Edc

COMMONEMITTERandCOMMON
SOURCEAMPLIFIER
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
COMMONEMITTERAMPLIFIER
Aim: To compare the gains of common emitter amplifier with and without emitter
bypass capacitor. And to calculate the bandwidth of a single stage common emitter
amplifierwithpotentialdividercircuit.
ApparatusRequired:
S.No.
Name
Range
Quantity
1.
Transistor
BC107
2.
Resistor
1k,33k,3.3k,220
3,1,1,1
3.
Capacitor
10f,100f
2,1
4.
FunctionGenerator
(03)MHz
5.
CRO
30mhz
6.
RegulatedPowerSupply
(030)V
7.
BreadBoard
8.
ConnectingWires
Theory:
Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain with
respective frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency increases
fromzerotillitbecomesmaximumatlowercutofffrequencyandremainsconstant
tillhighercutofffrequencyandthenitfallsagainasthefrequencyincreases.
At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor CC is quite high and
henceverysmallpartofsignalwillpassthroughfromonestagetothenextstage.
At high frequencies the reactance of inter electrode capacitance is very small
and behaves as a short circuit. This increases the loading effect on next stage and
servicetoreducethevoltagegainduetothesereasonsthevoltagegaindropsathigh
frequencies.Atmidfrequenciestheeffectofcouplingcapacitorsisnegligibleandacts
like short circuit, where as inter electrode capacitors acts like open circuit. So, the
circuit becomes resistive at mid frequencies and the voltage gain remains constant
during this range. The gain is more stable in common emitter amplifier without
bypasscapacitorcomparetowithbypasscapacitor.
LakireddyBaliReddyCollegeofEngineering,L.B.ReddyNagar,Mylavaram521230
1
CircuitDiagram:
WithEmitterBypassCapacitorCe:
X
S
C
1
VCC
ExtT rig
+
12V
_
B
A
_
Rc
1k
R1
33k
Rs
Cb
1k
10F
Q1
Cc
10F
Rl
1k
BC107BP
V1
20mVrms
1kHz
0
R2
3.3k
Ce
100F
Re
220
WithoutEmitterBypassCapacitorCe:
XSC1
VCC
ExtTrig
+
12V
_
B
A
+
R1
33k
Rs
Cb
1k
10F
Rc
1k
Q1
Cc
10F
BC107BP
Rl
1k
V1
20mVrms
1kHz
0
R2
3.3k
Re
220
2
Procedure:
1. Connectthecircuitonbreadboardasshowninthecircuitdiagram.
2. By keeping the amplitude of the input signal constant, vary the frequency
fromzeroto1MHz.
3. Note down the amplitude of the output signal for corresponding values of
inputfrequencies.
4. Calculatethevoltagegainindecibels.
5. Plot in semilog graph between gain VS frequency and calculate the band
width.
6. RepeattheabovestepswithoutbypasscapacitorCe.
Observations:
withemitterbypasscapacitorCe:
InputvoltageVin=
S.NO
FREQUENC
VOUT
GAIN=VOUT/VIN
GAINindB
Calculations:
i.Determinelowercutofffrequencyanduppercutofffrequencyfromthegraph.
ii.CalculateBandwidth.
3
ExpectedWaveforms:
Graph:
4
WithoutEmitterBypassCapacitorCe:
InputvoltageVin=
S.NO
FREQUENC
VOUT
GAIN=VOUT/VIN
GAINindB
Calculations:
5
ExpectedWaveforms:
Graph:
Precautions:
1. TestTransistorsbeforeassemblingthecircuits
2. Resistors should be connected properly without interchanging the
values.
3. Checkthecontinuityoftheconnectingwires.
6
Applications:
1.Audioamplifiers
2.RadioTransmittersandReceivers.
Result:
WithemitterbypasscapacitorCe
i.Lowercutofffrequency=
ii.Uppercutofffrequency=
iii.Bandwidth=
WithoutemitterbypasscapacitorCe
iii.Bandwidth=
VivaQuestions:
1. WhatisthephasedifferencebetweeninputandoutputwaveformsofaCE
amplifier?
Ans:1800
2. WhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofSinglestageamplifiers?
Ans:Adv:BandwidthisMore,Disadv:GainisLow
3. Whygainislowathigherandlowerfrequencies?
Ans:GainislowathigherfrequencyduetoStrayorShuntcapacitances
GainislowatlowerfrequencyduetoCouplingcapacitors
4. Whygainremainsconstantatmidfrequencies?
Ans:AtmidfrequenciestheeffectofCouplingandstraycapacitancesare
negligible.
5. ExplainthefunctionofemitterbypasscapacitorCe?
Ans:CEprovidelowreactancepathtotheamplifiedACsignal
6. Whatisearlyeffect?
7
Ans:DecreaseinbandwidthduetoincreaseinReversebias(Collector
junction)VoltageiscalledEarlyeffect.
7. Explainthefunctionofinputandoutputcapacitors?
Ans:InputcapacitorblockstheDCsignalenteringfrominputtobaseterminal.
8
COMMONSOURCEAMPLIFIER
Aim:ToplotthefrequencyresponsecharacteristicsofsinglestageFETamplifier.
ApparatusRequired:
S.No.
Name
Range
Quantity
1.
FETTransistor
BFW10
2.
Resistor
1K,1M,2.2K
1,1,1
3.
Capacitor
10f,.01f
1,2
4.
FunctionGenerator (03)MHz
5.
CRO
30mhz
6.
RegulatedPower
(030)V
Supply
7.
BreadBoard
8.
ConnectingWires
Theory:
The FET is a type of transistor commonly used for weak signal
amplification.Thedevicecanamplify analogordigital signals. Itcanalsoswitch
DC or function as an oscillator. In theFET current flows along a semiconductor
path called the channel. At one end of the channel, there is an electrode called
source.Attheotherendofthechannelthereisanelectrodecalledthedrain.
Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain
with respective frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency
increases from zero till it becomes maximum at lower cutoff frequency and
remains constant till higher cutoff frequency and then it falls again as the
frequencyincreases.
