Complete Study Guide & Notes On

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

A Formulae Guide By OP Gupta (Indira Award Winner)
Physics is mathematical not because we know so much about the physical world, but because
we know so little; it is only its mathematical properties that we can discover!
IMPORTANT TERMS, DEFINITIONS & RESULTS
01. Formulae for Limits & Differential Calculus:

LIMITS FOR SOME STANDARD FORMS

ax 1
log e a , a 0
x 0
x
e x 1
g) lim
1
x 0
x
log e 1 x
1
h) lim
x 0
x
xn a n
i) lim
na n1
xa
x a
1/ x
j) lim 1 kx e k , where k is any constant.

a) lim cos x 1

f) lim

x 0

sin x
1
x
tan x
c) lim
1
x 0
x
sin 1 x
lim
1
d)
x 0
x
tan 1 x
e) lim
1
x 0
x
b) lim
x 0

x 0

DERIVATIVE OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS

a)

d n
x n x n 1

dx

j)

d
sec x sec x tan x
dx

b)

d
( k ) 0, where k is any constant
dx

k)

d
cot x cosec 2 x
dx

c)

d x
a a x log e a , a 0

dx

l)

d
cosec x cosec x cot x
dx

d)

d x
e ex

dx

m)

1
d
sin 1 x
, x 1,1

dx
1 x2

e)

d
1
1
log a e
log a x
dx
x log e a x

n)

d
1
cos 1 x
, x 1,1

dx
1 x2

f)

d
1
log e x
dx
x

o)

d
1
tan 1 x
, xR
dx
1 x2

g)

d
sin x cos x
dx

p)

1
d
cot 1 x
, xR
dx
1 x2

h)

d
cos x sin x
dx

q)

d
1
, where x , 1 1,
sec1 x

dx
x x2 1

i)

d
tan x sec 2 x
dx

r)

d
1
,where x , 1 1,
cosec1x

dx
x x2 1

Do you know for trigonometric functions, angle x is in Radians?

Following derivatives should also be memorized by you for quick use:

d
dx

x 2 1x

d 1
1
2
dx x
x

d x
x x x 1 log x

dx

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Continuity & Differentials By OP Gupta (INDIRA AWARD Winner, Elect. & Comm. Engineering)

02. Important terms and facts about Limits and Continuity of a function:
For a function f x , lim f x exists iff lim f x lim f x .
x m

xm

x m

A function f x is continuous at a point x m iff lim f x lim f x f m , where

xm

x m

lim f x is Left Hand Limit of f x at x m and lim f x is Right Hand Limit of

xm

xm

f x at x m . Also f m is the value of function f x at x m .

A function f x is continuous at x m (say) if, f m lim f x i.e., a function is continuous
x m

at a point in its domain if the limit value of the function at that point equals the value of the
function at the same point.
For a continuous function f x at x m , lim f x can be directly obtained by evaluating
x m

f m .
Indeterminate forms or meaningless forms:

0
, , 0., , 1 , 00 , 0 .
0
0
The first two forms i.e. ,
are the forms which are suitable for LHospital Rule.
0
03. Important terms and facts about Derivatives and Differentiability of a function:
Left Hand Derivative of f x at x m,
Lf m lim
x m

f x f m
and,
xm

Right Hand Derivative of f x at x m,

Rf m lim
xm

f x f m
.
x m

For a function to be differentiable at a point, the LHD and RHD at that point should be
equal.
dy
y
Derivative of y w.r.t. x:
lim
.

0
dx
x
Also for very- very small value h, f x

f x h f x
,
h

as h 0 .

04. Relation between Continuity and Differentiability:

a) If a function is differentiable at a point, it is continuous at that point as well.
b) If a function is not differentiable at a point, it may or may not be continuous at that point.
c) If a function is continuous at a point, it may or may not be differentiable at that point.
d) If a function is discontinuous at a point, it is not differentiable at that point.
05. Rules of derivatives:
Product or Leibnitz Rule of derivatives:

Quotient Rule of derivatives:

d
d
d
u v u v v u
dx
dx
dx

d
d
d u v dx u u dx v v u u v

.

dx v
v2
v2

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