Category 3
DATE OF
ISSUE
TEXT AFFECTED
SIGNATURE &
DATE
Revision Note
This Issue of this Standard has been prepared to incorporate changes to text and presentation.
The technical content has been updated in line with current practice.
Historical Record
DEF STAN 02-605 Part 1 Issue 1
DEF STAN 02-605 Part 2 Issue 1
DEF STAN 02-605 Part 3 Issue 1
April 2000
April 2000
April 2000
April 1989
January 1981
February 1980
February 1995
April 1989
January 1981
February 1992
December 1988
January 1981
PART 1 ISSUE 2
Published by:
Defence Procurement Agency
An Executive Agency of The Ministry of Defence
UK Defence Standardization
Kentigern House
65 Brown Street
Glasgow G2 8EX
1
SCOPE
1.
This Defence Standard (DEF STAN) provides technical guidance for the selection of sensors and
transducers that produce an electrical output signal. These may be suitable for direct reading
instrumentation or for coupling into an electronic automatic control and automation system.
2.
This Standard provides guidance on sensors and transducers which are suitable for measuring the
level, temperature or pressure of a variable.
3.
b.
c.
d.
Local controllers such as level or pressure switches, thermostats, thermal cutout switches
and relief valves.
FOREWORD
Sponsorship
1.
This Defence Standard (DEF STAN) is sponsored by the Warship Support Agency (WSA),
Ministry of Defence (MOD).
2.
Part 4:
Part 5:
3.
Any user of this Standard either within MOD or in industry may propose an amendment to it.
Proposals for amendments that are not directly applicable to a particular contract shall be made
to the publishing authority identified on Page (i), and those directly applicable to a particular
contract shall be dealt with using existing departmental procedures.
4.
If it is found to be unsuitable for any particular requirement, MOD shall be informed in writing
of the circumstances.
5.
No alteration shall be made to this Standard except by the issue of an authorized amendment.
6.
Unless otherwise stated, reference in this Standard to approval, approved, authorized and similar
terms means by the MOD in writing.
7.
Any significant amendments that may be made to this Standard at a later date will be indicated by
a vertical sideline. Deletions will be indicated by 000 appearing at the end of the line interval.
8.
Extracts from British Standards quoted within this Standard have been included with the
permission of the British Standards Institution.
9.
This Standard has been re-issued due to a Technical Update and the combining of
DEF STAN 02605 Parts 1, 2 and 3.
Conditions of Release
General
10.
This Standard has been devised solely for the use of the MOD, and its contractors in the execution
of contracts for the MOD. To the extent permitted by law, the MOD hereby excludes all liability
whatsoever and howsoever arising (including but without limitation, liability resulting from
negligence) for any loss or damage however caused when the Standard is used for any other
purpose.
11.
This document is Crown Copyright and the information herein may be subject to Crown or third
party rights. It is not to be released, reproduced or published without written permission of the
MOD.
12.
The Crown reserves the right to amend or modify the contents of this Standard without consulting
or informing any holder.
MOD Tender or Contract Process
13.
This Standard is the property of the Crown. Unless otherwise authorized in writing by the MOD
it must be returned on completion of the contract, or submission of the tender, in connection with
which it is issued.
3
14.
When this Standard is used in connection with a MOD tender or contract, the user shall ensure that
he is in possession of the appropriate version of each document, including related documents,
relevant to each particular tender or contract. Enquiries in this connection may be made to the
authority named in the tender or contract.
15.
When Defence Standards are incorporated into MOD contracts, users are responsible for their
correct application and for complying with contractual and any other statutory requirements.
Compliance with a Defence Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
Categories of Standard
16.
The Category of this Standard has been determined using the following criteria:
a.
b.
c.
Related Documents
17.
In the tender and procurement processes the related documents listed in each section and Annex
A can be obtained as follows:
a.
British Standards
b.
Defence Standards
c.
Other documents
18.
All applications to Ministry Establishments for related documents shall quote the relevant MOD
Invitation to Tender or Contract number and date, together with the sponsoring Directorate and the
Tender or Contract Sponsor.
19.
Prime Contractors are responsible for supplying their subcontractors with relevant documentation,
including specifications, standards and drawings.
This Standard may call for the use of processes, substances and/or procedures that may be injurious
to health if adequate precautions are not taken. It refers only to technical suitability and in no way
absolves either the supplier or the user from statutory obligations relating to health and safety at
any stage of manufacture or use. Where attention is drawn to hazards, those quoted may not
necessarily be exhaustive.
21.
This Standard has been written, and shall be used, taking into account the policy stipulated in
JSP 430 MOD Ship Safety Management System Handbook.
Additional Information
(There is no relevant information included)
CONTENTS
Page No
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Conditions of Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Categories of Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SECTION
1.
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3
Figure 1.1
1.4
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
12
1.5
1.6
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Range and Span Covered by the Various Types of
Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Symbols and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Certifying Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standards Relating to Sensors and Measurement .
Calibration and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
14
14
14
SECTION
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
MILITARY STANDARDS/REQUIREMENTS . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Policy Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Size and Installation of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiation Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electromagnetic Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acoustic Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
13
13
13
Page No
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
Hazardous Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explosive Risk Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dangerous Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Fire Risk Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
17
18
18
SECTION
4.
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
4.4
Figure 4.1
4.4.1
4.4.1.1
4.4.1.2
4.4.1.3
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.2.1
4.5.3
4.6
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.8
4.9
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.2.1
4.9.2.2
4.9.2.3
4.9.2.4
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.10
4.11
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS/GUIDANCE . . . . . . .
Selection of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elements of a Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensing Element Devices/Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transduction Element Devices/Techniques . . . . . . .
Signal Conditioning Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Range of Various Types of Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Size and Installation of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Immersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connection Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corrosion and Chemical Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ingress Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
SECTION
5.
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
28
28
28
28
Page No
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
5.2.9
5.2.10
5.2.11
5.2.12
5.2.13
5.2.14
5.2.15
5.2.16
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.3.10
5.3.11
5.3.12
5.3.13
5.3.14
5.3.15
5.3.16
5.3.17
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2
5.4.3
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.2.1
5.5.2.2
5.5.3
5.6
Capacitance Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conductivity Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultrasonic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Domain Reflectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Floats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Displacers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance Temperature Detectors RTDs . . . . . . .
Temperature Pockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor Temperature Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bourdon Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transduction Element Devices/Techniques . . . . . . .
Magnet/Reed Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tape Float Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitance Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conductivity Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultrasonic Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optical Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strain Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piezoresistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variable Reluctance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potentiometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Force Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vibrating Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linear Variable Differential Transformer . . . . . . . .
TDR Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance Temperature Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RTDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy of Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
29
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
38
38
38
38
38
39
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
44
44
Page No
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.2.1
5.6.2.2
5.6.3
Liquid Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance Temperature Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermocouples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
45
45
45
46
ANNEX A
RELATED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
ANNEX B
49
49
50
54
D.1
D.2
D.3
SENSOR PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performance of Typical Liquid Level Sensors . . . . .
Performance of Typical Temperature Sensors . . . .
Performance of Typical Pressure Sensors . . . . . . . .
57
57
58
59
E.1
61
61
ALPHABETICAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
B.1
B.2
ANNEX C
ANNEX D
ANNEX E
1.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
Related Documents: BS EN 60068; BS 2011 Part 2; BS 5775; see also Annex A.
1.1
General
a.
For many applications, commercially available sensors may meet the requirements
of HM Surface Ships and Submarines. The possibilities of cost reductions by
selecting such sensors shall be considered when the System Requirement
Documentation (SRD) is being prepared.
b.
c.
Annex D provides performance data for various types of sensor in commercial use.
1.2
Environmental Conditions
1.2.1
General
a.
1.2.2
Operating Conditions
a.
Reference performance;
(2)
Normal operation;
(3)
Operating limits;
(4)
Transport or storage.
b.
The reference performance of a sensor is achieved within upper and lower limits for
reference operating conditions, within which the influences on the sensor by
changes in environmental conditions are small enough to disregard.
c.
The normal operating conditions is the range of conditions the sensor is designed to
operate within and satisfy specified accuracy limits without any adjustment.
d.
The operating limits are the range of conditions to which a sensor may be subjected
without permanent impairment of characteristics, adjustment may be required after
excursion to the operating limits.
e.
The transport and storage limits are the range of conditions to which equipment may
be subjected, without operating and remain undamaged, although adjustment may
be required after transport or storage.