AtlowfrequenciesthereactanceofcouplingcapacitorisCcisquitehigh
and hence very small part of the signal will pass through from one stage to next
stage.
At high frequencies the reactance of inter electrode capacitance very
smallandbehavesasashortcircuit.Thisincreasestheloadingeffectonnextstage
andservicetoreducethevoltagegainduetothesereasonsthevoltagegainfallsat
highfrequencies.
At mid frequencies the effect of coupling capacitors is negligible and
actslikeashortcircuit,whereasinterelectrodecapacitorsactslikeopencircuit.
So, the circuit becomes resistive at mid frequencies and the voltage gain remains
sameduringthisrange.
9
CircuitDiagram:
VDD
20V
XSC1
ExtT rig
+
R3
2.2k
_
B
A
+
C2
.01F
Q1
C1
BFW10
.01F
V1
50mVrms
1kHz
0
R1
1M
R2
1k
Cs
10F
Procedure:
2. Bykeepingtheamplitudeoftheinputsignalconstant,varythefrequencyfrom
zeroto1MHz.
3. Notedowntheamplitudeoftheoutputsignalforcorrespondingvaluesof
inputfrequencies.
5. PlotinsemiloggraphbetweengainVSfrequencyandcalculatetheband
width.
10
Observations:
InputvoltageVin=
S.NO
FREQUENC
VOUT
GAIN=VOUT/VIN
GAINindB
Calculations:
i.
Determinelowercutofffrequencyanduppercutofffrequencyfromthe
graph.
ii.
CalculateBandwidth.
11
ExpectedWaveForms:
Graph:
Precautions:
2. Resistorsshouldbeconnectedproperlywithoutinterchangingthevalues.
Applications:
Theapplicationswhereweneedhighinputimpedance.
12
Result:
iii.Bandwidth=
VivaQuestions:
1. WhataretheadvantagesofFEToverBJT?
i. Highinputimpedance
ii. Dependsonlyonmajoritycarriers,sonotpronetothermalrunaway.
iii. Smallinsize.
2. DrawthesmallsignalmodeloftheFET?
Ans:
3. InwhatregionFETactsasanamplifier?
Ans:Pinchoffregion
4. WhataretheapplicationsofFET?
Ans:AsaSwitch,AsaVoltagevariableresistor.
5. WhataretheparametersofFETandhowtheyarerelated?
Ans:a)Transconductancegm=ID/Vgs
b)Drainresistancerd=VDS/ID
c)Amplificationfactor=VDS/Vgs
6. WhyinputimpedanceofFETishigh?
Ans:InputcircuitisReversebiased.
7. DefinePinchoffvoltage?
Ans:ThevoltageVDSatwhichIDisconstantiscalledpinchoffvoltage
13
TWOSTAGERCCOUPLEDAMPLIFIER
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
Aim:ToplotthefrequencyresponsecharacteristicsoftwostagesRCcoupled
amplifier.
ApparatusRequired:
S.No.
Name
Range
Quantity
1.
Transistor
BC107
2.
Resistor
330,1K,200K,10K,35K,15K
3.
Capacitor
10F,47F
4.
FunctionGene
(03)MHz
5.
CRO
30MHz
6.
RPS
(030)V
7.
BreadBoard
8.
Connectingwires
2,2,1,1,11
2,2
Theory:
Toimprovegaincharacteristicsofanamplifier,twostagesofCEamplifiercan
becascaded.Whilecascading,theoutputofonestageisconnectedtotheinputof
anotherstage.IfRandCelementsareusedforcoupling,thatcircuitisnamedasRC
coupledamplifier.
Eachstageofthecascadeamplifiershouldbebiasedatitsdesignedlevel.Itis
possibletodesignamultistagecascadeinwhicheachstageisseparatelybiasedand
coupled to the adjacent stage using blocking or coupling capacitors. In this circuit
each of the two capacitors C1 & C2 isolate the separate bias network by acting as
opencircuitstodcandallowonlysignalsofsufficienthighfrequencytopassthrough
cascade.
14
CircuitDiagram:
VCC
12V
XSC1
R7
200k
ExtT rig
+
R8
15k
R1
35k
C4
R4
C1
1k
10F
Q2
R5
4k
C5
10F
10F
Q1
BC107BP**
V1
BC107BP*
10mVrms
1kHz
0
R9
10k
R10
330
C3
47F
R6
4k
R3
330
C2
47F
Procedure:
2. Bykeepingtheamplitudeoftheinputsignalconstant,varythefrequencyfrom
zeroto1MHz.
3. Notedowntheamplitudeoftheoutputsignalforcorrespondingvaluesof
inputfrequencies.
5. PlotinsemiloggraphbetweengainVSfrequencyandcalculatetheband
width.
Observations:
InputvoltageVin=
S.NO
FREQUENC
VOUT
GAIN=VOUT/VIN
GAINindB
15
Calculations:
ExpectedWaveForms:
Graph:
16
Precautions:
2. Resistorsshouldbeconnectedproperlywithoutinterchangingthevalues
Applications:Togetthedesiredgain.
Result:
iii.Bandwidth=
VivaQuestions:
1. Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantages ofmultistageamplifiers?
Ans:Adv:Gainisimproved
DisAdv:a)Bandwidthdecreases
b)Complexityismore
2. Howthebandwidthwilleffectasmorenumberofstagesarecascaded?
Ans:Thebandwidthofcascadedamplifierisalwayslessthanthatofbandwidth
ofsinglestageamplifierlower3dBfrequencyfL(n)=fL/21/n1
Upper3dBfrequencyfH(n)=fH.21/n1
3. Definefrequencyresponse?
Ans:Itisameasureofmagnitudeandphaseofvoltagegainasafunctionof
Frequency.
4. Give the formula foreffective lower cutoff frequency, when N
number ofstages arecascaded.
Ans:fL(n)=fL21/n1
17
5. Explaintheeffectofcouplingcapacitorsandinterelectrode capacitanceson
overallgain.
