Problem
Gwo-Ruey Lee
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Outlines
z The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio [1-7]
y OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics[4,13]
y The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
[ 1,4,16]
1/3
waveform 2
waveform 1+ 2
0.5
1.5
1.5
0
0
-0.5
0.5
time
waveform 3
-1
0
0.5
0.5
time
waveform 4
0
0
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
Amplitude
Amplitude
-0.5
0.5
time
-1
0
0.5
0.5
time
waveform 1+ 2+ 3
0.5
time
waveform 1+ 2+ 3+ 4
0.5
time
4
3
-1
0
0
0
0.5
time
Amplitude
Amplitude
1.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.5
Amplitude
waveform 1
2
1
0
0.5
time
-1
0
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
3/3
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
s ( t ) = x ( t ) + jy ( t ) =
1
N
N 1
k =0
Ak e
j 2 ( k T s )t
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
2/17
s ( t ) = s ( t ) e
fc
j 2 fct
wave with
an amplitude equal to the maximum envelope value.
z The PAPR of the baseband OFDM signals can be
defined as
2
m a x 0 t T s s (t )
2
E s (t )
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
z For example
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
waveform 2
1
1.5
0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
waveform 1
2
1
0.5
0
Re
-0.5
-1
0.5
time
waveform 3
0.5
0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
-1
-0.5
-1
-1
0.5
time
-0.5
0.5
time
waveform 4
0.5
time
x = [1,1,1,1]
x = [ 1, 1, 1, 1]
X = [4,0,0,0]
X = [4,0,0,0]
x = [1, 1,1, 1]
X = [0,0, 4,0]
x = [ 1,1, 1,1]
X = [0,0, 4,0]
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
-4
-4
0
4
Amplitude
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 1 -1
tim e
1
4
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 -1 -1
tim e
0
4
Amplitude
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 -1 1
tim e
0
-2
Amplitude
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 -1 1
tim e
0
-2
-4
0.5
tim e
0.5
tim e
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 1 1
tim e
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 1 1
tim e
0.5
tim e
-2
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 1 -1
tim e
1
4
2
0
-2
-4
-2
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 -1 -1
tim e
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 1 -1
tim e
-4
0
-2
0
4
Amplitude
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 -1 -1
tim e
-4
0
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 -1 1
tim e
-4
Amplitude
0
-2
-4
Amplitude
0
-2
Amplitude
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 1 1
tim e
Amplitude
4
Amplitude
0
-2
Amplitude
0
-2
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
s ym bol=1 1 -1 -1
-4
Amplitude
s ym bol=1 1 -1 1
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
s ym bol=1 1 1 1
4
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
tim e
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
count numbe r
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5 2.8284 3
P AP R
3.5
4.5
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Amplitude
0
-2
-2
-4
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i 0-1i 0+1i 0-1i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i -1+0i 0-1i 1+0i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i 1+0i 0-1i -1+0i
time
4
2
0
-2
2
0
-2
2
0
-2
-4
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i 0+1i 0-1i 0+1i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i 1+0i 0+1i -1+0i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i -1+0i 0+1i 1+0i
time
4
-2
-4
0
4
0.5
s ymbol=-1 -1 -1 -1
time
Amplitude
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ymbol=-1 1 -1 1
time
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
time
0
-2
-4
Amplitude
-2
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
time
2
0
-2
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=-1+0i 0+1i 1+0i 0-1i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=-1+0i 0-1i 1+0i 0+1i
time
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
-4
-4
Amplitude
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i 0-1i 0-1i 0-1i
time
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
-4
-2
-4
Amplitude
Amplitude
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i 0+1i 0+1i 0+1i
time
4
-2
Amplitude
-2
Amplitude
s ymbol=1 -1 1 -1
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
s ymbol=1 1 1 1
4
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
time
0.5
time
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
z 4-DFT QPSK
3
X ( k ) = x( n)
n=0
= x( 0)
j 2 nk
e N , k = 1,2,3.