10
1.2.3
1.3
Environmental Tests
a.
b.
c.
Only a few sensor manufacturers claim compliance with British Standards (BS) for
performance under environmental stress. BS 2011 Part 2 and BS EN 60068 series
describe such procedure, including tests, with guidance notes and background
information. Most sensor suppliers can provide information on such performance.
The SRD shall state the required accuracy rating. A certificate of calibration
traceability shall be called for only when necessary.
b.
The term accuracy rating means the guaranteed limits to inaccuracy for a given
sensor. Such inaccuracy stems from the combined effects of a lack of conformity to
the specified characteristic curve (normally linear), of hysteresis, dead band,
repeatability errors and of any other features stated in the specification. This
concept is illustrated in Figure Figure 1.1.
c.
11
12
1.4
1.5
1.6
The range, within which the specified accuracy of measurement shall be achieved,
shall be stated in terms of upper and lower limits and specified in the SRD.
b.
If adjustment of span and zero is required, it shall be stated together with any
requirements for suppressed or elevated zero.
c.
Stability
a.
b.
c.
Preference shall be given to transducers, sensors and transmitters that do not suffer
from drift over long periods.
d.
Sensors that are electrically energised require a finite time (warmup period) before
the rated characteristics apply. Drift can occur during the warmup period.
The SRD shall be written in metric units using the International System of Units
(SI), unless the interface requirements make necessary the use of the Imperial and
other systems.
b.
c.
BS 5775 (ISO 31) states the specification for quantities, units and symbols to be
used.
13
2.
NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Related Documents: There are no related documents referred to in this section.
2.1
Certifying Authority
a.
2.2
2.3
Annex E. lists BS which cover terminology, documentation and test procedures for
measuring instruments, process control equipment and electronic measuring
equipment, and which could be applied to sensors.
3.
Sensors and transducers for applications where the highest accuracy is essential
may be calibrated using instruments that have been calibrated and certified by the
British Calibration Service. They are then said to be traceable to the National
Physical Laboratory (NPL) standards.
MILITARY STANDARDS/REQUIREMENTS
Related Documents: see Annex A.
3.1
3.2
General
a.
b.
Typically, these will be found in alarm systems, in closed loop control systems, or
where the sensor forms part of a critical pressure boundary. In such cases, it may be
a requirement to invoke formal Quality Assurance procedures. For Submarines,
SSP 25 shall be consulted.
c.
Policy Statement
a.
b.
The object of the Policy Statement shall establish limits for procurement, so that a
coordinated approach to sensor selection is made across all ship systems and
subsystems.
c.
d.
3.3
3.5
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
The Policy Statement shall cover all the major parameters likely to be measured and
shall be agreed with MOD prior to implementation. Once agreed, it shall be applied
across all systems and equipments being procured for the project.
3.4
(1)
Output of Sensors
a.
The sensor converts or transduces the input variable into an output signal suitable
for measurement, as shown in Figure 4.1.
b.
c.
d.
Limits to the output noise and to the output regulation shall be stated in SRD.
Power Supply
a.
DEF STAN 61-5, Part 4 provides information on the electrical power supply
systems on HM Surface Ships and Submarines.
b.
The power supplies and earthing arrangements for sensors, transducers and
transmitters shall be selected in accordance with DEF STAN 08-107.
c.
3.6
3.7
d.
Consideration shall be given to the power consumption which will result from a
number of transducers, feeding into the output load, to ensure an adequate supply is
available. Where it is necessary to limit the power consumption, the acceptable
limit shall be stipulated on the SRD.
e.
Temperature transmitters are available which can transduce the signals from a
number of temperature sensors, all provided from one power supply. The use of
such systems shall be considered in applications where many measurements shall
be made in one compartment or on one equipment.
f.
Sensors and transducers which are sensitive to voltage spikes may need external
protection, or may be supplied with builtin protection circuits. The maximum
voltage and duration of spikes likely to be seen shall be stated in the SRD.
The siting of sensors, design of associated pipe work and installation and security of
fittings shall be in accordance with the requirements of DEF STAN 02-797 Part 1.
b.
c.
The SRD shall ensure the use of properly resistant materials, finishes and protection
for sensors and associated items in accordance with DEF STAN 08-107, DEF
STAN 07-224 and DEF STAN 21-5.
d.
e.
Installations of sensors in fuel systems for gas turbines and diesel engines shall
comply with DEF STAN 07-220 and for aviation fuel systems DEF STAN 07-219.
f.
Installations of sensors for gasoline systems shall comply with DEF STAN 02-775.
g.
The sensing point for any monitoring purpose shall be located at the precise point
from which the information is required. The sensing point for an automatically
controlled process shall be situated at the point where the controlled condition is
required and is subject to specific MOD approval. The sensing points for any
automatic control system shall be independent of those used for other
instrumentation purposes.
Environmental Conditions
a.
DEF STAN 08-123 states the requirements for equipment design and testing in
respect of environmental conditions. Sensors shall be capable of operating under
the conditions stated in DEF STAN 08-123 and DEF STAN 00-35 Parts 1, 3, 4, 5
and 6 as applicable.
b.
c.
to ensure that the most appropriate type of sensor is selected. Such changes may
include but not be limited to, changes in pressure, temperature or working levels.
3.7.1
3.7.2
Shock
a.
b.
The requirements for determining the shock strength of equipment are stated in
DEF STAN 08-120.
c.
The sensors, and parts thereof, must remain captive, i.e. not become a projectile
when subjected to shock not exceeding the specified level.
Radiation Resistance
a.
3.7.3
3.7.4
Electromagnetic Compatibility
a.
b.
c.
Reference shall be made to suppliers literature to ascertain what claims (if any) are
made for electromagnetic compatibility of sensors.
Acoustic Noise
a.
Sensors for equipment located in aircraft hangars, on flight decks, close to diesel
generators or gasturbine exhaust outlets, may be required to withstand intense
airborne acoustic noise. This may cause interference or failure through fatigue.
b.
3.8
Hazardous Areas
3.8.1
b.
The SRD may require sensors and associated equipment to satisfy the requirements
for electrical apparatus in explosive atmospheres. Certificates of compliance issued
by BASEEFA shall be provided to the MOD under such circumstances.
c.
3.8.2
3.8.3
Dangerous Areas
a.
b.
Reference shall be made to DEF STAN 01-5 for the flash point classification of
fuels, lubricants and associated products for MOD use.
c.
Sensors and transducers within the scope of this Standard are not, except where
essential, to be fitted in Dangerous Areas, this shall prevent serious interference
with the service for which the compartment is intended. If so fitted, such equipment
shall be certified as intrinsically safe in accordance with BS EN 50020 and in
conjunction with BS EN 50014, this equipment shall be installed in accordance with
BS EN 60079-14.
d.
The cabling, installation, and fittings for sensors, transducers and associated
equipment fitted in Dangerous Areas shall be in accordance with DEF STAN
07-228 and DEF STAN 02-775.
b.
4.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Machinery removal routes and escape trunks associated with the above listed
compartments;
(7)
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS/GUIDANCE
Related Documents: see Annex A.
4.1
Selection of Sensors
a.
(2)
4.2
4.2.1
(5)
b.
The pressure, viscosity, temperature, density, electrical conductivity, flow rate and
dielectric constant of the variable over which the sensor shall perform shall be stated
if appropriate.
c.
The presence of any corrosive material, additives or inclusions, which could cause
damage to sensors shall be declared.
Level
For continuous measurements of liquid level, the range, zero and maximum levels
shall be stated.
Temperature
Measurements of the temperature of the contents of pipes, tanks and containers
shall be distinguishable from measurements of solid objects such as bearings, and
from measurements of compartment or equipment temperatures.
Pressure
a.
4.3
(4)
a.
a.
4.2.3
The Variable
a.
4.2.2
(3)
The Application
a.
The SRD shall state whether it refers to a sensing element, a probe, a transducer, a
transmitter, or a complete measuring system. The application description shall state
the equipment on which it shall be used and its mounting arrangements.
b.
The SRD should clearly state the location(s), type of display and the unit
measurements to be employed in each application.
c.
Where the same performance characteristics shall be measured in more than one
application, concerning one or more substances, reference shall be made to the
related applications. Consideration should be given to using common designs, with
common ranges and a limited number of mechanical arrangements.
d.
e.
