3.
B.
C.
2.
Inorganic chemistry = the study of the huge variety of substances that fall outside the
realm of organic materials.
The chemistry of everything else
3.
4.
Physical chemistry = applies methods of physics to the properties of matter and the
accompanying energy changes.
5.
Matter = material things = anything that has mass and occupies space.
2.
3.
4.
Forms of energy = mechanical energy, light energy, electrical energy, and heat
energy, and others.
5.
Energy has two essential manifestations: kinetic energy and potential energy.
6.
a.
b.
Potential energy is stored energy = the energy an object possesses because of its
position, condition, or composition.
b.
7.
Substances- a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct
properties, such as color, smell, and taste. Cannot be further broken down or purified
by physical changes.
a. Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler substances even by chemical
changes.
b.
3.
E.
Solid = substances are rigid and have definite shapes. Volumes of solids do not vary
much as temperature and pressure are changed; very hard to compress or expand.
2.
Liquid = flows and assumes the shape of its container up to the volume of the liquid;
also very hard to compress or expand.
3.
Gas = also flows, but much less dense than liquids and solids, occupy all parts of any
vessel in which they are confined; capable of infinite expansion and are compressed
easily; consist primarily of empty space.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Shape
Definite
Variable
Variable
Volume
Definite
Definite
Variable
Fluid
No
Yes
Yes
Compressible
No
No
Yes
2.
3.
Physical properties can be further classified according to whether or not they depend
on the amount of sample present.
a. Extensive properties depend on the amount of material examined. Examples =
*Extensive properties with the same units can be added to one another.
b. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of material. Examples =
a.
b.
c.
2. Physical change- a change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Examples =
Distillation:
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Scientific notation makes it much easier to look at, compare, and use numbers.
h.
Good accuracy
Poor precision
Good precision
Poor accuracy
30
24
24
20
23
23
22?
23.4?
23.39
For example, when I read a buret, I record the volume to the nearest 0.01 mL,
which is the limit of precision of the buret,
c.. Determining how many sig figs are being expressed in a number:
All non-zero digits are significant.
All embedded zeroes are significant.
All terminal zeroes on the R of the decimal are significant.
Terminal zeroes at the end of the number written without a decimal point are
ambiguous (you dont know what the person intended).
340 cm
you dont know whether the person actually measured length to
the nearest cm and it came out exactly 0, or whether their number is an
estimate of length rounded to the nearest 10 cm.
For scientific purposes, if they put in a decimal point, the ambiguity is removed:
340. cm implies knowledge to the nearest cm.
The ambiguity can always be removed by re-expressing such numbers in
scientific notation.
10
e.
Addition and subtraction - answer should have same number of decimal places
as the number having the least number of decimal places.
0.025 + 1.745 = 1.770 (keep to nearest 1000th)
20.1 - 0.32 = 19.78
11
Harder example:
12.5 95 15.6 125 1.2 10 3 1.95 10 3
=
1.70 10 4
1.70 10 4
0.8 10 3 1 sig fig
=
=
= 1 sig fig
1.70 10 4 3 sig figs
Now repeat calc not rounding off till end. Round to 1 sig fig.
= -0.044852941 = - 0.04
International System of Units (SI). All other units of measurement are derived from
them.
Quantity
length
mass
time
electric current
temperature
amount of substance
2.
Unit
Symbol
12
3.
Metric and SI systems are decimal systems; prefixes used to indicate powers of ten.
Prefix
teragigamegakilodecicentimillimicronanopico-
C.
Symbol
T
G
M
k
d
c
m
n
p
Multiple
1012
109
106
103
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
2.
3.
b.
c.
d.
Origin: 1 gram = mass of 1 cm3 of liquid water at 4.0 Celsius, pressure = 1 atm.
Length.
a.
Meter (m) is standard unit of length (distance) in both SI and metric systems.
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1 L = 1.057 qt.
4.
b.
c.
d.
Problem: 3.0 mL of liquid Hg has a mass of 40.8 g. What is its density in g/mL?
e.
f.
g.
14
D. Temperature Units.
1.
2.
An
3.
SI unit of temperature is
. Also called absolute temperature because 0 K
is the lowest possible temperature. (-273.15 Celsius).
4.
The Celsius (C) scale (named after Ander Celsius) is based on freezing and boiling
temperature of water.
property.
The Fahrenheit (F) scale (named after Daniel Fahrenheit) is based on:
-Freezing point of ammonium chloride / ice mixture of equal proportion = 0 F.
-Average human body temperature = 100 F (he was off a bit).
6.
Conversion equations:
T (K) = T(C) +273.15
T (F) = (9/5) T(C) + 32
15
Main idea: Exploit the units to your advantage to help you solve problems.
2.
Unit factors (Conversion factors) may be constructed from equalities such as:
1 ft = 12 in.
Rearrange to give:
3.
Since we may always multiply a number by one without changing the number, unit
factors are useful for unit conversion.
4.
16
F.
5.
6.
Problem: Express the density of mercury in lb/ft3. The density of mercury is 13.59
g/cm3.
Percentage.
1.
2.
Calculation of percentage:
% Component A = (amount A in mixture)
(total amount of mixture)
x 100%.
3.
4.
Example: If the same percentage applies to the entire student body, and there are
12,000 students, how many men?
5.
17
A certain water/ethanol mixture is 70% ethanol by mass, and has a specific gravity of
0.95. Calculate the mass of pure ethanol in a 4.000 Liter bottle of this mixture.
Chapter 1 Summary:
Classification of Matter
Elements, substances, hetero/homogeneous mixtures.
Phases of matter.
Physical/chemical processes & properties.
Extensive vs. intensive properties.
Units
SI units
Dimensional Analysis
Unit conversions
Significant figures
NOTES:
18