The PAPR

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Problem
Gwo-Ruey Lee
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Outlines
z The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio [1-7]
y OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics[4,13]
y The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
[ 1,4,16]
Clipping and Peak Window [1,4,10,11]

y Clipping Amplifier Methods
y Clipping Amplifier Simulations
Peak Cancellation [1,4,8,9,14,15]
PAP Reduction Codes [14,17,18.19]
Symbol Scrambling [12,14,20,21]
CCU

Problem
1/3
z It is plausible that the OFDM signal - which is the
superposition of a high number of modulated subchannel

signals may exhibit a high instantaneous signal peak with
respect to the average signal level.
z An OFDM signal consists of a number of independently
modulated subcarriers, which can give a large peak-to-average
power (PAP) ratio.
z High peak-to-average power ratio
Problem 1. It increased complexity of the analog-to-digital
and digital-to-analog converters
Problem 2. It reduced efficiency of the RF power
amplifier
z The PAPR puts a stringent requirement on the power amplifier
and reduces the efficiency in the sense that a higher input
backoff factor is needed before the peaks in the signal
experience significant distortion due to power amplifier
nonlinearity.
CCU

Problem
2/3
PAPR ~ number of subcarriers =N
waveform 1
waveform 2
waveform 1+ 2
0.5
1.5
1.5
0
0
-0.5
0.5
time
waveform 3
-1
0
0.5
0.5
time
waveform 4
0
0
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
Amplitude
Amplitude
-0.5
0.5
time
-1
0
0.5
0.5
time
waveform 1+ 2+ 3
0.5
time
waveform 1+ 2+ 3+ 4
0.5
time
4
3
-1
0
0
0
0.5
time
Amplitude
Amplitude
1.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.5
Amplitude
waveform 1
2
1
0
0.5
time
-1
0
CCU

Problem
3/3
z The existing solutions of PAPR
1. Signal distortion techniques,which reduce the peak amplitudes

simply by nonlinearly distorting the OFDM signal at or around
the peaks.
y Clipping
y Peak window
y Peak cancellation
2. Coding techniques that using a special forward-error correct
code
y PAP reduction code
3. It is based on scrambling each OFDM symbol with different
scrambling sequences and selecting that sequence that gives
the smallest PAP ratio.
y Adaptive subcarrier selection (ASUS)
y Selected mapping (SLM)
y Partial transmit sequence (PTS)
CCU
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 1/17

z Signal expression
Let x ( t ) and y ( t ) denote the real and imaginary parts of

the output signal.
A complex baseband signal, defined over the time
interval t [ 0, Ts ] , can be expressed as
s ( t ) = x ( t ) + jy ( t ) =
1
N
N 1
k =0
Ak e
j 2 ( k T s )t
y where Ak is the complex data of the kth subcarrier and Ts

is the OFDM symbol period.
CCU

PAPR Definition
2/17
z OFDM bandpass signal
s ( t ) = s ( t ) e
fc
j 2 fct
} = x(t ) cos2 f t y(t ) sin2 f t

c
is the carrier frequency of RF signals.
z The peak power is defined as the power of a sine
wave with
an amplitude equal to the maximum envelope value.
z The PAPR of the baseband OFDM signals can be
defined as
2
m a x 0 t T s s (t )
2
E s (t )
CCU

z If all the subcarrier are modulated by phase-shift
keying (PSK), the theoretical upper bound of the
PAPR in OFDM signals with N subcarriers is N.
z For example
It can be shown that for an M-ary PSK OFDM system,

there are at most M 2 patterns that yield the highest
PAPR, namely, N.
2
M
2 N
The probability of observing such a PAPR is
.
M
=
N
M
CCU

z Basic waveforms of OFDM signal with 4-DFT BPSK
Im
waveform 2
1
1.5
0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
waveform 1
2
1
0.5
0
Re
-0.5
-1
0.5
time
waveform 3
0.5
0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
-1
-0.5
-1
-1
0.5
time
Maximum PAPR case
-0.5
0.5
time
waveform 4
0.5
time
x = [1,1,1,1]
x = [ 1, 1, 1, 1]
X = [4,0,0,0]
X = [4,0,0,0]
x = [1, 1,1, 1]
X = [0,0, 4,0]
x = [ 1,1, 1,1]
X = [0,0, 4,0]
CCU