Where sensors are required to measure tank contents or ullage, the SRD shall state
whether a percentage, or unit volume measurement is required and what units shall
19
be employed. Adequate dimensional information for the tank and any inclusions
shall be provided.
f.
4.4
Temperature sensors, fitted in pockets within pipes containing a flowing fluid, are
not to cause the fluid velocity to exceed the permitted maximum due to obstruction
by the pockets.
Measurement Techniques
a.
Sensors and transducers contain three elements in order to carry out the function of
detecting and measuring a change and generating a signal which can be coupled to
an electronic system or indicating equipment. These are illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Changing Variable
Sensing Element
Transduction
Element
Signal
Conditioning
Element
Electrical Output
The three elements may be combined in a single package, or the signal conditioning
circuitry may be remote from the sensor, and is sometimes designed to serve more
than one sensor.
c.
4.4.1
4.4.1.1
Liquid Level
a.
Sensors for detecting changes in liquid level, which are in common use, employ one
of the following eight types of sensing element:
(1)
Pressure Sensors;
(2)
Capacitance Sensors;
(3)
Conductivity Sensors;
(4)
Ultrasonic Sensors;
(5)
Optical Sensors;
(6)
(7)
(8)
Temperature
a.
Sensing elements for detecting change in temperature which are commonly used
with electrical measuring systems are:
(1)
Thermocouples;
(2)
(3)
Thermistors;
(4)
Semiconductors.
Of the four types of commonly used elements, thermocouples and RTDs are closely
governed by internationally acceptable standards. Other types of temperature
sensing device include pyrometers and optical fibre sensors.
c.
Flat devices are available for use in situations where a sensor and pocket cannot be
installed such as a small diameter pipe. There is no standard, which covers the
shape, size and fixing method of flat devices.
21
4.4.1.3
Pressure
a.
Pressure sensing elements, which are commonly used with electrical measuring
systems are:
(1)
Diaphragm;
(2)
Capsule;
(3)
Bourdon Tube.
Magnetic/Reed Switches;
(2)
(3)
Pressure Sensors;
(4)
Capacitance Transducers;
(5)
Conductivity Transducers;
(6)
Ultrasonic Transducers;
(7)
Optical Transducers;
(8)
Transmitters;
(9)
Strain Gauges;
(10) Piezo-Resistance;
(11) Variable Reluctance;
(12) Capacitance;
(13) Potentiometer;
(14) Force Balance;
(15) Vibrating Wire;
(16) Linear Variable Differential Transformer.
22
4.4.3
b.
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.2.1
In addition to the sensing and transduction elements described in Clause 4.4.1 and
Clause 4.4.2, transducers usually incorporate electronic circuitry which carries out
some or all of the following functions:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Many level sensors are provided with microprocessors and programs, which
compute the tank contents or ullage from the measurement of liquid level.
Fixed spans shall be specified for applications in which the measured value are
known from experience. Adjustable spans are useful where calibration depends on
individual site parameters.
b.
Adjustable zero is usually expressed as a percentage of span. The span and the zero
selected are not to exceed the manufacturers recommended range.
c.
Adjustment to span and zero are usually by means of easily accessible screws, while
range changes are typically provided for by internal switches.
Liquid Level
a.
To measure tank contents, zero will normally correspond to an empty tank, i.e. the
level of the lowest wetted surface. The upper limit will correspond to the surface
level when the tank is full to its designed capacity. An elevated zero set point may be
required for tanks where a constant level or interface is required. A suppressed zero
may be required for tanks that always contain some minimum amount of liquid.
b.
Liquid level sensors are designed to withstand levels above their upper limit of
range.
Temperature
a.
b.
The sensors range will depend on the method of construction and on the materials
used; manufacturers literature shall be consulted for details of the range for specific
devices.
Temperature Transmitters
a.
Transmitters can provide an indication of loss of input, by driving the output current
up-scale if the RTD or thermocouple goes open-circuit. Any consequent impact on
the load limitation data shall be stated.
23
4.5.3
Pressure
a.
4.6
4.7
Calibration of Sensors
a.
b.
c.
Sensor calibrations tend to drift with time and consideration shall be given to
practical calibration intervals. Factors affecting recalibration intervals include:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Vibration and shock effects which may cause small movements in mechanical
assemblies;
(4)
Ease of access;
(5)
(6)
Use of a capacitance sensor for a liquid different from that for which it was
originally calibrated.
d.
To ensure correct in-service measures are completed, suppliers shall specify any
calibration and maintenance procedures necessary, their periodicity and associated
special test equipment.
e.
f.
When a sensor is replaced, changes in the orientation and alignment may introduce
a small error that requires calibration.
g.
Accuracy of Sensors
a.
b.
Stability and repeatability are particularly important. It is also important that ships
movements should not introduce significant errors, due to the attitude of the sensor
or to accelerations imposed upon it. Manufacturers claims relate to land based
applications, the ability to damp out the effects of ship motion shall be taken into
account.
24
c.
4.7.1
Temperature
a.
4.7.2
4.9
Reference shall be made to BS EN 60751 for the tolerances that apply to platinum
RTDs, to BS EN 605842 for thermocouples, and to manufacturers literature for
devices fabricated from other materials.
Pressure
a.
4.8
Drift over a long period may be detected as a zero shift and as a span shift, but these
are normally combined as a single drift figure expressed as a percentage of span.
BS 6174 and BS 6447 require an accuracy test for pressure transmitters to measure
error, dead band and repeatability after preconditioning and under specified
atmospheric conditions. An accuracy class figure is then calculated by combining
the modulus of the measured error and repeatability.
Dynamic Characteristics
a.
b.
In all applications, consideration shall be given to the need to specify the degree of
damping and frequency response that is required. Such requirements shall be stated
in the SRD.
Consideration shall be given when siting sensors to the space required for removal
of covers, any adjustments that may be needed, and access for replacement or
recalibration.
b.
c.
The surfaces provided for location of sensors shall be adequately dimensioned for
squareness and fit, and shall meet the manufacturers mounting recommendations.
d.
e.
Sensors offered with electrical connections in the form of flying leads with factory
made seals are preferred to screw terminals, or plugs and sockets. Manufacturers
recommendations on the maximum length and resistance of flying leads shall be
taken into account in the selection of sensors.
f.
g.
h.
4.9.1
The electrical and mechanical connections to sensors, probes and transmitters shall
be stated in the SRD as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Liquid Level
a.
b.
The zero of a diaphragm pressure sensor depends on the attitude of the diaphragm
(the span is not affected by change of attitude).
4.9.2
Temperature
4.9.2.1
Pockets
4.9.2.2
4.9.2.3
a.
b.
Agreement to dispense with the use of a pocket shall be approved by the appropriate
equipment IPT of the equipment being monitored.
Sensing Elements
a.
Sheaths for sensing elements to BS 2765 are rigid and are not to be bent, since this
may irreparably damage the element. RTDs are particularly prone to bending
damage.
b.
Depth of Immersion
a.
4.9.2.4
Electrical Connections
a.
Reference shall be made to BS 1041 Part 3 for information on the number, type, size
and routeing of the connections to RTDs.
26
4.9.3
b.
c.
d.
Pressure
a.
4.9.4
Sizes and shapes of pressure sensors and transducers depend on the manufacturers;
there are no standards for interchangeability.
Connection Head
a.
Within the connection head are the terminals for the sensor connections. The head
may also house a transmitter.
b.
(2)
When the electrical power present at the measuring point has to be limited to
avoid risk of an explosion.
4.11
The head is sealed for protection, typically to IP 42, see clause 4.11. Flameproof
varieties are available for use in explosive atmospheres.
Sensors and any connecting pipework and associated transducing electronics are
subject to corrosion and chemical attack caused by the variable to be measured or
harmful substances that may be present.
b.
Certain types of chemical attack can reduce the working life of thermocouples. BS
1041 Part 4 lists the most significant substances that attack the various
thermocouple combinations, and the factors that limit their effective life.
c.
Reference shall be made to BR 1326 to ensure that sensors do not incorporate any of
the metallic or nonmetallic materials listed as unsuitable for Submarines.
Ingress Protection
a.
Sensors may be protected against the ingress of unwanted materials by the provision
of an enclosure. The same enclosure may protect persons against contact with
electrically live or moving parts of the sensor.
b.