Ans:DuetocouplingcapacitorsGainreducesatlowfrequencies,dueto
interelectrodecapacitancesgaindecreasesathighfrequencies
6. Byhowmanytimeseffectiveuppercutofffrequencywillbereduced,if
threeidenticalstagesarecascaded?
Ans:Twotimes.
7. MentiontheapplicationsoftwostageRCcoupledamplifiers.
Ans:Theyarewidelyusedasvoltageamplifiersintheinitialstagesofpublic
Addresssystem.
18
CURRENTSHUNTFEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
Aim:Designcurrentshuntfeedbackamplifierwithafeedbackresistance10Kusing
transistorBC107.ObtainDCoperatingpointandfrequencyresponse.
Apparatus:Multisimsoftware.
CircuitDiagram:
19
Theory:
Feedbackisamethodinwhichaportionoftheoutputreturnedtotheinputin
ordertomodifythecharacteristicsofthedevice.Feedbackcanappliedtotransistor
amplifier circuits to modify their performance characteristics such as, gain,
bandwidth,andinputandoutputimpedanceetc.
Anamplifierinwhichfeedbackisincorporatedknownasfeedbackamplifier.
Feedback can divide in two categories depending upon the phase of the returned
(feedback) signal with respect to the input signal. If the returned signal is in phase
withinputsignal,feedbackisknownasapositivefeedback.Itincreasesthegainof
the amplifier but reduce the bandwidth and stability of the circuit. It is used to
produce oscillation. If the feedback signal is out of phase with respect to the input
signal, it is known as a negative feedback. Negative feedback improves the
performanceofanamplifierbutreducetheoverallgain.Ithelpstostabilizethegain,
increases bandwidth, reduces distortion and assures the repeatability of the circuit
performance.
Therearenumberofwaysbywhichasignalcanbederivedfromoutputandcanbe
returned to input. Therefore feedback amplifier can be classified in the following
fourgroupsdependingupontheinterconnectionsofthebasicamplifierandtheinput
andoutputterminalsoffeedbacknetwork.
1. VoltageSeries2.VoltageShunt3.CurrentSeries4.CurrentShunt
Incurrentshunttopologyofthefeedbackamplifier,feedbacksignalisproportional
to the output current and feedback to input in shunt. The series connection at the
output increases and shunt connection at input decreases input resistance. The
amplifierworksasatruecurrentamplifier
20
Procedure:
1.Openmultisimsoftwaretodesignthecircuit.
2.Selectonneweditorwindowandplacetherequiredcomponentonthe
circuitwindow.
3.Maketheconnectionsusingwireandchecktheconnectionsofpowersupply
andoscillator.
4.Goforsimulationusingrunkeyandobservetheoutputwaveformson
oscillator.
5.IndicatethenodenamesandgoforACanalysiswithoutputnode.
6.ObservetheACanalysisanddrawthemagnitudeandphaseresponsecurves.
7.Calculatethebandwidthoftheamplifier.
ExpectedWaveforms:
21
Result:
iv. Bandwidth=
VivaQuestions:
1. Whatismeantbyfeedbackandwhynegativefeedbackisusedin
amplifiers?
Ans:Givingapartoftheoutputsignalbacktotheinputiscalledfeedback.
Negativefeedbackusedinamplifiers,because
a) Stabilityimproved
b) Bandwidthincreases
c) DistortionandNoisereduces.
d) Inputandoutputimpedancesaremodifiedastherequirement.
2. WhatarethedifferenttypesofNegativefeedback?
Ans:a)VoltageSeriesb)Voltageshuntc)Currentseriesd)CurrentShunt
3. State two types of mixing andwhathappenstotheinputresistancedueto
currentsampling?
Ans:Seriesmixingandshuntmixing
Inputresistanceisdecreasesduetocurrentflow.
4. DefineSensitivity?
Ans:Sensitivityisdefinedastherationofpercentagechangeinvoltagegainwith
feedbacktothepercentagechangeinvoltagegainwithoutfeedback.
5. Whathappenstotheoutputresistanceduetoshuntmixing?
22
Ans:TheoutputresistanceincreasesduetoShuntmixing.
6. Definepositivefeedback&whypositivefeedbackisnotusedinamplifiers?
Ans:Ifthefeedbacksignalisinphasewithinputsignal,theneteffectofthe
feedbackwillincreasetheinputsignalgiventotheamplifier.Thistypeof
feedbackiscalledpositive(or)resernativefeedback.Positivefeedback
forcethetransistorintosaturationregion,soitisnotusedinamplification.
7. Whathappenstotheoutputresistanceduetoseriesmixing?
Ans:Outputresistanceincreasesduetoseriesmixing.
EXPT.NO:
CASCODEAMPLIFIER
DATE:
AIM:Toplotthefrequencyresponsecharacteristicsofcascadeamplifier.
ApparatusRequired:
S.No.
Name
Range
Quantity
1.
Transistor
2N2222
2.
Resistor
4k,8k,2K,3.3k,8k
3.
Capacitor
1F,10F
2,2
4.
FunctionGenerator
(03)MHz
5.
CRO
30MHz
6.
Regulatedpowersupply
(030)V
7.
BreadBoard
8.
Connectingwires
3,1,1,1,1
Theory:
Cascodeamplifierisaspecialcaseofcascadeamplifier.Cascodeamplifierisa
twostageamplifier,whichcomprisesaCEamplifierdrivingaCBamplifier.TheCE
amplifier has with significant current and voltage gain moderate input and output
impedance. The high input impedance is desirable while the high output impedance
possess some problems. The higher the output impedance the less current can be
23
drawnfromanamplifierwithoutasignificantdropinoutputvoltage.TheCEisused
mostoftenforvoltageamplification.Itcanprovidealargeoutputvoltageswing.
In multistage system this output becomes the input of the next stage of the
system. The emitter resistor amplifier is similar to the CE amplifier but has lower
voltage gain and higher input impedance .Because of the feedback present in this
amplifier,internalnoisegeneratedbythetransistorisalmosteliminated.
