the concrete surface is scratched and roughened with a sharp tool, this
will be most effective with young concrete. Alternatively and/or
additionally a dash coat may be applied by throwing a mixture of mortar
and added bonding agent against the wall. The scratch and dash coat
shall be left 24 hours before the floating/render coat is applied.
The surface of building floor slabs shall be polished when nearly set with
a dusting of cement powder to ensure a smooth horizontal surface.
Pathways and concrete areas shall be coarse broom-finished to ensure that
II-8
cMNuc
6.2
ebtug
1:2:4

2

the surface is non-slip.
kabUk
sMNg;eRKOgbgMebtugminRtUvbUkeT luHRtaEtmantRmUvkar[bUkBIKMnUrbg;.
Plastering
Structural concrete shall not be plastered unless required by the drawings
karEfTaM

edayRKbva[CitedayeRbIpaMgekAsU b GVIepSg. cMeBaHebtug rYm
TaMgpxageRkApgEdr RtUvepSImTwk[)anjwkjab;tamviFIEdlmankark
PaB y:agehacNas;ryeBl 7f bnab;BIcak;ebtugrYcral;.
enAkgryeBlEfTaMebtug RtUvTukenAkuM[mankarb:HBal;eRkABIkargar
RKbBIelI ebtugLb;EL b kargartPab; tMNsMNg;rbs;kRmalxN.
Curing
by completely covering it with plastic (or other) sheeting. The concrete,
including exposed faces, shall be frequently wetted by approved means
for at least 7 days after placing.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
Fwm ssr nigkRmalxNebtugGaem: nigeRKgbgMsMNg;tUc.

RKwHs<an k,als<an nigsrsrs<an bu:EnminsRmab;kRmalxN nigFwm
rbs;s<aneT.
Reinforced concrete beams, columns and slabs for small buildings and
structures.
Bridge foundations, abutments and piers (but not bridge decks and
beams).
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
suIm:g;t_
325
kg
0.86
m3
0.43
m3
Cement
f TMhM 10 x 20 mm
Stone, 10x20mm size
xSac;
Sand
II-9
cMNuc
6.3
ebtug
1:2:3
PaBFn;
30 (30 N/
mm )
2

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
suIm:g;t_
suIm:g;t_Fmta
Cement
f TMhM 10 x 20 mm
flit b RkYs EdlmanTMhMGb,brma

10 mm TMhMGtibrma 20 mm
minRtUvmanFUlI dI\d b sRmam
Stone, 10x20mm size

size 10mm, maximum size 20mm.
xSac;eRKIm
KandI\d b sRmam. xSac;RsYc b xSac; 2 PaK 6 ncMMNuHst

TenEdlrelagminRtUvykmkeRbI
sRmab;ebtugeLIy.
Coarse sand

used in concrete.
Twk

sUluysg b l,ayGVIeLIy. Twk sRmab;suIm:g;t_mYy)av Tmn; 50 KRk
minRtUvmanpkCatieRbg b rUbFatuGVI enHCabrimaNTwkGtib,brmacaM)ac;
EdlmanpksarFatueRbg dI\d b edIm,Ilay nigcak;ebtug.
GMbileLIy.
Water

salt.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
PaK 6 ncMNuHst
PaK 6 ncMNuHst

and pour concrete.
Other requirements
kRmitPaBFn; 30 (30 N/ mm )
2
II-10
cMNuc
6.3
ebtug
1:2:3
PaBFn;
30 (30 N/
mm )
2

3.
beckeTssagsg;
karlay
layedayma:suIn
Mixing
By machine
karbgab;
bgab;edayma:suInrMjremkanik
Compaction
By mechanical vibrator
tMNsMNg;
fenaH b kEngEdleRKgbgMsMNg;BIebtugmYyRtUvFanacak;Tl;nwgeRKgbgM
Construction joints
minRtUveRbIeLIyeRBaHviFIsaRsenHmanlTPaBeprbnkexSay
CaBiesssRmab; ebtugKansrsEdk.

tMNedIm,I[TTYl)ankareprTmn;bnkqgkat;tammuxtMN.
II-11
cMNuc
6.3
ebtug
1:2:3
PaBFn;
30 (30 N/
mm )
2
kargarseRmc
Finishes
pxageRkATaMgGs;Edl)aneFVIrYcral;ehIyRtUvEtmanPaBrelagrabesI.
pebtugRbehagsMbukXM Twkdk;enApxagelI nigRbehagxl;kgebtugmin
RtUvbUkpitedIm,Ilak;)aMgbnab;BIedaHBum<ecjenaHeT. karbUkbMeBjeday
)ayGrGaceFVIeTA)anluHRtamankarENnaMBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs b:ueNaH.
cMeBaHpebtugEdlminerobBum< elIkElgEtpkRmalxN RtUvEtvasedIm,I
[vamanPaBrelagrabesI.
pebtugEdlRtUvkarbUk)ayGrxageRkA b xagkg KWRtUveFVI[eRKIm edIm,I
[vaxaMCab;lsRmab;kargarbUkbBab;enaH. RbsinebIeyIg eRbI]bkrN_mut
RsYcQUseFVI[manpeRKIm enaHPaBxaMCab;Kanwgl. kareFVIEbbenH man
RbsiTPaBbMputcMeBaHebtugEdleTIbnwgcak;fI. CeRmIsmYyepSgeTot b
bEnmBImunenaH eyIgGaceRbIRsTab;bgaMeday)aj;l,ay)ayGr nigbEnm
sarFatuPab;eTAnwgCBaaMg. samekas b RsTab;bgaMenaHRtUvTukryeBl
24ema:g muneBlvas b bUkRsTab;)ayGr.
pkRmalxNnGaKarRtUvEtb:Ulaeday)acemSAsuIm:g;t_ edIm,IFana
[manprabesI.
pvedIr nigkEngcak;ebtugRtUvEtbegIyedayduHRcaseRKIm edIm,IkMu[rGil.
All exposed finished surface shall be smooth.

Honeycombed surfaces and superficial water and air holes shall not be
made good immediately on removal of the formwork and shall only be
filled in with mortar on the instructions of the Technical Supervisor.
The faces of concrete for which formwork is not provided, other than
slabs, shall be floated to provide a smooth surface.
Faces of concrete to receive render or plaster shall be roughened to
provide a good key for the applied finish. A good key can be provided if
the concrete surface is scratched and roughened with a sharp tool, this
will be most effective with young concrete. Alternatively and/or
additionally a dash coat may be applied by throwing a mixture of mortar
and added bonding agent against the wall. The scratch and dash coat
shall be left 24 hours before the floating/render coat is applied.
The surface of building floor slabs shall be polished when nearly set with
a dusting of cement powder to ensure a smooth horizontal surface.
Pathways and concrete areas shall be coarse broom-finished to ensure that
the surface is non-slip.
II-12
cMNuc
6.3
ebtug
1:2:3
PaBFn;
30 (30 N/
mm )
2
karbUk
sMNg;eRKgbgMebtugminRtUvbUkeT luHRtaEtmantRmUvkar[bUkBIKMnUrbg;.
Plastering
Structural concrete shall not be plastered unless required by the drawings
karEfTaM

edayRKbva[CitedayeRbIpaMgekAsU b GVIepSg.
cMeBaHebtugrYmTaMgpxageRkApgEdrRtUvepSImTwk[)anjwkjab;tamviFI
EdlmankarkPaBy:agehacNas;ryeBl 7fbnab;BIcak;ebtugrYcral;.
enAkgryeBlEfTaMebtug RtUvTukenAkuM[mankarb:HBal;eRkABIkargarRKb
BIelI ebtugLb;EL b kargartPab; tMNsMNg;rbs;kRmalxN.
Curing
by completely covering it with plastic (or other) sheeting.
The concrete, including exposed faces, shall be frequently wetted by
approved means for at least 7 days after placing.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
ebtugTb;Twk ]> GagTwk.

kRmalxN nigFwmrbs;s<an.
enAkEngNaEdleKRtUvkarebtugmanPaBFn;xaMg.
Water retaining concrete (e.g. tanks).

Bridge decks and beams.
Wherever higher strength concrete is required.
5.
karKNnaelIbrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
suIm:g;t_
380
kg
0.75
m3
Cement
fTMhM 10 x 20 mm
Stone, 10x20mm size
xSac;
0.50
m3
Sand
II-13
cMNuc
6.4
srsEdkBRgwg
Clause 6.4 Steel reinforcement

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
Edkrelag
235 N/
mm
minRtUveRbIEdkEdlmanTMhM 12mm b FMCagenaHeT luHRta

EtmanbgajenAkgKMnUrbg;.
Smooth bars
Not to be used for bar sizes 12mm or bigger unless shown

on drawing.
EdkfaMgGMeBA
minRtUveRbIEdkEdlmanTMhM 8 mm b tUcCagenHeT luHRta

EtmanbgajenAkgKMnUrbg;.
400 N/
mm
Deformed bars
2.
Not to be used for bar sizes 8 mm or smaller unless shown

on drawing.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
PaBsat
EdksrsRtUvEtsat ehIyminmanERcH PaBkxVk; b eRbg
Cleanliness
Steel bars must be clean and free from rust, dirt or oil.
kMNt;cMNaMeRbIR)as;
srsEdkRtUv)anykmkeRbIelIKMnUrbg; edayeRbIR)as;kMNt;cMNaMdUcteTA
Call-up notation
Reinforcing steel is called-up on drawings using the following notation.
TItaMgEdk f
Bar position: f
RbePT nigkarerobcMEdkelIKMnUrbg;
karBiBNna
Bar call-up type and arrangement
Description
f1010@200
TItaMg4 Edk 10edIm Ggt;pit 10 mm

KmatBIKa 200 mm
Position 4, 10 bars diameter 10 mm,
spacing 200 mm
1010@200f
Edk 10edIm Ggt;pit 10 mm

KmatBIKa 200 mm TItaMg 4
10 bars diameter 10 mm, spacing
200 mm, position 4
TItaMg4 EdkGgt;pit 10 mm
II-14
cMNuc
6.4
srsEdkBRgwg
f10@200
10f
3.
KmatBIKa 200 mm
Position 4, diameter 10 mm, spacing
200 mm
Ggt;pit 10 mm TItaMg4
Diameter 10 mm, position 4
beckeTssagsg;
karerobcMEdk
EdksrsRtUverobCaragRkLa eTAtamKmatbgajenAkgKMnUrbg; ehIydak;

enATItaMgEdlRtUvkarkgeRKgbgMsMNg;ebtugEdlmanRsTab;karBardUc)an
kMNt;.
Bar arrangement
Reinforcing steel shall be fixed in a grid pattern at the spacing called-up

on the Drawings and at the required position in the concrete structure
with the specified concrete cover.
]TahrN_GMBIkarerobcMEdksrs TidPaBkgbg;GuIsUemRTik
Example bar arrangement (isometric view)
Ggt;pitsrsEdk
KmatsrsEdk
Bar
Bar Spacing
KmatsrsEdk
Bar Spacing
RbEvgKgelIKa
taragxageRkampl;nUvviFIsaRstamTmab;sRmab;RbEvgKgKaEdlRtUvkar.
Overlap lengths
The following table provides a rule of thumb for the length of overlap required.
muxkat; mm
Diameter (mm)
6
8
10
12
14
RbEvgKgKa mm
kgtMbn;TaBaJ
RbEvgKgKa mm
kgtMbn;sgt;
Overlap (mm) in tension

zone
300
400
500
600
700
Overlap (mm) in
Compression zone
180
240
300
360
420
II-15
cMNuc
6.4
srsEdkBRgwg

16
db2
RbEvg
Ggt;pitbegagGb,brma
EdkTm<k;Edkkg nig
EdkeRTt
800
db1
480
Ggt;pitEdk
d (mm)
bar
Length
dbar
dbar
RbEvg
db1
Length
Bar diameter
dbar (mm)
Minimum bending
diameters (hooks,
stirrups and inclined
bars)
<20
20 to 28
Ggt;pitbegag
Gb,brma
Minimum bending
diameter
EdkTm<k; EdkeRTt
Edkkg d (mm)
d (mm)
b2
b1
Hook,
stirrups
db1 (mm)
4 dbar
7 dbar
Inclined
bars
db2 (mm)
15 dbar
20 dbar
kRmas;RsTab;karBar
ebtug
luHRtaEtmankarbBaak;enAelIKMnUrbg; RsTab;karBarKYrEtFMCag 20 mm
cover should be greater than
ebImindUecaHeT RsTab;karBarelIEdk The
20 mm
KYrEtEtCatmFMbMputkgcMeNamtm RsTab;karBarKYrEtFMCag 3 dgn
xagsaM bktmFMCag.
Ggt;pitEdkeFVIkar
Thickness of concrete
cover
Unless specified otherwise on the

drawings concrete cover over steel
bars should be the largest of the
following or larger:
The cover should be more than 3 times

the diameter of the main reinforcement
RsTab;karBarKYEt 20% FMCagTMhM

fGtibrmaEdleRbIR)as;.
The cover should be 20% larger than
the maximum size of aggregates used
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
srsEdkBRgwgdUcEdlmanbgajenAkgKMMnUrbg;.
Steel reinforcement as shown on drawings
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
srsEdkBRgwg
1 tonne
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
1.1
tonne
Steel reinforcement
II-16
cMNuc
6.4
srsEdkBRgwg
lYscg
10
kg
Binding wire
Tmn;Edk = (maD KitCa m x 7900) KRk

3
Weight of bar = (volume in m3 x 7900) kg
RbsinebI d = Ggt;pitEdkKitCa mIlIEm:Rt mm

Tmn;Edk W = d L 0.0062 (K>Rk)
L=
RbEvgEdkKitCa m enaH
If d = diameter of bar in mm and L = length of bar in m,
W = d2
7.9
or W = d 2 L 0.0062
1000
Ggt;pit mm
pmuxkat; m
Diameter (mm)
6
8
10
12
14
16
Area (m )
0.00002826
0.00005024
0.00007850
0.00011304
0.00015386
0.00020096
Tmn;kgRbEvg 1m
Weight of 1 m length
0.223
0.397
0.620
0.893
1.215
1.588
II-17
cMNuc
6.5
karBum< nigcnl;RT
Clause 6.5 Formwork and Falsework

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
karBum<
Formwork
cnl;RT
Falsework
eRbgsRmab;labBum<
karBum< KWCaBum<beNaHGasn b CaGciny_ edIm,IbegItCarUbragebtugeLIg

vaGacbBar sRmab;CBaaMg nigEKm epk sRmab;FwmxageRkam nig
kRmalxN eRTt pxagelI b xageRkam.
ral;karBum<RtUvEtCaeQI Edk b Cr ehIyRtUvdMeLIgedayeRbI)ayGredIm,I
[ENn nigmanPaBCab;l edIm,IrkSanUvTItaMgrbs;ebtugkgeBlcak;
bgab; dMeLIg nigBRgwg.
eQIsRmab;eFVIBum<cak;ebtug RtUveRbIeQIcMNat;fak; 2.
eQIRtUvEteFVIkarEkcmin[manBk ehIyGaceRbIR)as;)an
elIRKb;pTaMgGs;.
Formwork is the temporary or permanent mould for forming concrete and

may be vertical (as for walls and edges), horizontal (beneath beams and
slabs), or sloping (top or bottom surfaces).
All formwork shall be of wood metal or hard plastic and shall be built
mortar-tight and rigid enough to maintain the concrete position during
placing, compacting, setting, and hardening.
Timber for concrete formwork shall be Class 2. Timber shall be wellseasoned, free from knots and worked (shaped) on all faces.
Cnl;TRm KWCaTRmbeNaHGasnEdlRTkarBum<sRmab;cak;ebtug nigEdk

BRgwgmYyry enAeBlEdlebtugRtUv)ancak; ehIyeKGacykTRmecj
enAeBlEdlebtugmanPaBFn;RKb;RKan;GacQredayxng)an.
Falsework is temporary support to formwork required to support concrete

and reinforcement for the period between when it is placed and when it
has sufficient strength to be free standing without support.
eRbgsRmab;labBum< RtUvlabelIpnBum<Edlb:HCamYynwgebtug
edIm,IkarBarebtuugCab;eTAnwgkarBum<.
eRbgsRmab;labBum<RtUvEtCaeRbg):ara:hVInEdlmineFVI[mankarERbRbYl
BN minmanCatiTwk minmankakekAsU nigkkrEdlmin rlay.
II-18
cMNuc
6.5
karBum< nigcnl;RT

Mould oil
Mould oil is applied to the faces of the formwork which will be in contact
with fresh concrete to prevent the concreting sticking to the formwork.
Mould oil shall be a petroleum distillate non-staining paraffin oil free
from water, bituminous and other insoluble residues.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
Bum<
Formwork
prbs;sMNg;Edl)ancak;Bum<rYcral;RtUvEtrelag eFVIEbbenHKWvaminTam
Tar[eFIVkarbUkedIm,I[varelageTotenaHeT. pBum<Edlb:HeTAnwgebtug
minRtUvmanTwk)ayGr EdkeKalRbeyal sameRbH b xUcxatGVIepSg
enaHeT. kEngtPab;RtUvEtmanPaBENnledIm,IkarBarkarhUrecjnTwk
suIm:g;t_ ehIyeCosvagkarekItmanRBuyRtInebtug nigkarxUcxatepSg.
muxtMNEdlminRtwmRtUv RtUvbiT[satmuneBlcak;ebtug.
tMNPab;RtUveFVIeLIgedIm,[manPaBgayRsYlkgkaredaHBum<ecj ehIy
RtUvt[Cab;maMl edIm,IrkSaRTg;RTaysitenARtwmRtUv GMLgeBlEdlbgab;
ebtug.
karBum<RtUvrt;Rtg;CYr nigGkSEdl)anedA ehIyRtUvdak;EdkTamedIm,IkarBar
karxUcRTg;RTayedaysarEtTmn;ebtug nigbnkdTeTot dUcCaxl;
nigb bnksMNg;epSgeTot.
The finished formed surface shall be smooth such that it will not require
rendering to make it smooth. Faces in contact with concrete shall be free
from adhering grout, projecting nails, splits, or other defects. Joints shall
be sufficiently tight to prevent leakage of cement grout and to avoid
formation of fins or other blemishes. Faulty joints shall be sealed before
concreting.
Connections shall be constructed to permit easy removal of the formwork
and shall be strong enough to retain the correct shape during compaction
of the concrete.
Formwork shall be true to line, braced and strutted to prevent deformation
under the weight of concrete and other loads, such as wind and/or
construction loads.
II-19
cMNuc
6.5
karBum< nigcnl;RT
cnl;RT
Falsework
eRbgsRmab;labBum<
Falsework shall be designed and constructed to provide the necessary

rigidity and to support the loads coming upon it without significant
settlement or deformation.
When requested the Contractor shall submit to the Technical Supervisor
calculations and drawings related to the falsework, and shall not
commence construction without the prior approval of the Technical
Supervisor.
Falsework that cannot be founded on solid footings must be supported by
ample falsework piling which shall be spaced, driven, and removed in a
manner approved.
Arch centering shall be so constructed as to permit its being lowered
gradually and uniformly.
Mould oil
karedaH Bum< nigcnl;RT

ecj
cnl;RTRtUveRKag ehIyeFIIVeLIgedIm,Ipl;nUvBRgwgcaM)ac; nigedIm,IRTbnk

EdlsitenABIelIva edaymin[mansRmut b PaBdabxaMg.
enAeBlEdlmankaresIsuM Gkem:AkarRtUvbBankarKNna nigKMnUrbg;epSg
EdlBak;BneTAkan;GkRKb;RKgbeckeTs ehIyminRtUvcab;epImeFVIkar
sagsg;enAmuneBlseRmcBIsMNak;GkRKb;RKgbeckeTseLIy.
cnl;RTEdlminGacsg;enAelIRKwHrwg)an RtUvRTvaedaycnl;RTbegalRKwH
FMEdlRtUvdak;Kmat bukcuHeRkam nigdkecjtamlkNmankaryl;
RBm.
sMNg;GkSkNal RtUvsg;eLIgedIm,I[eKGacbnabvacuHbnicmg nigman
PaBdUcKa.
eRbgsRmab;labBum<RtUvlabelIpnBum<Edlb:HCamYynwgebtugEdlcak;
edIm,IkarBarkarsitCab;ebtuugeTAnwgbnHBum<.
eRbgsRmab;labBum< minRtUv[b:HsrsEdkBRgwgeLIy.
Mould oil shall be applied to the faces of the formwork which will come
into contact with fresh concrete.
Mould oil shall be kept away from contact with reinforcement.
Bum< nigcnl;RT RtUvedaHecjtamlMdab;lMedayedayeRbIEdkKas; hameRbI

jjr.
enAmuneBledaHcnl;RTecj RtUvBinitemIlebtug edIm,IFanafa ebtugQan
dl;dMNak;kalEdlmanPaBrwgmaMl 21 f sRmab;Fwm nig kRmalxN
ehIy 48 em:ag sRmab;ssr edIm,IRTTmn;rbs;va nigbnkepSgeTot
II-20
cMNuc
6.5
karBum< nigcnl;RT
EdlRtUvsg;enAelIva. RtUveRbIcnl;edIm,ICYyRTeRKgbgMsMNg;.
Removal of formwork and
falsework
Formwork and falsework shall be removed gradually using a crowbar not

a hammer.
Before removal of any formwork the concrete shall be examined to ensure
that the concrete has attained sufficient strength (21 days for beams and
slab and 48 hours for the columns), to support its own weight and any
load to be imposed upon it. Props shall be used to support the members.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
sRmab;ral;sMNg;ebtugTaMgGs;EdlRtUvkarkarBum<.
All concrete construction requiring formwork moulds.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
Bum<
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
TItaMgcak;Bum
cnl;RT
rab;bBalCamYykarBum<
m
minRtUvvas;dac;edayELkBIKaeT
Falsework
Included with formwork
Not measured separately.
Formwork
Net area
II-21
cMNuc
6.6
)ayGrkMe)ar nig)ayGrbUk
1:1:6
Clause 6.6 Lime Mortar and Render 1:1:6

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
suIm:g;t_
suIm:g;t_Fmta
Cement
xSac;eRKIm
KandI\d b sRmam
Coarse sand
No clay or organic matter
kMe)ar
kMe)arlayTwk
Lime
Hydrated lime
Twk
TwksatGacbriePaK)an
lIRt kg 1m nl,ay b 35.5 lIRt

CamYysuIm:g;t_mYy)av Tmn; 50 KRk .
Water
Clear drinking water
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
PaK 8 ncMNuHst
PaK 8 ncMNuHst
PaK 8 ncMNuHst
220
220 litres per m3 of mix or 35.5 litres per 50

kg bag of cement.
Other requirements
RbsinebIsuIm:g;t_bUk RtUveRbICMnYssuIm:g;t_FmtaenaH mincaM)ac;eRbIkMe)arenaHeT

suIm:g;t_bUk KWCasuIm:g;t_FmtaEdlmansarFatulkN)asIk.
If masonry cement is substituted for Ordinary Portland Cement the lime may
be omitted (Masonry cement is Ordinary Portland Cement with the addition a
plasticizing agent).
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karlay
edayd
Mixing
By hand
kRmas;
kRmas;nRsTab;Rkas;bMputKW 10 mm.
Thickness
4.
Maximum layer thickness 10 mm.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
smRsbsRmab;
tN\dEdlrYmman\deFVIBIdI\d b BIsuIm:g;t_ \dxl;EdleFVIBIsuIm:g;t_ nigf.

)ayGrbUkxagkg
Suitable for
All masonry jointing including clay and concrete bricks, concrete blocks and
stone. Internal render (plaster).
II-22
cMNuc
6.6
)ayGrkMe)ar nig)ayGrbUk
1:1:6
Clause 6.6 Lime Mortar and Render 1:1:6
minsmRsbsRmab;
)ayGrbUkxageRkA.
Not suitable for

5.
External render (plaster).
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
suIm:g;t_
378
kg
m3
120
kg
Cement
xSac;
Sand
kMe)arlayTwk
Hydrated lime
II-23
cMNuc
6.7
)ayGr suT nigkarbUk
1:4
Clause 6.7 Plain Mortar and Render 1:4

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
suIm:g;t_
suIm:g;t_Fmta
Cement
xSac;eRKIm
KandI\d b sRmam
Coarse sand
Twk
TwksatGacbriePaK
220
Water
Clear drinking water
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
PaK 5 ncMNuHst
PaK 5 ncMNuHst
lIRt kg 1 m nl,ay b 35.5 lIRt

CamYysuIm:g;t_mYy)av Tmn; 50KRk.
3
220 litres per m3 of mix or 35.5 litres per 50 kg

bag of cement.
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karlay
edayd
Mixing
By hand
kRmas;
kRmas;nRsTab;Rkas;bMputKW 10 mm.
Thickness
4.
Maximum layer thickness 10 mm.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
smRsbsRmab;
)ayGrbUkxageRkA
Suitable for
External render (plaster).
minsmRsbsRmab;
tMN\dEdlrYmman\deFVIBIdI\d b BIsuIm:g;t_ \dxl;EdleFVIBIsuIm:g;t_ nig f.

)ayGrbUkxagkg karbUk.
Not suitable for
All masonry jointing including clay and concrete bricks, concrete blocks and
stone.
Internal render (plaster).
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
II-24
cMNuc
6.7
)ayGr suT nigkarbUk
1:4
Clause 6.7 Plain Mortar and Render 1:4
smar
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
suIm:g;t_
375
kg
0.99
m3
Cement
xSac;
Sand
II-25
cMNuc
6.8
CBaaMgf
Clause 6.8 Stone wall

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
frwgmaM ehIyFn; eRCIserIsTMhM nig

RTg;RTayfedayRbugRbyt edIm,I
eRbInUvbrimaN)ayGrkgcMnYntic bMput.
cMNuHf = cMNuHCBaaMg
Stone
Strong, durable stone

Select stone size and shape carefully to
use smallest quantity of mortar
Volume of stone = volume of

wall
)ayGr
)ayGr 1:4
30%
Mortar
2.
1:4 Mortar
30% Volume of wall
ncMNuHCBaaMg
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karRkalf
edayd
Stone laying
4.
By hand
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
GaceRbIR)as;CMnYsebtugKanEdk)an
Can be used instead of mass concrete
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
1.1
m3
2.42
)av
Stone
suIm:g;t_
Cement
bags
II-26
cMNuc
6.8
CBaaMgf
Clause 6.8 Stone wall
xSac;
0.32
m3
Sand
II-27
cMNuc
6.9
CBaaMgerob\dtan;
Clause 6.9 Solid brick wall

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
\d
\deFVIBIdI\d b suIm:g;t_
Bricks
Solid clay bricks orSolid concrete bricks

90 mm x 45 mm x 190 mm
)ayGr
)ayGr 1:4
Mortar
2.
1:4 Mortar
brimaNsRmab;CBaaMg 1 m
Quantity for 1 m2 of wall
kRmas; 100 mm
kRmas; 200 mm
100 mm thick
200 mm thick
\dcMnYn 100
\dcMnYn 200
0.021 m3
0.055 m3
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
RtUvTij\d[elIsBIcMnYnEdlRtUvkar eRBaH\dGacnwgman)ak;Ebk b xUcxat.

