STABILITYOF
FLUIDFLOWS
Carlo COSSU
Institut de Mcanique des Fluides Toulouse
CNRS Universit de Toulouse, also at
Dpartement de Mcanique, cole Polytechinique
http://www.imft.fr/Carlo-Cossu/
http://www.enseignement.polytechnique.fr/profs/mecanique/Carlo.Cossu/
Le futur de l'astrophysique des plasmas
25/2-8/3/2013
WELCOME!
LECTURE CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION
Transition to turbulence
Some questions
Laminar flow solution: same symmetries of problem
Why not often observed?
Why observed solutions are less symmetric
than the problem data? (e.g. unsteady if the
problem is steady or non axi-sym etc.)
Can we predict when steadiness and symmetry
are lost and why?
Solutions can be
observed only if
they are stable!
AN EXAMPLE:
KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ
INSTABILITY
In first approximation:
h u = const. (mass conservation)
p+u2/2=const (Bernoulli)
h<H
|u| > |U|
p<P
h>H
|u| < |U|
p>P
increasingtime
BillowcloudsnearDenver,Colorado,(picturebyPaulE.
Branstine.meteorologicaldetails,inColson1954)
source:Drazin2001
Instability of
laminar flow
Transitional
flow
Brown&Roshko,J.FluidMech.1974
Large scale
coherent
structures
in turbulent
flow
DEFINITIONS
OF STABILITY
state vector
basic state /
perturbation
decomposition
parameter(s)
perturbation
basic state
Stability definitions
Lyapunov
Unconditional
norm of initial
perturbation
no relaxation to basic
flow for at least one
initial condition
relaxation
to basic flow for all ICs
rg
unconditional
stability
conditional
(in)stability
critical r
r
rc
unconditional
instability
Linearized equations
start from perturbation eqns
linearized evolution
equations
linearized (tangent)
operator (Jacobian)
constants depend
on the initial condition
complete set of
linearly independent
solutions
THE METHOD OF
NORMAL MODES:
LINEAR SYSTEMS
OF ODEs
state:
N-dimensional
vector
Linear operator:
NxN matrix
L does not depend on t!
modal amplitudes q
N independent
equations for each
modal amplitude
envelope
oscillations
coefficients
from initial
condition
THE METHOD OF
NORMAL MODES
FOR LINEAR PDEs:
AN EXAMPLE
modal decomposition:
sum integral on index k
modal decomposition =
inverse Fourier transform
Linear stability:
unstable
waveband
for r=1
first
instability
appears at
rc ,kc
growth rate
wavenumber
stable region
(sr<0)
where sr=0.
MODAL STABILITY
OF PARALLEL
SHEAR FLOWS
Re = U /
max
velocity
variation
length
scale
of shear
region
kinematic
viscosity
wall-normal velocity v
wall-normal vorticity
Orr-Sommerfeld-Squire system
consider Fourier modes in x-z (unconfined homogeneous direction)s;
D := d/dy
Orr-Sommerfeld
operator
Squire operator
eigenvalues eigenfunctions found numerically solving
the problem in the y direction
typical wall-bounded
flows no inflection
points may have
viscous instabilities
(Tollmien Schlichting)
vanishing as Re
develop on long (viscous time scales)
TRANSITION
TO TURBULENCE
IN SHEAR FLOWS
Transition in a spatial mixing layer (Brown & Roshko J. Flud Mech. 1974)
Top view (xz)
2D fronts in transition
3D structures appear
later & important in
turbulent flow
side view
(x-y)
developed
turbulence
Reincreasesdownstream
Primary instability of
U(y) profile 2D
Tollmien-Schlichting
waves
exponential
amplification
of unstable
2D TS waves
TS waves reach
critical amplitude
~ 1% Ue secondary
instability to 3D waves
amplification of
3D waves
new instability
HOWEVER...
some flows do not follow this scenario:
Plane Couette & circular pipe flow:
linearly stable for all Re but become
turbulent at finite Re
Plane Poiseuille flow: transition almost
always observed for Re well below Rec
No evidence
of 2D TS waves
subcritical
Purely nonlinear
mechanism?
Matsubara & Alfredsson,2001
in the 1990-2000':
a lot about bypass transition
understood reconsidering
classical linear stability analysis
ENERGY AMPLIFICATION
IN LINEARLY STABLE
SYSTEMS
Linear
IVP
depends on Re &
basic flow
Linear asymptotic
stability requirement
Formal solution
of linear IVP
Optimal energy growth:
propagator from
t=0 to actual t
initial
condition
input- output
definition of
operator norm
(2) exp(s(2)t)
'(t)
(2)
(1)
(1) exp(s(1)t)
the norm of
' can only
decrease
monotonously
(2) exp(s(2)t)
(1)
(1) exp(s(1)t)
'(t)
|| '(t) ||
transiently
grows &
changes
direction
optimal perturbations
associated to Gmax:
optimal IC
first component ~ v
response at tmax:
second component ~
complex harmonic
forcing/response (L assumed stable)
resolvent operator
Reynolds=20
L=[-1/Reynolds, 0 ; 1 , -3/Reynolds]
freq=linspace(-2,2,40);
for j=1:40
Resol=inv(freq(j)*eye(2)-L);
R(j)=(norm(Resol))^2;
end
plot(t,R);
non-normality
large excitability
far from resonance!
reference curve:
response that would
be obtained with a
normal matrix with same
eigenvalues
SHEAR FLOWS:
STREAKS, VORTICES
& SELF-SUSTAINED
PROCESSES
streamwise streaks ~
streamwise vortices ~ v
high
speed
streak
low
speed
streak
As
highspeed
lowspeed
spanwise
streamwise
wallnormal
spanwise
selection of unstable
streamwise scales x
(waveband )
SSP
selfsustained
process
FigurefromHamiltonetal..JFM1995
Klineetal.JFM1967
Hwang&Cossu,Phys.Rev.Lett.2010.
USING EXCITABILITY
TO MANIPULATE
THE FLOW
Streaks forced
Basic flow
0mV
0mV
205mV
450mV
Basic flow +
tripping
(unsteady)
forcing