The CB amplifier has low input impedance and relatively high output
impedance.Thesepropertiesarelessdesirableforsignalamplification.Ifthebaseis
bypassed to ground with a capacitor, the amplifier has high voltage gain but the
current gain is less than unity .Thus if the source driving the amplifier has a low
impedace, and the load is drawing little current, the CB can be used as a voltage
amplifier.Ifthedrivingsourcehasahigherimpedance,wecanoffsetthisundesirable
effect by using a CE amplifier to drive the CB amplifier. Thus the overall input
impedanceishigh.
CircuitDiagram:
VCC
12V
R1
18k
R5
4k
Q1
C2
10F
C1
1F
R6
2k
2N2222A
R2
4k
Q2
2N2222A
R7
4k
R3
8k
C3
10F
V1
120Vrms
60Hz
0
R4
3.3k
Procedure:
24
circuitwindow.
andoscillator.
oscillator.
7.Calculatethebandwidthoftheamplifier.
Observations:
InputvoltageVin=
S.NO
FREQUENCY
VOUT
GAIN=VOUT/VIN
GAINindB
Calculations:
Result:
iii.Bandwidth=
25
VivaQuestions:
1. WhatismeantbyCascading?WhatistheneedofCascadinginamplifiers?
Ans:Connectingmorethanoneamplifierstage,Firststageoutputastheinputto
thesecondstageiscalledCascading.Theprimaryrequirementsofthe
amplifiervoltagegain,Currentgain,Matchingofinputandoutput
impedancesarenotachievedwithsinglestageamplifier,somorenumberof
cascadedstagesareusedtoobtainaboverequirements.
2. WhereCascodeamplifiersareused?
Ans:Cascodeamplifiersareusedwherehighgainbandwidthproductisrequired.
3. WhataretheinputandoutputstagesofCacodeamplifier?
Ans:InputstageisCEando/pstageisCB.
4. WhattypeofCascadeamplifierisusedtoobtainhighinputimpedance?
Ans:CECC
5. WhichCascadeamplifieriscalledDarlingtonpair?
Ans:CCCC
6. Whatisthefunctionofinputandoutputstagesinmultistageamplifiers?
Ans:Impedancematching
7. Whatisthefunctionofamiddlestagesinmultistageamplifier?
Ans:Amplification
26
EXPT.NO:
CLASSAPOWERAMPLIFIER
DATE:
Aim:TostudytheoperationofClassApowerAmplifier
Apparatus:
S.No.
Name
Range
Quantity
1.
Transistor
PN2369A
2.
Resistor
1k,100k(pot),100
3.
Capacitor
47F,470F
4.
FunctionGenerator
(03)MHz
5.
CRO
30MHz
6.
Regulated
power (030)V
2,1,2
1,1
supply
7.
BreadBoard
8.
Connectingwires
CircuitDiagram:
27
VCC
12V
R6
1k
X
S
C
1
ExtT rig
+
R1
1k
Rv
70k
R4
C1
100
47F
_
B
A
+
C2
Q1
47F
PN2369A
V1
50mVrms
1kHz
0
R7
100
Theory:
Theclassificationofamplifiersisbasedonthepositionofthe
quiescentpointandextentofthecharacteristicsthatisbeingusedtodeterminethe
methodofoperation.
Thereare4classesofoperations.Theyare
1.ClassA
2.ClassAB 3.ClassB
4.ClassC
ClassA:(Rv=70k)InclassAoperationthequiescentpointandtheinputsignal
aresuchthatthecurrentintheoutputcircuit(atthecollector)flowsforalltimes.
ClassAamplifieroperatesessentiallyoveralinearportionofitscharacteristic
therebygivingrisetominimumofdistortion.
ClassB:(Rv=40k)InclassBoperation,thequiescentpointisatanextremeend
ofthecharacteristic,sothatunderquiescentconditionsthepowerdrawnfromthedc
powersupplyisverysmall.Iftheinputsignalissinusoidal,amplificationtakes
placeforonlyhalfcycle.
ClassAB:(Rv=65k)AclassABamplifieristheonethatoperatesbetweenthe
twoextremesdefinedforclassAandClassB.Hencetheoutputsignalexistsfor
morethan1800oftheinputsignal.
28
ClassC:(Rv=25k)InclassCoperation,thequiescentoperatingpointischosen
suchthatoutputsignal(voltageorcurrent)iszeroformorethanonhalfoftheinput
sinusoidalsignalcycle.
Procedure:
1.Aninputsinewave(peakpeak)of50mVisappliedtothecircuit.
2.ConnecttheoutputtotheC.R.O.
3.VaryingR3value,observeandrecordtheoutputwaveformsfordifferent
Classesofoperation.
4.AlsoobservetheVi&Vowaveformsusingparametersweepfordifferent
Classesofoperation.
Observations:
ClassA:
ClassAB:
29
ClassB:
ClassC:
30
Result:
1.InclassAamplifieroutputcurrentflowsforwhole3600
2.InclassABpoweramplifieroutputcurrentflowsbetween1800and3600
3.InclassBpoweramplifieroutputcurrentflowsfor1800
4.InClassCpoweramplifieroutputcurrentflowsforlessthan1800.
VivaQuestions:
1. WhatisphaseshiftofinputandoutputsignalsinclassAoperation?
Ans:1800
2. DistinguishclassAandclassBoperation?
Ans:InclassAoperatingpointislocatedatmidpointofDCloadline.So
Conductionangleis3600.Efficiencymaxis50.
InclassB,OperatingpointislocatedonXaxis.Soconductionangleis
31
1800.Maxefficiencyis78.5%
3. ExplainclassAoperation?
Ans:InclassA,Outputcurrentforwhole3600inputsignal.Duetoitslarge
conductionangle,itsefficiencyislow.
4. Whatistheneedofpoweramplifiers?
Ans:Totransfermaximumpowertotheload.
5. WhereClassApoweramplifiersareused?
Ans:Publicaddresssystems
6. WhatistheefficiencyofclassApoweramplifier?
Ans:Seriesfedmaximumtheoreticalefficiencyis25%,butpracticalefficiencyis
10to15%.
7. WhatisthedrawbackofclassApoweramplifier?
Ans:a)EfficiencyisLow
b)Powerdissipationismore.
