Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of the Cell

1. Which of the following is the function of carbohydrate in animal cells?

Antara berikut yang manakah adalah fungsi carbohidrat di dalam sel
haiwan?
A Helps in the formation of strong bone
Membantu dalam pembentukan kekuatan tulang
B To maintain body temperature
Mengekalkan suhu badan
C As respiratory substrates
Sebagai substrat pernafasan
D Essential element in formation enzymes
Elemen asas dalam pembentukan enzim
2.

In the formation of antibody

Dalam pembentukan antibodi
In the formation of enzymes
Dalam pembentukan enzim
In the formation of the cell structure
Dalam pembentukan struktur sel

The above information shows the importance of a cell component. Which of

the following represents this cell component?
Informasi di atas menunjukkan kepentingan satu komponen sel. Antara
berikut yang manakah mewakili komponen sel ini?
A
B
C
D

Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Water

3. Enzymes are sensitive to various factors in the environment. Which of the

following factors influence the rate of enzyme activity?
Enzim adalah sensitif terhadap banyak faktor di dalam persekitaran. Antara
berikut yang manakah adalah faktor mempengaruhi kadar aktivity enzim?.
I
II
III
IV

The temperature
Suhu
The type of substrate
Jenis substrat
The concentration of the enzyme
Kepekatan enzim
The concentration of substrate
Kepekatan substrat

A
B
C
D

I and III only

I dan III sahaja
II and IV only
II dan IV sahaja
I, III and IV only
I, III dan IV sahaja
I, II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV

4. Which of the statements is true about the importance of water?

Antara pernyataan berikut yang manakah benar tentang kepentingan air?
I
II
III
IV

A
B
C
D

Acts as medium for biochemical reactions

Bertindak sebagai medium untuk tindakbalas biokimia
Maintaining body temperature
Mengekalkan suhu badan
Give supports to the structure of cell
Memberi sokongan struktur sel
Maintaining the osmotic balance between the blood and interstitial
Fluid
Mengekalkan keseimbangan osmosis antara darah dan cecair intersit
I and III only
I dan III sahaja
II and IV only
II dan IV sahaja
I, II and III only
I, II dan III sahaja
I, II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV

5. Which of the statements is not true of all enzymes?

Antara pernyataan berikut yang manakah tidak benar bagi semua enzim?
A All enzymes are proteins.
Semua enzim adalah protein.
B Enzyme action is effective at low pH
Tindakan enzim berkesan pada pH yang rendah
C Enzyme action is reversible
Tindak balas enzim berbalik
D Synthesised by living organisms
Disintesis oleh organisma hidup

6. Which of the statements is true about the lipids?

Antara pernyataan berikut yang manakah benar tentang lipid?
I
II
III
IV
A
B
C
D

Soluble in water dan unsoluble in organic solvent

Lalut dalam air dan tidak larut dalam pelarut organik
Function in maintain the body temperature
Berfungsi dalam mengekallkan suhu badan
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Mengandungi unsur karbon, hidrogen, oksigen
Example is fats, oils, waxes, phosholipids, and steroids
Contohnya ialah lemak, minyak, lilin, fosfolipid dan steroid
I and III only
I dan III sahaja
II and IV only
II dan IV sahaja
II, III and IV only
I, II dan III sahaja
I, II, III and IV
I, II, III dan IV

7. Figure shows an enzyme-cataylsed reaction.

Rajah menunjukkan tindakbalas enzim.
W

Which of the following is the enzyme?

Di antara berikut, yang manakah adalah enzim?
A
B
C
D

W
X
Y
Z

8. Which of the following pairs show uncorrectly the substrate and the enzyme?
Antara pasangan berikut yang manakah tidak betul bagi substrat dan enzim?

A
B
C
D

Substrate
Substrat
Glukose
Lipid
Maltose
Lactose

Enzyme
Enzim
Glucase
Lipase
Maltase
Lactase

9.

Excess heat can affects the rate of enzyme-cataylsed reaction because

Haba yang berlebihan boleh menpengaruhi kadar tindak balas enzim kerana
A

Excess heat produce energy which can increase the rate of enzymecataylsed reaction
Haba yang berlebihan menghasilkan tenaga yang mempercepatkan
tidakbalas enzim
B Excess heat cause the evaporation of water from the cell
Haba yang berlebihan menyebabkan sel mengalami penyejatan air.
C Fat molecules in the cell are melted by heat
Molekul lemak dalam sel dileburkan oleh haba
D Excess heat cause the denaturation of enzyme
Haba yang berlebihan menyebabkan enzim ternyahasli

10. Which of the following graphs shows the effect of concentration of substrate
on an activity enzyme at a fixed enzyme concentration?
Antara graf yang berikut manakah menunjukkan kesan kepekatan substrat
terhadap aktiviti enzim dengan kepekatan enzim yang tetap?
A

Activity enzyme

Concentration of substrate

Activity enzyme

Concentration of substrate

Activity enzyme

Concentration of substrate

Activity enzyme

Concentration of substrate

Subjactive
Diagram shows how an enzyme works.
Rajah menunjukkan bagaimana enzim bertindak.
X

Diagram
Rajah
(a) (i) Name the part labelled X of an enzyme
Namakan bahagian berlabel X pada enzim.
X- Active site
Tapak aktif
[ 1 mark ]
[1 markah ]
(ii) What is function of X ?
Apakah fungsi Y?
To allow a specific substrate to binds to it.
Untuk membenarkan substrat spesifik mengikatnya.
[ 1 mark ]
[1 markah ]
(b) (i) What does Y represent?
Apakah yang diwakili oleh Y?
Enzyme-subsrate complex
Kompleks enzim-substrat
[ 1 mark ]
[1 markah ]

(ii) Briefly describe the mechanism which occurs at Y.