z OFDM signal with 4-DFT BPSK
s ym bol=1 1 1 -1
2
-4
-4
0
4
Amplitude
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 1 -1
tim e
1
4
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 -1 -1
tim e
0
4
Amplitude
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 -1 1
tim e
0
-2
Amplitude
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 -1 1
tim e
0
-2
-4
0.5
tim e
0.5
tim e
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 1 1
tim e
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 1 1
tim e
0.5
tim e
-2
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 1 -1
tim e
1
4
2
0
-2
-4
-2
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 -1 -1
tim e
-4
0.5
s ym bol=-1 -1 1 -1
tim e
-4
0
-2
0
4
Amplitude
0.5
s ym bol=-1 1 -1 -1
tim e
-4
0
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 -1 1
tim e
-4
Amplitude
0
-2
-4
Amplitude
0
-2
Amplitude
0.5
s ym bol=1 -1 1 1
tim e
Amplitude
4
Amplitude
0
-2
Amplitude
0
-2
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
s ym bol=1 1 -1 -1
-4
Amplitude
s ym bol=1 1 -1 1
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
s ym bol=1 1 1 1
4
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
tim e
CCU

The histogram of peak amplitude of 4-DFT BPSK
10
9
8
count numbe r
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5 2.8284 3
P AP R
3.5
4.5
CCU

4-DFT QPSK with max peak amplitude
2
Amplitude
0
-2
-2
-4
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i 0-1i 0+1i 0-1i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i -1+0i 0-1i 1+0i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i 1+0i 0-1i -1+0i
time
4
2
0
-2
2
0
-2
2
0
-2
-4
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i 0+1i 0-1i 0+1i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i 1+0i 0+1i -1+0i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i -1+0i 0+1i 1+0i
time
4
-2
-4
0
4
0.5
s ymbol=-1 -1 -1 -1
time
Amplitude
0
-2
-4
0.5
s ymbol=-1 1 -1 1
time
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
time
0
-2
-4
Amplitude
-2
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
time
2
0
-2
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=-1+0i 0+1i 1+0i 0-1i
time
4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=-1+0i 0-1i 1+0i 0+1i
time
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
-4
-4
Amplitude
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0-1i 0-1i 0-1i 0-1i
time
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
-4
-2
-4
Amplitude
Amplitude
-4
0
0.5
1
s ymbol=0+1i 0+1i 0+1i 0+1i
time
4
-2
Amplitude
-2
Amplitude
s ymbol=1+0i 0-1i -1+0i 0+1i

4
Amplitude
s ymbol=1+0i 0+1i -1+0i 0-1i

4
Amplitude
s ymbol=1 -1 1 -1
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
s ymbol=1 1 1 1
4
2
0
-2
-4
0.5
time
0.5
time
CCU

Im
z 4-DFT QPSK
3
X ( k ) = x( n)
n=0
= x( 0)
j 2 nk
e N , k = 1,2,3.
-1
-i
j 2 0k
e N
+ x(1)
j 2 1k
4
e
+ x( 2)
X = [4,0,0,0]
x = [1,1,1,1]
x = [1, 1, 1, 1] X = [4,0,0,0]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
X = [4i,0,0,0]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
x = [1, 1,1, 1]
X = [4i,0,0,0]
X = [0,0,4,0]
x = [1,1, 1,1]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
X = [0,0, 4,0]
X = [0,0,4i,0]
x = [i, i, i, i ]
X = [0,0, 4i,0]
j 2 2k
4
e
+ x(3)
j 2 3k
4
e
x = [1, i, 1, i]
x = [1, i,1, i]
X = [0,4,0,0]
X = [0, 4,0,0]
x = [i, 1, i,1]
x = [i,1, i, 1]
X = [0,4i,0,0]
X = [0, 4i,0,0]
x = [1, i, 1, i]
x = [1, i,1, i]
x = [i,1, i, 1]
X = [0,0,0,4]
X = [0,0,0, 4]
X = [0,0,0,4i]
x = [i, 1, i,1]
X = [0,0,0, 4i]
CCU
Re

