(TransientConductionHeatTransfer)
LumpedHeatCapacitySystem
TransientHeatFlowinASemiInfiniteSolid
TransientHeatFlowinAnInfiniteSolid
Introduction
Steadystate equilibriumcondition
UnsteadystateorTransientheattransfer
takesplacewhentheboundaryconditionsofa
systemarechangedwithtime.
Transientheating/coolingprocessthattakes
placeintheinterimperiodbeforeequilibrium
isestablished.
LumpedHeatCapacitySystem
Lumpedsystem systemthatconsidereduniformin
temperature
Lumpedbodymodelassumptions:
Thesolidcanbeapproximatedtohaveauniform
temperature
Notemperaturegradientswithinthesolid
Thesurroundingfluidmustbelargeenoughsothatits
temperatureremainsconstant
Surfaceconvectionresistanceislargecomparedto
internalconductionresistance
Transientheattransferinwhichtemperatureofagiven
systemdoesnotchangewithspacebutonlywithtime.
Considerabodyabove,submergedinafluidof
temperature,T andheattransfercoefficienth.
Att>0,thebodytemperaturewillchange
Boundarycondition: t=0s,T=Ti
t>0s,T=T(s)
Energybalanceofthesystem:convectionheatlossfrom
thebody=decreaseoftheinternalenergyofthebody
dT
Q h. A.(T T ) cV
dt
m V ,
T Ti at t 0
Solutionoftheequation:
T T
e
Ti T
h. A
.c .V
Timeconstantofthesystem,t ;measurehow
fasttemperatureschangeinthesystem
.c.V
1
t
. .c.V R t .Ct
h. A
h. A
AnyincreaseinRt orCt willcauseabodyto
respondmoreslowlytoreachthermal
equilibrium
ApplicabilityofLumpedCapacityAnalysis
Condition:BiotNumber,Bi 0.1
h.T
Bi
K
.T
Ls
Ls
h.Ls
K
Bi
1
K
h
Where Ls is a
characteristic length,
Ls = V/A
Example3.1(Harimi2007,Cengel2006)
Apersonisfounddeadat5pminaroomwhich
temperatureis20oC.Thetemperatureofathe
bodyismeasuredtobe25oCwhenfound,and
h=8W/m2.K.Considerthebodyasacylinderof
30cmdiameter,1.7mlong,estimatethetime
ofdeathofthatperson.
Assumehumanbody(72%water)atroom
temperature:
=1000kg/m3
K=0.608W/m.K
cp=4.18kJ/kg.K
Example4.1(Holman2010)
Asteelball[c=0.46kJ/kg.oC,K=35W/m.oC],
5cmindiameterandinitiallyatauniform
temperatureof450oCissuddenlyplacedina
controlledenvironmentinwhichthe
temperatureismaintainedat100oC.The
convectionheattransfercoefficientis10
W/m2.oC.Calculatethetimerequiredforthe
balltoattainatemperatureof150oC.
TransientHeatFlowInASemi
InfiniteSolid
Semiinfinitesolidcanbevisualizedasvery
thickwalls:onesideexposedtosomefluid,
theothersideremainsunaffectedbythefluid
temperaturesincethewallisverythick.
Considerasemiinfinitesolidmaintainedat
someinitialtemperature,T0.Thesurface
temperatureissuddenlyloweredand
maintainedatatemperature,T1.
WithoutConvectionBoundaryCondition
T0
T1
Thedifferential
equationforthe
temperature
distributionT(x,t)
T 1 T
2
t
x
2
Where:
T=T(x,t),TemperatureinoCatpositionxand
timet.
K
2
Thermaldiffusivity(m /s),
cp
Boundary&initialcondition:
T(x,0)=T0 for t =0
T(0,t)=T1 for t >0
SolvedbyLaplacetransformtechnique,the
solutionis
T x, t T1
x
erf
T0 T1
2 t
WheretheGausserrorfunctionisdefineas
2
x
erf X erf
2 t
x / 2 t
Valueoferf[X] canbeobtainedfromcharts/
books
Whenthedefinitionoferrorfunctionis
insertedintheequation,theexpressionforthe
temperaturedistributionbecomes:
T x, t T1
2
T0 T1
x / 2 t
Theheatflowatanyxpositionmaybe
T
obtainedfrom
Qx KA
Performingpartialdifferentiationgives
T
2 x2 / 4t x T0 T1 x2 / 4t
T0 T1
e
e
x
x 2 t
Atthesurface(x=0),theheatflow:
KAT1 T0
Q0
t
Thetotalheatremovedatthesurfaceis:
Q0
t
2 K T1 T0
A
Example3.3(Harimi2007)
AlargeblockofsteelK=45W/m.K, =1.4x
105 m2/s,isinitiallyatauniformtemperature
of35oC.Thesurfaceisexposedtoa
temperatureT1 =250oC.Calculatethe
temperatureatdepthof2.5cmafteratimeof
0.5minutes.
Example3.4(Harimi2007)
Alargeslabofaluminumatauniform
temperatureof200oCsuddenlyhasitssurface
temperatureloweredto70oC.Whatisthe
totalheatremovedfromtheslabperunit
surfaceareawhenthetemperatureatadepth
4.0cmhasdroppedto120oC.
=8.4x105 m2/s,K=215W/m.K
Example46(Cengel2006)
MinimumBurialDepthofWaterPipestoAvoid
Freezing
Thegroundiscoveredwithsnowpackat10C
foracontinuousperiodof3months,andthe
averagesoilpropertiesatthatlocationare
k=0.4W/m.Cand=0.15x106m2/s.Assumingan
initialuniformtemperatureof15Cforthe
ground,determinetheminimumburialdepthto
preventthewaterpipesfromfreezing.