COMPLEMENTARYSYMMETRY
CLASSBPOWERAMPLIFIER
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
Aim:TodesignacomplementarysymmetryclassBpushpullpoweramplifierin
ordertoachievemaximumoutputACpowerandefficiency.
ApparatusRequired:
1. CRO(Dualchannel)DC20MHz
2. BreadBoard
1No
3.Regulatedpowersupply030v1A,
1No.
1No.
4.DMM3DigitLCDhandheld1No
5.Functiongenerator1MHz
1No.
6.8W5%CFResistor
1No.
7.1F/16VElectrolyticCapacitor
1No.
8.TransistorsSL100,SK100
1No.each
Theory:
Power amplifiers are designed using different circuit configuration with the
sole purpose of delivering maximum undistorted output power to load. Pushpull
32
amplifiers operating either in classB are classAB are used in high power audio
systemwithhighefficiency.
IncomplementarysymmetryclassBpoweramplifiertwotypesoftransistors,
NPNandPNPareused.Thesetransistorsactsasemitterfollowerwithbothemitters
connectedtogether.
In classB power amplifier Qpoint is located either in cutoff region or in
saturationregion.So,thatonly180ooftheinputsignalisflowingintheoutput.
Incomplementarysymmetrypoweramplifier,duringthepositivehalfcycleof
inputsignalNPNtransistorconductsandduringthenegativehalfcyclePNPtransistor
conducts. Since, the two transistors are complement of each other and they are
connectedsymmetricallyso,thenamecomplementarysymmetryhascome
Theoretically efficiency of complementary symmetry power amplifier is
78.5%.
CircuitDiagram:
Vcc5.0
SL100!NPN
0v
Vin
SK100!PNP
Vout
8.0
1.0u
Vee5.0
Procedure:
1. Connectthecircuithasshowninthecircuitdiagram.
33
2. Measurebase,emitterandcollectorD.Cvoltagesofbothtransistors
andcompareagainstestimatedvalues.
3. Applytheinputatinputterminalsofthecircuitfromthefunction
generator.
4. Keeptheinputsignalatconstantfrequencyundermidfrequencyregion
andadjusttheamplitudesuchthatoutputvoltageundistorted.
5. Calculatethepowerefficiencyandcompareitwiththeoretical
efficiency.
Observations:
EfficiencyisdefinedastheratioofACoutputpowertoDCinputpower
DCinputpower=VccxICQ
ACoutputpower=VPP2/8RL
Calculations:
InputDCpower=VccxICQ
OutputACpower=VrmsxIrms
=VPP2/8RL
OutputACpower
= InputDCpower
Result:
Themaximuminputsignalamplitudewhichproducesundistortedoutputsignalis
_________
Thepracticalefficiencyofthecircuitis________
VivaQuestions:
1. Differentiatebetweenvoltageamplifierandpoweramplifier
Ans:Voltageamplifieramplifiesthevoltagesignalsonly.Herecurrentgainis
34
low.Poweramplifieramplifiesinputpower.Hencecurrentgainismore.
Hereoutputvoltagemaycharge(or)maynot.
2. Explainhowimpedancematchingprovidedbytransformer?
Ans:Outputimpedanceoftransformercoupledamplifierduetotransformeris
low.Soimpedancematchesisobtained.
3. WhatisthemaximumtheoreticalefficiencyofclassB?
Ans:78.5%
4. Whatisthetheoreticalefficiencyofcomplementarysymmetryamplifier?
Ans:78.5
5. HowdoyoumeasureDCinputandACoutputofthisamplifier?
Ans:PC(i/p)=2VCCIn/
Pac(o/p)=[VCCVCE(min)]In/2
6. IsthisamplifierworkinginclassAorB?
Ans:ClassB
7. Howcanyoureducecrossoverdistortion?
Ans:ByusingclassABoperationi.eprovidingpotentialofdivider
arrangement.
HIGHFREQUENCYCOMMONBASE(BJT)
andCOMMONGATE(FET)AMPLIFIER
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
HIGHFREQUENCYCOMMONBASE(BJT)AMPLIFIER
Aim:Todesignandsimulatethefrequencyresponseofcommonbaseamplifierby
usingmultisimsoftwareandnotedownthemaximumgain.
Apparatus:
1.Multisimsoftware
CircuitDiagram:
35
XSC1
ExtT rig
+
_
B
A
+
R1
C2
1k
10F
Q1
BC107BP
C1
10F
V1
50mVrms
1000Hz
0
R5
10k
10F
C3
V3
10V
R2
5k
R3
1k
V2
10V
R4
100k
Theory
In common base amplifier the base lead is common to both input and output
circuitsandisgrounded.Thebaseemittercircuitisforwardbiased.Theinputsignalis
applied to emitter terminal of the transistor and amplifier output is taken across
collector terminal. Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of
gain with respective frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency
increasesfromzerotillitbecomesmaximumatlowercutofffrequencyandremains
constanttillhighercutofffrequencyandthenitfallsagainasthefrequencyincreases.
.
Procedure
2.Selectonneweditorwindowandplacetherequiredcomponentonthecircuit
window.
3.Maketheconnectionsusingwireandchecktheconnectionsofpowersupplyand
oscillator.
4.Goforsimulationusingrunkeyandobservetheoutputwaveformsonoscillator.
7.Calculatethebandwidthoftheamplifier.Bandwidth=f2f1,Wheref1isLower
cutofffrequencyf2isUppercutofffrequency.
36
Observations
MaximumgainindB=
Outputwaveform
Graph:
37
Result
Thusthefrequencyresponseofcommonbaseamplifierisverifiedandgainis
analysed.
VivaQuestions
1. Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcommonbaseamplifier?
Ans:Adv:Voltagegainismore.
DisAdv:1.Currentgainisverylow(<1)
2.Inputimpedanceisverylow
2.Howmanynumberofcapacitorsarepresentinhighfrequencyhybridmodel
ofabipolarjunctiontransistor?
Ans:Two.a)EmitterdiffusioncapacitanceC(or)Cbe
b)CollectorTransitionCapacitanceC(or)Cbe
3.Whythegainofatransistoramplifierfallsathighfrequencies?
