Clasificacin:
Errores sistemticos defectos intrnsecos
Valor verdadero
DISTRIBUCIN GAUSSIANA
0.4
2
3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
2.5
68.27%
95.45%
99.73%
5.0
x x 2
1
y
exp
2
2
2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-5.0
-2.5
0.0
2.5
5.0
( xi x)2
i 1
DISTRIBUCIN GAUSSIANA
0.8
0.7
= 0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
= 1.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
-4.0
68.27%
-2.0
0.0
x
2.0
4.0
PRECISIN y EXACTITUD
ERROR DE CERO
7 mV
CIFRAS SIGNIFICATIVAS
?
9
10
1
1 N
x ( x1 x2 ...) xi
N
N i 1
Error del aparato
Resolucin
x
N
2
(
x
x
)
i
i 1
N ( N 1)
11
Error relativo:
precisin
x
x
12
0.1
10
L 3.1622777102 mm
635.7
635.8
635.5
635.6
635.6
635.9
635.5
635.4
635.7
635.7
Media aritmtica:
L 635.6400 mm
x x( x1, x2 ,...x N )
Ley de propagacin del error de Gauss
2
x
x
x
x1
x2 ...
x N
x1
x2
x N
14
15
L2 d 2
f '
4L
L
Posicin 1
Posicin 2
Objeto
Imagen
d
16
Ejemplo 2 (cont.)
L2 d 2
f '
4L
2
f
'
f
'
1
d
d
f ' L d 2 L
d
L d
4 4L 2L
2
L (cm)
100
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
55.0
50.0
45.0
d (cm)
79.0
68.9
58.7
47.7
36.8
31.1
25.1
18.2
f (cm) f (cm)
9.40
0.11
9.31
0.11
9.23
0.11
9.37
0.10
9.36
0.09
9.35
0.08
9.35
0.08
9.41
0.07
17
x
x
xi
xi
xi
xi
x
x
x
x Mximo
x1
x2 ...
x N
x1
x2
x N
18
x
x
b
x2
x2
x
x
n
x N
xN
x
x1
x2
x N
a
b
... n
x
x1
x2
xN
19
dx
dx1
dx2
dxN
a
b
... n
x
x1
x2
xN
x
x
x
x
a 1 b 2 ... n N
x
x1
x2
xN
20
y
y'
12
m
0.75
y
16
Objeto: y = 161 mm
Imagen: y = -121 mm
y
m y' y 1 1
m 0.75 0.11
21
1 N
x xi
N i 1
22
1
1
1
x x1 x2 ... x N
N
N
N
1
x1 2 x2 2 ... x N 2
x1 2 x2 2 ... x N 2 x RMS
N
x
x
x
x1
x2 ...
x N
x1
x2
x N
1
x1 x2 ... x N
N
Media b = 3380 nm
Media b = 28.3 nm
bRMS = 29.2 nm
N=6
b=29.2/6=12 nm
(valor medio del error)
bmax=28.330 nm
(error mximo)
3370
3370
3370
3390
3390
3390
20
20
30
30
30
40
338012 nm
338030 nm
25
x
26
S ( yi b mxi )2
(xi,yi)
yi -b-m xi
i 1
y = b+mx
CRITERIO: Minimizar S
S
0
b
S
0
m
N
i 1
i 1
aN b xi yi
i 1
i 1
a xi b
xi2
xi yi
i 1
27
x xy y x2
b
x2 N x2
x
N
y
N
N 2
m
N x2 x 2
y2 m2 x2
b
2 x2
N x 2 x 2
Coeficiente de correlacin
x y
N
r
x2 1 x 2 y 2 1 y 2
N
N
xy
28
50
10
70
y mx b
60
21
30
31
20
43
10
54
50
40
40
30
S x
S x
S y
S y
S xy
S x^2
S y^2
150
10
159
10
3670
5500
6267
xy
x^2
y^2
50
10
500
2500
100
40
21
840
1600
441
30
31
930
900
961
20
43
860
400
1849
10
54
540
100
2916
m 1.10 0.09
20
b 65 3
10
r 0.99967
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
29
60
sen i = n sen r
n
r
30
25
15
30
20
35
21
40
24
45
27
50
29
55
30
60
32
65
33
70
36
sin i n sin r
y mx b
sin i
i cos i i
i
sin r
sin r
r cos r r
r
sin i
sen r
sen r
sen i
sen i
0,2588