WithConvectionBoundaryCondition
Transientheatconductionusuallyconnected
withaconvectionboundaryconditionatthe
surfaceofthesolid.
Forsemiinfinitesolid,thiswouldexpressedby:
hAT T x 0
T
KA
x x 0
Thesolution:
hx h 2t
T T0
h t
K
K
K
T T0
TransientHeatFlowinAnInfiniteSolid
Onedimensionaltransientconductionrefers
toacasewheretemperaturevaries
temporallyandinonespatialdirection.
Threecommoncases:
GeneralExpression
Infinitewall/plate:
T 1 T
2
x
t
2
Infinitecylinder:
T 1 T 1 T
2
r
r r t
2
Sphere:
1
1 T
rT
2
r r
t
2
TransientHeatFlowinanInfinitePlaneWall
Boundaryconditions:
fort=0s
T(x,0)=T0
T 0, t
fort>0s
0
x
T L, t
K
hT L, t T
x
Thereforethesolution:
T T
2
An exp n F0 cos n x / L
T0 T n 1
F0 >0.2,n=1:
T T
2
A1 exp 1 F0 cos 1 x / L
T0 T
Atthecenterofthewall(x=0,t>0,T=T*):
T T
cos 1 x / L
T0 T
Where,
T* T
2
A1 exp 1 F0
T0 T
Allvaluesof1andA1 withrespecttoBiotno.aregiven.
Biotnumber:
Fouriernumber:
hL
Bi
K
F0
t
2
Maximumamountofheattransferredtothe
body(T >T0)orfromthebody(T0 >T)=the
changeintheenergycontentofthebody:
Qmax m.c p T T0 .V .c p .T T0
Thefractionofheattransfer:
sin 1
Q
1
1
Qmax
TransientHeatFlowinanInfiniteCylinder
Boundaryconditions:
fort=0s
T(r,0)=T0
T 0, t
fort>0s
0
r
T r0 , t
K
hT r0 , t T
r
Thereforethesolution:
T T
2
An exp n F0 J 0 n r / r0
T0 T n 1
F0 >0.2,n=1:
T T
2
A1 exp 1 F0 J 0 1 r / r0
T0 T
Atthecenterofthecylinder(r=0,t>0,T=T*):
T T
J 0 1 r / r0
T0 T
Where,
T* T
2
A1 exp 1 F0
T0 T
Allvaluesof1andA1 withrespecttoBiotno.aregiven.
ThefunctionofJ0 isthezerothorderofBessel
function(J1 isthefirstorder),whichthevalues
aregiven.
hr0
Biotnumber: Bi
Fouriernumber: F t
0
2
r0
Thefractionofheattransfer:
Q
J1 1
1 2
Qmax
1
TransientHeatFlowinSpheres
Boundaryconditions(samewithcylinder):
fort=0s
T(r,0)=T0
T 0, t
fort>0s
0
r
T r0 , t
K
hT r0 , t T
r
Thereforethesolution:
T T
1
2
An exp n F0
sin n r / r0
r
T0 T n 1
n
r0
F0 >0.2,n=1:
1
T T
2
A1 exp 1 F0
sin 1 r / r0
r
T0 T
1
r0
Atthecenterofthecylinder(r=0,t>0,T=T*):
T T
1
sin 1 r / r0
r
T0 T
1
r0
Where,
T* T
2
A1 exp 1 F0
T0 T
Allvaluesof1andA1 withrespecttoBiotno.
aregiven.
Biotnumber&Fouriernumberformulasame
asinfinitecylinder.
Thefractionheattransfer:
Q
3
1 3 sin 1 1 cos 1
Qmax
1
Example3.5(Harimi2007)
Anordinaryeggof80gcanbeapproximatedas
sphereof25mminradiusandwhoseproperties
areK=0.6W/m.Kand =0.14x106 m2/s.The
eggisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof5oC
andisdroppedintoboilingwaterat100oC.
Takingtheconvectionheattransfercoefficientto
be1200W/m2.K,determinehowlongitwilltake
forthecenteroftheeggtoreach91.96%ofthe
absoluteboilingwatertemperature,usingany
appropriatemethods.(Timeshouldbegivenin
minutes).
Example3.6(Harimi2007)
Apieceofaluminumweighing6kgandata
temperatureof300oC,issuddenlyimmersedinafluidat
20oC.Theconvectionheattransfercoefficientis58
W/m2.oC,andtakingthealuminumasasphereofradius
8cm.
CheckwhethertheLumpedSystemmethodcanbe
appliedornot?
Ifeitheryesorno,useappropriatemethodtocompute
thetimerequiredtocoolthealuminumto100oC,50oC
and25oC.
Discussyourresult.
Cp =0.896kJ/kg.oC,K=40W/m.oC
Example3.7(Harimi2007)
Asmallpotatowhichisconsideredasasphere
ofdiameter4cm,iscookedinsideaboiled
water.Beforethepotatowasimmersedinthe
boiledwater,itstemperaturewasrecordedto
be25oC.Computethetemperatureafter10
minutes:
A)atthecenterofthepotato
B)atr=1cmofthepotato.
Potato: =1.5x107 m2/s, =1050kg/m3,
Cp =3.64kJ/kg.K,K=0.55W/m.K
Boiledwater:h=400W/m2.K