Always buy more bricks than you need as many bricks will be broken or
wasted.
TMhM\d
TMhMEdl)anbBaak;enAkgcMNuc 1 KWsRmab;\dEdlplitedaymankarRtYt
Binit ehIyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaTUeTAkgRbeTskm<Ca. bu:En\dEdlplitenA
kgRsukGacmanTMhM 80 mm x 40 mm x 170 mm nigtUcCagenH RbsinebI eK
GnuBaat[eRbI b GacTTYlyk)ansRmab;eRbIR)as;kgkargarTaMgnH ehIy
karvas;Evg nigfcMNayEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeqIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarTaMgGs;Rsb
tamKMnUrbg; nigbTdanbeckeTsRtUvEtCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gkem:Akar.
Brick dimensions
The brick dimensions stated in 1. above are for controlled manufacture bricks
customarily used in Cambodia. However locally manufactured brick can
come in dimensions 80 mm x 40 mm x 170 mm and smaller, if these are
offered and accepted for incorporation in Works then measures and costs
necessary to meet all other requirements of the Drawings and Specification
shall be borne by the Contractor.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karerob\d
erobedayd
Bricklaying
By hand
II-28
cMNuc
6.9
CBaaMgerob\dtan;
kargarerob\ddb; kRmas; \ddb; RtUverobeLIgedayeRbIR)as;vi

FmtaKW 100 mm
FIerobburaNnUvkarPab;\dedayerob
Single skin brickwork
tambeNayCBaaMgEdlvapl;[
(nominal thickness
100 mm)
CBaaMg nUvkRmas;RtwmEtBak;kNal
nRbEvg\dbu:eNaHRbEvgbeNay
\d. cMeBaHCBaaMgEdlsg;eLIg
eday\dminRtUverob[muxtMNBIrCab;
Ka rt;Rtg;KaenaHeT.
cMeBaHCBaaMgEdlRtg;TaMgenHminEmn
CabBaaenaHeT edayRKan;Etlyecj
RbEvgBak;kNal\denARtg;muxtMN
nImYyb:ueNaH.
Single skin brickwork shall be built
using the traditional Stretcher bond
which provides a wall just a half
brick (length) wide. As with any
wall built of brick, no two adjacent
vertical joints should be in line.
With a straight wall this is not a
problem, just offset each course by
half a brick.
enAeBlEdlerobCaEkgenAEpkxag
cugnCYurRtg;enaHmgeTot minman
bBaaGVIeT edayRKan;EteRbIviFIbgaM
edayqas;ral;CYr\dnRCugCBaaMg
TaMgBIr.
When turning a corner at the end of
a straight run again causes no
problems, just interlock the two runs
of bricks on every other course.
II-29
cMNuc
6.9
CBaaMgerob\dtan;
enAeBlEdlerobPab;eTAnwgCBaaMg
caM)ac;RtUveRbI\dEdlmanRbEvg 34
cMnYnBIr \dBNexA- enAelIpTaMg
sgxagnCBaaMg enAelIpCBaaMg
edayrMlgCYredkmYy.
When joining into a wall part way
along the wall, it is necessary to use
two length bricks (coloured black
- one on either side) on the main
face of the wall on every other
course.
1st
course
2nd
course
\dm kRmas;CaFmtaKW \dm RtUvsagsg;eLIgedayeRbI

200 mm)
R)as;viFIPab;EbbGg;eKsEdleFVI
[CBaaMgmankRmas;esInwgRbEvg
beNayn\dmYyduM. cMeBaHCBaaMg
Edlsg;eLIgeday\d minRtUverob
[muxtMNBIrCab;Kart;Rtg;KaenaHeT.
Double skin brickwork
(nominal thickness
200 mm)
Double skin brickwork shall be built

using English bond which provides
a wall one brick (length) wide. As
with any wall built of brick, no two
adjacent vertical joints should be in
line.
cMeBaHCBaaMgEdlRtg; KWminmanbBaa
GVIeTedayRKan;Eterobqas;Ka dak;
\dbeNaymYyRsTab; nigTTwgmYy
RsTab; edaymuxtMNnImYyn\db
eNaysitenAcMkNal\dTTwg.
II-30
cMNuc
6.9
CBaaMgerob\dtan;

problem, it is just alternate courses
of headers and stretchers with each
joint on the stretcher course centred
on a header brick on the course
below.
enAeBlEdlerobEkg enAxagcugn
CYrnImYy RtUveRbI\dEdlkat;CaBak;
kNaltambeNay \dBNexA
enAelICYrnImYy. \dtan;kGaceRbI
CMnYs\dEdlkat;enH)anEdr.
1st
course
cMeBaHkartPab;;eTAnwgCBaaMgenA
cmaymYytambeNayCBaaMg KWdUc
KaeTAnwgkarerobEkgEdr xusRtg;fa
eKRtUvkar\dkat;Rtg;kEngPab;eTA
nwgCBaaMgrMlgCYrmYyeTACYrmYy.
a straight run needs the use of brick
cut in half lengthwise (coloured
black) on each course. Solid bricks
can also be used.
2nd
course
Joining into a wall part way along

the wall, is the same as for the end
turn except that the cut bricks are
only needed on every other course.
4
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
100
200
5.
mm
CBaaMgerob\dsRmab;sMNg;GaKarepSg
mm
sRmab;RKwH. CBaaMg\drhUteTAdl;nIvU:nCan;pal;dI
Brick walls for buildings
Foundations. Brick walls up to ground floor level
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m2
II-31
cMNuc
6.9
CBaaMgerob\dtan;
smar
cMnYn
Material
\d
kta
Amount
Unit
100mm
200mm
100
200
Bricks
suIm:g;t_
pieces
0.15
0.38
Cement
xSac;
dMu
dMu
)av
bags
0.023
0.061
m3
Sand
II-32
cMNuc
6.10
CBaaMg\dRbehag
Clause 6.10 Hollow brick wall

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
\d
\dRbehageFVIBIdI\d
Bricks
Hollow clay bricks

90 mm x 90 mm x 190 mm
)ayGr
)ayGr 1:4
Mortar
2.
1:4 Mortar
brimaNsRmab;CBaaMgTMhM 1 m
Quantity for 1m2 of wall
kRmas; 100 mm
kRmas; 200 mm
100 mm thick
200 mm thick
\dcMnYn 50
\dcMnYn 100
0.0139
0.037
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
RtUvTij\d[elIsBIcMnYnEdlRtUvkar eRBaH\dGacnwgman)ak;Ebk b xUcxat.

Always buy more bricks than you need as many bricks will be broken or
wasted.
TMhM\d
TMhMEdl)anbBaak;enAkgcMNuc 1 KWsRmab;\dEdlplitedaymankarRtYt
Binit ehIyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaTUeTAkgRbeTskm<Ca. bu:En\dEdlplitenA
kgRsukGacmanTMhM 80 mm x 80 mm x 170 mm nigtUcCagenH RbsinebI
eKGnuBaat[eRbI b GacTTYlyk)ansRmab;eRbIR)as;kgkargarTaMgenH
ehIykarvas;Evg nigfcMNayEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeqIytbeTAnwgtRmUvkarTaMg
Gs;RsbtamKMnUrbg; nigbTdanbeckeTsRtUvEtCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gk
em:Akar.
Brick dimensions
The brick dimensions stated in 1. above are for controlled manufacture bricks
customarily used in Cambodia. However locally manufactured brick can
come in dimensions 80 mm x 80 mm x 170 mm and smaller, if these are
offered and accepted for incorporation in Works then measures and costs
necessary to meet all other requirements of the Drawings and Specification
shall be borne by the Contractor.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karerob\d
edayd
Bricklaying
By hand
II-33
cMNuc
6.10
CBaaMg\dRbehag
kargarerob\ddb;
kRmas; FmtaKW
100 mm
Single skin brickwork
(nominal thickness
100 mm)
\d 10 RtUverobeLIgedayeRbIR)as;
viFIerobburaN edayeFIVkarerob\d
eTAtambeNayCBaaMg
EdlvanaM[CBaaMgmankRmas;RtwmEt
Bak;kNalnRbEvg \dbu:eNaH
RbEvgbeNay \d. cMeBaHCBaaMg
Edlsg;eLIg eday\dminRtUverob[
muxtMN 2Cab;Kart;Rtg;KaenaH eT.
Elevation Stretcher bond
cMeBaHCBaaMgEdlRtg;TaMgenHminEmn
CabBaaenaHeT edayRKan;Etly
ecjRbEvgBak;kNal\denARtg;
muxtMNnImYyb:ueNaH.
Single skin brickwork shall be built
using the traditional Stretcher bond
which provides a wall just a half
brick (length) wide. As with any
wall built of brick, no two adjacent
vertical joints should be in line.
problem, just offset each course by
half a brick.
enAeBlEdlerobCaEkgenAEpkxag
cugnCYurRtg;enaHmgeTot minman
bBaaGVIeT edayRKan;EteRbIviFIbgaM
edayqas;ral;CYr\dnRCugCBaaMg
TaMgBIr.
a straight run again causes no
problems, just interlock the two runs
of bricks on every other course.
II-34
cMNuc
6.10
CBaaMg\dRbehag
enAeBlEdlerobPab;eTAnwgCBaaMg
caM)ac;RtUveRbI\dEdlmanRbEvg 34
cMnYnBIr \dBNexA- enAelIpTaMg
sgxagnCBaaMg enAelIpCBaaMg
edayrMlgCYredkmYy
When joining into a wall part way
along the wall, it is necessary to use
two length bricks (coloured black
- one on either side) on the main
face of the wall on every other
course.
kargarerob\dm kRmas; \dm RtUvsagsg;eLIgedayeRbI

FmtaKW 200 mm
R)as;viFIPab;EbbGg;eKsEdleFIV
[CBaaMgmankRmas;esInwgRbEvg
beNayn\dmYyduM. cMeBaHCBaaMg
Edlsg;eLIgeday\dminRtUverob[
muxtMN 2Cab;Kart;Rtg;KaenaHeT.
Double skin brickwork
(nominal thickness
200 mm)
1st
course
2nd
course
Elevation English bond
Double skin brickwork shall be built

using English bond which provides
a wall one brick (length) wide. As
with any wall built of brick, no two
adjacent vertical joints should be in
line.
cMeBaHCBaaMgEdlRtg; KWminmanbBaa
GVIeTedayRKan;Eterobqas;Kaeday
dak;\dbeNaymYyRsTab; nigTTwg
mYyRsTab; edaymuxtMNnImYy
n\dbeNaysitenAcMkNal\d
TTwg.
II-35
cMNuc
6.10
CBaaMg\dRbehag

problem, it is just alternate courses
of headers and stretchers with each
joint on the stretcher course centred
on a header brick on the course
below.
enAeBlEdlerobEkg enAxagcugn
CYrnImYy RtUveRbI\dEdlkat;CaBak;
kNaltambeNay \dBNexA
enAelICYrnImYy. \dtan;kGaceRbI
CMnYs\dEdlkat;enH)anEdr.
1st
course
cMeBaHkartPab;;eTAnwgCBaaMgenA
cmaymYytambeNayCBaaMg KWdUc
KaeTAnwgkarerobEkgEdr xusKaRtg;
fa eKRtUvkar\dkat;Rtg;kEngPab;
eTAnwgCBaaMgrMlgCYrmYyeTACYrmYy.
a straight run needs the use of brick
cut in half lengthwise (coloured
black) on each course. Solid bricks
can also be used.
Joining into a wall part way along
the wall, is the same as for the end
turn except that the cut bricks are
only needed on every other course.
4.
2nd
course
Plan English bond
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
100 mm
CBaaMg\dsRmab;sMNg;GaKarepSg
Brick walls for buildings
200 mm
sRmab;RKwH
Foundations.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m2
II-36
cMNuc
6.10
CBaaMg\dRbehag
smar
Material
100
\d
mm
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
200
mm
50
100
pieces
0.10
0.26
)av
Bricks
suIm:g;t_
Cement
xSac;
bags
0.015
0.041
m3
Sand
II-37
cMNuc
6.11
kargarCIk nigkargardITUeTA
Clause 6.11 General Excavation and Earthworks

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
dIbMeBj
bMeBjedayeRbIRbePTTI1 RbePTTI2 RbePTTI3 b RbePTepSgeTotdUc

Edl)anbBaak;.
Backfill
2.
Type 1, Type 2 or Type 3 fill or as otherwise specified.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karsmatdIRsTab;elI
Topsoil strip
karCIkdI
Clear all topsoil from the area of construction;

Separate all stones from the sub-soil for later use;
Do not pile excavated material higher than 1m.
Excavation
RtUvsmatdIRsTab;elIecjTaMgGs;enAkgTItaMgsagsg;
RtUvykfecjBIdI)atRKwHTaMgGs;sRmab;eRbIR)as;enAeBleRkay
minRtUvcak;KrdIEdl)anCIk[elIsBIkm<s; 1m eLIy.
Rtg;TItaMg nigCeRmAEdlmanenAkgKMnUrbg;
RtUvykecjnUvbMENk b bsrukCati b rUgstVBIkEngEdlkay
RtUvdak;TRmCabeNaHGasnedIm,IrkSakarCIk[sitkglkxNsuvtiPaB
RtUvykTwkecjBIkEngkay ehIyrkSaPaBstsRmab;karGnuvtkargar
EdlsmRsb.
kEngkayRtUvTukcMhkgryeBlxIbMputtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an
RtUvsmat nigbgab;)atkEngkayenAmuneBldak;smarsRmab;kargar
epSg.
To location and depth on the drawings;
Remove all vegetative matter and roots and burrows from excavations;
Provide temporary support to maintain excavation in safe condition;
Remove water from excavation and keep dry for proper execution of
II-38
cMNuc
6.11
kargarCIk nigkargardITUeTA
Clause 6.11 General Excavation and Earthworks

works.
Excavations should be left open as short a time as possible.
Clean and compact base of excavation prior to place materials for the
Works.
dIbMeBj
bMeBjdIeTAkgkEngkayCaRsTab;edIm,Ibgab; min[elIsBIkRmas;
mm eLIysRmab;RsTab;nImYy. dIbMeBjRtUvEteRsacTwk
edIm,IeFVI[kan;Ethab;.
Backfill
Backfill excavation in compacted layers not thicker than 150 mm. Backfill
shall be sprinkled with water to aid compaction.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
150
Uses
karkaysRmab;GaKar sMNg; pvTwk nigkargarlb;dI.

Excavation for buildings, structures, channels and buried works.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
brimaNEdlRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;karcMNayKWCacMMNuHnkarkay RtUvvas;bBarcab;BIRBMEdnxageRkAnkar
garenaH b GacKittamKMnUrbg;Edlmanbgaj. mincaM)ac;cMNayR)ak;sRmab;lMheFVIkarenaHeT.
Quantity measured for payment to be volume of excavation measured vertically from the outer limit of the
works or as otherwise shown by the drawings. Working space shall not be paid.
karcak;dIbMeBjEdlRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;karTUTat; KWCabrimaNdIEdlcak;lb;elIkargarEdlvas;bBarcab;
BIRBMEdnxageRkAnkargar.
Backfill measured for payment to be volume of fill to cover works measured vertically from the outer limit
of the works.
II-39
cMNuc
6.12
karCIkdI nigkargardIsRmab;TMnb;Tb;Twk nigRbLay
Clause 6.12 Excavation and Earthworks for Embankments and Channels

1.
smasPaK
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
dIbMeBj
RbePTTI 1 RbePTTI 2 RbePTTI3 b RbePTepSgeTotdUcEdl )anbBaak;
Backfill
2.
Type 1, Type 2 or Type 3 fill or as otherwise specified.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
karCIkdIecjBIval b eRkamtYpv elIkeRkabRBMEdnnrm:al;EdlTabbMputn

karCIk EdlmanbgajenAkgKMnUrbg; b enAxageRkamExSdI edIm,IykecjnUv
vtEdlminsmRsb nigenAeRkamExSdI EdlenAeRkamtYpvelIkEdlCakEng
RtUvkar[mankarbgab;Cafak; b epSgBIenHdUcEdl)anENnaM.
Excavation required in cuts or under embankments below the lowest normal
limit of excavation indicated on the Drawings or below ground line, for the
removal of unsuitable material, and below the ground line under
embankments where benching is required, or as otherwise directed.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karsmatdIRsTab;elI
Topsoil strip
smarEdlminsmRsb
RtUvsmatdIRsTab;elIecjTaMgGs;enAkgTItaMgsagsg;
RtUvykfecjBIdI)atRKwHTaMgGs;sRmab;eRbIR)as;enAeBleRkay
minRtUvcak;KrdIEdl)anCIk[elIsBIkm<s; 1m eLIy.
Clear all topsoil from the area of construction;

Separate all stones from the sub-soil for later use;
Do not pile excavated material higher than 1 m.
dI\d nigdIl,ay vtBukpuyBIFmCati dI Edlmanpk bseQI esA nigkemc

kmIepSgBIrukCati KWCasmarEdlminsmRsbsRmab;)atRKwH b karcak;
bMeBj.
vtEdlminsmRsb RtUvEtCIkecjBIeRkamkm<s;)atRKwHEdlmansNan
rabCapval b xageRkamkm<s;)atRKwHntYpvelIk [dl;CeRmAdUcEdl
)anENnaMedayGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs ehIykarCIkRtUvcak;dIbMeBjvij
nigeFVIeLIgkglkNcak;bMeBjtYpvelIkEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;.
II-40
cMNuc
6.12
karCIkdI nigkargardIsRmab;TMnb;Tb;Twk nigRbLay
Clause 6.12 Excavation and Earthworks for Embankments and Channels

Unsuitable material
karCIk
Highly organic clays and silts, peat, soils containing large amounts of
roots, grass and other vegetable matter are unsuitable materials for subgrade or fill.
Unsuitable material shall be excavated below sub-grade level in cut and
below embankment foundation level to the depth directed by the
Technical Supervisor the excavation shall be backfilled with material and
in a manner as for the specified embankment fill.
Rtg;TItaMg nigCeRmAEdlmanenAkgKMnUrbg;
RtUvCRmHecjnUvbMENk b bsrukCati b rUgstVBIkEngCIkkkay
RtUvykTwkecjBIkEngkay ehIyrkSaPaBstsRmab;karRbtibtikargar
EdlsmRsb.
kEngkayRtUvTukcMhkgryeBlxIbMputtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an
RtUvsmat nigbgab;)atkEngkayenAmuneBldak;smarkargarepSg.
Excavation
To location and depth on the drawings;

Remove all vegetative matter and roots and burrows from excavations;
Remove water from excavation and keep dry for proper execution of
works.
Excavations should be left open as short a time as possible.
Clean and compact base of excavation prior to placing materials for the
Works.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
karCIkdI nigkargardIsRmab;tYpvelIk nigpvTwk

Excavation and Earthworks for Embankments and Channels
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
brimaNEdlRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;karcMNayKWCacMNuHnkarkay RtUvvas;CabBarcab;BIRBMEdnxageRkAn
kargarenaH b GacKittamKMnUrbg;Edlmanbgaj. mincaM)ac;cMNayR)ak;sRmab;lMheFVIkarenaHeT.
Quantity measured for payment to be volume of excavation measured vertically from the outer limit of the
works or as otherwise shown by the drawings. Working space shall not be paid.
II-41
cMNuc
6.13
karcak;dIlb;RbePTTI 1 kareFVICaRTg;RTay nigkarbgab;edayd
Clause 6.13 Fill Type 1 (shaping and compaction by hand)

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
dIFmCatiRKb;RbePT dI\d min[manRkYsEdlmanTMhMFMCagBak;kNalnkRmas;RsTab; eday

dIxSac; RkYs CaedIm. EpkelIbeckeTsnkarbgab; sUmemIlenAxageRkamenH.
Any natural soil (clay,
sand, gravel etc).
No particles bigger than half of layer thickness (depending on compaction

technique: see below).
minRtUvmansRmam kaksMNl;EdlminekItmkBIFmCati b smarRKb;

RbePTTaMgGs;EdlminmanesrPaB.
No organic matter, non-natural waste or unstable materials of any kind.
Twk
Water
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
cMNuHTwk
cMNuHesImndIcak;bMeBj RtUvesImdUcKaTaMgGs;.
kab;dIrYclavijebIsinCasac;dI enACab;bnab;BIla)atdenaHdImansMeNImlm.
Water content
Moisture content of fill to be shall be uniformly moist to touch.
kareFVIets
dIbMeBjrYcral;ehIy b RsTab;bMeBjEdl)anRtYtBiniteday GkRKb;RKg

kardan RtUveFVIetsCamYynwg DCP [)anjwkjab; min[ticCag 1dg sRmab;
pdIbMeBjTMhM 300m . kEngEdllTpleFVIetsrbs; DCP elIsBI 30 mm
sMBg RtUvbgab;sarCafI bkBRgayCafIeLIgvij ehIybgab;mgeTot
rhUtTal;Et lTplvas;rbs; DCP 30 mm /sMBg.
2
Testing
3.
Completed fill or fill layers as inspected by the Supervisor shall be tested

with DCP at a frequency not less than one test for 300 m2 fill area. Areas
where DCP results exceed 30 mm/blow shall be re-compacted, or reworked
and re-compacted until DCP results 30 mm/blow.
beckeTssagsg;
karerobcMRKwHsRmab;
tYpvelIk
sRmab;sMNg;pvfl;EdlpdIsitenAkgRsTab;)atRKwH b sitenAeRkam
km<s;RsTab;)atRKwHpdIEdlmanRsab;RtUvsmat ehIyCIkRCuMva.
II-42
cMNuc
6.13
Preparation of foundation
for embankment
karcak;bMeBj nigeKo
For road construction where the ground surface is situated at sub-grade

level or below sub-grade level, the existing ground surface shall be
cleaned, grubbed and scarified. Then the surface shall be compacted to a
depth of 150 mm.
Where an existing embankment is to be included in a new embankment,
the top and slopes of the old embankments shall be stripped of all
vegetation and roots and all materials shall be removed to a grade line and
cross section 300 mm below the proposed sub-grade elevations.
Benching step with horizontal and vertical faces shall be cut in the
existing slopes to a depth corresponding to the thickness of layers to be
compacted.
Placing and shaping
kareRsacTwk
bnab;mkRtUvbgab;pdI[hab;CeRmA 150mm .
kEngEdlmantYpvelIkcas; EdlnwgRtUvelIktYfIenaH EpkxagelI nig
EpkCRmalntYpvelIkcas;enaH RtUvdkykrukCatiepSg nigbseQIecj
ehIyeyIgRtUvykvaecj[dl;km<s; nigcMNuHkat;TTwgEdlTabCagkm<s;
rbs;)atRKwHEdleRKag cMnYn 300 mm. karCIkCafak;RtUvkat;tcMeNat
ntYpvelIkcas;kgCeRmAEdlRtUveTAnwgkRmas;nRsTab;EdlRtUvbgab;.
RtUvcak;dICaRsTab;[RsbtamviFIsaRskgkarbgab; RtUveRsacTwk nig

eKoedayd muneBlbgab;.
pEdl)ancak;bMeBjrYcral;RtUvEtesI ehIymankRmas; 50 mm dUc)an
bgajenAkgKMnUrbg;.
Soil to be placed in layers according to compaction method, watered and

shaped by hand before compaction.
Completed surface of fill to be smooth and within 50 mm of lines shown
on drawings.
dIRtUvdak;CaRsTab; ehIyTwkRtUveRsacmuneBleKo.
RtUveRsacTwkrhUtTal;EtTwkehrecjBIpdI . rg;caMrhUtdl;TwkRCabcUl
eTAkgdIsin eTIbGaceKo nigbgab;.
Watering
Soil should be placed in rough layer and water poured before final
shaping.
Pour water until the water begins to flow off the surface of the soil. Wait
for the water to seep into the soil before final shaping and compaction.
karbgab;
RtUvdak;CaRsTab;EdlmankRmas; 100 mm ehIybgab;edayd.
Compaction
4.
Place in layers 100 mm thick and compact by hand.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
II-43
cMNuc
6.13
smRsbsRmab;
dIbMeBjTUeTAEdlsRmutminxaMg.
Suitable for
General earth fills where settlement is not important.
minsmRsbsRmab;
RKwHsMNg;GaKar
pvfl;
TMnb;
Not suitable for
Foundations for buildings.

Roads.
Earth dams.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
brimaNEdlRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;cMNayKWCabrimaNndIbMeBjbnab;BIkarcak; nigkarbgab;.
Quantity measured for payment to be volume of fill after placing and compaction.
dIbMeBjeRkABIbnat;Edl)anbgajenAelIKMnUrbg; minRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;karcMNayfenaHeT.
Fill placed outside lines shown on drawing should not be measured for payment.
II-44
cMNuc
6.14
karcak;dIbMeBjRbePTTI 3 eFVIRTg;RTay nigbgab;edayma:suIn
Clause 6.14 Fill Type 3 (machine shaping and compaction)

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
dIFmCatiRKb;RbePT dI\d smRsbsRmab;karbgab;EdleRbIR)as;]bkrN_Gacrk)an.

dIxSac; RkYs CaedIm. cMnYnGb,brma 30% nPaKlitqgkat;kEBagRkLaTMhM 2 mm.
cMnYnGb,brma 95% nPaKlitqgkat;kEBag;RkLaTMhM 60 mm.
min[manRkYsEdlmanTMhMFMCagBak;kNalnkRmas;RsTab; edayEpkelI
beckeTsnkarbgab; sUmemIlenAxageRkamenH min[man rUbFatusrIrag
kaksMNl;EdlminekItmkBIFmCati b smarRKb;RbePTTaMgGs;Edlminman
esrPaB.
Any natural soil (clay,
sand, gravel etc).
Suitable for compaction using the equipment that is available.