5.1
General
a.
b.
The terms sensor and transducer have become synonymous in commercial usage,
and many manufacturers prefer to describe their products as transducers. Where it
is required to convey the strict meaning of the term, sensor ambiguity would be
avoided by using the term sensing element.
5.2
5.2.1
Pressure Sensors
a.
The hydrostatic pressure exerted by a liquid in a tank depends on the height of the
column of liquid above the measuring point, on the SG of the liquid and on the
pressure of the gas above the surface. A differential pressure sensor may therefore
be used to sense the liquid level. The sensor is usually mounted at a selected datum
position on the side of the tank and close to the bottom, either flush with the wall of
the tank or with an extension to clear the wall and lining.
b.
c.
The highpressure side of the differential sensor is usually connected to the liquid in
the tank. If the tank is vented to atmosphere, the lowpressure side is similarly
vented, otherwise the low pressure side is connected to the top of the tank, above the
highest liquid level. Fully submerged internally mounted sensors are provided with
a capillary tube giving access to the lowpressure side of the sensor, which is
brought out to atmosphere.
d.
In the case of closed tanks containing volatile liquids, it is necessary to ensure that
liquid does not condense in the reference connection and cause an error in
measurement. This can be achieved by:
(1)
Arranging a downward slope at the top of the reference connection (so that
any condensate flows back into the tank);
(2)
(3)
(4)
Filling the reference pipe with a reference liquid and the zero adjusted to
compensate for the head pressure it exerts.
5.2.2
e.
Closed tanks containing liquids which are not volatile in any ambient or operating
conditions do not require these precautions. The arrangement is then known as dry
leg.
f.
Differential pressure sensors are widely used for measurements of liquid level.
They provide greater sensitivity and accuracy than floats or displacers; they benefit
from modern developments in pressure sensor technology and are available at
competitive costs. They are compact devices, which perform reliably in hostile
conditions and with corrosive liquids. They can be used with viscous fluids and
with liquids which contain suspended solid matter. They are resistant to shock and
vibration and their diaphragms are less likely to clog than floats or displacers.
Capacitance Sensors
a.
b.
Capacitance sensors are used for continuous measurement of liquid level, and for
detecting level at a set point. They are suitable for use with fuel and lubricating oils,
water, hydraulic fluid, glycol and many other liquids, both conducting and
nonconducting. They are also used with granular and other solid materials.
c.
d.
Capacitance sensors generally take the form of a cylindrical probe or rod, mounted
vertically for continuous measurement, or horizontally for set point detection. The
head of the probe or electrode contains the transducer electronics and provides a
suitable fitting to the tank. Probes are supplied to the required length.
e.
They are made of steel, aluminium or stainless steel. The sensors are usually
located inside the tank containing the liquid. Alternatively, the electrode may be
installed inside an external pipe connected to the tank.
f.
Bare metal probes are used to measure the level of nonconductive liquids. For
conductive liquids, an insulated probe is required.
g.
The probe head insulates the probe from the tank. If the tank wall is electrically
conductive, it acts as the earth electrode of the sensor. If the tank is nonconductive
an earth electrode must be provided by either:
(1)
(2)
Installing a metal strap vertically within the tank and connecting it to the
probe head earth.
29
5.2.3
h.
i.
j.
Capacitance probes are simple devices with no moving parts and can be designed to
withstand shock, vibration and corrosion. They may be used at various operating
pressures and temperatures. They perform satisfactorily in ships, aircraft and road
vehicles.
k.
(2)
(3)
Conductivity Sensors
a.
b.
c.
Electrodes for horizontal mounting are also supplied, but are subject to error if the
liquid film bridging the probe to earth does not run off when the contents fall below
the set point.
d.
Monel and other corrosion resistant alloys are available for use with aggressive
liquids. Electrodes may be covered (to within a cm or so from the tip) with a plastic
insulator to prevent bridging of adjacent multiple electrode assemblies and to
reduce errors due to leakage in humid conditions.
e.
The conductivity sensor is supplied with a low voltage, one pole is connected to the
probe electrode, and the other to the container wall. (A second electrode is used in
containers that are nonconductive.) When the liquid level is below the electrode
tip, the circuit resistance is high. When the level reaches the probe, a low resistance
path is formed. The change in resistance is thus an indication of liquid level.
f.
The conductivity sensing circuit is designed so that the ac current flow is low
enough to avoid electrolytic decomposition. The resistance change which triggers
the output signal is adjustable in range. Sometimes the response time is also
adjustable.
g.
Conductivity level sensors are simple, low cost devices, for point, or multipoint,
measurement and control of conductive liquids. Errors will arise if the electrodes
are coated by nonconductive materials.
30
h.
5.2.4
5.2.5
Ultrasonic Sensors
a.
b.
Ultrasonic sensors are available for use with clean, dirty, aerated and viscous
liquids, and for liquids which are contaminated with scale and solids. Continuous or
setpoint measurements can be made. Manufacturers should be consulted to
identify the suitability of these sensors with regard to the application.
c.
Ultrasonic gap sensors for point liquid level detection are available in numerous
configurations and materials. These sensors contain a crystal which transmits a
beam of ultrasonic energy across a gap to a receiving crystal. Multigap sensors
exist which provide more than one setpoint. Sensors may be located vertically
from above the liquid surface, horizontally through the container wall, or inclined at
about 10 to the horizontal to detect a liquid/liquid interface.
d.
Ultrasonic sensors for continuous liquid level measurement are usually mounted
above the surface of the liquid. (Submerged bottom mounted sensors are also
available.) They transmit a pulse of ultrasonic sound to the surface, and receive a
corresponding echo. The time interval between the outward and return signals is a
measure of the distance travelled and hence of the distance between sensor and
surface. The measuring span in many configurations is less than the range, because
there is a minimum range below which the time interval cannot be accurately
measured. The vertical dead space can be reduced if a deflector or concentrator is
used to turn the beam through 90, using a horizontally arranged sensor. Another
technique is to use a receiver that is separate from the transmitter and contains its
own crystal.
e.
The timing circuitry allows for adjustment of the measuring span. Changes of
temperature in the air space above the liquid introduce an error and many ultrasonic
level measurement systems include an automatic compensation for temperature.
f.
Internal pipes or stays, and liquid entering the tank from one side or above the beam,
may cause attenuation or interference. Provision for counteracting such effects is
sometimes made in the procedures for calibrating the sensor and for processing its
output signal.
g.
Ultrasonic gap sensors are widely used in marine applications. Ultrasonic sensors
have no moving parts, and can make accurate continuous measurements at
relatively long range without making contact with the liquid in question. The
composition, cleanliness and electrical properties of the liquid do not affect the
measurement.
Optical Sensors
a.
An optical level sensor is a short cylindrical probe with a conical point. The probe
contains a light emitting diode, transmitting an infrared light to the tip. With no
31
b.
c.
d.
5.2.6
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.2.7
liquid surrounding the tip, the beam is reflected internally and returns along the
probe to a phototransistor detector. When the tip is immersed in liquid, light escapes
through the interface and the reduction in internal reflection is detected.
Positive switching circuits within the sensor provide a full on or off switch.
Versions are available to switch on when covered, or vice versa. The sensor may
be installed vertically above the liquid, or horizontally either way up, in the tank
wall. These devices can detect hydraulic oils, lubricants, fuels, coolant liquids, and
other chemicals, and are immune to ambient light.
Sensors providing a time delay are available to dampen the effects of surface
agitation or severe vibration.
Changes in the viscosity, density, conductivity or dielectric constant do not affect
the measurement. Optical sensors are lowcost devices with no moving parts and
can be very compact.
Electromagnetic pulses are transmitted down a cable or rod and reflected off the
surface of the variable being measured. The reflected pulse is registered by the
signal source. Level is determined by measuring the travel time (time of flight) of
the pulse or the delay in the receipt of the reflected echo. This delay is directly
correlated to a distance if the propagation velocity is known. It is unaffected by
changes in product characteristics such as density, pressure, temperature and
dielectric constant.
The measurement possibilities include level measurement in liquids and solids plus
interface measurements between liquids of diverse dielectric constant values.
For liquid applications dual rod or concentric tube/rod designs are preferred. The
advantage of these designs is that the electric field around the probe is concentrated
in the tube or between the rods and there is little external influence from the vessel
structure.