-1
-i
j 2 0k
e N
+ x(1)
j 2 1k
4
e
+ x( 2)
X = [4,0,0,0]
x = [1,1,1,1]
x = [1, 1, 1, 1] X = [4,0,0,0]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
X = [4i,0,0,0]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
x = [1, 1,1, 1]
X = [4i,0,0,0]
X = [0,0,4,0]
x = [1,1, 1,1]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
X = [0,0, 4,0]
X = [0,0,4i,0]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
X = [0,0, 4i,0]
j 2 2k
4
e
+ x(3)
j 2 3k
4
e
x = [1, i, 1, i]
x = [1, i,1, i]
X = [0,4,0,0]
X = [0, 4,0,0]
x = [i, 1, i,1]
x = [i,1, i, 1]
X = [0,4i,0,0]
X = [0, 4i,0,0]
x = [1, i, 1, i]
x = [1, i,1, i]
x = [i,1, i, 1]
X = [0,0,0,4]
X = [0,0,0, 4]
X = [0,0,0,4i]
x = [i, 1, i,1]
X = [0,0,0, 4i]
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Re
128
120
110
100
90
80
80
70
60
50
40
32
30
20
16
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.8284 3 3.1623
3.5
4.5
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
M2
2N
M
=
MN
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
0.012
6dB
12dB
9dB
0.01
0.01
proba bility
0.008
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
amplitude
10
3dB
6dB
12dB
9dB
-1
-2
proba bility
10
0dB
10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
0.5
1.5
2.5
a mplitude
3.5
4.5
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
n
N n =1
F (z ) = 1 ez
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
p ( PAPR z ) = F ( z ) = (1 e z ) N
N
p ( PAPR z ) = (1 e
z N
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
10
log(CDF)
10
10
(a )N=16
(b) N=32
(c) N=64
(d) N=128
(e ) N=256
(f) N=1024
-1
-2
(a )
(b)
-3
(c)
10
(d)
-4
(e )
10
10
(f)
-5
-6
8
P AP R[dB]
10
12
14
16
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
1/6
z Peak windowing
To remedy the out-of-band problem of clipping
To multiply large signal peaks by nonrectangular window
To minimize the out-of-band interference, ideally the
2/6
Peak
Amplitude
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
10
20
30
40
Time
50
60
70
80
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
3/6
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
4/6
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
10
10
10
10
10
5/6
QP S K AWGN
CR=5
CR=3
CR=1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
10
15
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
6/6
-1
-2
-3
-4
QP S K AWGN
rcos ine
ka is e r
ha mming
-5
-6
10
15
20
Peak Cancellation
1/7
Peak Cancellation
2/7
Input
Data
S/P
Signal
Mapping
IFFT
P/S
Cyclic Prefix
Peak
Cancellation
D/A
UpConverter
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
3/7
r ( n ) = x ( n ) ai e ji ( n i )
i
sinc ( nT )
r ( n ) = x ( n ) ai e ji sinc ( n i )
a i , i , and , i
Peak Cancellation
4/7
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
5/7
0.09
0.08
0.07
Amplitude
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
310
320
330
340
S a mple
350
360
370
380
Peak Cancellation
6/7
0.09
0.08
0.07
a
Amplitude
0.06
0.05
b
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
310
320
330
340
S a mple
350
360
370
380
(a) OFDM symbol envelope (b) signal envelope after peak cancellation
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
7/7
1/7
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2/7
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
3/7
1.3
1.2
3.5
1.1
1
0.9
Amplitude
Amplitude
2.5
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.5
0.4
1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.1
0
8
Time
10
12
14
16
8
Time
10
12
14
16
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
4/7
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
5/7
2i
2 i +1
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAPR = 10log10 (
16
) = 6.0205 ( dB )
4
6/7
PAPR = 10log10 (
7.07
) = 2.4735 ( dB )
4
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
7/7
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling
1/10
The difference between SLM and PTS is that the first applies
2/10
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
3/10
( )
a
Generate U transmit sequences , representing the
u
j
v
Define U distinct vectors P = P1 ,..., PN , PV = e
v(u ) [ 0, 2 ), v = 1: N
(number of subcarriers) ,
u = 1: U .