Minimum 30% of particles by weight passing 2 mm sieve.
Minimum 95% of particles by weight passing 60 mm sieve.
technique: see below)
Twk
Water
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
cMNuHTwk
cMNuHesImndIcak;bMeBj RtUvesImdUcKaTaMgGs;.
kab;dIrYclavijebIsinCasac;dI enACab;bnab;BIla)atdenaHdImansMeNImlm.
Water content
Moisture content of fill to be shall be uniformly moist to touch.
kareFVIets
dIbMeBjrYcral;ehIy b RsTab;bMeBjEdl)anRtYtBinitedayGkRKb;RKg
kardanRtUveFVIetsCamYynwg DCP [)anjwkjab; min[ticCag 1dg sRmab;
pdIbMeBjTMhM 300m . kEngEdllTpleFVIetsrbs; DCP elIsBI 15mm
sMBg RtUvbgab;sarCafI bkBRgayCafIeLIgvij ehIybgab;mgeTot
rhUtTal;EtlTplvas;rbs; DCP 15mm /sMBg.
2
Testing
Completed fill or fill layers as inspected by the Supervisor shall be tested

with DCP at a frequency not less than one test for 300 m2 fill area. Areas
where DCP results exceed 15 mm/blow shall be re-compacted, or reworked
and re-compacted until DCP results 15 mm/blow.
II-45
cMNuc
6.14

3.
beckeTssagsg;
kardak; nigkareKo
dIRtUvcak;CaRsTab;[RsbtamviFIsaskgkarbgab; RtUveRsacTwk nig

eKoBRgabedaym:asuInmuneBlbgab;.
Placing and shaping
Soil to be placed in layers according to compaction method, watered and

shaped by grader before compaction.
pEdl)ancak;bMeBjrYcral;RtUveFVI[relag ehIymankMm<s; 50 mm
dUc)anbgajenAkgKMnUrbg;.
Completed surface of fill to be smooth and within 50mm of lines shown on
drawings.
kareRsacTwk
enAeBlEdlRtUveRsacTwk KYreRsaceTAelIdIenAmuneBleKoseRmceday
eRbIm:asuInBRgab. KYreKodIEdleRsacTwkrYcRtLb;cuHeLIgedaym:asuIncMnYn
3dg edIm,IFanafa Twk nigdI )anlaybBalmuneBleKoseRmccugeRkay.
Watering
When water is needed, is should be sprayed onto the soil before final shaping
with the grader. Three passes of the grader should be made to ensure mixing
of the soil with the water, before final shaping.
karbgab;
karbgab;RtUveRbIruWLkinelIkRmas;RsTab; ehIyRtUvkineRcIndg[Rsbtam
taragviFIsaRskgkarbgab;.
Compaction
Compaction to be by roller with layer thicknesses and number of passes

according Compaction Methods table.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
smRsbsRmab;
pvfl;sRmab;cracrN_RbePTRsal
TMnb;dIsRmab;Tb;TwkEdlmankm<s;TabCag 3m .
karcak;bMeBjdITUeTA.
Suitable for
Roads carrying light traffic

Earth dams where height of water retained is less than 3 m.
General earth fills.
minsmRsbsRmab;
RKwHGaKarCaGciny_
pvfl;sRmab;cracrN_RbePTFn; b pvGutebTImINW b pvRkalebtug.
TMnb;dIsRmab;Tb;TwkEdlmankm<s;elIsBI 3m .
Not suitable for
Foundations for permanent buildings

Roads carrying heavy traffic or with bitumen or concrete surface.
Earth dams where height of water retained is more than 3 m.
II-46
cMNuc
6.14

5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
brimaNEdlRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;cMNayKWCabrimaNndIbMeBjbnab;BIkarcak; nigkarbgab;.
dIbMeBjeRkABIbnat;Edl)anbgajenAelIKMnUrbg; minRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;karcMNayfenaHeT.
II-47
cMNuc
6.15
RkYssRmab;RKwHRsTab;TIBIr
Clause 6.15 Sub-foundation gravel

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
f TMhMFMbMput 60 mm
flit b RkYsTMhMGtibrma 60 mm.

KandI\d b sRmam
Stone, maximum size

60 mm
Quarry stone or gravel, maximum

size 60mm.
xSac;
KandI\d b rUbFatusrIrageT
Sand
2.
PaK 3 ncMNuHst
PaK 3 ncMNuHst
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karlay
edayd
Mixing
By hand
karbgab;
kRmas;RsTab;Gtibrma 100 mm sRmab;karbgab;edayd

kRmas;RsTab;Gtibrma 200 mm sRmab;karbgab;edaym:asuIn
eRsacTwkmuneBlbgab;rYc bgab;edayht;ct;edayeRbI eCIgdMrI b ma:suIn
bgab;.
Compaction
4.
Maximum layer thickness 100 mm (for hand compaction)

Maximum layer thickness 200 mm (for machine compaction)
Pour water before compacting then compact thoroughly with rammer
(elephants foot) or with compacting machine.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RKwHbRmugnGaKar nigsMNg;xattUc
minRtUveRbIsRmab;RKwHs<an b sMNg;FarasaRsepSgeLIy.
Sub-foundations to buildings and small structures.
Not to be used for foundations to bridges or to irrigation structures.
II-48
cMNuc
6.15
RkYssRmab;RKwHRsTab;TIBIr
Clause 6.15 Sub-foundation gravel

5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
m3
0.5
m3
Stone
xSac;
Sand
II-49
cMNuc
6.16
RTnab;lU
Clause 6.16 Pipe bedding

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
fTMhMGtibrma 20 mm
flit b RkYs TMhMGtibrma 20 mm.

KandI\d b sRmam
PaK 3 nbrimaNst
Stone, maximum size

20 mm
Quarry stone or gravel, maximum

size 20mm.
xSac;
KandI\d b sRmam
Sand
2.
PaK 3 nbrimaNst
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karlay
edayd
Mixing
By hand
karcak; nigkarbgab;
RtUvcak; nigbgab;edayd edIm,ITb;

TueyaxagkgnlUbgr. kRmas;
RsTab;Gb,brmamandUcxageRkam
lU 300 mm: 75mm
lU 400 mm: 75mm
lU 500 mm: 80 mm
lU 600 mm: 100mm
lU 800 mm: 150 mm
lU 1 000mm: 200mm
Placing and Compaction
RTnab;lU
Pipe bedding
90
RkYsbRmug 2
Sub-foundation gravel
Placed and compacted by hand to

support pipes sections in culvert.
Minimum layer thickness as follows:
300 mm pipe:
75 mm
II-50
cMNuc
6.16
RTnab;lU
Clause 6.16 Pipe bedding
4.
400 mm pipe:
500 mm pipe:
600 mm pipe:
800 mm pipe :
1,000 mm pipe:
75 mm
80 mm
100mm
150mm
200mm
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
sRmab;Tb;lUenAEpkxageRkampvEdlmancracrN_Rsal.
sRmab;lUeRkampvFM RtUveRsabedayebtug.
Support pipe sections in culvert beneath road with light traffic.
For major roads culverts should be surrounded by concrete.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
m3
0.5
m3
Stone
xSac;
Sand
II-51
cMNuc
6.17
ceRmaHBIl,aykemcf
Clause 6.17 Graded Filter

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
RkYs b flit b xSac;
RkYs flit b xSac;Edlsat rwg ehIyFn; ehIyKansRmam dI\d nigsarFatu

GaRkk;epSg. RkYsRkhm b vtEdleFVIBIebtug minRtUveRbIeLIy.
Gravel or crushed rock or

sand
Hard, durable clean gravel or crushed rock or sand and free from organic
material, clay balls and other deleterious substances. Laterite or
concretionary materials shall not be used.
RkYs b flit RtUvRsbeTA

TMhMkERBagErg
tamTMhMdUcxageRkam
Gravel and crushed rock
shall conform to one of
the following gradings.
Sieve size
PaKryKittamTmn;qgkat;
B
100
70 100
55 85
50 80
40 70
30 60
20 50
10 30
02
50 mm
37.5 mm
25 mm
19.5 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.00 mm
0.425 mm
0.075 mm
xSac;RtUvRsbeTAtamTMhM
dUcxageRkam
TMhMkEBagErg
Sand shall conform to the

following grading.
Sieve size
10 mm
4.75 mm
1.18 mm
0.300 mm
0.150 mm
2.
Percentage by weight passing

C
D
100
75 100
100
60 90
70 100
45 75
58 75
30 60
35 65
20 50
25 50
10 30
15 30
02
02
E
100
45 80
30 60
20 35
02
PaKryKittamTmn;qgkat;
Percentage by weight passing
A
100
95 100
45 80
10 30
2 10
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
II-52
cMNuc
6.17
ceRmaHBIl,aykemcf
Clause 6.17 Graded Filter

karvas;TMhM
kEBagErgedayd b edayma:suIn
Grading
Manual or mechanical sieve
kardak;TueyabgreRkam
sMNg;
cgrsRmab;TueyabgrRtUvCIkenARtg;kEngEdltRmUv[mankardMeLIgTueya
ehIycgrRtUvbMeBjedaysmarceRmaHBIl,aykemcf [RsbeTAtam TMhM
niglmitmanbgajenAkgKMnUrbg;.
Placing under-drains to
structures
Trenches for under-drains shall be excavated, where required pipes installed

and the trenches backfilled with graded filter according to the dimensions
and details shown on the Drawings.
kardak;enAxageRkay
sMNg;
ceRmaHBIl,aykemcfRtUvdak;CaRsTab;[RsbeTAtamdIbMeBj EdlenACitKa
nigbgab;edayeyageTAtambTdanbeckeTsrbs; NCDD.
ral;smarcak;bMeBjEdlRtUvykecjedaydak;CMnYsvijedaysmarcak;bMeB
jEdlGacRCabTwk)an KWCakarcMNayrbs;Gkem:Akar.
Placing behind structures
Graded filter shall be placed in layers in conjunction with the adjacent fill
and compacted in compliance with the NCDD Specification. Any fill
material removed for placing the porous backfill material will be at the
expense of the Contractor.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
pl;nUvRbBnTueyaTwktUcdUcEdlmanbgajenAkgKMnUrbg;Edldak;Pa b;eTAnwg
pxageRkaynk,als<an CBaaMgsab lURCug CBaaMgk,allU CBaaMgTb;dI
rab;bBalTaMgTueyabgr nigral;sMNg;TaMgGs;EdlRtUvkarsmarcak;bMeBj
EdlGacRCabTwk)an.
Provide sub-surface drainage as shown on the Drawings including against the
rear faces of bridge abutments, wing walls, against box culverts, headwalls,
retaining walls, including drains, and all structures requiring porous backfill
material.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
xSac; b RkYs
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
m3
Sand or gravel
II-53
cMNuc
6.18
ceRmaHs,CIGUticsay
Clause 6.18 Geotextile Filters

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
s,CIGUticsayplit
BIFatuKImI
cgedayma:suIn srsqarCab;Ka RbePTEdlmint,aj. vaRtUvEtFn;nwg

kmrsI UV ehIyCa b:UlIRbUBIEln 100%.
Synthetic geotextile.
Mechanically bonded, continuous filament, non-woven type. They shall be

ultra-violet stabilized and 100% of Polypropylene.
lkNrUbndMeNIrkar
Gkem:AkarRtUvTamTarlixitbBaak;BIGkpt;pg;s,CIGUticsayedIm,IFana
[RsbtamkarbBaak;dUcxageRkam
Performance properties.
The contractor shall profile a certificate from the geotextile suppler

confirming compliance with the following:
lkNrUb
viFIsakl,g
kta
lTpl
Properties
Test Method
Unit
Result
Tmn;
EN 995
g/m
285
EN 964-1
mm
2.50
EN ISO 10319
KN/m
21
EN ISO 12236
KN
3.3
Mass
kRmas;
Thickness
PaBFn;eTAnwgkmaMgTajkg
1m TTwg
Wide strip Tensile Strength
PaBFn;tam CBR
CBR puncture resistance
kareFVIets Tmak;ekaN
mm
EN 918
Drop cone Test
TMhMebIk
muxkat;Rbehag)
17
EN ISO 12956
Microns
90
DIN 60500
l/m2/sec
@ 2 kPa
@ 200 kPa
111
36
Opening Size
PaBGacRCabTwk)an
Water permeability
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
s,CIGUticsayKYrEtpl;[CaduMrmUl. GMLgeBlEdldwkCBan nig

II-54
cMNuc
6.18
ceRmaHs,CIGUticsay
rkSaTuks,enaH minRtUvdak;pal;nwgdIeLIy.s,enaHRtUvRKbCanickgeBldwk
CBan nig rkSaTuk EdlkareFVIEbbenHvaGackarBar)anTaMgRsugBIBnWRBHGaTit
karxUcxatBI kEngkardan BIePg BIsarFatuKImIepSg cMehHepSg rYmman
paePIgpSar Edk sItuNPaBEdlelIsBI 70C nwgral;lkxNbrisan xageRkA
epSgEdl eFVI[xUcxatdl;lkNrUbrbs;va.
Geotextile shall be supplied in rolls. During shipment and storage, the
geotextile shall be stored off the ground. The geotextile shall be covered at
all time during shipment and storage such that it is fully protected from
sunlight, site construction damage, rain, chemicals, flames including welding
sparks, temperatures in excess of 70C, and any other environmental
condition that may damage the physical property values of the geotextile.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karRkal
dIEdlRtUvRkals,CIGUticsayelI RtUvQUsqay[rabesIl minRtUvman

sam cgr RKluk nigvtCaduMepSg dUcCaduMf b eQIepSg. s,CIGUticsay
RtUvRkalPammuneBlkargarRKbdNb;. s,CIGUticsayminRtUvTuk[b:H
nwgBnWRBHGaTit elIsBIryeBl 14 feLIy. s,CIGUticsayRtUvRkal
[esIedaymin RtUv[manPaBRCYjeLIy. kgRKb;kaleTsTaMgGs;minRtUv
GUss,CIGUticsaykat; l,ab; b GUselIsmarmutRsYcEdlGaceFVI[xUc
dl;kRmals,enaHeT,Iy.
Laying
Ground to be covered by a geotextile shall be graded to a smooth uniform

condition free from ruts, potholes, and protruding objects such as rocks and
sticks. The geotextile shall be spread immediately ahead of the covering
operation. The geotextile shall not be left exposed to sunlight for more than
14 calendar days. The geotextile shall be laid smooth without excessive
wrinkles. Under no circumstances shall the geotextile be dragged through
mud or over sharp objects that could damage the geotextile.
tMN
s,CIGUticsayenHRtUvRkalRtYtelIKa Gb,brma 600 mm enARtg;ral;mux

tMN beNay nigTTwg ma:geTottMNekAsURtUvedrPab;Kaeday[RtYtelIKa
Gb,brma 100 mm .
Joints
Geotextile shall either be overlapped a minimum of 600 mm at all

longitudinal and transversal joints or the geotextile joints shall be sewn
together with a minimum 100 mm overlap.
karCYsCul
RbsinebIs,CIGUticsaydac; rEhk manFHFay RtUvCYsCulvaCamYynwg
II-55
cMNuc
6.18
ceRmaHs,CIGUticsay
bMNas;BIs,CIGUticsayEdlmanRbePTdUcKaedaydak;enARtg;kEngEdl
xUceday[RtYtelIKay:agehacNas; 300 mm .
Repairs
Should the geotextile be cut, torn, punctured, it shall be repaired with a patch
of the same type of geotextile placed over the damaged area and with a
minimum 300 mm overlap.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
s,CIGUticsayRtUv)anykmkeRbIedIm,IkarBarkareRcaHsarFatutUc.
kRmitRCabTwkx<s;nkRmalekAsUKWbnrsm<aFTwkedayGac[TwkhUreday
esrIelIpdI nigTwkeRkamdI.
Geotextiles shall be used to prevent hydraulic leaching of the fine materials
behind. The high permeability of the geotextile relieves hydrostatic
pressures by allowing free drainage of flowing surface and ground water
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
xSac; b RkYs
1 m2
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
m2
Sand or gravel
II-56
cMNuc
6.19
ceRmaHxSac; nigRkYssRmab;eFVIRbRBwtikmTwk
Clause 6.19 Filter Sand and Filter Gravel for Water Treatment
1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ceRmaHxSac;
xSac;lKanPk; b dI\d
nigsRmam
Filter sand
Clean sand with no silt or

clay and no organic matter.
TMhMPaKlit
Particle size
FMCag
100
0.10 mm
100% bigger than
FMCag
85
0.25 mm
85% bigger than
tUcCag
100
3.00 mm
100% smaller than
ceRmaHRkYs
RkYs b flitlEdlKan
Pk; b dI\d nigsRmam
Filter gravel
Clean gravel or crushed

rock with no silt or clay
and no organic matter.
TMhMPaKlit
Particle size
FMCag
100
1 mm
100% bigger than
FMCag
85
2 mm
85% bigger than
tUcCag
100
10 mm
100% smaller than

2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
xSac; b RkYsRtUvsmaty:agRbugRbytmunnwgeRbIR)as;. ceRmaHnwgminGaceRbI

R)as;)an RbsinebIGRtalMhUrTwkelIsBI 0.2mem:ag. enHmannyfa ceRmaH
mYyEdlmanp 1m2 GaceRcaH)an 200lIRt kgmYyem:ag. eyIgGacdwgBI
el,nlMhUrTwkedayemIlelIBNva RbsinebITwkhUrxaMgeBk TwkenaHnwgman
kkreRcIn. RbsinebIeKrkeXIjfa lMhUrTwkmanel,nxaMg KWRtUveFVIVRsTab;
ceRmaH[Rkas;Camun.
Sand or gravel shall be washed carefully before use.
II-57
cMNuc
6.19
ceRmaHxSac; nigRkYssRmab;eFVIRbRBwtikmTwk
Clause 6.19 Filter Sand and Filter Gravel for Water Treatment
The filter will not work if the flow rate is more than 0.2 m/hour. That means
a filter with surface area 1 m2 can filter 200 litres per hour. If the water
flows too fast the water will not come out clean. If it is found that the water
flows too fast, make the filter layer thicker.
3.
beckeTskgkarsagsg;
kRmitTMhM
eFVIedayd b kEBagm:asuIn
Grading
Manual or mechanical sieve
karcak;
eFVIedayd
Placing
4.
By hand
karRbIR)as;
Uses
smRsbsRmab;
ceRmaHsRmab;smatTwkRsH nigceRmaHTwkpwkRbePTepSgeTot. RsTab;

ceRmaHenA)atGNglU.
Suitable for
Filters to clean water from ponds, and other kinds of drinking water filter.
Filter layers in the bottom of ring-wells.
minsmRsbsRmab;
ceRmaHsRmab;eRbICamYyRTugsMNaj;dak;f b fFM
Not suitable for

5.
Filters for use with gabions or rip-rap
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
xSac; b RkYs
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
m3
Sand or gravel
II-58
cMNuc
6.20
)atRKWHfl;BIfm:akadamesIm (WBM)
Clause 6.20 Water-Bound Macadam (WBM) Sub-Base

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
kemcf
kemcfeRKImRtUvEtCaflit kemcfeRKImRtUvRsbeTAnwgTMhMdUcxag
ehIyfTaMgenHRtUvRsYc nig eRkam
manRCugeRcIn nigdUcCa KUb.
vaRtUvEtKanCab;dI\d nig
sRmam.
Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall be

crushed stone. They shall
be sharp and angular
approximately cubical in
shape. They shall be free
from clay and organic
matter.
Course aggregate shall conform to the

following grading
TMhMkEBag
Sieve size
63 mm
50 mm
38 mm
20 mm
10 mm
tamTmn;qgkat;
% by weight passing
100
95-100
35-70
0-10
0-5
smarceRmaH
smarceRmaHedIrtYCaGk smarsMNaj;RtUvGnuvteTAtamkRmitdUcxag
cgPab; edaykarbMeBj eRkam
maDxl;kgkemcfeRKIm
ehIyRtUvEtCasmarEdl
manlkNdUcKanwgkemc
feRKImEdr.
Screenings material
Screening material acts a

binder by filling the voids in
the coarse aggregate and
shall consist of the same
material as the coarse
aggregate.
Screening materials shall conform to the

following grading
TMhMkERBag
tamTmn;qgkat;
Sieve size
% by weight passing
100
mm
4.75 mm
10
150 micron
2.
85-100
10-30
tRmUvkarepSg
II-59
cMNuc
6.20

Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karerobcM)atfl;
)atfl;RtUverobcM[esI nigbgab;[ENneTAnwgCRmal nigxgGeNIk nig

smatFUlI smarEdlenAr):at;r):ay nigkxVk;ecj.
Preparation of sub-grade
The sub-grade shall be prepared even and compacted to grade and camber
and cleaned of all dust, dirt and loose material.
karBRgaykemcfeRKIm
kemcfeRKImRtUvBRgay[esIenAelI)atfl; Edl)anerobcM [RKb;RKan;Edl

kRmas;bnab;BIbgab;KW 100 mm
Spreading of coarse
aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall be spread evenly upon the prepared sub-grade

sufficient that the thickness after compaction is 100 mm.
karkinbgab;st
bnab;BIBRgaykemcfPam RtUvkinkemcfstTaMgenaHedaym:asIunkinrMjr.
karkinbgab;RtUveFVIdMbUgenAtamEKmbnab;mkRtUvrMkileTAcMNuckNal.
m:asIunkinbgab;rMkileTAmuxeTAeRkayRsbeTAnwgbnat;kNalnpvrhUtdl;
RsTab;enaHRtUv)anbgab;y:agENn. karkinbgab;RtUvbneFVIrhUtdl;kemcf
eRKImbgaMKa ehIyfenABImuxm:asIunkinbgab;rabesIemIlmineXIj. RbsinebI
caM)ac;eKkGac)acTwktic)anEdr. karkinbgab;KYrEtbBab; RbsinebI)at
fl;Tn; b RCay.
Dry rolling
Immediately following the spreading of coarse aggregate it shall be rolled

dry with a vibratory roller. Rolling shall be first at the edges then moving
towards the centre, the roller running backwards and forwards parallel to the
centre line of the road until the layer is firmly compacted. Rolling shall
continue until the coarse aggregate is keyed and stone creep ahead of the
roller is no longer visible. Light sprinkling of water is permitted if required.
Rolling should stop if the sub-grade is soft or yielding.
kRmitlMeGog
kRmas;pkinbgab;stRtUvEt 12 mm nkRmas;RsTab;EdlRtUvkar.
sRmab;pEdlenAxageRkAkRmitlMeGog prbs;vaRtUveFVI[pus ehIyRtUv
bEnmkemcfeRKIm b dkecjmunnwgkinbgab;mgeTot rhUtdl;RsTab;enaH
sitenAkgkRmitlMeGog.
Tolerance
The dry rolled surface shall be 12 mm of the required layer thickness. For
areas outside tolerance the surface shall be loosened and coarse aggregate
added or removed before rolling again until the layer is within tolerance.
II-60
cMNuc
6.20
RsTab;sMNaj;
bnab;BIeFVIkarkinbgab;stRtUvBRgaykemcfenAelIpbnicmgedIm,IbMeBj
maDxl;kgkemcfeRKImenaH. smarceRmaHRtUvEtst. karbgab;steday
eRbIm:asIunkinrMjrRtUveFVIeLIgedIm,IbBalkemcfceRmaH cUleTAkgmaDxl;.
kardak;BRgayRtUveFVIeLIgCaRsTab;esIgedayeRbIEb:ld b m:asIunBRgay.
karBRgaykemcfceRmaHRtUveFVIeLIgbIdg b elIsBIenaHrhUtTal;Etkemcf
karBarceRmaHenaHminGacjat;bBaleTAkgkemcfeRKImeTot)an.
Screening coarse
After dry rolling screenings shall be spread gradually over the surface to fill
the voids in the course aggregate. The screening material shall be dry. Dry
rolling with the vibratory roller shall be done to settle the screenings into the
voids. Spreading shall be in thin layers by hand shovel or mechanical
spreader. Three or more applications shall be made until no more screenings
can be forced into the coarse aggregate
kareRsacTwk nig karkin

bgab;esIm
bnab;BIdak;BRgayRsTab;ceRmaH prbs;pvRtUveFVI[mansMeNIml nigRtUveFIV

karkinbgab;cuHeLIg. RtUvbneFVIEbbenHrhUtdl;emIleXIjfa Twknf
ceRmaHRc)ac;ecjBIxagmuxm:asuInkinbgab;. RtUvykcitTukdak;edayeFVIy:ag
NakMu[mankarxUcxatdl;)atfl; b )atRKwHfl; eBlEdleFVIkareR)aHTwk.
Watering and wet rolling
Following the screen coarse the surface shall be well wetted by ling water,
swept and rolled. This shall continue until a grout of screening is seen to be
squeezed out ahead of the roller. Care shall be taken not to damage the subbase or sub-grade by application of water.
RsTab;bEnm
RsTab;TI 2 nigRsTab;bEnmRtUvbEnmedayeRbIviFIdEdl rhUtdl;TTYl)an

km<s; nigCeRmAn)atfl;EdlRtUvkar.
Additional layers
Second and additional layers shall be added in the same way until the
required levels and total depth of sub-grade are achieved.
karENnaM WBM
bnab;BIkinbgab; WBM elIkcugeRkay RtUvTukpvenH[stcMnYnmYyyb;. enA

RBwkbnab;RtUveFVIkarEktRmUvkEngminRbRktITaMgLay ehIyminRtUvGnuBaat[
mankareFVIcracrN_eLIyrhUtdl; WBM enHRtUv)anerobcMrYcral;.
Curing of WBM
After final compaction of the WBM the road shall be allowed to dry
overnight. Next morning irregularities will be corrected. No traffic shall be
allowed until the WBM has set.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RsTab;)atRKwHfl;sRmab;kRmalpv
Sub-base course for road pavement.
II-61
cMNuc
6.20

5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
brimaNRtUveFVIkarvas;EvgsRmab;karTUTat; KWCasmarcak;bMeBjbnab;BIeFVIkarcak; nigkarkinbgab;.

dIbMeBjEdlsitenAeRkAbnat;EdlmanbgajenAkgbg;minRtUvvas;EvgsRmab;eFVIkarTUTat;eLIy.
II-62
cMNuc
6. 21
RsTab;RKwHfl;
Clause 6.21 Road Base Course

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
l,ayesIsac;nkMemcf
nigxSac;
kemcfRtUvEtCaf b kemcRkYs RkYs karlayxSac;RtUveFVIeLIg[Rsb

relagtUcEdlenAtammat;smuRT b eTAtamkRmit dUcxageRkam
TMhMkEBag (mm) tamTmn;qgkat;
mat;Ten b fepSgeTot b
50
100
smaress
38
90-100
20
60-90
sl;EdlmankarGnuBaat. kemcfTaMg
10
40-70
enHRtUvEtsat Cab;xaMg nigmanragCa
4.8
30-55
2.4
20-45
KUb nigmanPaBes<atTab. RtUvbEnm
0.6
10-30
0.3
10-25
xSac;edIm,ITTYl)annUvl,ayTMhMsmRs
0.075
5-15
b. kemcfRtUvEtCafEdlKanCab;dI
\d nigsRmam.
Homogeneous mixture of
aggregates and sand
Aggregate shall be crushed stone or

crushed gravel (Shingle) or other
stones or. They shall be clean, strong
durable and fairly cubical in shape,
and have low porosity. Sand shall be
added to achieve the required grading.
Aggregate and sand shall be free from
clay and organic matter.
2.
Sand aggregate mix shall conform

to the following grading
Sieve size
% by weight
(mm)
passing
50
38
20
10
4.8
2.4
0.6
0.3
0.075
100
90-100
60-90
40-70
30-55
20-45
10-30
10-25
5-15
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
beckeTskgkarsagsg;
II-63
cMNuc
6. 21
RsTab;RKwHfl;
karlay
kareRcaH niglay RtUveFVIeLIgmunkarcak;smar. enAGMLgeBllayRtUv

bEnmTwk edIm,I[smarEdllayesIm edIm,IeCosvagkarEbkecjBIKa.
Mixing
Screening and mixing shall be carried out prior to placing.