These designs are sometimes susceptible to a build up of foreign matter between the
rods or within the tube. This can in turn lead to measurement inaccuracies due to
false echos being registered. They are therefore best suited to relatively clean
liquids.
TDR can also experience some difficulty in producing accurate measurements if the
variable is in very close proximity to the sender/receiver because the time of flight is
so small. This is, however. being addressed and a number of manufacturers claim to
have overcome this problem.
Floats are cylindrical or spherical vessels, sealed against ingress of liquid. Normally
made of a suitably resistant material, partially submerged and supported by the
buoyancy force exerted by the liquid they displace. Floats may be restrained by a
vertical tube, or they may be attached to a pivoted arm. In both cases they rise and
fall to follow the level of the liquid surface. Floats could be mounted to the top,
bottom or sides of the tank which contains the liquid, within the tank itself, or in
external chambers with valves to permit isolation and maintenance.
b.
Liquids with a very low Specific Gravity (SG) may exert insufficient buoyant force
on a float for proper action.
32
5.2.8
5.2.9
c.
Float rods would have been used to extend the vertical distance between a low-level
float and a top mounted switch. Clearance would be necessary above the float at its
highest indicating level, and below it at its lowest indicating level. Manufacturers
literature would be examined to ascertain the clearances required.
d.
Floats and their associated arms and guides are comparatively bulky, and required
adequate clearance for satisfactory operation. Vertical float guides required
adequate headroom for withdrawal, and if long would require support at both ends.
e.
Float sensors are widely used and are inexpensive. In high pressure or corrosive
applications, the necessary seals may require frequent maintenance. Float sensors
are suitable for clean liquids of low viscosity. They would not be suitable for liquids
that can clog the moving parts or can coat the float and change its buoyancy.
b.
c.
The SG of the measured liquid changes with temperature. If the error thus caused is
unacceptable, a temperaturecompensated displacer can be used. It contains a
liquid of equal expansion coefficient and is fitted with a bellows end to permit
expansion and contraction.
d.
Displacers are in general more accurate, but more expensive than floats. They are
less bulky, work best in clean liquids of low viscosity and are not suitable for liquids
that can coat their surface or cause excessive friction between displacer and cage.
Thermocouples
a.
b.
detected emf, for a specified combination of conductors. Tables are provided for
eight combinations of conductors, designated Type R, Type S, Type B, Type J, Type
T, Type E, Type K and Type N respectively.
c.
The materials most widely used for thermocouples may be divided into two groups;
base metals and rare metals. The thermocouple combination must be chosen so as to
ensure that the physical and chemical conditions to which the device is exposed will
not result in a change in calibration. The emf/temperature relationships for base
metal thermocouples only apply up to about 1200 C. From 1110 C to 1800 C rare
metal devices are used. In both groups the low temperature limit of working is
usually decided by the limiting minimum emf which can be employed with
measuring instruments. In general, base thermocouples develop larger emf than
rare metal types.
d.
The thermocouple materials must be chosen in order to ensure that the device will
not suffer a significant change in calibration due to the effects of the operating
environment. The calibration may change as a result of oxidation, reduction, other
chemical attack or the preferential evaporation of constituents of an alloy. BS 1041,
Part 4 describes the limiting characteristics of the types listed above.
e.
(2)
The insulated, or ungrounded, junction is used for corrosive gas and liquid
temperatures;
(3)
f.
g.
The thermocouple conductors are insulated from each other, except at the
measuring junction, using conventional electrical insulation materials chosen to
withstand the operating temperature range of the device.
h.
i.
5.2.10
j.
k.
Extension cables are used in situations where a high accuracy is required. They are
made of the same materials as the thermocouple combination in order to ensure that
the measurement is not affected by the use of materials with different
temperature/emf characteristics being used to complete the circuit between
measuring and reference junctions. This will inevitably be expensive when the
thermocouple is composed of rare metals.
l.
Compensating cables are used to connect the thermocouple to the measuring system
in situations where a lower accuracy is acceptable. They are made of materials
which resemble the thermoelectric properties of the thermocouple conductors.
m.
RTDs are based on the principle of the variation of resistivity with temperature of
various electrical conductors. Suitable materials have a high temperature
coefficient of resistance, are stable and have a high resistivity to permit the
construction of small sensors. Both platinum and nickel are extensively used
because they meet the above criteria and are relatively easy to obtain in a pure state.
Platinum has the additional advantage of a temperature coefficient of resistance,
which is linear over a larger temperature range.
b.
c.
Wire wound resistance elements can be constructed so that the surface area is large
in relation to the volume in order to provide a fast response or, if thin wire is used,
the winding can be made compact for measuring temperature at a point. The
platinum coil may be wound within a ceramic tube, which enables the sensor to be
used over a wide temperature range. In applications where vibration is a problem
the platinum may be wound round a ceramic former and secured to the ceramic by a
glass coating. For surface temperature measurement, or for applications where a
tipsensitive sensor is required a small coil may be mounted on a flat ceramic body.
d.
Resistance elements may also be constructed of platinum foil, and are particularly
suitable for surface measurement.
e.
5.2.11
5.2.12
5.2.13
Temperature Pockets
a.
Pockets are tubular receptacles, closed at one end, for insertion in a pipe or vessel by
means of a pressuretight joint. The standard allows for parallel and tapered
pockets, secured either by a parallel or tapered thread, or by a flange.
b.
Standard insertion lengths are specified, there being six lengths for flanged pockets
(115 mm to 600 mm) and seven lengths for threaded pockets (75 mm to 625 mm).
There are seven standard bore diameters, from 3 mm to 20 mm. Any one of the
diameters can be combined with any one of the lengths.
c.
Pocket designs are to be suitable for the environmental conditions in use. Parallel
stems are suitable for conditions of low vibration and flow. Tapered stems are
suitable for conditions that are more arduous. Flanged fittings are to be used for
highpressure systems.
d.
The standard mating dimensions of pockets and elements have been chosen to
obtain a small radial air gap and hence a quick thermal response whilst permitting
easy insertion and withdrawal.
Thermistors
a.
b.
c.
5.2.14
5.2.15
5.2.16
These devices have not yet found widespread acceptance in industrial situations.
They operate over a very limited range and are not covered by widely accepted
standards. They are unlikely to be suitable for temperature measurement in HM
Surface Ships and Submarines.
Diaphragm
a.
A metallic or silicon diaphragm is sealed within the body of the sensor and pressure
difference applied across the diaphragm causes deflection. This is the main form of
pressure sensor in common use and it has a number of advantages. A single design
can be used for absolute, gauge and differential pressures. The pressurised volumes
can be very small, allowing miniaturisation and fast response. Pressurised volumes
are usually equal, enabling transient differential pressures to be measured. The
diaphragm can also be readily protected from comparatively high overpressures.
b.
There are no major disadvantages and the performance differences between metal
and silicon types are not significant. The silicon types tend to be superior at constant
temperature because of their high resistance and sensitivity, but the higher
temperature coefficient of silicon is a disadvantage for measurements at varying
temperatures. Metal diaphragms tend to be large and often require to be mounted
with the diaphragm in the vertical plane.
Capsule
a.
b.
Disadvantages are that it is usually more expensive than a diaphragm and that for
measurement of differential pressure, two capsules are normally needed. These are
either located in separate pressure chambers or arranged as a nesting pair. This type
is difficult to protect against overpressure.
Bourdon Tube
a.
The elastic element consists of a flattened metal tube bent into a circular arc or helix
and closed at one end. Pressure is applied to the open end and the tube tends to
straighten. This type is relatively inexpensive and is often employed in dial gauges,
but is becoming rejected in sensors because it is relatively inaccurate, particularly at
low pressures. It is difficult to protect against overpressure and has a relatively
slow response.
5.3
5.3.1
Magnet/Reed Switches
a.
Floats and displacers can be magnetically coupled to visual indicators and arrays of
electrical switches. In many designs the magnetic coupling provides a snapaction,
37
and a nonmagnetic diaphragm confines the liquid within the float chamber. The
rotary motion of a pivoted float may be magnetically coupled to a rotary
potentiometer or capacitor through such a diaphragm.
b.
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.5
5.3.6
Tape float transducers are used for accurate level measurement in large tanks. The
sensing element is a displacer whose vertical position is controlled by a servo motor.