Ans:DuetointerelectrodecapacitancesCandC
4.WhatisthephasedifferencebetweeninputandoutputwaveformsofaCB
amplifier?
Ans:00C
5.WhataretheapplicationsofhighfrequencyCBamplifier?
38
6.Explainabouttheparametersfandfofhighfrequencyamplifier?
Ans:f=1/[2rbe(1+hfb)Ce]
7.WritetheexpressionsofparasiticcapacitancesCbeandCce?
Ans:Cbe=Ce=8m/2fT
39
HIGHFREQUENCYCOMMONGATE(JFET)AMPLIFIER
Aim:Todesignandsimulatethefrequencyresponseofcommongateamplifierby
usingmultisimsoftwareandnotedownthemaximumgain.
Apparatus:
1.Multisimsoftware
CircuitDiagram:
XSC1
ExtT rig
+
Q1
2N4381
C1
C3
10F
A
+
10F
R4
4.7k
R2
2.2k
V1
R3
4.7k
50mVrms
60Hz
0
C2
10F
V3
5V
R1
56k
V2
5V
Theory:
TheFETisatypeoftransistorcommonlyusedforweaksignalamplification.
Thedevicecanamplifyanalogordigitalsignals.ItcanalsoswitchDCorfunctionas
anoscillator.IntheFETcurrentflowsalongasemiconductorpathcalledthechannel.
Atoneendofthechannel,thereisanelectrodecalledsource.Attheotherendofthe
channel there is an electrode called the drain. Frequency response of an amplifier is
definedasthevariationofgainwithrespectivefrequency.Thegainoftheamplifier
increasesasthefrequencyincreasesfromzerotillitbecomesmaximumatlowercut
offfrequencyandremainsconstanttillhighercutofffrequencyandthenit
fallsagainasthefrequencyincreases.
40
Procedure:
circuitwindow.
andoscillator.
oscillator.
7.Calculatethebandwidthoftheamplifier.Bandwidth=f2f1
Wheref1isLowercutofffrequencyandf2isUppercutofffrequency.
Observations:
MaximumgainindB=
Outputwaveform:
41
Graph:
Result:
Thusthefrequencyresponseofcommonbaseamplifierisverifiedandgainis
analyzed.
VivaQuestions:
1.WhichJFETamplifierprovidesavoltagegainlessthanone?
2.WhatistheinputimpedanceofaCommonGateJFETamplifier?
3.WhatistherangeofvalueofcapacitorsCgsandCgdofFETamplifier?
4.HowmuchDBgainissubtractedfrommaximumgaintoobtainHalfpower
gain?
5.WhichconfigurationFETamplifierhasveryhighinputimpedanceatlow
frequencies?
6.WhatarethethreelowercutofffrequenciesinaFETamplifier?
7.WhatparametersinfluencethefrequencyresponseofaFETamplifierathigh
frequencies?
42
CLASSAPOWER
AMPLIFIER(TRANSFORMERLOAD)
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
Aim:TodesignatransformercoupledclassApoweramplifierinordertoachieve
maximumoutputACpowerandefficiency.
Apparatus
1.CRO(Dualchannel)DC20MHz
2.BreadBoard
1No
1No..
1No.
5.Functiongenerator1MHZ
1No.
6.1K,10K,100KResistors
1Noeach.
7.0.1F/16VElectrolyticCapacitor
1No.
8.ImpedancematchingTransformer
1No.
9.TransistorSL100
1No.
Theory:
In direct coupled classA power amplifier, power is wasted in load resistance
which leads to decrease in efficiency. To achieve maximum efficiency we can use
transformer to couple the load. Since transformer is used for impudence matching
whichfacilitatesthecouplingbetweenlowerresistanceandsourceimpudence?Dueto
ACcouplingnoDCpoweriswastedintheloadresistor.TheloadDCresistanceof
transformer primary allows any desired level of collector current, while transferring
only variations to RL. By this way the efficiency is increased. The maximum
theoreticalefficiencyoftransformercoupledpoweramplifieris50%.
43
CircuitDiagram:
100.0k
Vcc12.0
Vin
10.0k
100.0n
A Ic
T/F
Vout
+
1.0k
11.49v
626mv
T1!NPN
Procedure:
1. Maketheconnectionsasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Measurebase,emitterandcollectorD.Cvoltagesandcompareagainst
estimatedvalues.
Estimatedvoltages
Observedvoltages
Vb1,Vc1,Ve1
3. Applytheinputatinputterminalsofthecircuitfromthefunctiongenerator.
4. Keeptheinputsignalatconstantfrequencyundermidfrequencyregionand
adjusttheamplitudesuchthatoutputvoltageundistorted.
5. Calculatethepowerefficiencyandcompareitwiththeoreticalefficiency.
Observations:
44
Calculations:
InputDCpower=VccxICQ
OutputACpower=VrmsxIrms
=VPP2/8RL
OutputACpower
= InputDCpower
Result:
Themaximuminputsignalamplitudewhichproducesundistortedoutput
signalis_________
VivaQuestions:
1. Differentiatebetweenvoltageamplifierandpoweramplifier
2. Explainimpedancematchingprovidedbytransformer?
3. Whatisthemaximumtheoreticalefficiencyofthisamplifier?
4. Whatistherangeofconductionangleofoutputcurrentwithrespective
inputsignal?
5. HowisDCinputandACoutputpowermeasuredinthiscircuit?
6. ForclassAoperationhowdidyoulocatetheQpoint.
7. WhataretheapplicationsofclassApoweramplifier?
45
EXPT.NO:
CLASSBPOWERAMPLIFIER
DATE:
Aim:TostudytheoperationofClassBpowerAmplifier.
Apparatus:
S.No.
Name
Range
Quantit
y
1.
Transistor
PN2369A
2.
Resistor
1k,100k(pot),100
3.
Capacitor
47F,470F
4.
FunctionGenerator
(03)MHz
5.
CRO
30MHz
6.
Regulated
power (030)V
2,1,2
1,1
supply
7.
BreadBoard
8.