Water is to be added during mixing to keep the mixed material moist to
avoid segregation.
karcak;
muncak;ebtugRtUveRsacTwkRKwHRsTab;TI 2RKwH. RsTab;RKwHpvcak;BRgayCa

BIrRsTab;EdlmankRmas;esIKaedIm,I[kRmas;nRsTab;nImYyRsbeTAtam
kRmas;Edlcg;)ansRmab;RsTab;pv.
Placing
Prior to placing the sub-base/formation shall be watered.

The mixed base course shall be spread in two equal layers so that the
compacted thickness of each layer shall conform to the required thickness
for the course.
karkinbgab;
kRmas;RsTab;GtibrmaKW 150 mm. RtUveRsacTwkmuneBlkinbgab;. kin

bgab;edayr:ULsaTikTmn; >5400KRk b r:ULrMjrTmn; 2000-3000KRk.
RtUvcab;epImkinbgab;BIEpkEKm bnab;mkrMkileTARCugmageTotenAeBlEdl
kemcfEdldak;BRgayenaHRtUv)anbgab;y:agENn. enAeBlEdlCayTaMg
sgxagRtUv)anbgab;y:agENnehIyRtUv rMkileTAEpkkNalnpv eday
bgab;[vaKgKa 150mm rhUt dl;vaRsbeTAtamtRmUvkarkinbgab;Edlcg;
)an.
Compaction
Maximum layer thickness 150 mm

Pour water before compacting.
Compact with >5400 kg static roller or 2000-3000 kg vibrating roller.
Begin at outer edge. Move to opposite edge when broken aggregate
becomes firm. When both edges are firm gradually move towards centre of
road by overlapping roller 150 mm until mix has attained required
compaction.
kRmitlMeGog
enAeBlEdlbBab; prbs;vaRtUvmankRmas; 10 mm BIkm<s;Edl)an

eRKag.
Tolerance
4.
The finished surface shall be 10 mm from the design level.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RsTab;)atRKwHsRmab;kRmalpv
Road base course for road pavement
II-64
cMNuc
6. 21
RsTab;RKwHfl;

5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
smar
brimaN
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
m3
0.5
m3
f
Stone
xSac;
Sand
II-65
cMNuc
6.22
kRmalRkYsRkhm
Clause 6. 22 Laterite pavement

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
RkYsRkhmFmCati
Gb,brma 10nRkYsRkhm edayKitBITmn; qgkat;kERBag 0.075mm.

Gb,brma 20nRkYsRkhm edayKitBITmn; qgkat;kERBag 2.36 mm.
Gb,brma 60 KitBImgn;manfrwgGgt;pitFMCag 2 mm.
100 nRkYsRkhmGacqgkat;kEBag 60 mm.
KanRKab;RkYsNaFMCagBak;kNalnkRmas;RsTab;eLIy vaGaRsyeTA
elIbeckeTskgkarkinbgab; sUmemIlenAxageRkam.
KansRmam KankaksMNl;minEmnFmCati b smarEdlKanlMnwgRKb;RbePT
TaMgGs;.
Natural Laterite
Minimum 10% of particles by weight passing 0.075 mm sieve.

Minimum 60% by weight consisting of strong stones larger than 2 mm
diameter.
100% of particles passing 60 mm sieve.
Twwk
Water
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
brimaNTwk
kMu[esImeBk b steBksRmab;karbgab;
Water content
Not too wet to compact or too dry to compact
kareFVIets
dIRkhmbMeBjrYcral;ehIy b RsTab;bMeBjEdl)anRtYtBinitedayGkRKb;
RKgkardanRtUveFVIets DCP [)anjwkjab; min[ticCag 1dg sRmab;
pdIbMeBjTMhM 300m . kEngEdllTpleFVIets DCP elIsBI 10mmsMBg
RtUvbgab;sarCafI bkBRgayCafIeLIgvij ehIybgab;mgeTot
rhUtTal;EtlTplrbs; DCP 10mm /sMBg.
2
II-66
cMNuc
6.22
kRmalRkYsRkhm

Testing
Completed laterite fill or laterite filled layers as inspected by the Supervisor

shall be tested with DCP at a frequency not less than one test for 300 m2 fill
area. Areas where DCP results exceed 10 mm/blow shall be re-compacted,
or reworked and re-compacted until DCP results 10 mm/blow.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karcak;bMeBj nigkareKo RkYsRkhmRtUvbMeBjeTAtamRsTab;EdlRsbeTAnwgviFIsaskinbgab;eday

eRsacTwk nigeKoedayd b edaym:asuInmunnwgbgab;. pbegIyRkYsRkhm
RtUvEtrlag ehIyenAkgkRmas; 50mmnbnat;dUcEdl)anbgajkgKMnUrbg;.
Placing and shaping
Laterite to be placed in layers according to compaction method watered and

shaped by hand or by grader before compaction.
Completed surface of Laterite to be smooth and within 50 mm of lines shown
on drawings.
kareRsacTwk
enAeBlEdlvaRtUvkarTwk KWeKRtUveRsacTwkeTAelIdImunnwgeFVIkareKocugeRkay
edayma:suIn. RtUveKo 3 dg edIm,IFanafadI nigTwk)anRcbl;cUlKa munnwg
eFVIkareKocugeRkay.
Watering
karkinbgab;
karbgab;RtUveFVIeLIgedaymankRmas;RsTab; nigcMnYn dgnkarujeTAmk

KWEpkeTAtamtaragr:ULkgkarbgab;.
Compaction

according Compaction Methods table.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RsTab;kRmalpvEdlmancracrN_Rsal
Pavements of roads carrying light traffic
RkYsRkhmGaceRbIsRmab;RKwHbRmugnsMNg;tUc nigRsTab;lU.
Laterite may also be used for sub-foundations for small structures and for
pipe bedding material.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
brimaNRtUv)anvas;EvgedIm,IkMNt;karTUTat;CacMNuHnRkYsRkhm bnab;BIkarcak;BRgay nigkarkinbgab;

RbsinebIkicsnaRtwmEtpt;pg;RkYsRkhmenaH karvas;cMnYnnwgRtUvvas;CacMNuHenAkgrfyn.
Quantity measured for payment to be volume of Laterite after placing and compaction. Where the
II-67
cMNuc
6.22
kRmalRkYsRkhm

contract is to supply Laterite only the quantity measured will be the volume of Laterite measured loose in
the truck.
RkYsEdlcak;enAeRkAbnat;EdlmanbgajenAelIKMnUsminRtUv)anvas;EvgsRmab;karTUTat;R)ak;eLIy
Laterite placed outside lines shown on drawing should not be measured for payment.
II-68
cMNuc 6.23 RsTab;)atRKwHfl;

Clause 6. 23 Sub base course
1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
RkYsRkhmFmCati
Gb,brma 10% nRKab;RkYsedayKitBITMgn; qgkat;kERBag 0.075 mm

Gb,brma 60% edayKitBITMgn;manf nwgGgt;pitFMCag 60 mm
100% nRKab;RkYsqgkat;kERBag 60 mm
KanRKab;RkYsNaFMCag Bak;kNalnkRmas;RsTab; eLIy
GaRsyelIbeckeTs kinbgab; sUmemIlxageRkam
KansMram KankaksMNl;GFmCati nig sMParEdlKanlMnwgRKb;RbePT
Natural Laterite

Minimum 60% by weight consisting of strong stones larger than 2 mm
diameter.
Soaked CBR shall not be less than 30%.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
cMNuHTwk
minesImeBk b steBk enAeBlbgab;
Water content
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karcak;bMeBj nigkareko RkYsRkhmRtUvbMeBjeTAtamRsTab; EdlRsb nwgviFIsaRskinbgab;eday

eRsacTwk nigeKoedayd rW edayma:sIunmuneBlbgab; . RkYsRkhmRtUvEt
bgab;CaRsTab; minticCag 75mm nigmineRcInCag 150mm .
pbegIyrbs;RkYsRkhmRtUvEtrelagehIy enAkgkMBs; 50mm nbnat;dUc
)anbgajkgKMrUbg; .
II-69

Placing and shaping
Laterite to be placed in layers according to compaction method watered and

shaped by hand or by grader before compaction. Laterite shall be compacted
in layers not less than 75 mm and no more than 150 mm.
Completed surface of Laterite to be smooth and within 50 mm of lines shown
on drawings.
kareRsacTwk
cMNuHsMeNImKYrEtBI 80%eTA 105% ncMNuHsMeNImRbesIrbMput .

Gkem:AkarRtUvEtbenSIm nigssgt;sMPar edIm,IeGayRtUvnwgcMNuHsMeNIm
EdlRtUvkar. enAeBlRtUvkarTwk eKRtUv)an)acvaeTAelIdImuneBlbgab;cug
eRkay edaym:asIun . RtUvbgab;edaym:asIuncuHeLIg 3dg edIm,IFanakarlay
cUlKa rvagdI nig TwkmuneBleKobegIy .
Watering
The moisture content should be 80 to 105% of optimum moisture content.

The contractor shall wet or dry the material to comply with the moisture
content required. When water is needed, is should be sprayed onto the soil
before final shaping with the grader. Three passes of the grader should be
made to ensure mixing of the soil with the water, before final shaping.
karbgab;
karbgab;RtUveFVIeLIgedayr:ULedaymankRmas;RsTab; nigcMnYndg nkarruj

eTAmkEpkeTAelItaragviFIkgkarbgab; . RsTab;enaHRtUvEtbgab;[)andg;
sIuetst y:agehacNas; 95% tg;sIuetstGtibrma .
Compaction
4.

according Compaction Methods table. The layer shall be compacted to a dry
density of at least 95% (Max Dry Density)
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RsTab;)atRKwHfl;eRkamkMralfl; .
Sub-base layers under road pavements.
RkYsRkhm nwgGacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab; kMralpv RKwHbMrugsMrab;sMNg;tUc

nigsmarRsnab;lU .
Laterite may also be used for road pavements, sub-foundations for small
structures and for pipe bedding material.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsMPar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
birmaNvas;sMrab;cMNayKW CamaDnRkYsRkhmbnab;BIRkal nigbgab; . enAkEngEdlkugRtaRKan;Et

cMeBaHkarpt;pg;RkYsRkhmEtmYymux brimaNvas;EvgnRkYsRkhmKW CamaDRkYsRkhmKitCaLan .
Quantity measured for payment to be volume of Laterite after placing and compaction. Where the
contract is to supply Laterite only the quantity measured will be the volume of Laterite measured loose in
II-70

the truck.
RkYsRkhmdak;eRkA bnat;bgajkgKMrUbg; minRtUvvas;EvgsMrab;cMNayeT .

Laterite placed outside lines shown on drawing should not be measured for payment.
II-71
cMNuc
6.24
kRmalRkYsFmCati
Clause 6. 24 Natural Gravel pavement

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
RkYsFmCati
sMParTaMgGs;RtUvEtKansarFatukxVk; sMram kMeTcdI\d nigsarFatuEdlman

eRKaHfak;dl;CIvit ehIyRtUvEtmanKuNPaBl nigGacerob)anPam edaymin
)ac;EkcedIm,IbegItCaRsTab;rwgmaM nigmanlMnwg .
100% nRKab;RkYsqgkat;kERBag 60 mm
Natural Gravel
All material shall be free from dirt, organic matter, shale or other deleterious
matter and shall be of such quality that it will bind readily to form a firm,
stable course.
Grading should be as follows:
Twk
TwkKYrEtbEnmedIm,ITTYl)ansMeNImRbesIrbMput sRmab;karekInbgab;
RbsinebIsmarst .
Water
Water should be added to provide the optimum moisture content for

compaction if the material is dry.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
reNAdI
enAeBlEdlsmarykmkBIreNAdI Gkem:AkarRtUvEtbgajR)ab;GkRKb;RKg
beckeTsfasmarGacCIk)anedayKanCatikxVk; b CatiBulepSgeTotlay
LM.
Borrow pit
When the material is sourced from a borrow pit, the Contractor shall
demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Supervisor, that the material can be
excavated without being contaminated by unacceptable material.
kareFVIets
kRmalRkYsFmCatibMeBjrYcral;ehIy b RtUveFVIets DCP [)anjwkjab;

min[ticCag 1dg sRmab; pdIbMeBjTMhM 300m . kEngEdllTpleFVIets
2
II-72
cMNuc
6.24
kRmalRkYsFmCati
elIsBI 10mmsMBg RtUvbgab;sarCafI bkBRgayCafIeLIgvij

ehIybgab;mgeTot rhUtTal;EtlTplrbs; DCP 10mm /sMBg.
DCP
Testing
Completed laterite fill or laterite filled layers as inspected by the Supervisor

shall be tested with DCP at a frequency not less than one test for 300 m2 fill
area. Areas where DCP results exceed 10 mm/blow shall be re-compacted,
or reworked and re-compacted until DCP results 10 mm/blow.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
BRgay
smarRtUvBRgayluHRtaEtpxageRkamvamankaryl;RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeck
eTs . ral;smarTaMgGs;Edl)anerob nwgRtUvkayecjRbsinebIKankaryl;
RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs ehIycMNayTaMgGs;RtUvKitKUrBIGkem:Akar.
RtUvmanviFankarsmRsb edIm,ITb;sat;kMhUg)atfl;kgeBlBRgayRkYsFm
Cati . minGnuBaatieGaymancracrN_ rWkarerobsmarepSgeToteLIyenA
eBlGkRKb;RKgkardanKitfaGakasFatu rWsanPaBpvTMngCaeFVIeGayman
PaB)akEbk; b dac;damdl;)atfl; b bMBuldl;smar)at;RKwHfl;enAeBl
EdlmancracrN_ .
Spreading
Material shall be spread only when the underlying surface has been approved
by the Supervisor. Any material which has been placed on a surface not
approved by the Supervisor shall be removed at the Contractors expense.
Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent rutting of the sub-grade during
the spreading of the natural Gravel. No hauling or placement of material will
be permitted when, in the opinion of the Supervisor, the weather or road
conditions are such that the hauling operations will cause cutting or rutting of
the sub-grade or cause contamination of the sub-base material
kareRsacTwk
cMNuHsMeNImsmar RtUvEktMrUveGayehIymuneBlbgab;edaykareRsacTwk
edayeRbIrfyneRsacTwk Edlmankaryl;RBm b edaysmtvaedIm,ITTYl
)andg;sIuetsMrab;)atRKwHfl;Edl)anbBaak;edayeRbIR)as;smarGkem:Akar.
Watering
The moisture content of the material shall be adjusted prior to compaction,

by watering with approved sprinkler trucks or by drying out, to that
appropriate to obtain the specified density for sub-base with the Contractors
equipment.
karbgab;
smarRtUvbgab;eGayTTYl)antMlesInwg 95% ntg;sIuetstGb,brima .

)atRKwHfl;RtUvsagsg;kgkMras; Edl)anbgab;minesIgCagtMlFMCageK rvag
II-73
cMNuc
6.24
kRmalRkYsFmCati
mm nig 2.5dg nTMhMmFmrbs;smar ehIyminRkas;Cag 150mm .
75
Compaction
The material shall be compacted to a characteristic value of 95% of

maximum dry density.The sub-base shall be constructed in compacted layers
no thinner than 75 mm or 2.5 times the nominal size of the material
(whichever is the greater) and no thicker than 150 mm.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
kMralpvenAkEngEdlKanRkYsRkhmKuNPaBl enACitkardansMNg; .
Pavements of roads where laterite of good quality is not available close to the
construction site.
RkYsFmCatiGacRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;RKwHbMrug sMrab;sMNg;tUc nigsmar

RTnab;lU .
Natural Gravel may also be used for sub-foundations for small structures and
for pipe bedding material.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
birmaNvas;sMrab;cMNay KWCamaDnRkYsRkhmbnab;BIRkal nigbgab; . enAkEngEdlkugRtaRKan;Et

cMeBaHkarpt;pg;RkYsRkhmEtmYymux brimaNvas;EvgnRkYsRkhm KWCamaDRkYsRkhmKitCaLan .
Quantity measured for payment is the volume of Natural Gravel after placing and compaction. Where the
contract is to supply Natural Gravel only, the quantity measured will be the volume of Natural Gravel
measured loose in the truck.
RKYsRkhmdak;eRkAbnat;bgajkgKMrUbg; minRtUvvas;EvgsMrab;cMNayeT .
Natural Gravel placed outside the lines shown on the drawing should not be measured and accepted for
payment.
II-74
cMNuc 6.25 kRmalkMeTcf;

Clause 6. 25 Crushed Stone pavement
1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
kMeTcf
kMeTcfeRKIm niglitsMrab;RKwHfl;RtUvCakMeTcfEdlsat nigmaM bMEnkRsYc

minesIg b EvgeBk minlayCamYyfRCay b pus sarFatukxVk; b sarFatu
eRKaH fak;epSgeTot .
TMhMvaKYrEtdUcxageRkamenH
Gb,brma 15% nRKab;f edayKitBITMgn; qgkat;kERBag 0.075 mm
Gb,brma 50% nRKab;f edayKitBITMgn; qgkat;kERBag 2.36 mm
100% nRKab;f qgkat;kERBag 50 mm
smarlaybBalKaEdlqgkat;kERBag 19mm RtUvman CBR RtaMTwk 4f
y:agehacNas; 80PaKry tg;sIuetstGtibrma
Crushed Stone
The coarse and fine aggregates for base shall consist of crushed rock, clean,
tough, durable, sharp-angled fragments free of any excess of thin or elongated
pieces, and reasonably free of soft, disintegrated or decomposed stone, dirt or
other deleterious matter.
Grading should be as follows:
The combined material passing the 19 mm sieve shall have a California
Bearing Ratio (4 days soaked) of at least 80 percent (at the maximum dry
density).
Twk
Water
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
cMNuHTwk
minesImeBk b steBk enAeBlbgab;
Water content
3.
beckeTssagsg;
II-75

karcak;bMeBj nigkareko pEdlbMeBjedayRKwHfl; RtUvEtbgab;eGay)anl relag nigesIKa

ehIyral;rbs;rdibrdubTaMgGs;RtUvEtQUsecj edaynigkinbBal RBmTaMg
mankaryl;RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs muneBlbMeBjRKwHfl; . enAeBl
EdlkMras;RKwHfl;elIsBI 150mm RKwHfl;RtUvbgab;Ca 2RsTab;esIKa .
kMras;nRsTab;RtUvbgab;TaMgGs;minRtUvticCag 75mm nigelIs 150mm .
minGnuBaati[mankardwkCBan KWbMeBjsMPar RbsinebIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs
KitfaFatuGakas niigsanPaBpveRBaHfa vaGacnwgnaMeGaymankar)ak;Ebkpv b
karbMBuldl;sMParRKwHfl; .
Placing and shaping
The surface on which the base is to be placed shall be well compacted, smooth,
hard and uniform, with all irregularities having been bladed out and rolled
down, and approved by the Supervisor prior to the placing of base material.
When the thickness of base exceeds 150mm, the base shall be compacted in
two equal layers. The compacted thickness of any layer shall not be less than
75mm, nor exceed 150mm.
No hauling or placing of material will be permitted when, in the opinion of the
Supervisor, the weather or road conditions are such that hauling operations
will cause cutting or rutting of the surface or contamination of the base
material.
kareRsacTwk
TwkEdlRtUvbEnmeGaykMeTcf KWCabrimaNTwkedIm,ITTYl)antg;sIuetkMeTcf
Edl)ankMNt;Edlpl;Cal,aymYyrYcral;sMrab;karkinbgab;bnab;BI kar)aj;
Twk . kareFVI[ l,aykMeTcfesImenAkgsk rWLanminmankarGnuBaati .
Watering
The amount of water added to the aggregate shall be that required to obtain the
specified density, giving a mixture which is completely ready for compaction
after spreading. In no case will the wetting of aggregates in stockpiles or
trucks be permitted.
karkinbgab;
Pambnab;BIbMeBjsMParRKwHfl; vaRtUvEtbgab;edIm,IeGay)antMlKMrU
ntg;sIuetsteFob minticCag 98% ntg;sIuetstGtibrma .
Gkem:Akar KYrFanafa karbgab;RtUv)anGnuvtn_RKb;RsTab; nig eBjTTwgnRKwH
fl; . karbMeBjenAeRkATTwgRKwHfl;mansarsMxan;edIm,IsMerc)ankarbgab;sM
rab; TTwgRKwHfl;begIy .
RbsinebIfenaHRtUv)anRkal nigbgab;Ca 2RsTab; Gkem:Akar RtUveRKag nig
sMrbkargaredIm,IFanafaRsTab;EdlbMeBj nig bgab;BImunmaneBlevlaRKb;
II-76

RKan; sMrab;sMgYt nigmanlMnwgmuneBlrfyncak;kMeTcf sMrab;RsTab;bnab; b

]bkrN_Fn; dTeTotRtUv)anGnuBaati[elI . muneBlRkalRsTab;bnab;
kMBUlnRsTab;xageRkamRtUvmansMeNImRKb;RKan; edIm,IFanakarPab;Karvag
RsTab;TaMgBIrenaH . Kankarray b RkalkMeTcf RtUv)anGnuBaatienAeBlEdl
GkRKb;RKgbeckeTsKitCa GakasFatu nig sanPaBpvnwgGacmankar)ak;Ebk
p b bMBuldl;smarRKwHfl;enAeBlEdlman karRkalf .
Compaction
Immediately after placing, the base material shall be compacted to a

characteristic value of relative dry density of not less than 98% of maximum
dry density
The Contractor shall ensure that the required compaction is obtained
throughout each layer and for the full finished width of the base. Filling
outside the finished base width will be necessary in order to achieve the
required compaction for the full finished base width
If the material is laid and compacted in two layers, the Contractor shall plan
and coordinate the work in such a manner that the previously placed and
compacted layer shall be allowed ample time for drying and development of
sufficient stability before vehicles hauling materials for the succeeding layer,
or other heavy equipment, are permitted on the base.
Prior to placing the succeeding layer of material, the top of the under-layer
shall be made sufficiently moist to ensure bond between the layers
No hauling or placing of material will be permitted when, in the opinion of the
Supervisor, the weather or road conditions are such that hauling operations
will cause cutting or rutting of the surface or contamination of the base
material.
4.
kaeRbIR)as;
Uses
kMralpvenAkEngEdlKanRkYsRkhmKuNPaBl enACitkardansMNg; .
construction site
kMeTcfGacnwgeRbIsMrab;RKwHbMrugsMrab;sMNg;tUc nig sMrab;smarRsnab;lU .

Crushed stone may also be used for sub-foundations for small structures and
for pipe bedding material.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNkg1kta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
brimaNvas;sMrab;karcMNayKW maDnkMeTcfbnab;BI Rkal nigkinbgab; . enAkEngNaEdlkugRtaEtsMrab;

pt;pg;RKYsRkhmEtmYymux brimaNkMeTcfenaH CamaDkMeTcfvas;CaLan .
Quantity measured for payment to be volume of Crushed Stone after placing and compaction. Where the
contract is to supply Crushed Stone only the quantity measured will be the volume of Crushed Stone
II-77

measured loose in the truck.
kMeTcfRkaleRkAbnat;dUc)anbgajkgKMrUbg; minRtUvvas;EfgsMrab;cMNayeT .
Crushed Stone placed outside the lines shown on the drawing should not be measured and accepted for
payment.
II-78
cMNuc
6.26
kRmalpverobf
Clause 6. 26 Dressed Stone pavement

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
dMufnImyY RtUvEtFn;dUcKa fRtUBicEtmYy KanRbehag tMN karxUcxat nig

EprabnEpkRTnab; . bTBiesaFn_bgajfafRkanIt nig)asalCafGaceRbI
R)as;)an .
dMufRtUvmankMras;BI 150mm eTA 200mm nigTMhMkgbg;BI 100 eTA 300mm
ehIyRtUvEtmanrag niglkNdUcKa . pxagelIRtUvEtdab; nigbMEbkeGayesI.
Stones
The stone blocks should be strong, homogeneous, isotropic rock, free from
cavities, joints, faults and bedding planes. Experience indicates that igneous
rocks such as granite and basalt can be particularly suitable materials.
The stone blocks shall be 150-200mm thick and between 100 and 300mm in
plan size and shall be regular and uniform in shape and texture. The top
(surface) face shall be chiselled, split or cut reasonably smooth.
ekAsU
ekAsUsMrab;bMeBjtMN KWedIm,ICYydl;karkarBarCRmabTwk BIpxagelI .

bBaitxSac;layTwkekAsURtUvbMeBj 5mm BIpxagelIRbePTTwkekAsUKYrEtTwk
ekAsU CSS .
Bitumen
Bitumen for joint filling is to improve water proofing of the surface. The
bitumen emulsion sand-seal should be filled to within 5 mm of the surface. the
type of bitumen emulsion should be Cationic Slow Setting bitumen emulsion
(CSS)
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
sIum:g;tFmta
CMnYskarbMeBjtMNedayTwkekAsU eKGaceRbI)ayGrxSac;sIum:g;t CMnYsvij .

eFVIdUcenHminRtwmeFVIeGaykarkarBarCRmabTwkmanPaBRbesIreTAEfmTaMgeFVI
eGayPaBFn;rbs;kMralpvGacTTYl)aneTotpg .
Portland Cement
As an alternative to bitumen emulsion, is to fill the joints completely with sandcement mortar. Besides the improvement of water proofing the pavement
strength will also be approved.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
kartMerobCaRsTab; nigkar muneBltMerobf Gkem:AkarKYrEt sMrUlkMhUcRTg;RTayn)atRKwHfl;Camunsin .