The control signal for the motor is derived from the tension in the support tape or
cable. An integrating circuit is provided to avoid oscillation of the displacer due to
turbulence at the surface. The servo motor also drives a transmitter which provides
the required level signal. A visual indication may also be provided by a counter.
Discrete high and low alarm signals can be generated.
Pressure Sensors
a.
5.3.4
Pressure sensors for level detection employ either a strain gauge, piezoresistance
device, linear variable differential transformer or capacitance technique for
conversion of diaphragm movement into electrical signal.
Capacitance Transducers
a.
The transducing circuitry is usually mounted within the head which carries the
sensing probe. Adjustments are provided for zero and full conditions.
A variable time delay may also be included.
b.
The probe head may also contain the power supply oscillator, amplifiers and
circuitry to produce the output signal, and set point switches to control other
equipment.
c.
Intrinsically safe transducer heads are available for use in areas where there is an
explosive hazard. They are connected via a zener barrier to a controller which is
located in a safe area and contains all the high power circuits.
Conductivity Transducers
a.
A small ac voltage is fed to the conductivity electrode probe, and if liquid is present
a current of a few mA flows through the liquid to the container wall. This operates a
relay which provides the required control signal.
b.
The relays and changeover contacts are usually housed in a separate enclosure,
which may also receive signals from a number of transducers arranged to trip at
different depths.
Ultrasonic Transducers
a.
frequency transmitters are relatively small, but their range is limited by the air
damping. For greater range lower frequency transmitters are employed.
Encapsulated transmitters are available for use in locations where there is an
explosion hazard, and where it may be difficult to generate sufficient acoustic
energy within permitted levels of electrical energy.
b.
c.
5.3.7
5.3.8
The circuits for evaluation of the echo signal are usually in a separate enclosure
which may be remote from the measuring head. They may provide the following
features to enhance the reliability and accuracy of measurement:
(1)
(2)
Sensor and circuits to correct for variations in the temperature of the gas
which carries the pulse train;
(3)
(4)
Circuits to eliminate multiple echoes and false echoes due to edges or struts;
(5)
(6)
Optical Transducers
a.
b.
Optical sensors may also be provided with a separate control unit which contains the
power supply to the sensor and a switching relay or relays.
c.
Sensors are designed to include a builtin test facility for a manual check that the
sensor is performing correctly.
Temperature Transmitters
a.
b.
5.3.9
5.3.10
c.
d.
Transmitters which are used with RTDs contain a bridge circuit. The resistance of
the sensing element is measured by determining the resistance values required to
balance the circuit. Two, three or fourwire connections may be made between the
RTD and the bridge circuit. Twowire systems result in the lowest accuracy of
measurement since the effect of the connection wires is likely to be significant.
Threewire systems offer some improvement but fourwire systems are used where
accuracy is important since the circuit may then be constructed in such a way that
the connection wires have no effect. BS 1041 shows a number of bridge circuits.
Strain Gauge
a.
The most widely adopted techniques for use with diaphragms involve the use of
strain gauges, usually in the form of an electrical bridge network. They are either
bonded to the diaphragm directly or mounted on a lever connected to the diaphragm
and referred to as unbounded.
b.
Piezoresistance
a.
5.3.11
A particular form of strain gauge for use only with silicon diaphragms results from
diffusing the pattern of strain gauges directly into the diaphragm, utilising both its
mechanical and electrical properties. This technique is increasing in use and can
result in very compact designs with fast response at relatively low cost.
Temperature effects require compensation circuitry, but even so, zero stability can
be a problem after large temperature changes. At low pressures the degree of
non-linearity may be relatively high.
Variable Reluctance
a.
b.
c.
5.3.12
Capacitance
a.
5.3.13
5.3.17
This technique uses a double diaphragm cell with linkage connected to a coil
mounted in a permanent magnetic field. Current is passed through the coil to
counter the pressure on the diaphragm and the current is measured. It is a relatively
expensive technique, rarely encountered.
Vibrating Wire
a.
5.3.16
The moving end of a Bourdon tube sensor can be linked to the moving contact of a
potentiometer and the change in resistance used to indicate pressure. This
technique has the advantage of being inexpensive, but the performance is relatively
poor in terms of hysteresis, linearity and temperature effects.
Force Balance
a.
5.3.15
The pressure sensing diaphragm is sandwiched between two capacitor plates and
the space filled with silicone oil retained by two isolating diaphragms. A change in
pressure or differential pressure results in a change in capacitance which is
measured, linearized and amplified. The main advantage is high reliability
resulting from no moving parts.
Potentiometer
a.
5.3.14
The advantages are high output, good linearity and low hysteresis. Effects of
environmental acceleration are small. However, it is relatively expensive and
requires an ac supply of 1 kHz to 10 kHz. Care is also to be taken to avoid
contamination of the small volumes each side of the diaphragm.
The technique consists of a wire under tension forming part of an oscillator circuit
and attached to a pressuresensing diaphragm. The wire is suspended in a magnetic
field and as pressure increases, so does the tension in the wire and its resonant
frequency. The resonant frequency thus gives a measure of pressure. The main
advantage claimed by this technique is a relatively low rate of drift.
b.
Advantages are similar to those of the variable reluctance technique, with high
output signal and good linearity. The main drawbacks are the size, cost and
relatively slow response. In addition, the mass of the transformer core tends to
affect the readings when under environmental acceleration.
TDR Transducer
a.
Transducing circuitry is usually mounted within the sensing head, which is attached
to the probe assembly. Modern circuitry is also usually coupled to HART or
41
The head will contain the Micropulse generator, amplifiers and programmable
circuitry to produce the output signal. With the inclusion of the programmable
circuitry it is possible, via suitable communication software, to record and view
pulse analysis, trend data and error tracking functions.
c.
Intrinsically safe transducer heads are available for use in areas where there is an
explosive hazard..
5.4
Output of Sensors
5.4.1
Liquid Level
a.
The electrical output of a transducer for continuous measurements usually takes the
form of an analogue voltage or current, which varies linearly with the measured
level. The output of a point level detector is an electrical snap action switch which
may be a sealed reed switch, mercury switch or other mechanical device, or a solid
state device such as a transistor or Schmitt trigger. Detectors are available to
provide normally open or normally closed output in the presence of liquid.
Intrinsically safe designs are available for use in zones where flammable gasses are
likely to be present.
b.
c.
Level sensors for use in hazardous atmospheres or designated danger areas are often
connected to a remote controller sited in a safe area. There are then limitations on
the length of interconnecting cable, on its design, and on the methods of connection,
which are to be taken into account when selecting sensors for such applications.
5.4.2
Temperature
5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2
The sensing element of an RTD is a variable resistance, which forms one arm of a
Wheatstone bridge measuring circuit. The bridge forms the transduction element
and is contained within the resistance temperature transmitter. The output is
produced by the transmitter, not by the sensor directly.
Thermocouples
a.
5.4.3
Pressure
a.
5.5
Calibration of Sensors
5.5.1
Liquid Level
a.
Magnetic float sensors are calibrated by adjusting the voltage applied to the
resistance chain until the required high level signal output is obtained when the float
is held at the appropriate level.
b.
c.
d.
The transducing circuit for an ultrasonic continuous level sensor is equipped with
adjustable settings for the highest and lowest levels to be measured. These may be
set to coincide with actual levels, if these are known. Alternatively, the minimum
signal (lowest level) is taken as 0% and the 100% output signal is adjusted to the
required signal value for the highest level.
e.
Float and displacer transducers sometimes include a visible scale, the graduations
of which will be appropriately marked. Means are also provided for adjusting the
span of the electrical output signal so that its extreme values coincide with the
lowest and highest levels which are sensed. Level sensor signals may also be
conditioned to compensate for errors due to changes in the ambient temperature or
pressure, and to convert level measurements into measurements of volume. Such
circuits form part of the transducer. They are accessible for adjustment on site,
usually by potentiometer or switch.
5.5.2
Temperature
5.5.2.1
RTDs
5.5.2.2
a.
RTDs exhibit good stability, they are unlikely to require recalibration in service due
to drift under normal thermal operating conditions, but their performance may be
altered by mechanical damage or over stress.
b.
Routine production tests to determine the resistance tolerance are carried out at two
or more temperatures for Class A devices and at one temperature, normally the ice
point, for Class B devices. Some manufacturers offer high accuracy devices
calibrated at around five temperature points.
Thermocouples
a.