The histogram of peak amplitude of 4-DFT QPSK
140
130
128
120
110
100
90
80
80
70
60
50
40
32
30
20
16
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.8284 3 3.1623
3.5
4.5
CCU
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio10/17

z N-point DFT M-ary PSK
It can be shown that for an M-ary PSK OFDM system, there are
at most M 2 patterns that yield the highest PAPR, namely, N.
The probability of observing such a PAPR is
M2
2N
M
=
MN
CCU
OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics11/17

z The time domain OFDM signal is constituted by the sum of
complex exponential functions, whose amplitudes and phases

are determined by the data symbols transmitted over the
different carriers.
z Assuming random data symbols, the resulting time domain
signal exhibits an amplitude probability density function (PDF)
approaching the two-dimensional or complex Gaussian
distribution for a high number of subcarriers.
z Figure listed below explicitly shows that the measured
amplitude histogram of the (a) in-phase
component/Quadrature component and (b) amplitude of the a
256-subcarrier OFDM signal obeys a (a) Gaussian distribution
and (b) Rayleigh distribution with a standard deviation
1
of =
.
2
CCU

z The observed amplitude histogram of the 256-
subcarrier OFDM signal is correspond to Rayleigh

distribution.
z Note that the standard deviation of the
probability density function is independent of the
number of subcarriers employed, since the mean
power of the signal is normalized to 1.
CCU

z The distribution of I/Q component and amplitude
0dB 3dB
0.012
6dB
12dB
9dB
0.01
0.01
proba bility
0.008
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
amplitude
(a) in-phase component/Quadrature component histogram
(b) Amplitude histogram

CCU

The distribution of Measured amplitude which the value is
large than threshold
10
10
3dB
6dB
12dB
9dB
-1
-2
proba bility
10
0dB
10
10
10
-3
-4
Signal Amplitude CDF
-5
0.5
1.5
2.5
a mplitude
3.5
4.5
CCU
The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average

Power Ratio
15/17
z For one OFDM symbol with N subcarrier, the

complex baseband signal can be written as
1 N
j n t
x (t ) =
a
e
n
N n =1
z For large N, the real and imaginary values of x ( t )
become Gaussian distributed, each with a mean of

zero and a variance .
z The amplitude of the OFDM signal therefore has a
Rayleigh distribution, while the power distribution
becomes a central chi-square distribution given by
F (z ) = 1 ez
CCU

Power Ratio
16/17
z Cumulative distribution function

Assuming the samples are mutually uncorrelated which is
true for non-oversampling the probability that the PAPR
is below some threshold level can be written as
p ( PAPR z ) = F ( z ) = (1 e z ) N
N
Assuming the distribution of N subcarriers and
oversampling can be approximated by the distribution for

N subcarriers without oversampling with larger
than one.
p ( PAPR z ) = (1 e
z N
CCU

17/17
Power Ratio
z PAPR distribution without oversampling for a
number of subcarriers of (a) 16 (b)32 (c) 64 (d) 128

(e) 256 and (f) 1024
10
10
log(CDF)
10
10
(a )N=16
(b) N=32
(c) N=64
(d) N=128
(e ) N=256
(f) N=1024
-1
-2
(a )
(b)
-3
(c)
10
(d)
-4
(e )
10
10
(f)
-5
-6
8
P AP R[dB]
10
12
14
16
CCU
Clipping and Peak Window
1/6
z Clipping the signal

The simplest way to reduce the PAPR
The peak amplitude becomes limited to some desired level
By distorting the OFDM signal amplitude, a kind of selfinterference is introduced that degrades the BER.
Nonlinear distortion increases out-of-band radiation
z Peak windowing
To remedy the out-of-band problem of clipping
To multiply large signal peaks by nonrectangular window
To minimize the out-of-band interference, ideally the
window should be as narrowband as possible.

The windows should not be too long in the time domain,
because that implies that many signal samples as affected,
which increases the BER.
CCU
Clipping Amplitude Methods
2/6
z Clipping a example of reducing the large peaks in

OFDM with the use of windowing
0.25
Origina l S igna l
C lippe d S igna l
C plipping Thre s hold
Peak
Amplitude
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
10
20
30
40
Time
50
60
70
80
CCU
3/6
z The difference between clipping the signal and

windowing the signal
CCU
4/6
z The spectral distortion can be decreased by

increasing the windowing
CCU
Clipping Amplitude Simulations

10
10
10
10
10
10
5/6
QP S K AWGN
CR=5
CR=3
CR=1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
10
15
20
Symbol error rate versus Eb/N0 in AWGN. OFDM signal is clipped to

PAPR of (a) no distortion (b) 5 (c) 3 and (d) 1 dB.
CCU
Clipping Amplitude Simulations

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6/6
-1
-2
-3
-4
QP S K AWGN
rcos ine
ka is e r
ha mming
-5
-6
10
15
20
Symbol error rate versus Eb/N0 in AWGN.