II-79
cMNuc
6.26
kRmalpverobf
bMeBj
TwkKYrEtbgrecjehIyfenaHKYrEttMerobelIRTnab;xSac; Edl)antMerob ehIy

dUcEdl)aneRKagkgKMnUrbg; . xSac;RtUvEtRkalelI)atRKwHfl; ehIy bgab;tic
edayRbdab;bgab;edayeRbId b r:ULrujKanrMjr . fEKmsMrab;
kMralRtUverobmuneKedIm,ICaExSkMBs; nigExStMrg;sMrab;kMraldTeTot .
dMuebtugEKm RtUvRTab; nigPab;eday)ayGrenAkardanEtmg . fdTeTot
EdlRtUvbMeBjenAcenaHEKmebtug RtUverobvimaRtFMCageKnfnImYy tam
TTwgpv . fEKmbnab;RtUvmanTMhMEtBak;kNalb:ueNaHedIm,IeGaytMNva
minRtYtsIuKa . fnImYyRtUvdMcUlTItaMgrbs;vatic edayjjrrbs;CagedIm,I
FanaeGaymanlMnwgenAkgxSac; . tMNrvagfnImYy KYrEt 10mm ehIy
bMeBjBaseBj edayxSac;eGayelIsedIm,ITuksMrab;sMruteBlbgab; .
enAeBlEdlfTaMgenaH)anerobCapmYy vaRtUvEteFVIeGayhab;edaykar
bgab;stedayeRbIr:ULrMjrruj . bnab;BIkarkin 2 eTA 3 dg eKGac)aj;TwkedIm,I
sMrYldl;karbgab; . RbsinebImankarbBaak;GMBIbBait tMNxSac;KYrEtkayecj
CMerA 30mm ehIybMeBjTwkekAsUBIelIkMras; 5mm ehIyeFVIppveGayrelag .
kMralerobfenaHGaceGayeFVIcracrN_)ankg ryeBl7fbnab;kargartMN)an
bBab; .
Laying and Placing
Prior to laying the dressed stones the contractor should correct any deformation
of the sub-base. Standing water should be drained away. The stone blocks
should be laid on a previously prepared sand bedding as per design drawing.
The sand shall be laid and spread on the sub-base and lightly compacted, by
hand tamping or pedestrian roller with no vibration. The pavement edge stones
shall be placed first to act as a level and alignment guide for the rest of the
paving. These edge blocks are to be bedded and joint mortared in place. All
other blocks shall be placed with the longest dimensions across the road.
Alternate stones at the pavement edge will be half size to allow joints in the
paving to be staggered in adjacent rows. Each stone block shall be lightly
tapped into position with a masons hammer, to ensure initial bedding into the
sand. Joints between blocks should be nominal 10 mm wide and completely
filled with sand with an excess to allow for consolidation during compaction.
When an area of blocks has been placed, they should be consolidated in
position by dry compaction with a pedestrian vibrating roller. After a few
passes water can be applied to facilitate compaction. If a seal is specified, the
sand joints should be cleaned out to a depth of 30mm and filled to within 5 mm
of the finished surface with bitumen emulsion and finished smoothly.
The dressed stone paving may be opened to traffic 7 days after the completion
II-80
cMNuc
6.26
kRmalpverobf

of the jointing work.
karbgab;
kMlaMgbgab;Gb,brmasMrab;karkinedayr:ULelIf RtUvEtkgkMritdUcxageRkam
TMgn;Gb,brmanr:ULrMjr 1000 kg
cMnYndgnkarkinbgab; 6 eTA 8 dg kgmYycMnuc
Compaction
The minimum compactive effort for the rolling of the placed dressed stone shall
be in the following range:
Minimum weight vibrating roller: 1,000 kg
No of passes: 6-8 per point
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
kMralpvenAkEngEdlRkYsRkhmmanKuNPaBl minGacrk)anenACitkardan
sMNg; .
construction site
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNkg1kta
Unit quantity:
1 m2
brimaNvas;sMrab;cMNay KWCapCaEm:Rtkaer:nRsTab;f Edlerob nigPab;elIpv . RbEvgnwgRtUvvas;tam

GkSpv . cMNaynigkMras;nkMral nwgrYmbBalTaMgRsTab;xSac; dUc)anbgaj . cMNayTaMgenaHRtUvrYmbBal
TaMgRsTab;xSac; kMlaMgtMerob karbgab; karbMeBjtMNCamYyxSac; nigTwkekAsU .
Quantity measured for payment to be the square meters of placed and jointed stone layer on the road. Length
will be measured along the centre line of the road. The payment and thickness of the dressed pavement will
include the sand bedding layer as specified. The rates shall include the supply, bedding, placing, taping and
joint filling with sand and bitumen emulsion.
ferob eRkAbnat;)anbgajelIKMrUbg; minKYrvas;EvgsMrab;cMNayeT .

Dressed Stone placed outside the lines shown on the drawing should not be measured and accepted for
payment.
II-81
cMNuc
6.27
kRmalpvebtugGas;sVal;
Clause 6. 27 Asphalt Concrete pavement;

1.
bTdanbeckeTs
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
Gas;sVal;
Gas;sVal;RtUvEtCaekAsUravEdlmanRbePT PaBFn; nig GkplitEdlman

karyl;RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs . Gas;sVal;enaHRtUvmankMritCRmab
85-100 .
;
l,aykMeTcf
Asphalt material shall be cut back bitumen of approved type, grade and
manufacturer. The asphalt shall have a 85-100 penetration grade.
Asphalt
l,aykMeTcfRtUvmankMeTcf xSac;nig sIum:g;t . kMeTcf 90%

RtUvEtGacqgkat;kERBag 25.4mm . RKab;fKYrEtsat rwgmaM .
fenaHKYrEtKandI\d Pk; FUlI bsMramdTeTot . xSac;RtUvCaxSac; FmCati rwg
sat maM KandI\d Pk; rW sMramepSg . sIum:g;t CasIum:g;t Fmta .
Aggregates
Aggregates shall consist of crushed stone, sand and cement. The crushed
stone shall have a 90% passing a 25.4 mm sieve. Particles should be clean,
hard, and durable. The stones should be free from clay, mud, dust or any
other foreign matter.
Sand shall be natural sand hard, clean, durable and free from clay, mud or
any other foreign matter.
Cement shall be Portland cement.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
;
Gkem:AkarRtUvpl;eGaysMrab;karyl;RBm nUvrUbmnlaypSMEpkelIkarlay
sak niglTplnkareFVIets nkMralEdleFVIeLIgcMeBaHKMrURbhak;RbEhl
nl,aykMeTcf nigGas;sVal; . rUbmnlayenaHRtUvbgajBIPaKryqgkat;
ral;kERBagEdlRtUvkar PaKryGas;sVal;EdlRtUvkar sItuNPaBnl,ay
begIyEdlRtUvkar enAeBlvaRtUv)anpac;BIm:asIunrlay .
karlay
Mixing
The contractor shall submit for approval the mix formula based on trial
mixes and the result of test pavement conducted on similar samples of
aggregate and asphalt. The mixing formula shall indicate the required
percentage passing each individual sieve, the required percentage of asphalt
and the required temperature of the completed mixture when it is discharged
from the mixer, for surface course.
II-82
cMNuc
6.27
karRkal
muneBlRkall,ayebtugGas;sVal; RsTab;RKwHvaRtUvEtsatKansMram .
m:asIun)ac;RtUvEttMrUv ehIyel,nRtUvbEnmbnyedIm,IeGaypebtugGas;
sVal;relag ehIyeGaykMras;rbs;va eqIytbtamtMrUvkarkgKMrUbg;bnab;BI
bgab;rYc . pb:HnebtugGas;sVal;enaHRtUvEt)ac; rWlabCamYyRsTab;ekAsU
esIgBIelI .
Placing
Before placing the asphalt-concrete mixture, the base course shall be cleaned
of all foreign matter. The spreader shall adjusted and the speed regulated so
that the surface of the asphalt-concrete will be smooth and of such depth that,
when compacted, it will conform to the cross section shown on the drawing.
Contact surfaces of previously constructed structures shall be sprayed or
painted with a thin coat of bituminous material.
karbgab;
karbgab;RtUvEteFVIeGayehIyCamYynwg]bkrN_Edlmankaryl;RBm b:uEn
eKeBjniymeRbIRbePTtg;DWm kg; 2 rW 3 . r:ULKYrEtsmRsbsMrab;kMral
layekA . kg;KYrEtbMBak;CamYyRbdab;ekas FugTwk nig]bkrN_)ac;TwkedIm,I
rkSa kg;TaMgenHeGayesImRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;sat;l,ayenaHkMueGayCab;kg; .
Compaction
Compaction shall be done with approved equipment, but preferable two or

three wheel tandem-type. the rollers should be suitable for hot mix pavement.
the wheels should be equipped with adjustable scrapers, water tanks and
sprinkling apparatus to keep the wheels sufficiently wet to prevent the
mixture from sticking to the wheels.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
kMralpvenAkEngEdlRkYsRkhmEdlmanKuNPaBl minenACitkardansMNg;
. kMralpvenHGaceFVIsMrab;ciBawmpv pvedIr b dUcKaenH .
construction site. Pavements can also be made for sidewalks and footh paths
and the like.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsMPar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m2
brimaNvas;sMrab;cMNayKW CapCaEm:Rtkaer:nRsTab; ebtugGas;sVal;RkalelIpv RbEvgva

nigRtUvvas;tamGkSpv . cMNay nigkMras;nkMral nwgrYmbBalTaMgRTnab;xSac; dUc)anbgaj .
cMNayenaH rYmbBalbEnmTaMgkarple; Gay karrlay nig karRkalnl,ay .
Quantity measured for payment to be the square meters of placed Asphalt-Concrete layer on the road.
Length will be measured along the centre line of the road. The payment and thickness of the pavement will
II-83
cMNuc
6.27

include the sand bedding layer as specified. The rates shall include the supply, mixing and placing of the
mixture
RsTab;RkaleRkAbnat;dUc)anbgajelIKMrUbg; minKYrvas;sMrab;cMNayeLIy .
Layers placed outside the lines shown on the drawing should not be measured and accepted for payment.
II-84
cMNuc 6.28 ebtugKansrsEdk

Clause 6. 28 Mass Concrete;
1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
Ingredient
Specification
sIum:g;t
sIum:g;tFmta
Cement
Ordinary Portland cement
f 10 x 20mm
flit b RkYs TMhMGb,brma 10mm nigGtibrma 20mm .

l,aykMeTcfRtUvEtKansarFatueRKaHfak;dUcCa EdkERcH FgfmIka fPaCn_
rWsarFatuRsedogKa dUcCaRKab;fsMEb:tehIyRTEvg . RbsinebIcaM)ac;l,ay
kMeTcfRtUvEtlag ehIyErgedaykERBagedIm,IyksarFatueRKaHfak;ecj .
Stone 10 x 20 mm
Quarry stone or gravel, minimum size 10mm, maximum size 20 mm.

Aggregate shall not contain harmful materials such as iron pyrites, coal,
mica, shale or similar laminated materials such as flat and elongated
particles. If necessary, aggregate shall be washed and sieved to remove
deleterious substances.
xSac;eRKIm
xSac;FmCatiEdlmanRKab;rwgehIymaM .
Course sand
Natural sand, having hard, strong, durable particles.
Twk
TwkRtUvEtsatKaneRbg GasIut CatiGal;kaLaMg sr GMbUr bEn sMram nigsar

FatueRKaHfak;dTeTot .
Water
Water shall be reasonably clean and free from oil, acid, alkali, sugar, salt,
vegetable, organic matter or other deleterious substances.
Water known to be of potable quality may be best used.
2.
tRmUvkarepSgeTot
Other requirements
PaBFn;
PaBrwgrbs;ebtugfI RtUvRtYtBinitedaykareFVIets sRmut

sRmutFmta 80mm
sRmutGtibrma 120mm
karlaysIum:g;RtUvEt 1:2:3 CamYypleFobTwkelIsuIm:g;tesInwg 0.5
PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgsgt;rbs;ebtug KYrEt 30 MPa
Strength
The consistency of fresh concrete shall be monitored by testing the slump

Nominal slump: 80 mm
Maximum slump: 120 mm
The cement mix shall be 1:2:3 with a water/cement ratio of 0.5
II-85
cMNuc 6.28 ebtugKansrsEdk

Clause 6. 28 Mass Concrete;
The concrete compressive strength should be 30 MPa
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karlay
edaym:asIun
Mixing
By machine
kareRsacTwk
enAeBlmantMrUvkarTwk RtUv)ac;eTAelIdI muneBlekoCaragcugeRkayedaym:a

sIun . RtUvkincMnYn 3dg edIm,IFanakarlaydICamYynwgTwkmuneBlekoCarag
begIy .
Watering
karkinbgab;
edaym:asIunrMjr
Compaction
4.
By mechanical vibrator
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
kMralpvEdlrgcracrN_Fn;
Pavements of roads carrying heavy traffic
ebtugKansrsEdkGacnwgRtUveRbIsMrab;kMralxNs<an nigkMralxNsMNg;
tUc .
Mass concrete may also be used for bridge slabs and slabs for small
structures.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsMPar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
sMPar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
sIum:g;t
380
kg
0,75
m3
0,50
m3
Cement
fTMhM 10 x 20 mm
Stone, 10 x 20 mm size
xSac;
Sand
II-86
cMNuc 6.29 ebtugsMNaj;Edk

Clause 6. 29 Mesh Reinforced Concrete;
smasPaB
1.
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ebtug
1:2:3 (30 N/mm2)
Concrete
sMNaj;Edk
srsEdkBRgwgnkMralxNebtugKW CasMNaj;Edk 1RsTab; (5@150) .

sMNaj; EdkenaHRtUvmanRsTab;karBarxageRkam 50mm.
eKRtUvdak;dMuetAhUCab;Ca mYYy nwgsMNaj;EdkenApxageRkamenaHedIm,IFanafa
sMNaj;EdkenaHzitenA cMTItaMgeRKagedayGnuBaati[mankMritlMeGog +/10mm . KMlatrvagdMuetAhU RtUveroby:agNaeGaysMNaj;Edkminb:H
nwg)atRKwHfl;enAeBlvadabcuH eRkam eRkambnkeCIgCan;elIva .
sMNaj;KrYEtKgelIKa 300mmRtg;tMN .
Mesh reinforcement
Reinforcement of the concrete floor slab will be with 1 layer of steel mesh
(5@150). The Steel fabric is to have 50mm cover to bottom surfaces. The
bottom layer to be fixed to concrete block spacers of variable depth to ensure
steel is fixed within +/- 10mm of designed position. Spacing of block spacers
should be such that the steel fabric does not touch the sub-base when
deflected under foot load. Mesh should be lapped 300mm.
RsTab;)atRKwHfl;
RsTab;)atRKwHfl;RtUveFVIBIRkYsRkhm kMeTcf BIRkYsFmCatiBIRbPB

Edlmankaryl;RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTsedayeyageTAtambTdanbeck
eTs. )atfl;enHRtUvmansPaBFn; 30% CBR RtaMTwk . )atRKwHfl;RtUv
EterobBIelIedayRsTab;xSac;eRKImkMras; 50mm .
Sub-base course
The sub-base layer shall be constructed from laterite, crushed stone of natural
gravel from sources approved by the Supervisor according to the
specifications. The sub-base shall have a strength of 30 % (soaked CBR).
The sub-base shall be covered by a layer of 50 mm of course sand.
sapvBIRkYsf
sapvBIRkYsRtUvEteFVIBIRkYsRkhm kMeTcfnRkYsFmCatiBIRbPBEdlman
karyl;RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs edayeyageTAtambTdanbeckeTs .
RsTab;sapvman CBR enAkardan minticCag 30% eT .
Gravel shoulder
The gravel shoulder shall be constructed from laterite, crushed stone of

natural gravel from sources approved by the Supervisor according to the
specifications. The shoulder layere should have an in situ CBR of not less
II-87

than 30%
KMlatsrsEdk
KMlat 150mm TaMgBIrTis erobedaymanRsTab;karBar 50mm eRkamkMBs;

kRmalxNrYcral; luHRtaEt)anbgaBaelIKMnUrbg; .
Bar spacing
Spacing 150 mm both directions, placed with 50 mm cover below finished

slab level unless indicated otherwise on the drawings.
KMlatsrsEdk
Bar spacing
150 mm
Twk
TwksatsMrab;briePaK
Water
2.
Clean drinking water
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
pleFobTwk sIum:g;t
pleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t enAeBleRbIR)as;l,aykMeTcfstRtUvEt
mankMritTabtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an ehIyGacnwgERbRbYlBI 0.45eTA 0.50
nTMgn; RbsinebImin)anbgaj .
Water/cement ratio
The ratio of free water to cement when using dry aggregate shall be as low as
possible and may vary between 0.45 and 0.50 by weight unless indicated
otherwise.
PaBgayRsYleFVIkargar
nebtug
ebtugRtUvEtmanPaBgayRsYlkgkarcak;smRsbedIm,ITTYl)ankarbgab;
eBjelj . sRmutebtugvas;RtUvEtminelIsBI 75mm 25mm
Workability
The concrete shall be of suitable workability to obtain full compaction.

Slump measured shall not exceed 75 mm 25 mm.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
II-88

karBum<
karBum<RtUveRbIcMeBaH ral;RCugNaEdlKanr)aMg . karBum<RtUvEtrkSamineGay

edaHecjkgryeBl minticCag 72em:ag bnab;BIcak;ebtug .
Formwork
Formwork shall be used at all unrestrained edges. Formworks must remain

in place not less than 72 hours after placing the concrete.
karlay
edaym:asIun
Mixing
By machine.
karcak;
ebtugRtUvcak;mineGayyWtCag 10naTI bnab;BIlay .
Placing
Concrete shall be placed within 10 minutes of mixing or it shall not be used.
karbgab;
bgab;edaym:asIunrMjr
Compaction
Compaction by mechanical vibrator
pebtugbegIy
Pambnab;BIcak;ebtug pebtugRtUvkarBRgabedayemIl Em:RtemIlkMBs; rW

cMNucEdl)anedAkMBs;edIm,ITTYl)anpxagelI relag nigmankMBs;RtwmRtUv.
sMrab;pvebtugsMNaj;Edk pbegIyRtUvEteRKImbnicedaykarTajsrs
GMe)aslILgkat;pkTisedAEkgeTAnwgGkSpv .
Finishing concrete surface
Immediately after placing the concrete surface shall be struck off using
templates to provide proper crowns and shall be finished smooth and to
correct levels.
For mesh reinforced concrete roads the finish shall be slightly roughened by
dragging a stiff broom across the surface in a direction at right angles to the
road centreline.
kMritlMeGog
pbegIyRtUv 10mm BIkEngEKmRtg;mYykgTisedANakedayelIpxagelI

rbs;ebtug BIkMras;Edl)aneRKag .
cMeBaHpvebtugqwgbsSI kgRbEvg 20m NamYy minRtUveGaykMBs;vaelIsBI
30mm BIKMnUsbnat;kMBs;KUrTukeT .
Tolerance
The finished surface shall be 10 mm from a straight edge place in any

direction on the concrete top surface.
For bamboo reinforced concrete roads the grade-line shall not be more than
30 mm in any 20 m length.
tMN
ral;tMNRtUvEteFVIRtg;kEng)anbgajkgKMnUrbg;Etb:ueNaH RbsinebIKankar
ENnaMbEnm .
Joints
All joints shall be made only where shown on the drawings unless otherwise
instructed.
karEfTaM
ebtugRtUvEtrkSaeGaymansMeNIm kgryeBl 7f bnab;BIcak; .

enAkgkMLgeBlenHkMralxNRtUvEt RKbeday)avRkas;RClk;TwkPam
II-89

bnab;BIeFVIpbegIy . kgcenaHrvag 8 eTA 21f ebtugRtUvEteRsacTwkCa

erogral;f edIm,ITb;sat; rMhYtTwkBIp .
Curing
The concrete shall be kept wet for a minimum 7 days after placing. During
this period the slabs shall be covered with Hessian immediately after final
finishing of the surface. Between 8 and 21 days the concrete shall be
watered daily to prevent drying out of the surface.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
kMralpvrgbnkcracrN_Fn ; .
kMralxNCan;xageRkamnGaKar .
Road pavement for roads with heavy traffic.
Ground floor slabs in buildings.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsMPar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
sMPar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
sIum:g;t
380
kg
0.75
m3
0.5
m3
2.25
kg/m2
Cement
fTMhM 10 x 20 mm
Stone 10x20 mm size
xSac;
Sand
sMNaj;Edk
Wire mesh
II-90
cMNuc
6.30
ebtugGaem:Edk
Clause 6. 30 Steel Reinforced Concrete

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
cMnYn
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ebtug
1:2:3.(30 N/mm2)
Concrete
sMNaj;Edk
srsEdkBRgwgnkMralxNebtugKW CasMNaj;Edk 1RsTab; (8@200) .

sMNaj; EdkenaHRtUvmanRsTab;karBarxageRkam 50mm.
eKRtUvdak;dMuetAhUCab;Ca mYYy nwgsMNaj;EdkenApxageRkamenaHedIm,IFanafa
sMNaj;EdkenaHzitenA cMTItaMgeRKagedayGnuBaati[mankMritlMeGog +/10mm . KMlatrvagdMuetAhU RtUveroby:agNaeGaysMNaj;Edkminb:H
nig)atRKwHfl;enAeBlvadabcuH eRkam eRkambnkeCIgCan;elIva .
Mesh reinforcement
Reinforcement of the concrete floor slab will be with 1 layer of steel mesh
(8@200). The Steel fabric is to have 50mm cover to bottom surfaces. The
bottom layer to be fixed to concrete block spacers of variable depth to ensure
steel is fixed within +/- 10mm of designed position. Spacing of block spacers
should be such that the steel fabric does not touch the sub-base when
deflected under foot load.
RsTab;)atRKwHfl;
RsTab;)atRKwHfl;RtUveFVIBIRkYsRkhmkMeTcf BIRkYsFmCatiBIRbPB
Edlmankaryl;RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTsedeyeyageTAtambTdanbeck
eTs. )atfl;enHRtUvmanPaBFn; 30% CBR RtaMTwk . )atRKwHfl;RtUv
EterobBIelIedayRsTab;xSac;eRKImkMras; 50mm .
Sub-base course
The sub-base layer shall be constructed from laterite, crushed stone of natural
gravel from sources approved by the Supervisor according to the
specifications. The sub-base shall have a strength of 30 % (soaked CBR).
The sub-base shall be covered by a layer of 50 mm of course sand.
sapvBIRkYsf
sapvBIRkYsRtUvEteFVIBIRkYsRkhm kMeTcfnRkYsFmCatiBIRbPBEdlmankar
yl;RBmBIGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs edayeyageTAtambTdanbeckeTs .
RsTab;sapvman CBR enAkardan minticCag 30% eT .
Gravel shoulder
The gravel shoulder shall be constructed from laterite, crushed stone of

natural gravel from sources approved by the Supervisor according to the
specifications. The shoulder layer should have an in situ CBR of not less than
30%
II-91
cMNuc
6.30
ebtugGaem:Edk
KMlatsrsEdk
KMlat 200mm TaMgBIrTis erobedaymanRsTab;karBar 50mm eRkamkMBs;

kRmalxNrYcral; luHRtaEt)anbgaBaelIKMnUrbg; .
Bar spacing
Spacing 200 mm both directions, placed with 50 mm cover below finished

slab level unless indicated otherwise on the drawings.
KMlatsrsEdk
Bar spacing
200 mm
200 mm
Twk
TwksatsMrab;briePaK
Water
2.
Clean drinking water
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
pleFobTwk sIum:g;t
pleFobTwkelIsIum:g;t enAeBleRbIR)as;l,aykMeTcfstRtUvEt
mankMritTabtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an ehIyGacnwgERbRbYlBI 0.45eTA 0.50
nTMgn; RbsinebImin)anbgaj .
Water/cement ratio
The ratio of free water to cement when using dry aggregate shall be as low as
possible and may vary between 0.45 and 0.50 by weight unless indicated
otherwise.
PaBgayRsYleFVIkarebtug ebtugRtUvEtmanPaBgayRsYlkgkarcak;smRsbedIm,ITTYl)ankarbgab;
eBjelj . sRmutebtugvas;RtUvEtminelIsBI 75mm 25mm
Workability
The concrete shall be of suitable workability to obtain full compaction.

Slump measured shall not exceed 75 mm 25 mm
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karBum<
karBum<RtUveRbIcMeBaH ral;RCugNaEdlKanr)aMg . karBum<RtUvEtrkSamineGay
II-92
cMNuc
6.30
ebtugGaem:Edk
edaHecjkgryeBl minticCag 72em:ag bnab;BIcak;ebtug .