5.5.3
b.
Noble and base metal thermocouples will operate within the tolerances stated in BS
EN 60584 Part 2 without individual calibration. If a greater accuracy is required,
individual devices are calibrated. Noble metal thermocouples only need individual
calibration if they are required to measure to a very high accuracy.
c.
d.
Pressure
a.
b.
Adjustable span sensors are supplied calibrated to the maximum span of the range.
c.
Unless otherwise specified, calibration is usually done with the diaphragm, capsule
or Bourdon tube in the vertical plane.
d.
5.6
Accuracy of Sensors
5.6.1
Liquid Level
a.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
b.
For point level measurements, ultrasonic and optical sensors are suitable for many
RN applications. Both types are rugged, small, have good discrimination and are
largely unaffected by the liquid, its conditions and possible inclusions. Float and
displacer point level sensors are relatively bulky, less robust, and do not provide
such good discrimination. They are best suited to clean, low viscosity liquids.
Conductive sensors are restricted to the measurement of conductive liquids.
c.
For continuous level measurement, pressure sensors are suitable for many RN
applications, being compact, accurate devices with good discrimination, which
have been developed to achieve good stability and resistance to environmental
stresses. Totally immersed sensors are widely used for marine purposes.
d.
Float and displacer sensors are less accurate, and have inferior discrimination to
pressure sensors, but can provide adequate continuous measurements in many
applications. Where there is a need for a clearly visible indication of level, the
magnetic float type reed switch device can be considered for use but does not
provide fine discrimination.
e.
Capacitance probes have no moving parts and have been successful in ships, aircraft
and land vehicles. They can be rugged and accurate, but generally require a special
design for each application, dependent on the liquid measurement.
f.
5.6.2
Temperature
5.6.2.1
5.6.2.2
a.
Resistance accuracys quoted by manufacturers are often better than those quoted in
BS. The values usually include repeatability and hysteresis errors. The change of
resistance with temperature follows an approximately linear law, but the precise
relationship is as set out in the BS.
b.
The accuracy achieved with RTDs will depend on the number of wires forming the
connection between the element and the transmitter. Two and three wire systems
are suitable for some applications, but for higher accuracy a four wire system is used
since this allows the bridge network to be constructed in such a way that variations
in lead resistance are neglected. BS 1041 Part 3 contains detailed information.
c.
Inadequate resistance to earth or between connecting leads can give rise to errors
due to the introduction of stray currents or the effects of parasitic emfs.
Thermocouples
a.
Thermocouples generally respond more quickly than RTDs and will be subject to an
error if readings are taken within the thermal response time. The use of a pocket will
increase the response time and care is to be taken to ensure that values quoted by the
manufacturer apply to the sensor when housed in a suitable pocket.
45
5.6.3
b.
c.
Thermocouples are generally less stable than RTDs. The drift that occurs will
depend upon the thermocouple combination, the operating conditions and the
degree of protection offered by the pocket. Reference is to be made to
manufacturers literature for the claimed stability of a given thermocouple
combination under specific operating conditions.
d.
e.
f.
There is no selfheating error in thermocouples, which generate their own emf, but
errors will arise if incompatible materials are used in the thermocouple system, via
junction boxes, plugs and sockets, etc.
Pressure
a.
b.
The majority of sensors available are of the diaphragm type, with increasing
emphasis on silicon piezoresistive varieties. Different transduction elements used
in conjunction with metal diaphragms result in similar performances with little to
choose between them.
c.
Potential sources of error arise mainly from the sensing element itself. They
include the uniformity of the sensor over its active area, the deflection required to
yield an adequate signal, the stress pattern across the sensor and the design of its
supporting structure. Symmetrical designs are often devised in order to minimise
temperature errors and temperature compensation circuits are frequently provided.
46
ANNEX A.
A.
RELATED DOCUMENTS
A1. The following documents and publications are referred to in this Standard:
BS EN 50014
BS EN 50020
BS EN 60068
BS EN 60079-14
BS EN 60529
BS EN 60584
BS EN 60751
BS 21
BS 1041
BS 1560
Thermocouples:
Part 1: Reference Tables;
Part 2: Tolerances.
Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer Sensors.
Specification for Pipe Threads for Tubes and Fittings Where
PressureTight Joints are made on the Threads (Metric
Dimensions).
Temperature Measurement:
Part 3: Guide to Selection and use of Industrial Resistance
Thermometers;
Part 4: Guide to the Selection and use of Thermocouples.
Circular Flanges for Pipes, Valves and Fittings (Class
Designated).
BS 2011
Environmental Testing:
Part 2: Tests.
BS 2765
BS 2779
BS 4504-3.3
BS 4937
BS 5775
BS 5863
47
BS 6174
BS 6447
JSP 430
Pipework Engineering:
Part 1: General Requirements for Fluid Systems.
Requirements for Aviation Fuel System in HM Ships.
Electromagnetic Compatibility:
Part 1: Introduction;
Part 7: Code of Practice for HM Ships Installation Guidelines.
48
SSP 25
BR 1326
BR 3013(2)
ANNEX B.
B.
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
B1. For the purpose of this Standard the following abbreviations apply.
BASEEFA
BR
BS
Book of Reference
British Standard
BS EN
BSI
BSPT
DEF STAN
EECS
Defence Standard
Electrical Equipment Certifying Service
EMC
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
emf
IEC
IP
Ingress Protection
IPT
LVDT
MDMS
MOD
NES
NPL
Ministry of Defence
Naval Engineering Standard
National Physical Laboratory
NPT
PTFE
RTD
Polytetrafluoroethene
Resistance Temperature Detector
SG
Specific Gravity
SI
SRD
TDR
WSA
Ambient Pressure
Analogue Output
Atmospheric Pressure
Base Metal
Burst Pressure
Calibration
Calibration Traceability
Connection Head
Dead Band
Electromotive Force
Elevatedzero Range
Environmental Error
Error
Error Band
Flash Point
Lowest temperature at which a substance gives off enough vapour under stated conditions, using a closed or open vessel, to
ignite momentarily when a flame is applied.
Frequency, Natural
Gauge Pressure
Hysteresis
Hysteresis Error
Insulation Resistance
Intrinsically Safe Circuit or A circuit or equipment in which any electrical arcing or sparkEquipment
ing that may occur in normal operation, during maintenance or
credible fault conditions, is incapable of causing an ignition of
the enveloping environment.
Linearity
Noble Metal
Output
Output Noise
Output Regulation
Overpressure, Maximum
Overrange
Overrange Limit
Pulsation Damper
Range
The region of the values between the lower and upper limits of
the quantity under consideration.
Rangeability
Reference Pressure
Repeatability
Repeatability Error
Resistance Class
Resolution
The least interval between two adjacent discrete details that can
be distinguished one from the other. In the case of a digital output, the term resolution is the smallest change in the output
display.
52
SelfHeating
Sensitivity
Sensitivity Shift
Span
The algebraic difference between the upper and lower limit values of a given range.
Stability
Standard Atmosphere
Threshold
Time Constant
Ullage
Warmup Period
Wheatstone Bridge
Zero Elevation
NOTE 1. The definitions used in this Standard have largely been drawn from
IEC Report 902 Industrialprocess measurement and control. Terms and
definitions. Other sources include technical dictionaries and glossaries prepared by
transducer manufacturers. The scope has been limited to terms applicable to the
subject of this Standard.
2. When specifying performance of a sensor, it is necessary to use a consistent
terminology against which performance parameters may be expressed quantitatively
and without ambiguity. The terminology used in this Standard is to be used in
procurement documentation.
53
NA = not applicable
CHECK
No
CHECK
CLAUSE No
1.
1.1
5.
4.3
6.
1.6
2.
3.
4.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
3.1
3.1
16.
Does the safety or efficiency of the vessel or personnel depend on this sensor?
3.2
17.
3.4
54
or NA
Check
No.
Check
Clause No.
18.
3.4
19.
3.5
20.
3.5
21.
3.6
22.
3.6
23.
3.6
24.
3.6
25.
3.7
26.
3.7.1
27.
3.7.2
28.
3.7.3
29.
3.7.4
30.
Shock
Specification
been
3.7c.
31.
3.8
32.
3.8
33.
3.8.1
34.
4.2
35.
Is the requirement for a sensing element, a probe assembly, a transducer, a transmitter, or a complete
measuring system?