Connectingwires
CircuitDiagram:
VCC
12V
R6
1k?
Rv
40k
R4
100?
V1
50mVrms
1kHz
0
C1
47F
XSC1
R1
1k?
C2
Q1
B
A
+ _ + _
ExtTrig
+
_
47F
PN2369A
R7
100?
46
Theory:
Theclassificationofamplifiersisbasedonthepositionofthe
quiescentpointandextentofthecharacteristicsthatisbeingusedtodeterminethe
methodofoperation.
Thereare4classesofoperations.Theyare
1.ClassA2.ClassAB3.ClassB4.ClassC
ClassA:(Rv=70k)InclassAoperationthequiescentpointandtheinputsignal
aresuchthatthecurrentintheoutputcircuit(atthecollector)flowsforalltimes.
ClassAamplifieroperatesessentiallyoveralinearportionofitscharacteristic
therebygivingrisetominimumofdistortion.
ClassB:(Rv=40k)InclassBoperation,thequiescentpointisatanextremeend
ofthecharacteristic,sothatunderquiescentconditionsthepowerdrawnfromthedc
powersupplyisverysmall.Iftheinputsignalissinusoidal,amplificationtakes
placeforonlyhalfcycle.
ClassAb:(Rv=65k)AclassABamplifieristheonethatoperatesbetweenthe
twoextremesdefinedforclassAandClassB.Hencetheoutputsignalexistsfor
morethan1800oftheinputsignal.
ClassC:(Rv=25k)InclassCoperation,thequiescentoperatingpointischosen
suchthatoutputsignal(voltageorcurrent)iszeroformorethanonhalfoftheinput
sinusoidalsignalcycle.
Procedure:
1.Aninputsinewave(peakpeak)of50mVisappliedtothecircuit.
2.ConnecttheoutputtotheC.R.O.
3.VaryingR3value,observeandrecordtheoutputwaveformsfordifferent
Classesofoperation.
4.AlsoobservetheVi&Vowaveformsusingparametersweepfordifferent
Classesofoperation.
Observations:
47
ClassA:
ClassAB:
ClassB:
48
ClassC:
49
Result:
1.InclassAamplifieroutputcurrentflowsforwhole3600
2.InclassABpoweramplifieroutputcurrentflowsbetween1800and3600
3.InclassBpoweramplifieroutputcurrentflowsfor1800
4.InClassCpoweramplifieroutputcurrentflowsforlessthan1800.
VivaQuestions:
1. Whichpoweramplifierhaslowestoverallefficiency?
2. WhichpoweramplifierisusedinRadioorCommunication?
3. Inwhichpoweramplifiertheoutputsignalvariesforafull3600ofthe
cycle?
4. Thevalueofapowertransistoris______.
5. WhattransistorsareusedtobuildClassBpoweramplifier?
6. InclassBoperation,highestefficiencyisobtainedwhenVL(P)=____Vcc.
7. ____areusedtodissipatetemperatureinpowertransistors.
50
SINGLETUNEDVOLTAGEAMPLIFIER
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
Aim:TostudysingletunedvoltageAmplifierandtocalculate
1.ResonantFrequency.
2.Qfactor.
3.Bandwidthand
4.Impedance
Apparatus:
1.TunedRFAmplifiertrainerKit.
2.FunctionGenerator.
3.CRO.
4.BNCprobesandconnectingwires
CircuitDiagram:
51
Theory:
It is usually required to use a number of tuned amplifier stages in cascade in
ordertoobtainlargeoverallgain.Thesecascadetunedamplifiersmaybeputintothe
followingthreecategories:
1.Singletunedamplifiers.
2.Doubletunedamplifiers.
3.Staggertunedamplifiers.
Singletunedamplifiersuseoneparalleltunedcircuitastheloadimpedancein
each stage and all these tuned circuits in different stages are tuned to the same
frequency. Double tuned amplifier uses two inductively coupled tuned circuits per
stage, both the tuned circuits being tuned to the same frequency. Single tuned
amplifiersmayagainbeputintofollowingtwocategories:
a)Capacitancecoupledsingletunedamplifiersand
b)Transformercoupledorinductivelycoupledsingletunedamplifiers
ResonantFrequency:
Depending upon the frequency of the source voltage Vs, the circuits may
behaveeitherasinductiveorcapacitive.However,ataparticularfrequencywhenthe
inductivereactanceXlequalsthecapacitivereactanceXc,thenthecircuitbehavesas
apurelyresistivecircuit.Thisphenomenoniscalledresonance:andthecorresponding
frequencyiscalledresonantfrequency.Theresonantfrequency(fr)canbefoundby
equatingthetworeactancevalues,i.e.,
Procedure:
1. Connectionsshouldbemadeasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. ConnecttheACsignalsourcefromfunctiongenerator(aboveAFrange)to
inputofthetrainerkit.
3. Keeptheinputvoltageconstant,varythefrequencyinregularstepsand
downthecorrespondingoutputvoltage
4. Calculatetheresonantfrequency.
5. Plotthegraph:gain(db)Vsfrequency
6. FindtheinputandoutputimpedanceandCalculatethebandwidthandQ
factor
52
Precautions:
1.CheckconnectionsbeforeswitchingONpowersupply
2.Dontapplyovervoltage
3.WhenyouarenotusingtheequipmentswitchthemOFF.
4.Handleallequipmentcarefully
Observation:
Inputvoltage=(constant)
S.No
Input
Output
Gain=
Frequency
Voltage(V)
Vout/Vin
GainInDb
(Hertz)
ExpectedGraph:
53
Result:Gainandfrequencyasobservedofsingletunedvoltageamplifier.
VivaQuestions:
1.Whataretunedamplifiers?
2.Whatistuning?
3.Explainhowthetunedamplifierswork?
4.Wheretunedamplifiersareused?
5.Whatisthedisadvantageofasingletunedamplifier?
6.Whichtunedamplifierarenotusedinpublicaddresssystems?
7.Whatisthepassbandofatunedvoltageamplifier?