Formwork
Formwork shall be used at all unrestrained edges. Formworks must remain

in place not less than 72 hours after placing the concrete.
karlay
edaym:asIun
Mixing
By machine.
karcak;
ebtugRtUvcak;mineGayyWtCag 10naTI bnab;BIlay .
Placing
Concrete shall be placed within 10 minutes of mixing or it shall not be used.
karbgab;
bgab;edaym:asIunrMjr
Compaction
Compaction by mechanical vibrator
pebtugbegIy
Pambnab;BIcak;ebtug pebtugRtUvkarBRgabedayemIl Em:RtemIlkMBs; rW

cMNucEdledAkMBs;edIm,ITTYl)anpxagelI relag nigmankMBs;RtwmRtUv.
sMrab;pvebtugsMNaj;Edk pbegIyRtUvEteRKImbnicedaykarTajsrs
GMe)aslILgkat;pkTisedAEkgeTAnwgGkSpv .
Finishing concrete surface
Immediately after placing the concrete surface shall be struck off using
templates to provide proper crowns and shall be finished smooth and to
correct levels.
For mesh reinforced concrete roads the finish shall be slightly roughened by
dragging a stiff broom across the surface in a direction at right angles to the
road centreline.
kMritlMeGog
pbegIyRtUv 10mm BIkEngEKmRtg;mYykgTisedANakedayelIpxagelI

rbs;ebtug BIkMras;Edl)aneRKag .
cMeBaHpvebtugqwgbsSI kgRbEvg 20m NamYy minRtUveGaykMBs;vaelIsBI
30mm BIKMnUsbnat;kMBs;KUrTukeT .
Tolerance
The finished surface shall be 10 mm from a straight edge place in any

direction on the concrete top surface.
For bamboo reinforced concrete roads the grade-line shall not be more than
30 mm in any 20 m length.
tMN
ral;tMNRtUvEteFVIRtg;kEng)anbgajkgKMnUrbg;Etb:ueNaH RbsinebIKankar
ENnaMbEnm .
Joints
All joints shall be made only where shown on the drawings unless otherwise
instructed.
karEfTaM
ebtugRtUvEtrkSaeGayman sMeNImkgryeBl 7f bnab;BIcak; .

enAkgkMLgeBlenHkMralxNRtUvEt RKbeday)avRkas;RClk;TwkPam
bnab;BIeFVIpbegIy . kgcenaHrvag 8 eTA 21f ebtugRtUvEteRsacTwkCa
II-93
cMNuc
6.30
ebtugGaem:Edk
erogral;f edIm,ITb;sat; rMhYtTwkBIp .

Curing
The concrete shall be kept wet for a minimum 7 days after placing. During
this period the slabs shall be covered with Hessian immediately after final
finishing of the surface. Between 8 and 21 days the concrete shall be
watered daily to prevent drying out of the surface.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
kMralpvrgbnkcracrN_Fn ; .
kMralxNCan;xageRkamnGaKar .
Road pavement for roads with heavy traffic.
Ground floor slabs in buildings.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsMPar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
sMPar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
sIum:g;t
380
kg
0.75
m3
0.5
m3
4.00
kg/m2
Cement
fTMhM 10 x 20 mm
Stone 10x20 mm size
xSac;
Sand
sMNaj;Edk
Wire mesh
II-94
cMNuc 6.31 eGsbeGsFI (SBST)

Clause 6. 31 Single Bituminous Surface Treatment (SBST)
1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
cMnYn
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ekAsU
kMritRCabcUl 80/100 EdlRsbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs; ASTM / AASHTO

ehIyGkem:AkarRtUvpl; lixitbBaak;faekAsUenaHRsbnwgtMrUvkarenaH .
Bitumen
Penetration grade 80/100 conforming to the requirements of

ASTM/AASHTO; the Contractor shall provide a suppliers test certificate
that the bitumen conforms to this requirement.
sarFatuCMnYyPaBsit
sarFatuEdlbegIt PaBlitnekAsUfl;CamYy nwgl,aykMeTcfRtUvbEnm

kgl,ayekAsU edaymankarENnaMBIGkplit .
Adhesion Agent
A proprietary additive that enhances the adhesion of the bitumen to the

aggregate shall be added at the doses recommended by the Manufacturer.
ekAsUeRsabkMeTcf
kMeTcf
ekAsUeRsabl,aykMeTcfRtUvCaplitplcMhuykMedA ekAsUrav rWk plitepSg

eTotdUcKaenH .
Aggregate pre-coating
material
Aggregate pre-coating material shall be distillate or distillate based product,

cutback bitumen, or another proprietary product.
l,aykMeTcf kMeTcf
sat rwg st maM mansMelg kMeTcf r WkMeTcRkYsEdldUcKa KanFUlI dI\d rW

sMram . TMhMmFmnfRtUvEt 12mm 100% qgkat;kERBag 20mm
ehIyeTIrelI kERBag 10mm .
Aggregate (stone
chippings)
Clean, hard, dry, tough, sound, crushed stone or crushed gravel of uniform
quality free from dust, clay or organic matter. Nominal size of stone shall be
12 mm, 100% Passing 20 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve
2.
tMrUvkarepSg
Other requirements
Kan
None
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karerobcMRKwHfl;
pRKwHfl;EdlnwgRtUvRkal SBST RtUvEtsatKanFUlI CatikxVk;ehIyCa

smar mancenaHrlugBI mYyeTAmYy ehIyRtUvEtstmuneBl)aj;CamYyekAsU
lt.
II-95

Preparation of base
The base surface to receive SBST shall be swept clean of dust, loose dirt and
all loose material and shall be dry before spraying with bitumen binder.
kar)aj;ekAsUlt
ekAsUfl;RtUvdutkMedArhUtdl;cenaHrvag 135C nig 155C ehIyk)aj;

edaym:asIun)aj; . ekAsUEdldutkMedArhUtdl; 165 C minGaceRbIR)as;
)aneT .
Application of bitumen
binder
Bitumen shall be heated to between 135C and 155C and applied using a
mechanical sprayer. Bitumen that has been overheated above 165C at any
time shall not be used.
GaRtaeekAsUKW BI 1.2 eTA 1.4 Kg nTMgn;ekAsURtCak; kgmYyEm:Rtkaer:.

The bitumen application rate shall be 1.2 to 1.4 kg cold weight of bitumen
per square metre.
kar)aj;ekAsUeRsab
l,aykMeTcf EdlminTan;)aneRsabBImunRtUveRsabCamYy nwgsMPar

dUcEdl)anbBaak;kgbTdanbeckeTs 304.02.3 . kareRsabenaHRtUvEt
eFVIy:agNa[ral;RKab;fnl,ayRtUv)aneRsabdUcKa .
Application of pre-coating
material
Aggregate which has not been previously pre-coated shall be pre-coated with
material as specified in Sub-clause 304.02.3 of the Specifications. Such precoating shall be carried out so that each aggregate particle is uniformly
coated.
karBRgaykMeTcf
manEtkMeTcfstb:ueNaHRtUv)aneRbI . Pambnab;BIkar)aj;ekAsUltkMeTcf
RtUvEtBRgayeGayesIelIpedayeRbI]bkrN_BRgayEdlmankaryl;RBmKa
rWkedaydedIm,IeGayva RKbelIpTaMgmUl . RbsinebIcaM)ac; penaHRtUv
e)assMGat edIm,IFananUvkarBRgayesIsac;nf enaH. kMeTcfenaHminKYr
BRgay yUrCag 3naTI bnab;BIkar)aj;ekAsUlt .
Application of stone
chippings
Only dry stone chippings shall be used. Immediately after application of the
binder stone chippings shall be spread uniformly on the surface, by means of
an approved aggregate spreader or manually, so as to cover the surface
completely. If necessary the surface shall be swept to ensure uniform spread
of chippings. The chippings shall not be spread more than 3 minutes after
application of the binder.
karkinbgab;
Pambnab;BIBRgayf pTaMgmUlRtUvkinedayr:ULkg;Edk relag bk

r:ULkg;eRbIxl; b ]sn . enAeBlkMBugkin fbgab;RtUvEtBRgay
edaydeGayRKb;edIm,IbMeBjPaBminesIrbs;p . karkinbgab;RtUvbnrhUt
Tal;EtkMeTcfenaHelccUleTAkgekAsUehIymingay nwgqwHecjedayd .
Rolling
Immediately after spreading the stone chippings the whole surface shall be
rolled with either a smooth wheeled steel roller or a pneumatic tired roller.
II-96

While rolling is in progress additional chippings shall be spread by hand
sufficient to correct any irregularities in the surface. Rolling shall continue
until the stone chippings are firmly embedded in the bitumen and not easily
removed by hand.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RsTab;b:Hpal;eTAnwgcracrN sMrab;kMralpv .
Wearing course for road pavement
5.
karKNnabrimaNsMPar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
sMPar
Material
fmFm 12mm
1 m2
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
0.015
m3
1.2 to 1.4
kg
Nominal size stone 12 mm
ekAsU
Bitumen
II-97
cMNuc 6.32 DIbeGsFI (DBST)

Clause 6. 32 Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST)
smasPaB
1.
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ekAsUfl;
kRmitRCabcUl 80/100 EdlRsbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs; ASTM / AASHTO

ehIyGkem:AkarRtUvpl; lixitbBaak;faekAsUenaHRsbnwgtMrUvkarenaH .
Bitumen
Penetration grade 80/100 conforming to the requirements of

ASTM/AASHTO; the Contractor shall provide a suppliers test certificate
that the bitumen conforms to this requirement.
l,aykMeTcf kMeTcf
sMrab;RsTab;TI 1
sat rwg st maM mansMelg kMeTcf rW kMeTcRkYsEdldUcKa KanFUlI dI\d rW

sMram . TMhMmFmnfRtUvEt 12mm 100% qgkat;kERBag 20mm
ehIyeTIrelI kERBag 10mm .
Aggregate (stone
chippings) for first coat
12 mm, 100% Passing 20 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve
l,aykMeTcf kMeTcf
sMrab;RsTab;TI 2
sat rwg st maM mansMelg kMeTcf rW kMeTcRkYsEdldUcKa KanFUlI dI\d

rWsMram . TMhMmFmnfRtUvEt 8mm 100% qgkat;kERBag 12.5mm ehIyeTIr
elIkERBag 6.3mm .
Aggregate (stone
chippings) for second coat
8 mm, 100% Passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 6.3 mm sieve
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
Kan
None
beckeTssagsg;
3.
;
pRKwHfl;EdlnwgRtUvRkal SBST RtUvEtsatKanFUlI CatikxVk;
ehIyCasMPar mancenaHrlugBI mYyeTAmYy ehIyRtUvEtstmaneBl)aj;Ca
mYyekAsUlt .
karerobcMRKwHfl
;
Preparation of base
The base surface to receive SBST shall be swept clean of dust, loose dirt and
all loose material and shall be dry before spraying with bitumen binder.
II-98

kar)aj;ekAsUlt
ekAsUfl;RtUvdutkMedArhUtdl;cenaHrvag 135 C nig 155C ehIyk)aj;

edaym:asIun)aj; . ekAsUEdldutkMedArhUtdl; 165 CminGaceRbIR)as;
)aneT .
Application of bitumen
binder
Bitumen shall be heated to between 135C and 155C and applied using a
mechanical sprayer. Bitumen that has been overheated above 165C at any
time shall not be used.
GaRtaeRbIekAsUKW BI 1.2 eTA 1.4 Kg nTMgn; ekAsU kg 1Em:Rtkaer: .

The bitumen application rate shall be 1.2 to 1.4 kg cold weight of bitumen
per square metre.
karBRgaykMeTcf
manEtkMeTcfstb:ueNaHRtUv)aneRbI . Pambnab;BIkar)aj;ekAsUltkMeTcf
RtUvEtBRgayeGayesIelIpedayeRbI]bkrN_BRgayEdlmankaryl;RBmKa
rWkedaydedIm,IeGayva RKbelIpTaMgmUl . RbsinebIcaM)ac; penaHRtUv
e)assMGat edIm,IFananUvkarBRgayesIsac;nf enaH. kMeTcfenaHminKYr
BRgay yUrCag 3naTI bnab;BIkar)aj;ekAsUlt .
Application of stone
chippings
Only dry stone chippings shall be used. Immediately after application of the
binder stone chippings shall be spread uniformly on the surface, by means of
an approved aggregate spreader or manually, so as to cover the surface
completely. If necessary the surface shall be swept to ensure uniform spread
of chippings. The chippings shall not be spread more than 3 minutes after
application of the binder.
karkinbgab;
Pambnab;BIBRgayf pTaMgmUlRtUvkinedayr:ULkg;Edk relag bk

r:ULkg;eRbIxl; b ]sn . enAeBlkMBugkin fbgab;RtUvEtBRgay
edaydeGayRKb;edIm,IbMeBjPaBminesIrbs;p . karkinbgab;RtUvbnrhUt
Tal;EtkMeTcfenaHelccUleTAkgekAsUehIymingay nwgqwHecjedayd .
Rolling
Immediately after spreading the stone chippings the whole surface shall be
rolled with either a smooth wheeled steel roller or a pneumatic tired roller.
While rolling is in progress additional chippings shall be spread by hand
sufficient to correct any irregularities in the surface. Rolling shall continue
until the stone chippings are firmly embedded in the bitumen and not easily
removed by hand.
karBRgaykMeTcf
RsTab;TI2
RsTab;TI2 RtUvBRgayPambnab;BIsMercRsTab;TI1 mYykkg ryeBl 15f

. beckeTssagsg;sMrab;RsTab;TI2 dUcKa nigRsTab;TI 1Edr .
Application of second
layer
The second layer shall be applied immediately after the first layer or within
15 days. The construction techniques for the second layer are the same as for
the first layer.
II-99

GaRtaekAsU sMrab;RsTab;TI2 KWBI 0.8 eTA 1.0kg nTMgn;RtCak;nekAsU

kgmYYykaer: .
The bitumen application rate (for the second layer) shall be 0.8 to 1.0 kg cold
weight of bitumen per square metre.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RsTab;b:Hpal;eTAnwgcracrN_ sMrab;kMral pv
Wearing course for road pavement
5.
karKNnabrimaNsMPar
cMnYnCakta
Unit quantity:
sMPar
Material
RsTab;TI1 TMhMmFm
12mm
1 m2
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
0.015
m3
0.008
m3
1.2 to 1.4
kg
0.8 to 1.0
kg
First layer: nominal size

stone 12 mm
RsTab;TI2 TMhMmFm
12mm
Second layer: nominal
size stone 12 mm
RsTab;TI 1 : ekAsU
First layer: bitumen
RsTab;TI 2 : ekAsU
Second layer: bitumen
II-100
cMNuc
6.33
lUebtug nigkg;lUkat;pv
Clause 6.33 Concrete pipes and culvert rings

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ebtug
kRmas;CBaaMg t
Concrete
1:2:4
Wall thickness t:
0.3 m = 75 mm
0.4 m = 75 mm
0.5 m = 75 mm
0.6 m = 75 mm
0.8 m = 80 mm
1.0 m = 100 mm
Edk
EdkrelagEdlmanTMhM
235 N/ mm
EdkkgrgVg; nigEdksrsEvgenaH 200mm.

Ggt;pitEdk d
lU 0.3 m = 6 mm
lU 0.4 m = 6 mm
lU 0.5 m = 6 mm
lU 0.6 m = 6 mm
lU 0.8 m = 8 mm
lU 1.0 m = 10 mm
EdkkgrgVg;RtUvdak;enAxagkg cMENkEdkEvg
RtUvdak;enAxageRkA
Steel
Smooth bars 235 N/mm2
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Steel rings and long bars at 200 mm spacing.

Steel diameter d:
0.3 m pipe = 6 mm
0.4 m pipe = 6 mm
0.5 m pipe = 6 mm
0.6 m pipe = 6 mm
0.8 m pipe = 8 mm
1.0 m pipe = 10 mm
Ring steel to be on the inside, long steel on the
outside.
Other requirements
II-101
cMNuc
6.33
Ggt;pitxagkglU D
Pipe internal diameters D:
0.3 m
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.8 m
1.0 m
kg;lUTaMgGs;RtUvmanGgt;pit D RbEvg 1m.

tMNskBIeRkA nig tMNsRmab;[skbBal.
Culvert rings all diameters D to be 1 m long.
Spigot and socket joints
3.
beckeTskgkarsabna
bg;sRmab;lUmYykg;
d @ 200
Drawing for 1 pipe unit

Flow
t
D+2t
1000
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RKb;Ggt;pitTaMgGs;rbs;RbBnlUbgrTwk nigsMNg;Farasas. lURtUvman

TMhMFMCag 0.6m sRmab;lUmUl pvenAtamtMbn;CnbT nigsRmab;RbBnEck
cayTwk nigsMNg;bgr.
All diameters for piped drainage system and for irrigation structures.
Pipes >0.6 m diameter for pipe culverts for rural roads and for irrigation
distribution and drainage structures.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Calculation of material
quantities
Unit quantity:
lUmYykg;
RbEvg 1m
1 culvert ring (1 m
length)
II-102
cMNuc
6.33
Ggt;pitlU D
ebtug
kta
Edk
kta
Pipe diameter D
0.3 m
0.4 m
0.5 m
0.6 m
0.8 m
1.0 m
Concrete
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.22
0.35
Unit
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
Steel
2.3
3.1
3.8
4.6
10.9
21.3
Unit
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
II-103
cMNuc
6.34
kg;lUGNg
Clause 6.34 Well rings

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ebtug
kRmas;Gb,brma t = 50 mm
Concrete
1:2:4
Minimum wall thickness t: = 50 mm
Edk
Edkrelag 235 N/ mm
Steel
Smooth bars 235 N/ mm 2
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
-EdkkgrgVg; nigEdksrsEvgcenaH 200 mm.

- muxkat;Edk d= 6 mm
- EdkkgrgVg;RtUvdak;enAxagkg cMENkEdk
EvgRtUvdak;enAxageRkA.
Steel diameter d = 6 mm
outside.
Other requirements
Ggt;pitkglU D:
Well ring internal diameters D:
0.8 m
1.0 m
km<s;GNglU h:
Well ring height h:

0.5 m
1.0 m
3.
beckeTssagsg;
bg;KMnUrsRmab;lUGNg
mYykg;
Drawing for 1 well ring
unit
6 @ 200
t 50 mm
II-104
cMNuc
6.34
kg;lUGNg
Clause 6.34 Well rings
kareRbIR)as;
4.
Uses
smRsbsRmab;
tMeLIgGNgxageRkamdI
Suitable for
Lining of wells below ground.
minsmRsbsRmab;
kg;lUk,alGNg
lUmUl
Not suitable for

5.
Well head surround

Pipe culverts
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 well ring
Ggt;pit D
km<s; h
ebtug
kta
Edk
kta
Diameter D
0.8 m
0.8 m
1.0 m
10m
Height h
0.5 m
1.0 m
0.5 m
1.0 m
Concrete
0.11
0.22
0.17
0.34
Unit
m3
m3
m3
m3
Steel
4
4
6
8
Unit
kg
kg
kg
kg
II-105
cMNuc
6.35
kg;lUk,alGNg
Clause 6.35 Well head surround

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
ebtug
kRmas;CBaaMg t = 100 mm
Concrete
1:2:4
Wall thickness t: = 100 mm
EdkEfb
Edkrelag 235 N/ mm
Steel
Smooth bars 235 N/mm2
KRmblU
bnHkar
Edkrwt
RtecokEdk
karlabfaM
Ggt;pitbegIy = 1.2m
karlabfaM RsTab;dMbUg nigxagelIBIrCan;
Well cover
Timber boards
Metal straps
Metal hinges
Paint
Finished diameter = 1.2 m

Paint: primer and two top coats.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
EdkkgrgVg; nigEdksrsEvgcenaH 200 mm .

Ggt;pitEdk = 8 mm. EdkkgrgVg;RtUvdak;
enAxagkgcMENkEdkEvgdak;enAxageRkA.
Steel diameter d = 8 mm
outside.
Other requirements
Ggt;pitxagkgnkglUk,alGNg D = 1.0m
km<s;kglUk,alGNg h = 1.0m
Well head surround internal diameters D = 1.0 m
Well head surround height h = 1.0 m
KMnUrbg;sRmab;kglU
k,alGNg 1
3.
beckeTskgkarsagsg;
Drawing for 1 well head

surround unit
II-106
cMNuc
6.35
kg;lUk,alGNg
Clause 6.35 Well head surround
KMrbmanRtecok
Hinged cover
8 @ 200
D=1m
H=1m
t = 100 mm
150 mm
kareRbIR)as;
4.
Uses
smRsbsRmab;
kg;lUk,alGNg
Suitable for
Well head surround
minsmRsbsRmab;
tMeLIgGNgxageRkamdI
lUmUl
Not suitable for

5.
Lining of wells below ground.

Pipe culverts
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
1 well ring
Unit quantity:
Ggt;pit D
km<s; h
ebtug
kta
Edk
kta
Diameter D
0.8 m
0.8 m
1.0 m
10m
Height h
0.5 m
1.0 m
0.5 m
1.0 m
Concrete
0.11
0.22
0.17
0.34
Unit
m3
m3
m3
m3
Steel
4
4
6
8
Unit
kg
kg
kg
kg
II-107
cMNuc
6.36
GNgCIk
Clause 6.36 Dug Wells

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
kg;GNg
Well rings
ceRmaHxSac; nigcRkYs
Filter sand and filter
gravel
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
karetsemIlKuNPaBTwk enAeBlEdlTwkeRkamdIcUleTAkgGNgkgCeRmA 500 mm RtUvyksMNak

TwkeTAeFVIkarviPaKrkCatiGaesnIk Arsenic.
Water quality testing
When ground water enters the well to a depth of 500 mm a water sample
shall be taken for Arsenic analysis.
RbsinebIcaM)ac; b mankarENnaM eKRtUvRbmUlsMNakTwkbEnmeTotsRmab;

eFVIkarBiesaFn_edaydak;kgdbsMNakBiessmYy.
If required or instructed additional water samples for other tests shall be
collected in special sampling bottles.
sMNakTwkRtUvbBaneTAmnIrBiesaFn_kgGMLgeBl 24 em:agedIm,IeFVIkarviPaK.
Water samples must be delivered to a laboratory for analysis within 24 hours
of taking them.
CeRmA nigbrimaNTwk
nGNg
RtUvCIkGNg[eRCAlm edayRsbeTAtamkarkMNt;BIGkRKb;RKgkardan
rhUtdl;CeRmA nigTTYl)anbrimaNTwkEdl)ankMNt;. y:agehacNas;RtUv
eFVI[)aneTAtameKaledAEdl)ankMNt; edayGaRsyeTAtamlkxNEdl
CYbRbTH edayeFVI[manTwkCeRmA 3m nigmanbirmaNTwkGb,brma 10 lIRt
naTI b CeRmATwk 2.5m nigbrimaNGb,brma 15 lIRtnaTI b manCeRmATwk
2.0m nigbrimaNGb,brma 20lIRtnaTI.
Depth and Yield of Well
The well shall be deemed sufficiently deep, subject to the approval of the
Supervisor, when the nominal targets of depth and yield are met. At least 3 m
of water and a minimum yield of 10 l/min, or 2.5 m of water and 15 l/min, or
2.0 m of water and 20 l/min shall be deemed the nominal targets depending
on the conditions encountered.
II-108
cMNuc
6.36
GNgCIk
kareFVIets
eKRtUveFVIetsbrimaNTwkkgGNg enAeBlEdleKCIkvaCeRmA 2m eRkamnIv:U

TwkeRkamdI b qab;CagenHedaymankarENnaMBIGkRKb;RKgkardan. kar):an;
RbmaNelIbrimaNTwkRtUvEpkCasMxan;elIGRtabrimaNTwkecjmkvijkgGML
geBl 3 em:agbnab;BIkarbUmTwk b kardgecj.
Testing
The well shall be tested for water yield when it has been excavated 2 m
below the water table, or sooner as directed by the Supervisor. The yield
estimation shall be primarily based upon recovery rate following three hours
of evacuation by pumping or bailing.
karbUm b dgTwkGacnwgbBab;bnab;BIryeBl 3 em:ag ERkgTwkGs;BIGNg.