4.3
36.
Have
any
interfaces
with
platform
management or platform surveillance systems been
identified and detailed in the SRD?
4.4c.
37.
4.3b.
38.
4.9
55
or NA
Check
No.
39.
40.
Check
Clause No.
4.9
4.6
41.
4.6
42.
4.6
43.
4.8
44.
4.9
45.
4.11
56
or NA
D.1
ANNEX D.
D.
SENSOR PERFORMANCE
Performance of Typical Liquid Level Sensors
Sensor Type
Characteristics
Displacer
Capacitance
Ultrasonic
Nuclear
Nominal Range
0-75mbar H20
0-225mbar H20
0-750mbar H20
0-3.5bar H20
0-300cms
0-7m
Probe ordered to suit
tank size
150cm up to 150mm or
50mm with beam
deflector
Range adjustment
None depends on
displacer
Scale adjustment on
indicating meter only
None
Switch selects
0-50 cms
0-100 cms
0-200 dms ranges
Zero adjustment
15 mm offset, adjustable
12 to 21 mm
-10C to 85C
0C to +100C
-50C to +70C
-29C to +80C
0.5% of span
0.1% of span
See below
Repeatability error
0.2% of span
Disseminate 3mm or
0.1% of span
1mm
1% of span
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Accuracy 0.5% of
maximum range between
0 and 50C
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
range
Not Applicable
See above
Not Applicable
zero
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
range
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Supply voltage
13-50V ac
115V ac 9% 60Hz
(8-10V dc at bridge)
12-34V dc 115V/240V ac
at 50/60Hz
None to sensor
Transmitter 24V dc or
115V ac 60Hz
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Output
0 to 5V dc and/or
0 to 10mA dc
0 to 100mV dc with transmitter
4 to 20mA dc or 10 to
50mA dc
0-5V dc
0-10V dc
4-20mA dc with output
0-10mA dc
0-10V ac
Also BCD or hexadecimal
Transmitter 4-20mA dc
Not Applicable
None up to 750
None up to 750
None up to 600
Vibration effect
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Transmitter
3 G up to 33Hz
2 G up to 70Hz
1 G up to 200Hz all axes
Shock
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Overrange limit
7 MPa
183MPa
13.7MPa
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Mass
13-21Kg approx
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
1.1Kg
Not Applicable
Liquid connections
3/4 16 UNF
3/8 and 1/2in BSP
57
Temperature shifts:
No air movement
Drift
Sensing Equipment
Characteristic
Platinum Resistance
Temperature Detector
Thermocouple
-200 to 600C
Type T
-40 to 350
Type E
-40 to 900
Type J
-40 to 750
Type K
-40 to 1200
Type R
0 to 1600
Type S
0 to 1600
Type B
600 to 1700
Accuracy
Class 1: 0.5C or
0.004 (t)
Class 2: 1C or
0.0075 (t)
Class 3: 1C or
0.0075 (t)
Type N
-40 to 1200
As Type K
58
Drift
Depends greatly on the operating conditions. Types R, S and B may be used for up to 1 year without failure. Base metal types when working within about 100C of the
normal maximum temperature may have a continuous working life of 1000-2000 hours.
Time constant
Varies greatly depending on type of probe. Generally faster than RTDs. Minimum time quoted may typically be 0.05 seconds.
Self Heating
Operating temperature
limits (survive undamaged)
Depends on probe
construction but may be
-200 to +800C
Depends on probe construction but is generally the same as given temperature range above.
Requires
protection from
acid fumes.
Affected by
prolonged neutron
flux radiation.
Calibration
affected by carbon
bearing gases and
cyanide fumes.
Sulphur bearing
gases can cause
embrittlement.
Affected by
prolonged neutron
flux radiation.
Should be
protected from
moisture, oxygen
and sulphur
bearing gases.
Poor resistance to
reducing
atmospheres.
Affected by
carbon bearing
gases, sulphur
bearing gases and
cyanide fumes.
Similar effects to
Types R, S and K
D.2
Sensor
Type
59
% span
% span/Year
Reapeatability error,
Drift,
% span/C
combined
Zero
% span
Hysteresis error,
Temperature shifts,
% span
Linearity error,
Temperature range, C
(in operation)
Zero elevation,
0.018-0.063
0.009-0.054
0.5
0.25
-30 to 90
6:1
500
% span
Zero suppresion,
% span
0-69
(0-6.9)
(MPa)
(kPa)
bar
0-370
(0-37)
lower,
mbar
Capacitive
0.02
1.5
-20 to 80
(0-34.5)
0-345
(0-34.5)
0-345
0.02-0.07
0.01-0.06
0.3
0.05
0.15 0.3
0.2
-25 to 85
84
6:1
(0-7.2)
0-72
(0-40)
0-400
Variable Reluctance
Metal Diaphragms
Pressure range
Characteristic
D.3
0.03
0.25
-10 to 85
10
10
1.1:1
(0-40)
0-400
(0-100)
0-1000
Strain
0.02
0.01
0.25
0.15
-40 to 120
(0-70)
0-700
(0-700)
0-7000
Gauge
0.008
0.5
0.2 or
choice,
-40 to 90
15
100
3 to 10:1
(0-69)
0-690
(0-60)
0.01
0.1-0.2
-20 to 80
20
(0-13.5)
0-135
(0-7.5)
0-75
Piezoresistive
Silicon Diaphragms
0-600
0.05
0.03
2.0
-25 to 70
3:1
(0-0.35)
0-3.5
(0-0.3)
0-3
LVDT
Capsule
0.03
0.01
0.1
0.2-0.5
-25 to 70
8:1
(0-42)
0-420
(0-210)
0-2100
LVDT
Bourdon
(Contd)
0.01
0.06-0.1
-20 to 80
1.1:1
(0-3.5)
0-35
(0-17.5)
0-175
Differential
Pressure
Silicon
Diaphragm
Sensor
Type
Metal Diaphragms
Characteristic
Capacitive
Supply voltage,
Variable Reluctance
Strain
Gauge
Silicon Diaphragms
Capsule
Bourdon
Piezoresistive
LVDT
LVDT
Differential
Pressure
Silicon
Diaphragm
12-45
20-28
11-42
12-46
9-30
14-40
14-40
9-30
0.005
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.002
0.002
0.005
Effect of load
resistance
% span
0.1
0.1
Noise
% span
0.1
0.3
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
negligible
1.0
1.0
0.044
0.3 kPa/90
0.15
0.0025
0.1
5.5
1.6
5.8
0.42
2.7
0.3
6.8
5.5
0.3
138
310
2 range
3 range to
860 bar
2 range
4-10 range
10 range
1.15-1.25
range
2-10 range
1/8 BSP
or
NPT
BSP
BSP
(BS2779)
(BS2779)
(BS2779)
Taper
Taper
60
Vibration effect,
kHz
% span/g
Volumetric displacement,
cm3
Mass,
Overrange limit,
Pressure connections
kg
bar
or NPT
NPT
All selected types offer an output of 4-20mA into 300 ohm load
n = not available
(BS2779)
(Contd)
ANNEX E.
E.1
BS 2643
BS 4462
BS 4889
Method for specifying the performance of electrical and electronic measuring equipment.
BS 5233
BS 5260
BS 5555
61
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
(Note: Page numbers are given)
Installation, 16
Accuracy, 24
Accuracy Limits, 10
Accuracy Rating, 11
Limits, 10
Calibration, 11
Manufacturers Information, 10
Certifying Authority, 14
Chemical Attack, 27
Cost Reduction, 10
Operating Conditions, 10
Operating Limits, 10
Damping, 25
Data Sheets, 10
Performance, 10
Dielectric Constant, 29
Pockets, 20
Drift, 13
Policy Statement, 14
Dry Leg, 29
Power Consumption, 16
Duplex Probe, 26
Power Supplies, 15
Pressure, 19
Procurement, 14
Procurement Documentation, 11
Electrical Connections, 26
Pulsation Dampers, 25
Factory Calibration, 24
Range Limit, 13
Floats, 32
Recalibration Intervals, 24
Hydrostatic Pressure, 28
Sensor Output, 15
62
Terms, 28
Sheaths, 26
Shock, 17
Specific Gravity, 32
Specified Accuracy, 13
WarmUp Period, 13
Temperature Sensing, 15
Wet Leg, 29
63
intentionally blank
64