Report POA and IDA - Final

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1.0
ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)
Introduction
i.
Static Analysis
SAP2000 can perform both linear static and multi-step static analysis. The
linear static analysis of a structure involves the solution of the system of
linear equations represented by K u = r. Various types of load patterns
are multi-stepped, which mean that they actually represent many
separate spatial loading patterns applied in sequence. These include the
vehicle, live, and wave types of load patterns.
ii.
Dynamic Static Analysis

SAP2000 dynamic analysis capabilities include the calculation of vibration
modes using Ritz or Eigen vectors, response-spectrum analysis, and timehistory analysis for both linear and nonlinear behavior.
2.0
Pushover analysis
Pushover analysis features in SAP2000 include the implementation of FEMA
356 and the hinge and fiber hinge option based on stress-strain. The
nonlinear layered shell element enables users to consider plastic behavior of
concrete shear walls, slabs, steel plates, and other area finite elements in the
pushover analysis. Force-Deformation relations are defined for steel and
concrete hinges.
3.0
Time-history analysis
Time-history analysis captures the step-by-step response of structures to
seismic ground motion and other types of loading such as blast, machinery,
wind, waves, etc. Analysis can use modal superposition or direct-integration
methods, and both can be linear or nonlinear. The nonlinear modal method,
also called FNA for Fast Nonlinear Analysis, is extremely efficient and
accurate for a wide class of problems. The direct-integration method is even
more general, and can handle large deformations and other highly nonlinear
behavior. Nonlinear time-history analyses can be chained together with other
nonlinear cases (including staged construction) addressing a wide range of

applications.
Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is a computational analysis method
of Seismic Engineering to perform a comprehensive assessment of the
behavior of structures under seismic loads. IDA involves performing
multiple non-linear analysis of a structural model under a suite of ground
motion record, each scaled to several levels of seismic intensity.
4.0
Design
i.
Steel Frame
Fully integrated steel frame design includes member size optimization
and implementation of design codes. SAP2000 allows users to
interactively view design results at any frame member, change the
parameters or section properties, and display the updated member
results.
ii.
Concrete Frame
Fully integrated concrete frame design in SAP2000 includes: required
area of steel calculations, auto selection lists for new member sizing,
implementation of design codes, interactive design and review, and
comprehensive overwrite capabilities.
5.0
Modelling
Studied Models:
There are two models, model A and model B, derived in this report intended to
compare one model to another. These model have same plan view and frame size,
but model A is a concrete frame structure and model B is a steel frame structure.
Modelling Steps and Assumptions:
The modelling is done by SAP2000. The step in modelling the structures is proceed in
the following steps :
1. The unit is changed into the same unit which is used in the building model,
kN,m,C.
2. New model 2D frames is chosen.
3. The number of stories is 3, number of bays in x direction is 3. Story height is 3.3
m, and bay width is 6 m.
4. The material that is used for model A is G30 concrete with concrete cover of
0.025m, weight per unit volume of 25 Kn/m3, fc = 30000kN/m2 and E = 30000000
kN/m2.
5. The material for model B are S275 steel, fy = 275000 kN/m2 and E = 21000000
kN/m2.
6. Beam and column dimensions are 300 x 700 mm (beam) and 500 x 500 mm
(column). The number of bars along x and y direction is 6, bar size is N32. The
confine bar is N12, the spacing is 15 cm, and number of bars x and y direction is
3. All the properties is used G40 concrete.
7. The support is fixed.
8. Hinge properties were defined, deformation controlled, set M3 for beam, and set
interaction P-M3 for column.
9. For POA analysis :
a. The loading from the third, second, and first story are 239.04 kN, 159.36
kN, 79.68 kN for triangular loading, and 239.04 kN for each floor for
rectangular loading.
b. Hinge for the beam and column were set for 0 and 1.
c. Three different diaphragm constrain were defined and assigned to each
story level.
d. Three load pattern were defined, dead load, live load and lateral
pushover. Load case type was static and analysis type was nonlinear.
e. For load application, displacement control was used with 2m monitored