0,0169
0,4226
0,0158
0,3420
0,0164
0,5000
0,0151
0,3584
0,0163
0,5736
0,0143
0,4067
0,0159
0,6428
0,0134
0,4540
0,0156
0,7071
0,0123
0,4848
0,0153
0,7660
0,0112
0,5000
0,0151
0,8192
0,0100
0,5299
0,0148
0,8660
0,0087
0,5446
0,0146
0,9063
0,0074
10
0,5878
0,0141
0,9397
0,0060
m 1.69 0.09
b 0.04 0.04
r 0.99301
31
1,2
m 1.69 0.09
1,0
b 0.04 0.04
r 0.99301
0,8
sen i
ndice de refraccin
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
sen r
32
AJUSTE DE CURVAS
33
Descarga de un condensador
V (volts)
5
V V0 et /
V0 (5.008 0.004) V
(251.5 0.2) s
V V0 / e
0
0
100
200
300
t (s)
400
500
600
700
34
ln(V / V0 )
0,0
y a0 a1t
-0,5
a1
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
a0 (0.015 0.002)
-2,5
-3,0
t (s)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
35
s
f
Ecuacin de las lentes: forma de Gauss
1
1 1
f'
s' s
1
1 1
s'
f' s
36
s (cm)
-1
97.50
67.65
0.010256
0.014782
106.00
63.95
0.0094340
0.015637
113.50
61.50
0.0088106
0.016260
120.30
59.70
0.0083126
0.016750
126.80
58.20
0.0078864
0.017182
1.70 10-2
1
2.510 0.003 102 cm1
f'
b 1.004 0.004
-2
1/s'
1.65 10
1.60 10-2
1.55 10-2
r 0.99998
1 a b 1
s'
s
1.50 10-2
1.45 10-2
7.50 10-3
8.00 10-3
8.50 10-3
9.00 10-3
1/s
9.50 10-3
1.00 10-2
1.05 10-2
38
1
1
f '
39.84 cm
2
a 2.51010
1
0.003102
f ' 2 a
0.05 cm
2
a
2.510102
39
OTROS EJEMPLOS
AJUSTES DE FUNCIONES SENOIDALES
40
I = I0 cos
2
41
m2 cos2(+m3)
m1 = (5.61.0) lux
m2 = (204.91.8) lux
m3 = (31.20.3)
r = 0.99924
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
40
80
120
160
()
I (lux)
0
10
20
30
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
161
125
87
54
28
17
10
6
4
7
14
22
33
63
94
130
158
190
207
214
205
179
147
42
2ad
sen D
I I0
2ad
D
2a
D>>d
43
44
Figura
E-1: Localizacion
grafica
del de
centro
de la figura
de difraccion
Localizacin
grfica del
centro
la figura
de difraccin
40.0
30.0
d = 11.75 mm
20.0
50.0
10.0
0.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
distancia (mm)
20.0
25.0
d (mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
dc (mm)
-11.75
-10.75
-9.75
-8.75
-7.75
-6.75
-5.75
-4.75
-3.75
-2.75
-1.75
-0.75
0.25
1.25
2.25
3.25
4.25
5.25
6.25
7.25
8.25
9.25
10.25
11.25
12.25
45
Intensidad
0.3
0.7
2.3
5.4
10.1
16.2
23.0
29.9
36.3
41.7
45.7
47.9
48.6
47.3
44.3
39.7
33.8
27.1
20.1
13.5
7.9
3.8
1.4
0.3
0.2
I 0 49.3 0.2
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
distancia corregida (mm)
10.0
15.0
46
I 0 49.3 0.2
m (0.2545 0.0013) mm
(632.8 0.1) nm
2a
m
D
r 0.99955
D (1000 10) mm
0.0513 mm
(2a) maximo
1
Dm mD mD
1
632.8 10 6 1000 0.0013 0.2545 1000 0.110 6 0.2545 623.8 10 6 10 0.0008 mm
2a (0.0513 0.0008) mm
47
ISO/IEC 8000
48