RtUvvas;km<s;Twk nigkt;RtaTukenAeBlEdlQb;bUm ehIybnab;mkerogral;
knHem:agkgGMLgeBl 12 em:ag b rhUtdl;km<s;TwkRtwm 100 mm enATItaMg
Edlvacab;epIm. kar):an;RbmaNbrimaNTwkRtUvEpkeTAelI cenaHeBlknH
em:agdMbUg eFVIkarvas;Evgbnab;BITwkmankm<s;Gb,brma 0.5m BIelI)atGNg.
brimaNTwkCalIRtkgmYynaTIRtUveFVIkarKNnaedayEckbrimaNTwkEdlecj
mkvijkgcenaHeBlenHeday 30.
Pumping or bailing may cease after three hours whether the well has been
emptied or not. The water level shall be measured and recorded when
pumping ceases and every half hour thereafter for 12 hours or until the water
level is within 100 mm of its starting position. The yield estimation shall be
based upon the first half hour interval measured after the water level exceeds
the minimum depth of 0.5m above the bottom of the well. The yield in liters
per minute shall be calculated by dividing the estimated volume recovered in
this interval by 30.
karsmat
bnab;BIbrimaNTwkRtUv)anvas; nig)anTTYlykBIGkRKb;RKgkardan KWRtUv

smatGNg edaybUm b dgTwkecjrhUtTal;EtTwkfa. bnab;BIGkRKb;RKg
kardanRBmTTYlykGNgTaMgmUlehIy RtUvsmab;emeraKEdlmanenAkg
TwkGNgedayeRbI GIb:UkrIt edIm,I[)ankMhab;krIn 10Rk sRmab;TwkmYyEm:Rt
KUb. kgGMLgeBl 24 em:agbnab;BIdak;faMsmab;emeraK minRtUvdgTwkecj
BIGNgeLIy. bnab;BIryeBl 24 em:ag RtUvbUm b dgTwkecjBIGNgrhUt
dl;enAkgTwkKanCatikrIn ehIyfa.
Cleaning
After the water yield has been measured and accepted by the Supervisor, the
well lining shall be scrubbed clean and the water bailed or pumped until it is
clear. After the entire well is accepted by the Supervisor, the well shall be
II-109
cMNuc
6.36
GNgCIk

disinfected by dosing the water in the well with hypochlorite to give a
concentration of 10 grams of chlorine per cubic metre. During the 24 hour
period after dosing, no water should be drawn from the well. After 24 hours
the well shall be pumped or bailed until the water no longer tastes of chlorine
and is clear.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
karCIk
karCIkGNgRtUveFVIeTAtamxatEdl)ankMNt;enAkgbg;. bnat;kNal b GkS

nkarCIkRtUvEtQrRtg;min[lMeGog 10 mm kgCeRmAGNgmYyEm:Rt.
Excavation
The excavation of the well shall be to the dimension specified in the

drawings. The centre line or axis of excavation must be vertical to within
10mm per meter of depth of the well.
luHRtaEtsanPaBdIGnueRKaH ebImindUcecaHeT dMbUgRtUvCIkmin[elIsBICeRmA

3m eLIuy munnwgcab;epImeroblUGNg. Ggt;pitbegIyRtUvrkSa[efreFob
eTAnwgGkS.
Unless soil conditions allow otherwise the first lift should be excavated to a
depth of not more than 3.0 m before the start of well ring lining. The
finished diameter of excavation shall be maintained constant about the axis.
dICIkehIyRtUvdak;enATItaMgy:agehacNas; 4m BIEKmnkargarCIk edIm,IkMu[

manPaBrMxandl;kargar.
Excavated material shall be placed at least 4 meters away from the edge of
the excavation in order not to interfere with construction.
kareroblUGNg
enAeRkamnIvU:TwkeRkamdI nigenAkgRsTab;dIEdlKanlMnwgenABIelInIv:UTwkeRkam
kareroblUGNgRtUveFVIeLIgedaylUKanbgaM. RbsinebIkg;lUGNgRtUv)an
eRbIkgCeRmA 3m npenaH tMN nigcenaHRbehagrbs;va RbsinebI man
RtUveboksIum:g;t_[Cit.
Lining
Below the water table and in unstable formations above the water table, the
lining shall be made of open-ended well rings. If well rings are used within
3 m of the surface, their joints and weep holes (if present) shall be sealed
with cement mortar
kardak;RsTab;ceRmaHxSac; )atGNgRtUvbMeBjedayRsTab;ceRmaHxSac; 250 mm ehIybMeBjceRmaHRkYs

nig ceRmaHRkYs
250mmeTotBIelIceRmaHxSac;enaH.
Placing filter sand and
filter gravel
The bottom of the well shall be backfilled with a 250 mm depth layer of filter
sand covered by a 250 mm depth of filter gravel.
II-110
cMNuc
6.36
GNgCIk
suvtiPaB
Safety
Gkem:AkarRtUvpl;CeNIrExSBYr b meFa)ayRbhak;RbEhlenHEdlGacrk)an
edIm,I[kmkrGaceKcecjBIGNg)anelOn.
A rope ladder or equivalent means of access shall be provided by contractor
so that workers may quickly escape from the well.
enAeBlEdlkmkrenAkgGNg y:agehacNas;RtUvmanmnusSmak;caMemIl
BYkeKBImat;GNgeTA. kmkrTaMgGs;RtUvyl;dwgBIkarEdlGacsayPayn
]snBul nigkRmitGuksIuEsnTabenAkgGNg. enAkEngCIkminRtUvGnuBaat
[mankarCk;)arIeLIy. m:asIunbUmedaysaMg nigm:asUtRtUvdak;eRkamxl;
y:agehacNas;cmay 5 mm BIEKmGNg. ]snsMNl;Fn;Cagxl; ehIy
vanwgFak;eTAkEngEdlTabbMputEdleFVIeTA)an dUecHkgkaleTsNakeday
minRtUvykm:asIunEdleRbIcMehH\nndak;kgGNg edIm,IsRmYldl;karbUmTwk
ecj b sRmab;eKalbMNgepSgeToteLIy eRBaHkareFVIEbbenHbNal[man
karekIneLIgnUvkabUnm:N
U GU ku sItu EdlGacbNal[GkenAkg GNg sab;kg
ryeBlb:unanvinaTIbe:u NaH. RbsinebIkmkrEdlenAkg GNg maneRKaHfak;
eday]sn Bul GkEdlcaMemIlBImat;GNg minRtUvcuHeTAkg GNg edayxn
geT b:uEneKRtUvehAGkCMnYykarPam ebImni dUecaHeT eKnwgmaneRKaHfak;eday
karfb;degmI Edr.
When workers are in the well at least one person shall always watch
them from the top of the well. All workers must be aware of the
possible release of poisonous gases and low oxygen levels in wells. No
smoking shall be allowed in the excavation. Petrol and diesel pumps
shall be operated downwind of the well and at least 5 m from the edge
of the well. Exhaust gases are heavier than air and will sink to the
lowest levels possible. Under no circumstances shall combustion
engines be lowered into wells to facilitate dewatering or for any other
purpose. This leads to a build-up of carbon monoxide which will cause
the death within seconds of anyone present in the well. If workers in
the well are overcome by gas, the watch person must not enter the well
but must immediately call assistance, otherwise the watch person also
risks asphyxiation.
enAeBlyb; b enAeBlkargarenAkgGNg)anpak RtUvRKbmat;GNg[man

suvtiPaB.
II-111
cMNuc
6.36
GNgCIk

At night or when work in the well has been suspended the mouth of the well
shall be securely covered.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
karpt;pg;TwkkgRsuk
karpt;pg;Twkdl;shKmn_
karpt;pg;Twkdl;mnIrshKmn_ sala mNlsuxPaB >>>.
Domestic water supply.

Community water supply.
Community facility water supply (school, health post, etc).
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
sIum:g;t_
210
kg
0.78
m3
0.56
m3
Cement
f 10 x 20 mm
Stone, 10x20mm size
xSac;
Sand
II-112
cMNuc
6.37
GNgxYg
Clause 6.37 Drilled Wells

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
brimaN
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
bMBg;eRsabGNg
bMBg;eRsabGNgGciny_RtUvEteRbI
bMBg; uPVC. bMBg;enaHRtUvmanPaB
Fn; 8.5 kgf/cm .
bMBg;eRsabRtUvmanGgt;pit 100 mm.
2
Well casing
Permanent well casing shall be of

uPVC. The casing shall have a
working pressure of 8.5 kgf/cm2.
The casing shall be 100 mm nominal

diameter.
bMBg;cRmaH
bMBg;ceRmaHRtUvEt uPVC edayman

RbehagtUc 1 mm nig y:agehac
Nas;mankEngEdlcMh 20 np
xagrbs;bMBg;. bMBg;ceRmaHnImYy
RtUvmanRbEvg 1m ehIyRtUvPab;BI
mYyeTAmYyedaytMNGMe)aHedIm,I
karBarkarRCabTwk. bMBg;ceRmaH
RtUvmanmuxkat; nig kRmas;dUcKa
eTAnwgbMBg;eRsab.
RbEvgbMBg;eRcaHRtUvkMNt;edayGk
RKb;RKgkardan. RbEvgbMBg;eRcaH
EdleKrMBwgTuk KW 10m. CeRmAbegIy
EdlRtUvdMeLIgbMBg;eRcaHRtUvkMNt;
edayEpkeTAelIsanPaB nigkRmas;
nkm<s;TwkEdlman. cMNucx<s;bMput
nbMBg;y:agehacNas;RtUvmankm<s;
Gb,brma 1.5m TabCagkm<s;Twk
DINamuicrMBwgTuk.
Well screens
Well screen shall be of uPVC, with

a slot opening of 1 mm and at least
20% open area. Sections of the
screen shall be provided in 1 m
length and joined watertight by
threaded connections. The well
screen shall be the same diameter
and thickness as the casing.
The length of the screen shall be

determined by the Supervisor.
Expected average length of screen is
10 m. The final depth at which the
screen will be installed shall be
determined on the basis of the nature
and thickness of the water bearing
strata. The top of the screen shall be
a minimum of 1.5 m below the lowest
expected dynamic water level.
Rbdab;RKIbbMBg;[cMGkS
Rbdab;RKIbRtUverobcM[)ansmRsb RbsinebImankareRbIR)as; Rbdab;RKIb

edayRtUveFVIy:agNakMu[raMgsHdl; Tueya RtUvdak;vaenAcenaH 3m mYy.
kardak;RkYs karcak;bMeBjbkar
II-113
cMNuc
6.37
GNgxYg
eboksIum:g;t_.
Centralizers
Centralizers shall be of an
appropriate design which does not
impede the installation of either
gravel, backfill or cement seal.
Centralizers if used shall be placed at

intervals of 3 m.
RkYsceRmaH
RkYsceRmaHRtUvpkeTAedayRkYsEdl RkYsceRmaHRtUverob[dl;km<s;Tab
manGgt;pitBI 1.5 eTA 3 mm elIk bMput 5m BIxagelIkMBUlnbMBg;eRcaH.
ElgEtGkRKb;RKgkardanesIsMuTMhM
epSgBIenH edIm,IecosvaglMhUrxSac;
cUleTAkgGNg.
Gravel pack
Gravel pack shall comprise 1.5 to

3 mm diameter gravel except if the
Supervisor asks for other sizes, in
order to avoid sand intrusion into
the well.
dI\dPit
dI\dtUcEdlminGacRCabTwk)an
Clay seal
Impermeable natural clay pellets.
TwksIum:g;t_
xSac;BIrPaK sIum:g;t_mYyPaK
Cement grout
2 parts of sand to one part of

cement.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
The gravel pack shall rise a minimum

of 5 m above the top of the screen.
Other requirements
karlagGNg
karlag nigsmatGNgRtUveFVIeLIgbnab;BIbBab;karxYg nigkarbBalbMBg;

eRsab nigmuneBleFVIkarbUmsakl,g RbsinebIkarsakl,genHcaM)ac;. kar
eFVIEbbenHeKGacykecjnUvPk; dI\d nigkkrEdlenACab;nwgCBaaMgRbehag
xYgf b dIEdlpkTwkenAGMLgeBlxYg.
Well development
Development and cleaning of the well shall be carried out upon completion
of the drilling and installation of casing, and prior to the pumping test if one
is required. This will remove the native silts, clays and drilling fluid residues
deposited on the borehole wall and adjacent portions of the aquifer during
the drilling process.
karlagGNgRtUvbneFVIy:agehacNas;[)an 2 em:ag nig b rhUtdl;Twk

EdlbUmecjRtUveTAnwgtRmUvkarEdlcg;)an xSac;EdlenAkgenaHRtUvEpk
eTAelIsMNakmFm 20lIRt EdlRbmUl)anenAeBlCitbBab;nkarlag
II-114
cMNuc
6.37
GNgxYg
smat. sMNakTwkRtUv)anTukkgryeBlminticCag 5 naTIeLIy muneBl

EdlTwkRtUv)aneKsRmit bnab;BIkUvikvaedayd. cMNuHTMhMRKab;xSac;mFm
enAkgsMNakminRtUv[elIsBIcMNuc 5 mm EdlmanedAenAelIFugeLIy.
The development shall continue for at least 2 hours and/or until the water
pumped out meets with the following requirement: the sand content shall be
based on the average of a 20 litres samples collected near the end of the
development. The sample shall be allowed to settle not less than 5 minutes
before the water is decanted after creating a whirlpool with the hand. The
average volume of sand size grains in the samples shall not exceed a spot of
5 mm diameter in the middle of the bucket.
RbsinebIeRbITwkxYgsrIrag RtUvbM)at;sarFatuTaMgenaHedayeRbIfaMKImI eTAtam

Gnusasn_bs;GkplitmuneBl b enAGMLgeBleFVIkarsmat. karsmatRtUv
eFVIeLIgedaykarbUmxl; eRTalxl; )aj;xl;RtLb; nigkar)aj;Twklag.
If organic drilling fluids are used, they shall be broken down chemically
according to manufacturers recommendations before or during
development. Cleaning shall be carried out by airlift pumping, surging,
backwashing or jetting.
karlagsmatGNgRtUveFVIeLIg[manRbsiTPaBBICeRmA EdlmanTwkenA)at
GNg. bnab;BIbBab;karlagsmat ral;smarEdl
eRbIR)as;TaMgGs;RtUvyk ecjBIGNgedayxl;bWt.
Development of wells shall be effective from the depth at which water is
encountered to the bottom of the drilled well. Upon completion of
development, any accumulation of material shall be removed from the
bottom of the well by airlifting.
karbUmsakl,g
karbUmsakl,gRtUveFVIeLIgenAeBlEdlmankarENnaMBIRKb;RKgkardan. kar
bUmsakl,genHnwgeRbIdMNak;kal 4 Cabnbnab;KW dMNak;kalTI 1 manry
eBl 2 em:ag dMNak;kalTI 2 TI 3 nigTI 4 manryeBl 1 em:ag . karGegt
emIlTwkEdleLIgmkvijKWmanryeBl 1 em:ag.
Pumping test
A pumping test shall be carried when instructed by the Supervisor. A four

stage continuous pumping test will be used. 1st stage duration 2 hours; 2nd,
3rd and 4th stages duration 1 hour each; recovery observation duration 1 hour.
karvas;km<s;TwkRtUveFVIeLIgeTAtam ryeBlKitCa cenaHeBlKitCa

cenaHeBldUcxageRkam b cenaH naTIbnab;BIcab; naTIrvagkarvas;
eBlepSgeToteTAtamkarbBaarbs; epImQb;bERm Evg
II-115
cMNuc
6.37
GNgxYg
RKb;RKgkardanbnab;BIcab;epIm nig bRmYlbrimaNTwk

bBab;karbUm nigbERmbRmYlbrimaN
Twkecj. taragryeBlTwkFak;cuH
nigryeBlTwkeLIgmkvijnwgRtUv
)ankMNt;BIeBlenaHmk.
Water level measurements shall be
carried out at the following intervals
(or other intervals as directed by the
Supervisor) after pump start, pump
stop and change of pump yield.
Draw down time and recovery time
charts will be drawn thereafter.
Time in minutes
after start/ stop/
change of yield
1 10
10 20
20 40
40 80
80 120
120 240
Interval in
minutes between
measurements
1
2
5
10
20
30
karvas;EvgeTAelIkarRKb;RKgbrimaNTwkRtUveFVIeLIgy:agehacNas;enAkg
cenaHeBl 15naTI sRmab;ryeBl 3 em:agdMbUgbnab;BIkarcab;epImbUm b
bnab;BImankarpas;brbrimaNTwk nigkgeBlTnwmKaCamYynwgkarvas;Twk.
Discharge control measurements shall be made at least at 15 minute intervals
for the first three hours after pump start or change of yield, and thereafter at
the same time as the water level measurements.
karvas;km<s;TwkRtUveFVIeLIgedayeRbIRbdab;vas;km<s;TwkeGLicRtUnic sRmk
nkm<s;Twk lMeGognrgVas;eGLicRtUnicCa mm
The water level measurements shall be made with an electric water level
(dip) (accuracy of measurements 0.01 m)
sMNakTwk
enAeBlEdlTwkeRkamdIRCabcUlmkkgGNg RtUvyksMNakTwkmkviPaK
emIlCatiGaesnik (Asenic).
Water samples
When ground water enters the well a water sample shall be taken for Arsenic
analysis.
RbsinebItRmUv[ b mankarENnaM[eFVIetselIsMNakTwkbEnm RtUvRbmUl

sMNakTwkdak;kgdbBiesssRmab;eFVIsMNak.
If required or instructed additional water samples for other tests shall be
collected in special sampling bottles.
RtUvbBansMNakTwkeTAmnIrBiesaFn_edIm,IeFVIkarviPaKkgryeBl 24 em:ag
bnab;BIykTwkenaHecjBIGNg.
II-116
cMNuc
6.37
GNgxYg

Water samples must be delivered to a laboratory for analysis within 24 hours
of taking them.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
viFIsaskgkarxYg
Rbdab;xYgvil nigjjbukreNAGNgEdleRbIxl;sgt;CaviFIsassMxan;
sRmab;xYgGNg b:uEnTwksRmab;xYgGacRtUv)aneKeRbIenAeBlEdlmankarrlM
dIedaysarEtbnkeRcIneBk edIm,IkarBarkar)ak;Rsutrbs;dI.
Drilling methods
Rotary drilling and down-hole hammer using compressed air will be the
main drilling methods for boreholes but drilling fluids may be used where
collapsing overburden requires support.
enAeBlEdleRbIR)as;m:asIunxYgykdIecj Gkem:AkarRtUveRbI Pk;xYgb:UlIEm

edIm,IykdIecjedaymankaryl;RBmBIRKb;RKgbeckeTs. kareRbIR)as;
GaluymIj:mdI\dRtUv)anhamXat;y:agtwgrwg.
When applying rotary mud-flush drilling, the Contractor shall use a self
destructive polymer drilling mud approved by the Technical Supervisor. The
use of Bentonite is strictly forbidden.
m:asIunxYgEdlmaneRbIhVm nigEdlbnylMhUrxl; nwgcaM)ac;pgEdrenAeBl

EdlkarbukrnRtUv)anbBab;.
Rotary drilling with foam and reduced airflow will also be necessary when
borehole is completed in overburden.
CeRmAxYgcugeRkaybMput
nigmuxkat;
CeRmAreNAxYgEdlrMBwgTukKWenAcenaHBI 15 eTA 50m. enHRKan;EtCakarbgaj

nigminEmnCabTdanbeckeTsnkicsnaeLIy. edIm,IRbkasCaviCman eK
KYrTTYl)anbrimaNTwkGb,brma 1 m /em:ag cMeBaHreNAxYgl CeRmAbegIy
Gb,brma 10m eRkamlMhUrTwk. sRmab;rnEdlGviCman CeRmAcugeRkay
bMputnwgkMNt;edayRbFanEpk.
3
Drilling final depth and

diameter
Expected borehole depth is in the range of 15 to 50 m. This is only

indicative and is not a contract specification. To be declared positive, a
minimum yield of 1 m3/h should be obtained. For positive boreholes, final
depth should be at least 10 m below the water inflow. For negative
boreholes, final depth will be determined by the Supervisor.
TueyaeRsab
Well casing
bMBg;ceRmaH
CeRmAcugeRkayRtUvdMeLIgceRmaHRtUvkMNt;edayEpkeTAelIFmCatinigkRmas;
nRsTabTwkeRkamdI. cMNucx<s;bMputnceRmaHy:agehacNas; 1.5m eRkam
II-117
cMNuc
6.37
GNgxYg
km<s;TwkDINamiucrMBwgTukTabbMput.
Well screens
The final depth at which the screen will be installed shall be determined on
the basis of the nature and thickness of the water bearing strata. The top of
the screen shall be a minimum of 1.5 m below the lowest expected dynamic
water level.
Rbdab;RKIb
RbsinebImankaresIBIRKb;RKgbeckeTs bMBg;eyaeRsab nigbMBg;ceRmaHRtUv

dak;eTAkgRbehagcMhedayeRbIRbdab;RKIb.
Centralizers
If requested by the Supervisor, well casings and screens shall be fitted into
the open hole with centralizers.
kBab;RkYs
RkYsceRmaHRtUvdak;enACMuvijbMBg;eRcaHedayRbugRbytedIm,Iecosvagkar)at;
bg; nigkarEbkecjBIKanRKab;RkYsTaMgenaH. kardMeLIgRkYsceRmaHRtUveFVI
eLIgCabnbnab;edIm,ITTYl)anRkYsceRmaHtUc nigmanlMnwgenACMuvijbMBg;
ceRmaH.
Gravel pack
Gravel pack shall be placed around the well screen carefully to avoid
bridging and separation of the different grain sizes. Gravel pack installation
shall be carried out as a continuous feed operation making every effort to
obtain a well-settled uniform gravel pack around the well screen.
ebImankardMeLIgbMBg;eRsabbeNaHGasn karerobRkYsceRmaHdMbUgRtUvbn
eFVIenAxagkgbMBg;eRsabenaHrhUtdl;km<s; 1.5m elI)atnbMBg;eRsab mun
eBldkbMBg;eRsabecj. enAeBlEdl)anerobRkYsceRmaHdl;km<s; 1,5 m
enAelI)atbMBg;ceRmaH kargarlagsmatefIr RtUvEtcab;epIm.
Where temporary drill casings have been installed initial packing shall
continue inside the temporary drill casings, prior to casing pull back, to a
height of 1.5 m above the base of the casing. Once initial placement of
gravel pack material has reached a height of 1.5 m above the base of the
screen gentle development work shall commence.
bMBg;eRsabbeNaHGasnsRmab;kargarxYgRtUvTukenAkgreNAenaHrhUtdl;ka
rlagsmatRtUv)anbBab;. RkYsceRmaHRtUv bEnmenAeBlcaM)ac;enAGMLg
eBlsmatedIm,IrkSakm<s;EdlRtUvkar.
Drill casings shall be retained in the hole until development is completed.
Gravel shall be topped up as necessary during development to maintain the
specified level.
PitedIm,IGnamy
cenaHCuMvijrvag bMBg;eRsabGciny_ nigCBaaMgGNgxYg 5m BIelIRkYsceRmaH

RtUvbMeBjeTAedaykemcdI\d. bnab;mkeTot eKRtUvbMeBjvaedaysmarEdl
II-118
cMNuc
6.37
GNgxYg
KanRbtikm xSac; RkYs b dIEdlxYgecj BIkm<s;bBaitBIelIRkYsceRmaHenaH

km<s; 3m eLIgelI. dIenApxagelIminRtUveRbIsRmab;cak;bMeBjvijeLIy.
Sanitary seal
The annular space between the permanent casing and the drilled well wall
5 m above gravel pack shall be filled with clay pellets. After that it shall be
filled with inert material (sand, gravel or drill cutting) from the clay seal
above the screen to within 3 m from the surface. Surface soil shall not be
used for backfilling.
TwksuIm:g;t_
CeRmA 3m bCeRmAepSgBIenH dUcEdl)anENnaMedayGkRKb;RKgbeckeTs

enAkMBUlnreNAGNgRtUvcak;bMeBjeTAedayTwksIum:gt_.
Cement grout
The 3 m (or any other depth as directed by the Supervisor) at the top of the
hole shall be filled with cement grout.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
o
o
o
karpt;pg;TwkenAkgRsuk
karpt;pg;Twkdl;shKmn_
karpt;pg;Twkdl;mnIrshKmn_ sala mNlsuxPaB>>>.
Domestic water supply.

Community water supply.
Community facility water supply (school, health post, etc).
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Material
Amount
Unit
sIum:g;t_
210
kg
0.78
m3
0.56
m3
Cement
fTMhM 10 x 20 mm
Stone, 10x20mm size
xSac;
Sand
II-119
cMNuc
6.38
RTugsMNaj;dak;f
Clause 6.38 Gabions

1.
smasPaB
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
kta
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
RbGb;sMNaj;dak;f
Gabion box
sMNaj;tamsg;daKW mankm<s; 1m TTwg 1m

nigbeNay 2m EdlEckCaBIr edaybnH
sMNaj;xNmYy. RbGb;Edlmankm<s; 0.5m
keKniymeRbIEdr. RbGb; sMNaj;GacTij b
GaceFVIeLIgkgTMhMepSgeTot. RbGb;Gackat;
b EktRmUv[RtUveTAtamTMhMenAkardan.
Standard gabion boxes are 1 m high x 1 m
wide x 2 m long divided by a diaphragm
panel.
Boxes 0.5 m high are also commonly used.
Gabion boxes can also be purchased or
fabricated in other sizes.
Boxes can be cut or modified to suit
dimensions on site.
kRmalsMNaj;dak;f
Gabion
mattress
kRmalsMNaj;dak;ftamsg;daKWman km<s;
0, 2m TTwg 2m nigbeNay 3m eTA 6m Edl
EckCaEpkmYy 1 m x 2,0m edaysnH
sMNaj;xN. cMeBaHkRmal sMNl;Edlman
km<s;rvagBI0, 15m nig 0, 3m kGaceRbIR)as;
)anpgEdr. kRmalsMNaj;Gackat; b Ek
tRmUv[RtUveTAtamTMhMenAkardan.
Standard gabion mattress are 0.3 m high x
2 m wide x 3 m to 6 m long divided into 1 m
x2.0 m compartments by diaphragm panels.
Mattresses between 0.15 and 0.3 m high can
also be used.
Mattresses can be cut or modified to suit
dimensions on site.
II-120
cMNuc
6.38
RTugsMNaj;dak;f
Clause 6.38 Gabions
karplitRTugsMNaj;dak;f RTugsMNaj;Edlt,ajedayeragcRk b edayd GaceRbIR)as;)anTaMgBIr bu:En