displacement, and results were saved in multiple states with minimum 10
steps and maximum 100 steps.
f. Distributed load for dead load, 23.4 kN/m and live load 7.5 kN/m were
assigned on the beam.
g. Run the analysis.
10. For IDA analysis :
a. Hinge for the beam and column is 1.
b. Time history were define for 3 tipes of ground motion NGA0477,
NGA0545, and NGA2399 taken from
http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga/search.html
c. Non-linear analysis and direct integration time history is defined in the
load case.
d. Scale factor is define by increasing the ag from 0.05g until 0.50g.
e. Time integration newmark is used.
f. Run the analysis
The following figures show the models as appeared in SAP2000.
Figure 5.1 : Model of Frame
6.0 POA Analysis Results:
Graph 6.1: Pushover Analysis (Concrete Frame, 3 Stories)
Graph 6.2: Pushover Analysis (Steel Frame, 3 Stories)
Result of Push Over Analysis (Uniform Load)
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5
Displacement BaseForce
m
KN
2.29E-17
0
0.000956
28.058
0.026869
631.913
0.032322
713.82
0.058459
933.058
0.130036
1213.451
0.131796
1216.262
0.139593
1216.423
0.154081
1213.832
0.178775
1201.284
Displacement
m
6.07E-17
0.062319
0.076634
0.077622
0.118632
0.123683
BaseForce
KN
0
1697.003
1985.06
1997.242
2272.859
2288.092
AtoB
28
27
25
25
24
21
20
20
20
20
CONCRETE FRAME
BtoIO
IOtoLS
LStoCP
14
15
11
11
3
3
4
4
4
0
AtoB
BtoIO
42
41
36
35
30
25
0
1
6
6
8
13
0
0
6
6
15
6
6
6
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
7
5
3
6
0
STEEL FRAME
IOtoLS
LStoCP
0
0
0
1
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
CPtoC
CtoD
DtoE
BeyondE
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
7
9
12
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
CPtoC
CtoD
DtoE
BeyondE
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
42
42
42
42
42
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.212985
0.223493
0.423493
0.623493
0.823493
1.023493
1.223493
1.423493
1.623493
1.823493
2
2414.455
2423.319
2426.468
2429.617
2432.716
2435.815
2438.915
2442.014
2445.114
2448.214
2450.917
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
11
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
Result of Push Over Analysis (Triangular Load)
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Displacement
m
2.40E-17
0.001026
0.028578
0.030107
0.052159
0.145479
0.158069
0.16176
BaseForce
KN
0
24.809
554.091
572.833
724.269
999.867
1019.734
1020.341
AtoB
28
27
25
25
24
24
21
20
CONCRETE FRAME
BtoIO
IOtoLS
LStoCP
14
15
11
11
9
0
3
4
0
0
6
6
9
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
3
CPtoC
CtoD
DtoE
BeyondE
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
15
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
Step Displacement
m
0
6.08E-17
1
0.066546
2
0.081362
3
0.090248
4
0.125552
5
0.208834
6
0.218627
7
0.418627
8
0.618627
9
0.818627
10
1.018627
11
1.218627
12
1.567709
13
1.767709
14
1.967709
15
2
BaseForce
KN
0
1519.719
1797.886
1904.455
2075.799
2190.822
2199.085
2201.947
2204.808
2207.67
2210.533
2213.395
2218.337
2221.109
2223.868
2224.313
AtoB
BtoIO
42
41
36
33
27
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
22
21
21
21
0
1
6
7
10
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
11
11
11
STEEL FRAME
IOtoLS
LStoCP
0
0
0
2
5
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
CPtoC
CtoD
DtoE
BeyondE
Total
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
7.0 IDA Analysis Result
CONCRETE FRAME
Scale Factor (g)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
NGA0477
Displacement (xBase Reaction
direction)
(m)
(kN)
0
0
0.002459
17.821
0.004918
35.643
0.007377
53.464
0.009836
71.285
0.012295
89.107
0.014754
106.928
0.017213
124.749
0.019672
142.571
0.022131
160.392
0.02459
178.212
NGA0545
direction)
(m)
(kN)
0
0
0.004226
24.129
0.008452
48.257
0.012678
72.386
0.016904
96.514
0.02113
120.643
0.025356
144.771
0.029582
168.9
0.033809
193.028
0.038035
217.157
0.042261
241.286
NGA2399
direction)
(m)
(kN)
0
0
0.076688
49.718
0.153375
99.435
0.230063
149.153
0.30675
198.81
0.383436
248.587
0.460124
298.305
0.536812
348.022
0.6135
397.731
0.690664
447.448
0.766792
497.166
STEEL FRAME
Scale Factor (g)
0.00
NGA0477
direction)
(m)
(kN)
0
0
NGA0545
direction)
(m)
(kN)
0
0
NGA2399
direction)
(m)
(kN)
0
0
0.05
0.002093
2.632
0.00327
9.447
0.060192
10.56
0.10
0.004186
5.263
0.00654
18.894
0.120383
21.12
0.15
0.006279
7.895
0.00981
28.34
0.180576
31.68
0.20
0.008373
10.526
0.01308
37.787
0.240767
42.24
0.25
0.010466
13.158
0.016341
47.206
0.300959
52.8
0.30
0.012559
15.789
0.01962
56.68
0.361151
63.36
0.35
0.014652
18.421
0.02289
66.127
0.421343
73.92
0.40
0.016745
21.053
0.02616
75.574
0.481535
84.48
0.45
0.018838
23.684
0.03597
85.02
0.541726
95.04
0.50
0.020932
26.316
0.0327
94.467
0.601918
105.601
8.0 Discussion
a. POA Analysis
Graph 8.1: Displacement vs Base Force for rectangular loading
Graph 8.2: Displacement vs Base Force for triangular loading
12
The 8.1 graph shows the steel frame has bigger displacement and also
bigger base reaction. Based on this result, it can be conclude that steel
frame could deflect larger, which mean that it is more ductile than the
concrete frame. This phenomenon also can be notice from the elastis
limit of the steel frame is until 1985.96 kN which is longer than the
concrete frame 713.82 kN.
Loading distribution has effect on the value of the maximum base
reaction. It can be seen by comparing graph 8.1 and 8.2. When the
loading is distributed uniformly, the base shear become larger than if the
loading distributed in triangular way. For comparison, concrete frame
with unifom loading has ultimate force 2423.219 kN and the frame with
triangular loading, the ultimate force is 2199.085 kN.
Different height of building stories has effect on base force value. The
frame with seven stories got higher base reaction than three stories
frame. But in this case, from graph 8.3, five stories frame got the higher
value of base force compared to seven stories and three stories. It
supposed that five stories frame base force value should lies between
seven stories and three stories. This is could happend because the
different assignment and different assumption made during the design
and analysis process.
Graph 8.3: Displacement vs Base Force for 3 different kind of stories
13
b. IDA Analysis
Graph 8.4 : IDA Analysis (Concrete Frame_3 Stories)