Huraikan secara ringkas mekanisme yang berlaku pada Y.
The substrate molecule binds specifically to the active site to form an enzymesubstrate complex which is very unstable. Then then enzyme will catalyse the
conversation of substrate to form the products.
Substrat bercantum secara spesifik pada tapak aktif enzim untuk membentuk
kompleks enzim-substrat yang tidak stabil. Kemudian, enzim akan
memangkinkan perubahan substrat untuk membentuk hasil.
[ 2 marks ]
[2 markah ]
( c) Give three general characteristic of enzymes.
markah]
Nyatakan tiga ciri umum bagi enzim

[ 3 marks /

Enzyme action is reversible

Tindak balas enzim berbalik
Synthesised by living organisms
Disintesis oleh organisma hidup
All enzymes are proteins.
Semua enzim adalah protein.
Enzymes are highly spesifik.
Enzim bersifat spesifik.
Enzymes needed in small amount.
Enzim diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil.
Enzymes are sensitive to temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme
concentration.
Enzim peka terhadap suhu, pH, kepekatan substrat dan kepekatan enzim.

(d) State the two uses of enzymes in daily life and industrial processes.
Nyatakan dua kegunaan enzim dalam kehidupan harian dan proses industry.

Protease Acts on protein in meat to tenderises meat

Protease- Bertindak pada protein dalam daging untuk melembutkan daging
Zymase Used in wine making industry which can convert sugars into
ethanol.
Zimase - Digunakan dalam indusri penyediaan minuman beralkohol untuk
menukarkan gula kepada etanol
Amylase- convert starch flour into sugar in the making of bread
Amilase Menukarkan tepung kanji kepada gula dalam pembuatan roti
[ 2 marks ]
[2 markah ]

Essay
1. Enzymes act as a biological catalysts by accelerating the rate of biochemical
reactions in a cell. Based on the statement, list the general characteristic of
enzymes.
Enzim bertindak sebagai pemangkin biologi dengan mempercepatkan kadar
tindak balas biokimia dalam sel. Berdasarkan kenyataan tersebut, senaraikan
ciri-ciri umum enzim.

Enzymes are highly specific, that is one enzyme only can catalyst one or a few
similar type of reactions only.
Enzim amat spesifik, iaitu satu enzim hanya boleh memangkinkan satu atau
beberapa tindak balas yang sama jenis sahaja.
Enzymes only need in small quantity.
Enzim hanya diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang kecil.
Enzyme can be reuse and it is not destroyed at the end of reaction
Enzim boleh digunakan semula dan ia tidak dimusnahkan pada akhir tindak
balas,
Enzyme denature at high temperature.
Enzim ternyahasli pada suhu yang tinggi.

2. With the aid of diagram, explain the lock and key hypothesis in an enzymes
reaction.
Dengan bantuan gambarajah, terangkan hipotesis kunci dan mangga dalam
tindak balas enzim.

An enzyme has an active site into which a substrate can enter.

The active site has a three-dimensional shape.

It also has a distribution of charges that complements those of its substrate.

The shape of the active site is just compatible to the shape of the substrate.

After a substrate enters the active site, it temporarily binds to the substrate.

The substrate is held by weak forces such as hydrogen bond and ionic bond in
the active site.

The enzyme-substrate complex is not stable and the bonds between the
substrate and the enzyme are temporary.

As the substrate molecule combines with the enzyme, it may induce a slight
change of shape in the enzyme molecule.

After reaction is completed, the product which is formed leaves the active
site.

The enzyme reverts to its original configuration and is ready to catalyse

another substrate molecule.

This mechanism of enzymatic reaction called lock and key hypothesis.

3. Enzymes can be used as catalysts in industries. Explain the uses if enzymes

in :
Enzim boleh digunakan sebagai pemangkin dalam industri. Terangkan
kegunaan enzim dalam:
a) Detergent industry
Industri bahan cuci
Enzymes such as lipase amilase and used in the manufacture of a
biological detergent. Protease act on at dirt containing protein such as
blood and saliva. Amilase removes dirt containing starch such as
sauces, ice creams and gravy. Lipase is effective in removing oil and
grease.
Enzim seperti amilase dan lipase digunakan dalam pembuatan
detergen biologi. Protease bertindak pada kotoran yang mengandungi
protein seperti darah dan air liur. Amilase membuang kotoran yang
mengandungi kanji seperti sos, ais krim dan kuah. Lipase adalah
berkesan dalam menanggalkan minyak dan gris.
b) Meat industry
Industri daging
In the meat industry, enzymes such as protease and papain is used to
tenderise the meat before it is cooked and fill into cans. The protein
fibrous in connective tissues need to be broken down in order to
increase the its tenderness
Dalam industri daging, enzim seperti protease dan papain digunakan
untuk melembutkan daging sebelum ia dimasak dan masukkan ke
dalam tin. Protein yang berserabut dalam tisu-tisu penghubung perlu
dipecahkan supaya dapat meningkatkan kelembutan daging,
c) Paper industry
Industri kertas
In paper industry, enzymes such as ligninase used to remove the lignin
from pulp before high-quality bleached paper can be produced.
Dalam industri kertas, enzim seperti ligninase digunakan untuk
mengeluarkan lignin dari pulpa sebelum kertas terluntur yang
berkualiti tinggi boleh dihasilkan.