[ v ] = A [ v ] e
u
jv( )
, v = 1: N , u = 1: U
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
4/10
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
5/10
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
6/10
z Performance of SLM
Known side information
10
10
10
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
10
15
20
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
7/10
( v ) is subdivide
Rotation factor b = e
v
j( )
v =1
, [ 0, 2 )
(v )
for eachV
subblock v and the modified subcarrier vector A = b( v ) A( v )
v =1
represents the same information as A .
The subblocks are transformed by V separate IDFTs.
Choose the rotation factor that minimize PAPR.
V
Optimum transmitted sequence a = b (v ) a ( v )
.
v =1
8/10
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
9/10
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
10/10
z Performance of PTS
Known phase rotation
10
10
10
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
10
15
20
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
z Readings
Ochiai, H. and Imai H. ,On the distribution of
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
References
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
[1] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication, Artech
House Boston London, 2000.
[2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications Theory and applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York,
Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow 1999.
[3] Ramjee Prasad, OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication, Letter
Notes on ISCOM99, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Nov. 7-10, 1999.
[4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude
Publishers.
[6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation:
Principles and Applications, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society.
[7] John A. C. Bingham, ADSL, VDSL, and Multicarrier Modulation, Wiley-Interscience.
[8] S. Mller and J. Huber, A Novel Peak Power Reduction Scheme for OFDM, In IEEE
Int. Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC '97),
Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1090-1094, Sep. 1997.
[9] S. Mller and J. Huber, A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM,
In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, Arizona,
USA, pp. 1-5, Nov.1997.
[10] Ochiai, H.; Imai, H, Performance of the deliberate clipping with adaptive symbol
selection for strictly band-limited OFDM systems, Selected Areas in Communications,
IEEE Journal on , Vol. 18 Issue: 11, pp. 2270 2277, Nov. 2000.
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
References
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
[11] Wulich, D.; Dinur, N.; Glinowiecki, A,Level clipped high-order OFDM,
Communications, IEEE Transactions on , Vol. 48 Issue 6, pp. 928 930, June 2000.
[12] S. Mller and J. Huber, OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratioby
Optimum Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences, Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, no. 5,
pp. 368-369, Feb. 1997.
[13] S. Mller, R. Buml, R. Fischer, and J. Huber, OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average
Power Ratio by Multiple Signal Representation, Annals of Telecommunications, Vol. 52,
no. 1-2, pp. 58-67, Feb. 1997.
[14] S. Mller and J. Huber, A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM,
In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, Arizona,
USA, pp. 1-5, Nov. 1997.
[15] M. Breiling, S. Mller-Weinfurtner, and J. Huber, SLM Peak-Power Reduction
without Explicit Side Information, In IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 5, no. 6, pp.
239-241, Jun. 2001.
[16] Ochiai, H. and Imai H. ,On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in
OFDM signals, Communications, IEEE Transactions on , Vol. 49 Issue 2, pp. 282 289,
Feb. 2001.
[17] Hyo-Joo Ahn, Yoan Shin and Sungbin Im, A block coding scheme for peak-toaverage power ratio reduction in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system,
Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, 2000. VTC 2000-Spring Tokyo. 2000
IEEE 51st , Vol. 1, pp. 56 60, 2000.
[18] Pingyi Fan; Xiang-Gen Xia, Block coded modulation for the reduction of the peak to
average power ratio in OFDM systems, Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.
45. Issue 4. Pp. 1025 -1029, Nov. 1999.
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
References
z
z
z
[19] Fernando, W.A.C.; Rajatheva, R.M.A.P. Performance of turbo and trellis coded
OFDM for LEO satellite channels in global mobile communications Communications, 1998.
ICC 98. Conference Record. 1998 IEEE International Conference on , Vol. 1, pp. 412 416,
1998.
[20] Rohling, H.; Grunheid, R. Performance of an OFDM-TDMA mobile communication
system Vehicular Technology Conference, 1996. Mobile Technology for the Human
Race., IEEE 46th , Vol. 3, pp. 1589 -1593. 1996.
[21] Schmidt, H. and Kammeyer, K.-D., Reducing the peak to average power ratio of
multicarrier signals by adaptive subcarrier selection, Universal Personal Communications,
1998. ICUPC '98. IEEE 1998 International Conference on , Vol. 2, pp. 933 -93 , 1998.
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Wireless Access Tech. Lab.