Graph 8.4 and 8.5 show comparison of three kind of ground motion, NGA 0477,
NGA 0545, and NGA 2399, for concrete frame and steel frame. The maximum
displacement of the frame is reached when the frame subjected to NGA2399
ground motion. Its value is 0.766792 m for concrete frame and 0.722302 m for
steel frame. The value difference only between both frame is only 5.8% which
considered small difference. The maximum value is reached due to magnitude
of the NGA2399 ground motion is the highest among the other two ground
motion. NGA 2399 has magnitude 5.90 while other two magnitude is 5.77 in
NGA 0545 and 5.80 in NGA 0477.
Graph 8.5: IDA Analysis (Steel Frame_3 Stories)
14
The effect of story level on the frame can be seen in graph 8.6. The maximum
value of base reaction is belongs to seven stories frame which value is 35.481
kN. And the lowest base reaction is 11.947 kN belongs to five stories frame. But
the higest deflection is obtain from three level stories which maximum
displacement 0.20932 m. This evidence shows that the three level stories frame
deflect larger than the the seven stories and five stories frame.
Graph 8.6 : Comparison various heigt of steel frame with same ground motion
15

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EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

Dynamic Static Analysis

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

nonlinear cases (including staged construction) addressing a wide range of

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

e. For load application, displacement control was used with 2m monitored

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

The following figures show the models as appeared in SAP2000.

Figure 5.1 : Model of Frame

6.0 POA Analysis Results:

Graph 6.1: Pushover Analysis (Concrete Frame, 3 Stories)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

Graph 6.2: Pushover Analysis (Steel Frame, 3 Stories)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

Result of Push Over Analysis (Uniform Load)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

Result of Push Over Analysis (Triangular Load)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

7.0 IDA Analysis Result

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

Graph 8.1: Displacement vs Base Force for rectangular loading

Graph 8.2: Displacement vs Base Force for triangular loading

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

Graph 8.3: Displacement vs Base Force for 3 different kind of stories

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

Graph 8.4 : IDA Analysis (Concrete Frame_3 Stories)

Graph 8.5: IDA Analysis (Steel Frame_3 Stories)

EAS 664: PRINCIPAL OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT (DR. FADZLI)

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