RTugsMNaj;Edlt,ajedayeragcRkKWeBjniymeRcInCag CaBiessenAeBl
EdlRtUvkarkgbrimaNEdltictYc. RbsinebIRTugsMNaj;enaHCaRTugEdl
t,ajedaydenAeBlEdleFVIrYcRtUvEtsmRsbeTAtamtRmUvkarnbTdan
beckeTs EdlmandUcCaGgt;pit nigKuNPaBnsrslYs PaBtwgENn
nkart,aj nigTMhMnRkLasMNaj;.
Gabion manufacture
srslYsRTugsMNaj;
Factory woven or hand woven gabions may be used but factory woven
gabions are preferred especially when only small quantities are required. If
gabions are hand woven the finished gabions must comply with the
requirements of this specification, particularly wire diameter and quality,
tightness of weave and mesh size.
lYsTaMgGs;RtUvEteRsabedaysMN)a:haMg
o 2,0 mm 215 Rkam/m
o 2,2 mm 230 Rkam/m
o 2,4 mm 230 Rkam/m
o 2,7 mm 245 Rkam/m
o 3,0 mm 255 Rkam/m
o 3,4 mm 265 Rkam/m
srslYsTaMgGs;RtUvmanPaBFn;eTAnwgkmaMgTajrvagBI 350 eTA
3500 N/mm
kEngEdlmankarbBaak;BIsrslYs RtUvEtmanTueya PVC b RsTab;
eRsabeFVIBI)asIkEdlmankRmas; 0,55mm kRmas; esIgbMput 0,4 mm.
lYssrssRmab;cgPab;EKmbnHRTuglYsl RtUvEtmansRmab;kargar
EdlRtUvkarkarcgPab;.
lYscg niglYst RtUvpl;CamYyKanwgRTugsMNaj; edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargar
cgExSTaMgGs;EdlRtUveFVIkgkargarerobRTugsMNaj;.
2
2
2
2
2
2
Gabion wire
All wire shall be hot dipped zinc galvanized:

o 2.0 mm 215 g/m2
o 2.2 mm 230 g/m2
o 2.4 mm 230 g/m2
II-121
cMNuc
6.38
RTugsMNaj;dak;f
Clause 6.38 Gabions
o 2.7 mm 245 g/m2

o 3.0 mm 255 g/m2
o 3.4 mm 265 g/m2
All wire shall have tensile strength between 350-3500 N/mm2
Where specified the wire shall have a PVC or other approved plastic
coating of nominal thickness 0.55 mm (minimum thickness 0.4 mm).
Sufficient binding wire shall be available for binding/tying operations.
Binding and connecting wire must be supplied together with the gabions to
perform all the wiring operations to be carried out in construction of the
gabion work.
RbePTRkLalYs
RkLavijBIrCan;
Type of wire mesh
Double twisted mesh
TMhMRkLa D
Mesh opening D
RkLaRbTak;KaCaRcva:k;
Chain link mesh
OK
D = mesh
opening
DO NOT USE
RbGb;sMNaj;
kRmalsMNaj;
Gabion box
80 mm
Gabion mattress
60 mm
lYsbnSImuxEpkxagelI
lYsruMbnSImuxEpkxagelIKWCalYsRkas;CaglYsRTugsMNaj;EdleKBt;enACuMvij
EKmxagelIbnHsMNaj;. varwtbnwg ehIyrkSaragbnHsMNaj; enAeBlbiTRb
Gb; bnab;BIdak;frYcral;ehIy RtUvruMlYscgCuMvijlYsbnSImuxEpkxagelI.
Selvedge wire
Selvedge wire is a thicker wire around the edges of all panels. It stiffens and
keeps the shape of the panel. When boxes are closed and gabions are joined
the binding wire is wrapped around the selvedge wires.
Ggt;pitlYs
Ggt;pitlYs
Wire diameter
Wire diameter
lYseFVIRbGb;sMNaj; lYscgEKmRbGb;sMNaj;
Box mesh
2.7 mm
Box binder
2.2 mm
lYseFIVkRmalsMNaj; lYscgEKmkRmalsMNaBaJ;
Mattress mesh
2.0 mm
Mattress binder
2.0 mm
lYsruMbnSImuxEpkxag
elIRbGb;sMNaj;
Box selvedge
3.4 mm
lYsruMbnSImuxEpkxag
elIkRmalsMNaj;
Mattress selvedge
2.4 mm
II-122
cMNuc
6.38
RTugsMNaj;dak;f
Clause 6.38 Gabions
KuNPaBf
fEdleRbIsRmab;dak;cUlkgRbGb;RtUvEtCafEdlrwgmaM nigFn;)anyUr. fPk;

fTn; nigfEdlerIsGakasFatu minRtUveRbIenaHeT. fEdllbMputKWmanragdUc
KUb. RkYsTenmanragmUlGaceRbI)ankgkrNIEdlminmanfEdlmanragl
CagenH. TMhMfRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam. fRtUvkMNt;TMhM[esIKa ehIyf
minticCag 50% RtUvmanTMhMFMCagfTMhMmFm. minRtUveRbIfEdlmanTMhMtUc
bMputticCagBak;kNalnTMhMfEdlFMbMputenaHeT.
Stone quality
Stone used for filling gabion boxes shall be strong and durable. Sandstone
and soft, weathered stone shall not be used. The best stones are cube shaped.
Rounded river cobbles may be used if better shaped stone is not available.
Stone shall be of sizes specified below. The stone shall be uniformly graded
and not less than 50% by number shall be of size greater than the median
size. In no case shall the least dimension of rock be less than half the
greatest dimension.
TMhMf
RbGb;sMNaj;dak;f
kRmalsMNaj;dak;f
Gabion box
120 to 250 mm
Gabion mattress
100 to 150 mm
Stone size
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
ceRmaH
Filters
enAkEngNaEdlRTugsMNaj;b:HnwgTwkERBk Ten RbLaybBalTwk RbLay

edaHTwk RtUvkarBarRTugsMNaj;kuM[b:HdIxageRkamedayeRbIceRmaH. ceRmaH
enHGacCaceRmaHCIGUticsay b CaceRmaHxSac; nigRkYs. CaTUeTAeKRtUvkar
ceRmaHCIGUticsay. cUremIlbTdanbeckeTssRmab;ceRmaH.
Wherever gabions are in contact with water (streams, rivers, canals and
drains) they must be separated from the ground below and behind by a filter.
This may be a geotextile or sand and gravel filter. Geotextile is preferred.
See Specification for filters.
el,nlMhUrEdl)ankMNt; RbGb;sMNaj;dak;f
Limiting flow velocities
8.0 m/s
Gabion box
kRmalsMNaj;dak;f
6.4 m/s
Gabion mattress
3.
beckeTssagsg;
kardMeLIg nigkarcak;
RTugsMNaj;RtUverob ehIybt;elIprwg ehIyRtUv sgt;BRgabsampt;Edl
II-123
cMNuc
6.38
RTugsMNaj;dak;f
Clause 6.38 Gabions
bMeBj
minsmRsb.
Epkxagmux nigEpkxageRkay Epkxagcug nigsnHxNRtUvelIkbBar
eLIgedIm,Ierob[ecjCarag.
EkgxagelIRtUvPab;edaylYsruMbnSIEdlRkas;. EpkEKmRtUvPab;Kaeday
lYscg cab;epImBIxagelImun edayruMqas;Ka mgruMeTal mgruMeTVrtPab;Ka
rhUt.
RTugsMNaj;TeTCaeRcInGacdak;enAelIp
EdlrabesI ehIyPab;KadUcEdl)anbk
RsayxagelI.
RTugsMNaj;RtUvbMeBjedayfEdlsmRsb
cUl[elIsBImat;RTugsMNaj; 50 mm eTA
75mm edIm,ITuksRmab;sRmutncenaHEdl
min)anbMeBjeday sarTmn;pal;rbs;f.
enAeBlEdlcaM)ac;RtUvKitGMBIesaPNPaB b GVIepSgeTotenaH RTugsMNaj;
GacRtUv)anbMeBjfenAeBlEdlkMBugTaj. RTugsMNaj;RtUv)anTajbnwg
edayeRbIbnkeTAelIRbGb;TI 1 nRTugsMNaj;EdlPab;eTAnwgswg EdleFVI
dUecHvanwgEkbnkeTAelIRTugsMNajdTeTotrhUteTAdl;cug.
RTugsMNaj;CaRbGb;sMNaj;Edl
dak;enApxageRkAnsMNg;RtUv
bMeBjf 1/3nkm<s;rbs;RbGb;
sin bnab;mkeRbIlYscgTajepk
BIpmuxeTAp eRkayedIm,IrkSamux
bBarkM[e)a:g bnab;mkbMeBjrhUt
dl; 2/3nkm<s; ehIyTajbnwgeday
lYsmgeTot. bMeBjfmgeTot KWrYcCaeRsc.
KRmbsMNaj;RtUvdak;cuH ehIyTajeTAEpkxagmux Epkxag nigbnHlYs
II-124
cMNuc
6.38
RTugsMNaj;dak;f
Clause 6.38 Gabions
xN[ esIl.
vamansarsMxan;Nas;EdlRTugsMNaj;RtUvcg[Cab;eTAnwgRTugsMNaj;
Cab;KaxagelI xageRkam nigxagedayeRbIlYscgdUcEdl)anbgajBI
xagelI.
Assembly and filling
Gabion are opened and folded on a hard-surface, pressing out any

unwanted creases.
Front and rear sides, ends and diaphragms are lifted into position to form
the shape.
Top corners are secured with the thick selvedge
wire. Edges are joined together, using binding
wire, starting from the top course, either in a
continuous operation using alternate single and
double twists.
A number of empty gabions may be placed in
position on a flat surface and joined together as
described above.
The gabions are filled with suitable stone to a
level approximately 50 mm to 75 mm overfull to
allow for settlement of the infill due to selfweight.
When considered necessary for aesthetic or other considerations the
gabion may be filled whilst under tension. Gabions are tensioned by
applying a load, distributed over the full end panel of a row of gabions, to
the first cell which has been anchored in position.
Gabions boxes forming the
exposed face of a structure should
be filled to one-third height,
braced from front to rear, filled to
two-thirds height and again
braced. Filling may then be
completed.
The mesh lid is folded down,
stretched into position and secured to the front, sides and diaphragms.
It is essential that each gabion is properly secured to adjacent gabions
above, below and on each side, using the lacing wire as described above.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
RbGb;sMNaj;
dak;f
RbGb;sMNaj;GaceRbIsRmab;CBaaMgTb;dIk,als<an nig
sMNg;FarasaRs. vamanGtRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkEngEdl
mandITn; eRBaHvaGacbt;Ebn)an ehIyvanwgmineRbHdUcCa
ftMerobeday)ayGr b ebtugeLIy. RbGb;sMNaj;dak;
II-125
cMNuc
6.38
RTugsMNaj;dak;f
Clause 6.38 Gabions
fEdlmankm<s; 1.0m b 0.5m GaceRbICar)aMgenAkEng

hUreRcaHmansRmutrMBwgTuktUc RbsinebIyl;eXIjfa
kEnghUreRcaHenaHnwgmansRmutFM enaHRtUveRbIkRmal
sMNaj;dak;f.
Gabion boxes
Gabion boxes can be used for retaining walls, bridge

abutments and irrigation structures. They are useful
where the ground is soft because the structure is flexible
and will not crack like masonry or concrete if it settles.
Gabion boxes 1.0 m or 0.5 m high can be used as aprons
where expected settlement is small, if scour causing large
settlement is expected gabion mattress should be used.
kRmalsMNaj; kRmalsMNaj;dak;fbt;EbnlCagRbGb;sMNaj;dak;f.
dak;f
dUcenHehIyeTIbvaGacbt;cUleTAkgRbehagTwkhUreRcaH
)an ehIykarBarTb;Tl;nwgkarbMpajedaysMNwk.
Gabion mattress
5.
Gabion mattress is more flexible than gabion box. It is

therefore able to fold into scour holes and protect against
undermining by scour.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
smar
Material
bgI
Basket
f
Stone
1 m3
cMnYn
kta
Amount
Unit
cMNuH
m3
volume
1.65
etan
tonnes
II-126
cMNuc
6.39
fFM fsRmab;karBarkarhUreRcaH
Clause 6.39 Rip-Rap (Stone for erosion protection)
smasPaB
1.
Composition
sarFatu
bTdanbeckeTs
kta
Ingredient
Specification
Quantity
flitrwg fPk; fTn; nigfEdlcaj; brimaNeyagtamtaragxageRkam.

GakasFatuminRtUvykmkeRbIeLIy.
fEdllbMputCafragKUb minEvg b
sMEb:t ehIyminmUl.
Stone
Strong, durable quarry stone.

Sandstone and soft, weather stone
shall not be used. The best stones
are cube shaped, not long or flat, and
not rounded.
taragnTMhMmFm nig
kRmas;RsTab;
el,nTwk Tmn;mFm TMhMmFm ftUcbMput* fFMbMput* kRmas;Rs

Tab;*
hUr
nfFM nfFM*
Table of nominal sizes and

layer thickness
Water
flow
velocity
2 m/s
3 m/s
4 m/s
5 m/s
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Nominal
weight of
rip-rap
10 kg
40 kg
240 kg
1100 kg
Nominal
size of riprap*
200 mm
325 mm
600 mm
1200 mm
Quantity according to table below.
Size of
smallest
stones*
100 mm
150 mm
400 mm
700 mm
Size of
biggest
stones*
250 mm
550 mm
1100 mm
2200 mm
Layer
thickness*
300 mm
650 mm
1200 mm
2400 mm
dg;suIetm:asf RtUv)ansnt;esInwg 2,400 kg/m
*The mass density of the stone is assumed to be 2,400 kg/m3.
ceRmaH
fFMRtUvRkalenAelIceRmaH. manCeRmIs2 KW ceRmaHCIGUticsay niym

eRbI nigRkYs. sRmab;karhUreRcaHRTg;RTayFM b kargarenAtamTenFM eK
RtUvkarkarENnaMBIGkCMnaj nigKeRmagbg;Caklak;nkardan.
Filter
Rip-rap shall be laid over a filter. There are two options: geotextile
(preferred) and gravel. For major erosion or work in large rivers specialist
advice and site specific design is required.
ceRmaHCIGUticsay
ceRmaHCIGUticsayRtUvEtminEmnCasrst,aj edayeyageTAtambTdan
beckeTsrbs; NCDD. RsTab;xSac;eRKImkRmas; 50 mm RtUvRkalelI
ceRmaHCIGUticsaymuneBlRkalfFM.
Geotextile filter
Geotextile filter small be non woven polyethylene in compliance with the

NCDD Specification.
A 50 mm layer of course sand shall be spread over the geotextile before
II-127
cMNuc
6.39

placing the erosion protection layer of rip-rap.
ceRmaHRkYs
ceRmaHRkYsRtUvEtCaRkYsFmCati b kemcfEdlmanxatBI 50 eTA 90 mm .

RsTab;ceRmaHRtUvmankRmas;esInwgtmFMCageKnBak;kNalnRsTab;fFM
b mankRmas;esInwg 150 mm .
Gravel filter
Gravel filter shall be natural gravel or crushed rock graded from 50 to

90 mm. The filter layer shall be half the thickness of the rip-rap layer or
150 mm whichever is the greater.
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
minman
None
3.
bTdanbeckeTskgkarsabna
karerobcM
dI)at b RcaMgGUrEdlnwgRtUvkarBar RtUvEtkMNt;km<s; nigTMhM ehIybMeBj

[esIl. pEdlRtUv)anbMeBj ehIybgab; rhUtTal;Etdg;suIetvaebIGaceFVI
)an esInwgdIFmta. CaBiesskar eFVIEbbenHKYrGnuvtsRmabdIbMeBjcMeBaH
kar CIkdIEdl)aneFVIsRmab;erobf FMenH nigenACuMvijsMNg;.
Preparation
The ground, watercourse bed or bank to be protected shall levelled, graded

and filled to an even profile. Filled areas shall be compacted to as far as
practical equal the density of the undisturbed ground; this shall particularly
apply to backfill of excavations made for the works and around structures.
kardak;ceRmaH
s,CIGUticsayRtUvlatRtdagedaypal;eTAelIpdI ehIydMswgeTAtamTMhM
vamuneBlkat;ecj. tMNRtUvtPab;eday[paMgTaMgBIrns,RtYtelIKa 300
mm.
ceRmaHRkYsRkYs EdlRtUvRkalenAelIs,CIGUticsay RtUvRkaleday
BRgabedayd b edayma:suIn[RsbtamkRmas;nRsTab;Edl RtUvkar.
Placing filter
Geotextile will be unrolled directly onto the ground surface and pegged
before cutting to size. Joints will be formed by 300 mm overlap of adjacent
panels of geotextile.
Gravel filter/gravel overlay to geotextile shall be spread by hand or
mechanical raking to the required layer thickness.
karerobfFM
fFMTaMgGs;RtUverobedayRbugRbytedIm,IFanadl;PaBbgaMCab;Kanfeday
II-128
cMNuc
6.39
minRtUvcak;ecjBILanedaypal;enaHeT. fTMhMtUcGacerobedayd. fTMhM

FMRtUverobedayma:suIn.
Placing rip-rap
karerobenABIeRkamTwk
All rip-rap shall be carefully placed to ensure stable interlocking of the

stones, tipping from a truck shall not be permitted. Small sized rip-rap may
be placed by hand. Large size rip-rap shall be placed by machine.
CaTUeTA fkarBarkarhUreRcaHKYrerobelIpst. RbsinebIcaM)ac;RtUverobfenaH

enAeRkamTwksRmab;;karCYsCulCabnan;enaH ceRmaHxageRkamvaGacGENt
ehIyliccuH hIyfkarBarkarhUreRcaHRtUverobedayma:suIn.
Placing below water
Generally rip-rap should be placed in the dry. If it is necessary to place riprap below water such as for emergency repair, filters can be floated and sunk
and the rip-rap placed by machine.
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
karBarTb;Tl;nwgceRmaH)at nigRcaMgGUr CaBiessenAEk,rs<an kEngmat;lU

bgrTwkecj nwgsMNg;FarasaRs.
karBarTb;Tl;nwg karbMpajBIrlkeTAelITMnb;elIktYb pvelIktYqgkat;tMbn;
TMnabmanTwkCMnn; EdlCeRmATwkCMnn;elIsBI 1m esIral;qaM.
Protect against scour of watercourse beds and banks especially near bridges,
at culvert outlets and irrigation structures.
Protect against wave damage of embankment dams, or road embankment
crossing flood plains where flood depth is more than 1 m depth most years.
5.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1 m3
II-129
cMNuc
6.40
ssrRKwHebtugcak;Rsab;sRmab;sMNg;xattUc minEmns<anebtug
Clause 6.40 Pre-cast concrete piles for small structures (not concrete bridges)
smasPaB
1.
3 x B
Composition
Hole for lifting
bTdanbeckeTs
Material
Specification
ebtug
1:2:3
Concrete
1:2:3 Concrete strength Grade 30 (30 N/ mm 2)
kemcf
flit b RkYs EdlmanTMhMGb,brma 10 mm ehIyTMhM

Gtibrma 12 mm .
Aggregate
Quarry stone or gravel, minimum size 10 mm,

maximum size 12 mm.
PaBrav
PaBravGtibrmaenebtugesImRtUvsitkgkRmit 40
mm.
Slump
Maximum slump of wet concrete shall be 40 mm.
karEfTaM
TukticbMputryeBl 1Ex muneBldwkCBan b bukRKwH.
Curing
Minimum 1 month before transport or driving.
srEdkBRgwg
eyageTAtamtaragxageRkam
Steel reinforcement
According to following table
smar
TMhM
PaBFn;rbs;ebtug 30 (30 N/ mm )
2
B = 200 mm
B = 250 mm
B = 300 mm
Dimensions
Hole for lifting
RbEvgGtibrma
6m
8m
7.5 m
9m
9m
12 m
4 x 14
4 x 16
4 x 18
4 x 20
4 x 20
4 x24
Maximum length
3 x B
Edkem
Main reinforcement
EdkTTwg RbEvgem
6@100
6@100
6@130
6@70
6@70
6@40
Links (main length)
EdkTTwgerobCa
es<ra:l Epkxagcug
Spiral links in ends
2.
tRmUvkarepSg
Other requirements
II-130
cMNuc
6.40
Kmat
ssrRKwHRtUvdak;[XatBIKaya:gehacNas;RbEvg 0.7m .
Spacing
Piles shall be spaced at least 0.7 m apart.
smtPaBRT
smtPaBRTnssrRKwH RtUvKNnaedayeRbIrUbmndUcxageRkam
Bearing capacity
Bearing capacity of pile to be calculated using the following formula:
P=
Edl
16 W H
( S + 0.5)
P=
Where
bnksuvtiPaBelIssrRKwH KitCa KILRkam

safe load on pile in kg
W=
Tmn;jjrdMKitCaKILRkam
weight of hammer in kg
H=
km<s;Tmak;jjrdM
height of hammer drop
S=
sRmutmFmnssrRKwHCa mIlIEm:Rt vas;sRmab;kar

dMbBalcMnYn 10 dg elIkcugeRkay.
average penetration of pile in mm, measured for the last
10 blows.
3.
beckeTssagsg;
EdkdMssrRKwH
Tmn;Gb,brmanjjrdM sRmab;RbePTTmak;edayesrI KW 250KRk .
Pile hammer
The minimum weight of the pile hammer (for free drop type) shall be 250 kg.
km<s;Tmak;
km<s;Tmak;Gtibrma KW 1.4m
Drop height
Maximum drop height to be 1.4 m
ssrRKwHsakl,g
ssrRKwHeQIGacbukcuHmunsin edIm,IIetsCeRmAEdlssrRKwHRtUvkar.
Test pile
A wooden pile may be driven first to test the pile depth required.
0
kRmitlMeGog
ssrRKwHbBarGacevocEt 3 b:ueNaHBIbnat;Qrbnab;BI)anbukRKwHbBal.
Tolerance
Vertical piles to be a maximum of 3 from vertical after driving.
tMNPab;eTAnwgsMNg;
bnab;BIbukehIy RtUvbMEbkebtugRtg;EpkxagelIbgs;nssrRKwHRbEvg 0.5m

ehIyBt;srsEdk bBalCamYyEdkrbs;kRmalxNRKwH.
Connection to structure
After driving, break the concrete from the top 0.5 m of the pile and bend the
steel bars over to join with the reinforcement of the foundation slab
II-131
cMNuc
6.40
M in 0.7 5 m
4.
kareRbIR)as;
Uses
smRsbsRmab;
sMNg;tUc GaKar
Suitable for
Small structures, buildings.
minsmRsbsRmab;
sMNg;FM s<anebtug
Not suitable for

5.
Large structures, concrete bridges.
karKNnabrimaNsmar
brimaNCakta
Unit quantity:
1m
brimaNEdlRtUvvas;Evg KWRbEvgnssrRKwHEdl)anbukcUl.
Quantity measured is length of pile driven.
II-132
cMNuc
6.41
viFIsaRskgkarbgab; edayeRbI rWuL RbePTepSgKa
Clause 6.41 Compaction method for different types of roller
Tmn;r:ULkgRbEvgmYyEm:Rt
kRmas;nRsTab;
cMnUndgEdlr:ULebIkkin
Weight per metre of roll

kg
Thickness of layer
D
Number of passes of roller

N
125
125
150
10
8
8
100
125
150
200
250
12
10
8
4
4
rWuLsaTik minjr
Static roller
2100 2700
2700 5400
>5400
rWuLr Mjr
Vibrating roller
700 1300
1300 2000
2000 3000
3000 4000
> 4000
karcak;bMeBjelInIv:UdIesI
Filled placed on level ground
RsTab;nImYyRtUvcak;kgkRmas; D ehIykinbgab;cMnYn N dg enAmuneBlcak;RsTab;

mYyeTot. RtUveFVIEbbenHCabnbnab;rhUtdl;kargardIenHdl;km<s;EdlRtUvkar.
Each layer shall be placed thickness D and rolled N passes (times) before the next layer is
placed. Sequence shall be continued until earthwork is required height.
Layer rolled N passes

D
D
D
D
II-133
karcak;bMeBjenAelIdICRmal
Filled placed on sloping ground
RsTab;nImYyRtUvcak;kgkRmas; D ehIykinbgab;cMnYn N dg enAmuneBlcak;RsTab;mYy

eTot. RtUvbneFVIEbbenHCabnbnab;rhUtdl;kargardIdl;km<s;EdlRtUvkar.
Each layer shall be placed thickness D and rolled N passes (times) before the next layer is
placed. Sequence shall be continued until earthwork is required height.

sRmab;RsTab;cak;bMeBjnImYy RtUvCIk
CaragkaMCeNIredIm,I[manCeRmACaGti
brma D enAEpkxagelI= cugncMeNat
cak;dIbMeBjEdlmankRmas;RsTab;eRkay
eBlbukbgab;esInwg D.

D
D
D
D
For each fill layer excavate a bench to

maximum depth at up=slope end and
backfill with compacted layer thickness D.
II-134
cMNuc
6.42
Clause 6.42
cMNat;fak;EdleRbIR)as;sRmab;eQI
Classification used for wood
cMNat;fak;
eQaHeQI
kareRbIR)as;EdlGnuBaat
Classification
Name of wood
Permitted uses
CaBiess
ebg nagnYn Fg kekaH eQIRkM
eRKgsgarwm
Special
Beng ,Neang noun ,Thnong,

Kokos,Chekrom
Furniture
eQIelx 1
KKI RseLA RKj:g BeBl pik sac;
s<an RKwHGaKartUc
Class 1
Koki,Srolov,Kronhoung,Popel,Phchek,
Smach.
Bridges, foundations for small buildings.
eQIelx 2
yag Rtac sVay RkLaj;
GaKar nig GaceRbIR)as;sRmab;

Casgarwmsalaeron
Class 2
Yeang,Trach,Svay,Krolanh
Buildings. Can be used for school

furniture
eQIelx 3
epk taesk sEg RbePTeQITaMgenH

KWmanBNs
GaceRbIsRmab;EpkxHnGaKarEdl
RtUvrkSa[enAst.
Class 3
PhdeakTasek,Sangke, (These wood types

are white colour).
Can be used for parts of buildings which

will remain dry.
II-135

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PaKTI II

cMNuc 6.22 kRmalRkYsRkhm ........................................................................................................... 66

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

karKNnabrimaNsmar EpkenHKWsRmab;eKalbMNg):an;sanbrimaNsmar nigtm.

esovePAbTdanbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

PaBFn; 15 (15 N/mm )

Clause 6.1 Concrete 1:3:6: Grade 15 (15 N/mm2)

Ordinary Portland Cement

1 part in 10 of dry volume

flit b RkYs EdlmanTMhMGb,brma

Stone, 20x40mm size

Quarry stone or gravel, minimum

KandI\d b sRmam. xSac;RsYc b

No clay or organic matter. Sharp

Twksat edayminmansRmamkg 105 lIRt kgl,ay 1 m b 23 lIRt

Clean and free from any organic or

6 parts in 10 of dry volume

3 part in 10 of dry volume

97 litres per m3 of mix or 23 litres

kRmitPaBFn; 15 (15 N/mm )

Strength Grade 15 (15 N/mm2)

esovePAbTdanbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

PaBFn; 15 (15 N/mm )

Clause 6.1 Concrete 1:3:6: Grade 15 (15 N/mm2)

By hand for small works or by machine for large works

Compact by hand poker or simple equipment for small works or by

RbsinebItMNsMNg;enAkgebtugKansrsEdk manprelag enaHRtUveRbIEdk

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

PaBFn; 15 (15 N/mm )

Clause 6.1 Concrete 1:3:6: Grade 15 (15 N/mm2)

ebtugEdleTIbcak;fI RtUvkarBarBIxl;st ePg nigkMedARBHGaTit

Mass concrete foundations.

Calculation of material quantities

esovePAbTdanbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

PaBFn; 25 (25 N/mm )

Clause 6.2 Concrete 1:2:4 Grade 25 (25 N/mm2)

Ordinary Portland Cement

1 part in 7 of dry volume

Stone, 10x20mm size

Quarry stone or gravel, minimum

4 parts in 7 of dry volume

KandI\d b sRmam. xSac;RsYc b

No clay or organic matter. Sharp

Twksat edayminmansRmamkg 149 lIRt kgl,ay 1 m b 23 lIRt

Clean and free from any organic or

2 part in 7 of dry volume

149 litres per m3 of mix or 23 litres

Strength Grade 25 (25 N/mm2)

esovePAbTdanbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

PaBFn; 25 (25 N/mm )

Clause 6.2 Concrete 1:2:4 Grade 25 (25 N/mm2)

Compact by mechanical vibrator

RbsinebItMNsMNg;enAkgebtugKansrsEdk manprelag enaHRtUveRbIEdk

esovePAbTdanbeckeTsmUlniFi XuM sgat;

EpkTI 3 bTdanbeckeTssRmab;smar nigkarsagsg;

PaBFn; 25 (25 N/mm )

Clause 6.2 Concrete 1:2:4 Grade 25 (25 N/mm2)

All exposed finished surface shall be smooth.