54
SERIESVOLTAGEREGULATOR
EXPT.NO:
DATE:
Aim:Todesignatransistorizedseriesvoltageregulatorandstudytheregulation
actionfor
i.
Differentvaluesofinputvoltages
ii
Differentvaluesofloadresistorsandalsotofindpercentage
regulation.
EquipmentsAndComponents:
1No
2. BreadBoard
1No..
1No.
5.1kResistor
1No.
6.560Resistor
1No.
7.1k,2k,4.7k,10k(loadresistors)
1No
8.Zenerdiode
9.TransistorSL100
1No.
1No.
Theory:
Voltageregulatorisadevicedesignedtomaintaintheoutputvoltageasnearly
constant as possible. It monitors the output voltage and generates feed back that
automatically increases are decreases the supply voltage to compensate for any
changesinoutputvoltagethatmightoccurbecauseofchangeinloadarechangesin
load voltages.In transistorized series voltage regulator the control element is a
transistorwhichisinserieswithload.mustbeoperatedinreversebreakdownregion,
whereitprovidesconstantvoltageirrespectiveofchangesinappliedvoltages.
TheoutputvoltageoftheseriesvoltageregulatorisVo=VzVbe.
SinceVzisconstant,anychangeinVomustcauseachangeinVbeinorderto
maintaintheaboveequation.So,whenVodecreasesVbeincreases,whichcausesthe
transistortoconductmoreandtoproducemoreloadcurrent,this
increaseinloadcausesanincreaseinVoandmakesVoasconstant.Similarly,the
regulationactionhappenswhenVoincreasesalso
55
CircuitDiagram:
1.0k
Vin11030v
.0
Z1BZD27C5V1
T1!NPN
1.0k
560.0
Vout
+
Procedure:
1. Connectthecircuitasshowninthecircuitdiagram.
2. Applytheinputvoltagefrompowersupply.
estimatedvalues.
Estimatedvoltages
Observedvoltages
Vb1,Vc1,Ve1
Vz
4. Foraspecificvalueofloadresistor,varytheinputvoltagefrom10toa
maximumof20voltsandnotthevaluesofoutputvoltage.
5. Changetheloadresistorandrepeatsteps2and3.
6. Removetheloadresistorandnotedownthevoltageatnoload.
7. Findpercentageregulation.
V NL VFL
x100
Percentageregulation= VFL
8. Plotthegraphforloadregulationandlineregulation.
56
Observations:
S.no
Vin
Outputvoltage
RL =
RL =
RL =
Calculations:
V NL VFL
x100
Percentageloadregulation= VFL
=
PercentageLineRegulation=(changeinoutput)/(changeininput)X100
Result
ForRL=,Regulatingrangeis____________
VivaQuestions:
1) Definevoltageregulator.
2) Givetheadvantagesofseriesvoltageregulator.
3) Explainthefeedbackmechanisminseriesvoltageregulator.
4) Defineloadandlineregulation.Whatisidealvalue?
5) Whichelementdeterminesoutputripple?
6) Mentiontheapplicationsofseriesvoltageregulator.
7) Definenoloadvoltageandfullloadvoltage?
57
EXPT.NO:
SHUNTVOLTAGEREGULATOR
DATE:
Aim:Todesignatransistorizedshuntvoltageregulatorandobservingtheregulation
actionfor
i.Differentvaluesofinputvoltages
ii.Differentvaluesofloadresistorsandalsotofindpercentage
regulation.
ApparatusReuired:
2. BreadBoard
1No
1No.
1No.
5.1kResistor
1No.
6.560Resistor
1No.
7.1k,2k,4.7k,10k(loadresistors)
1Noeach.
8.ZenerdiodeIN3785
1No.
9.TransistorSL100
2No.
Theory:
Avoltageregulatorisadeviceoracombinationofdevices,designtomaintain
theoutputvoltageofapowersupplyasnearlyconstantaspossibleevenifthereare
changes in load or in input voltage. In shunt voltage regulator transistor Q1 acts as
controlelement,whichisinshuntwithloadvoltage.
Theoutputvoltageisgivenas
Vo=Vz+VR1=Vz+Vbe1+Vbe2
Theregulationactionofthecircuitisexplainedbelow:
Since Vz is constant, any changes in output voltage reflects a propositional
change in R1. If the output voltage decreases, voltage across R1 decreases which in
turn decreases the base voltage of Q2. As a result the base current of Q1 decreases
whichallowstheloadvoltagetoriseandmakesitconstantthesameregulationaction
followseveniftheoutputvoltageincreases
58
Vz=6.3v
1.0k
T1!NPN
RL=1k,2k ,
4.7k ,10k
1.0k
Vdc20.0
180.0
1N3785
CircuitDiagram:
Procedure:
1. Connectthecircuitasshowninthecircuitdiagram.
2. Applytheinputvoltagefrompowersupply.
estimatedvalues.
Estimatedvoltages
Observedvoltages
Vb1,Vc1,Ve1
Vb2,Vc2,Ve2
Vz
4. Foraspecificvalueofloadresistor,varytheinputvoltagefromzerotoa
maximumof20voltsandnotethevaluesofoutputvoltage.
5. .Changetheloadresistorandrepeatsteps2and3.
6. Removetheloadresistorandnotedownthevoltageatnoload.
7. Findpercentageregulation.
V NL VFL
x100
8.Plotthegraphforloadregulationandlineregulation.
59
Observations:
VOLTAGEATNOLOAD=
S.no
Vin
Outputvoltage
RL =
RL =
RL =
Calculations:
V NL VFL
x100
Result:
ForRL=,Regulatingrangeis__________
VivaQuestions:
1. Mentionthedifferencesbetweenshuntandseriesvoltageregulators?
2. WhatisthefunctionofQ1andQ2intheshuntvoltageregulator?
3. Whatisthecurrentthroughzenerinthiscircuit?
4. Inthecircuitofshuntvoltageregulatorwhichelementisconsideredcontrol
elementandexplainitsfunction.
5. CanyoudotheexperimentwithoutQ2?.
6. Howcanyouincreasecurrentrangeofregulator?
7. Mentiontheapplicationsofshuntvoltageregulator.
60

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