Peak windowing is applied with a window width of 1/16 of the FFT
duration.
CCU
Peak Cancellation
1/7
z The undesired effect of nonlinear distortion can be
avoided by doing a linear peak cancellation

technique, whereby a time-shifted and scaled
reference function is subtracted from the signal,
such that each subtracted reference function
reduced the peak power of the least one signal
sample.
z By selecting an appropriate reference function with
approximately the same bandwidth as the
transmitted signal, it can be assured that the peak
power reduction does not cause any out-of-band
interference.
z Peak cancellation can be done digitally after
generation of the digital OFDM symbols.
CCU
Peak Cancellation
2/7
z The peak cancellation was done after parallel-toserial conversion of signal.
Input
Data
S/P
Signal
Mapping
IFFT
P/S
Cyclic Prefix
Peak
Cancellation
D/A
UpConverter
CCU
Peak Cancellation
3/7
z The peak cancellation is identical to clipping

followed by filtering
r ( n ) = x ( n ) ai e ji ( n i )
i
z Supposed the clipped signal is filtered by an ideal

LPF with impulse response of
sinc ( nT )
r ( n ) = x ( n ) ai e ji sinc ( n i )
a i , i , and , i
are the amplitude, phase, and delay of

the correction that is applied to the ith sample in order to
reach the desired clipping level.
CCU
Peak Cancellation
4/7
z It is also possible to do the cancellation
immediately after the IFFT that is done on a

symbol-by-symbol basis.
z An efficient way to generate the cancellation signal
without using a stored reference function is to use
a lowpass filter in the frequency domain.
CCU
Peak Cancellation
5/7
z It shows an example of the signal envelopes of one arbitrary

OFDM symbol and corresponding reference signal.
0.1
a Original Signal
b corresponding reference signal
0.09
0.08
0.07
Amplitude
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
310
320
330
340
S a mple
350
360
370
380
(a) OFDM symbol envelope (b) corresponding reference signal envelope

CCU
Peak Cancellation
6/7
z After subtraction, the peak amplitude is reduced

to a maximum of 3dB above the RMS value.
0.1
a Original Signal
b Signal After Peak Cancellation
0.09
0.08
0.07
a
Amplitude
0.06
0.05
b
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
310
320
330
340
S a mple
350
360
370
380
(a) OFDM symbol envelope (b) signal envelope after peak cancellation
CCU
Peak Cancellation
7/7
z Simulated power spectral densities of an OFDM
system with 32 carriers by using peak cancellation

technique
(a) undistorted spectrum, PAPR=15dB (b) spectrum after

peak cancellation to PAPR=4dB (c) clipping to PAPR =4dB CCU
PAP Reduction Codes
1/7
z Coding techniques that using a special forwarderror-correction code
Golay complementary sequence

Linear block code [17,18]
CCU
PAP Reduction Codes

2/7
z Golay complementary sequence

Golay complementary sequences are sequence pairs for
which the sum of auto-correlation function is zero for all

delay shifts unequal to zero.
The correlation properties of complementary sequences
translate
into a relatively small PAPR of 3 dB when the codes are
used to modulate an OFDM signal.
CCU
PAP Reduction Codes

3/7
z For this case of 16 channels, the PAPR is reduced

by approximately 9 dB in comparison with the
uncoded case.
1.4
4
1.3
1.2
3.5
1.1
1
0.9
Amplitude
Amplitude
2.5
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.5
0.4
1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.1
0
8
Time
10
12
14
16
(a) Square root of PAPR for a 16 channel

OFDM signal, modulated with the same
initial phase for all subcarrier
8
Time
10
12
14
16
((b) Square root of PAPR for a 16 channel

OFDM signal, modulated with a
complementary code.
CCU
PAP Reduction Codes

Linear block code
4/7
z Linear block code[17,18]

A block coding scheme provides error correction capability,
and also achieves the minimum PAPR for the OFDM system
utilizing QPSK modulation and 4 subcarriers.
Block coding approach : by selecting only those codewords
with small PAPR. Well-designed block codes provide error
correction capability.
CCU
PAP Reduction Codes

Linear block code
5/7
z Block diagram of the OFDM signal with the

proposed block coding scheme
z The 8 bit vector x becomes 4 complex anti-podal

symbols
y = [ 2 x 1] + j [ 2 x 1] (i = 0,1, 2,3)
i
2i
2 i +1
CCU
PAP Reduction Codes

Linear block code
(a) Instantaneous power of an uncoded OFDM system

with BPSK modulation and N=4 subcarriers.
PAPR = 10log10 (
16
) = 6.0205 ( dB )
4
6/7
(b) Instantaneous power of an uncoded OFDM

system employing the block coding scheme.
PAPR = 10log10 (
7.07
) = 2.4735 ( dB )
4
CCU
PAP Reduction Codes

Linear block code
7/7
z Instantaneous power of an uncoded OFDM system with BPSK

modulation and N=4 subcarriers.
CCU
Symbol Scrambling
1/10
z The basic idea of symbol scrambling is that for each OFDM
symbol, the input sequence is scrambled by a certain number

of scrambling sequence, and the output signal is transmitted
with the smallest PAPR.
z Symbol scrambling techniques
Adaptive subcarrier selection
y With the subcarrier allocation scheme
Selected Mapping (SLM)
y The transmitter selects one favorable transmit signal from a set of sufficiently
different signals which all represent the same information.
Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)

y The transmitter constructs its transmit signal with low PAR by coordinated
addition of appropriately phase rotated signal parts.
The difference between SLM and PTS is that the first applies
independent scrambling rotations to all subcarriers, while the

latter only applies scrambling rotations to group of subcarriers.
CCU
Symbol Scrambling - ASUS
2/10
z OFDM system using ASUS (adaptive subcarrier

selection) [20,21]
CCU
Symbol Scrambling - SLM

z Selected Mapping (SLM)
3/10
( )
a
Generate U transmit sequences , representing the
u
same information for each OFDM symbols.

Select the lowest PAPR in time-domain of U sequences to
transmit
(u )
u)
u)
(u )
(
(
u
(
)
j
v
Define U distinct vectors P = P1 ,..., PN , PV = e
v(u ) [ 0, 2 ), v = 1: N
(number of subcarriers) ,
u = 1: U .
Each OFDM frame is multiplied carrierwise with U vectors:

(u )
[ v ] = A [ v ] e
u
jv( )
, v = 1: N , u = 1: U
CCU
4/10
CCU
5/10
SLM requires U IDFTs in the transmitter, while the
receiver still needs only one DFT.

[ log 2 U ] bits are required to explicitly represent the
side information.
Moderate complexity.
For arbitrary number of carriers and any signal
constellation.
Distortionless.
CCU
6/10
z Performance of SLM
Known side information
10
10
10
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
10
15
20
CCU
Symbol Scrambling - PTS

z Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) A
The information bearing subcarrier block
7/10
( v ) is subdivide
into V pairwise disjoint carrier subblocks A , v = 1, ,V ..

All subcarrier positions in which are already represented
V
in another subblock are set to zero .
v
A = A ( )
(v )
Rotation factor b = e
v
j( )
v =1
, [ 0, 2 )
(v )
for eachV
subblock v and the modified subcarrier vector A = b( v ) A( v )
v =1
represents the same information as A .
The subblocks are transformed by V separate IDFTs.
Choose the rotation factor that minimize PAPR.
V
Optimum transmitted sequence a = b (v ) a ( v )
.
v =1
optimum rotation factor

CCU
8/10
z Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)
CCU
9/10
z Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)
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10/10
z Performance of PTS
Known phase rotation
10
10
10
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
10
15
20
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The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
z Readings
Ochiai, H. and Imai H. ,On the distribution of
the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM

signals, Communications, IEEE Transactions on ,
Vol. 49, Issue: 2, pp. 282 289, Feb. 2001.
S. Mller and J. Huber, A Comparison of Peak Power

Reduction Schemes for OFDM, In IEEE Global
Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97),
Phoenix, Arizona, USA, pp. 1-5, Nov. 1997.
CCU
References
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z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
[1] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication, Artech
House Boston London, 2000.
[2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications Theory and applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York,
Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow 1999.
[3] Ramjee Prasad, OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication, Letter
Notes on ISCOM99, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Nov. 7-10, 1999.
[4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude
modulation Principles and applications for personal communications, WLANs and

broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000.
[5] Mark Engels, Wireless Ofdm Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
[6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation:
Principles and Applications, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society.
[7] John A. C. Bingham, ADSL, VDSL, and Multicarrier Modulation, Wiley-Interscience.
[8] S. Mller and J. Huber, A Novel Peak Power Reduction Scheme for OFDM, In IEEE
Int. Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC '97),
Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1090-1094, Sep. 1997.
[9] S. Mller and J. Huber, A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM,
In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, Arizona,
USA, pp. 1-5, Nov.1997.
[10] Ochiai, H.; Imai, H, Performance of the deliberate clipping with adaptive symbol
selection for strictly band-limited OFDM systems, Selected Areas in Communications,
IEEE Journal on , Vol. 18 Issue: 11, pp. 2270 2277, Nov. 2000.
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References
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z
z
z
z
z
z
[11] Wulich, D.; Dinur, N.; Glinowiecki, A,Level clipped high-order OFDM,
Communications, IEEE Transactions on , Vol. 48 Issue 6, pp. 928 930, June 2000.
[12] S. Mller and J. Huber, OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratioby
Optimum Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences, Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, no. 5,
pp. 368-369, Feb. 1997.
[13] S. Mller, R. Buml, R. Fischer, and J. Huber, OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average
Power Ratio by Multiple Signal Representation, Annals of Telecommunications, Vol. 52,
no. 1-2, pp. 58-67, Feb. 1997.
[14] S. Mller and J. Huber, A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM,
In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, Arizona,
USA, pp. 1-5, Nov. 1997.
[15] M. Breiling, S. Mller-Weinfurtner, and J. Huber, SLM Peak-Power Reduction
without Explicit Side Information, In IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 5, no. 6, pp.
239-241, Jun. 2001.
[16] Ochiai, H. and Imai H. ,On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in
OFDM signals, Communications, IEEE Transactions on , Vol. 49 Issue 2, pp. 282 289,
Feb. 2001.
[17] Hyo-Joo Ahn, Yoan Shin and Sungbin Im, A block coding scheme for peak-toaverage power ratio reduction in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system,
Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, 2000. VTC 2000-Spring Tokyo. 2000
IEEE 51st , Vol. 1, pp. 56 60, 2000.
[18] Pingyi Fan; Xiang-Gen Xia, Block coded modulation for the reduction of the peak to
average power ratio in OFDM systems, Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.
45. Issue 4. Pp. 1025 -1029, Nov. 1999.
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References
z
z
z
[19] Fernando, W.A.C.; Rajatheva, R.M.A.P. Performance of turbo and trellis coded
OFDM for LEO satellite channels in global mobile communications Communications, 1998.
ICC 98. Conference Record. 1998 IEEE International Conference on , Vol. 1, pp. 412 416,
1998.
[20] Rohling, H.; Grunheid, R. Performance of an OFDM-TDMA mobile communication
system Vehicular Technology Conference, 1996. Mobile Technology for the Human
Race., IEEE 46th , Vol. 3, pp. 1589 -1593. 1996.
[21] Schmidt, H. and Kammeyer, K.-D., Reducing the peak to average power ratio of
multicarrier signals by adaptive subcarrier selection, Universal Personal Communications,
1998. ICUPC '98. IEEE 1998 International Conference on , Vol. 2, pp. 933 -93 , 1998.
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The PAPR

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The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

Clipping and Peak Window [1,4,10,11]

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

z It is plausible that the OFDM signal - which is the

superposition of a high number of modulated subchannel

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

z The existing solutions of PAPR

1. Signal distortion techniques,which reduce the peak amplitudes

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 1/17

Let x ( t ) and y ( t ) denote the real and imaginary parts of

y where Ak is the complex data of the kth subcarrier and Ts

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

z OFDM bandpass signal

} = x(t ) cos2 f t y(t ) sin2 f t

is the carrier frequency of RF signals.

z The peak power is defined as the power of a sine

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 3/17

It can be shown that for an M-ary PSK OFDM system,

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 4/17

Maximum PAPR case

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 5/17

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 6/17

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 7/17

s ymbol=1+0i 0-1i -1+0i 0+1i

s ymbol=1+0i 0+1i -1+0i 0-1i

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 8/17

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 9/17

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio10/17

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics11/17

complex exponential functions, whose amplitudes and phases

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics12/17

subcarrier OFDM signal is correspond to Rayleigh

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics13/17

(a) in-phase component/Quadrature component histogram

(b) Amplitude histogram

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics14/17

Signal Amplitude CDF

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average

z For one OFDM symbol with N subcarrier, the

z For large N, the real and imaginary values of x ( t )

become Gaussian distributed, each with a mean of

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average

z Cumulative distribution function