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CONTENTS

Acknowledgments, xiii
Preface to the Second Edition, xiv
Preface to the First Edition, xv

1 Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Behavior . . . . . . . . . . .

Classification of Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids, 1;

Pressure-Temperature Diagram, 2; Oil Reservoirs, 4;
Gas Reservoirs, 10; Undefined Petroleum Fractions, 24;
Problems, 27; References, 28.

2 Reservoir-Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Properties of Natural Gases, 29; Behavior of Ideal Gases, 30;
Behavior of Real Gases, 36; Effect of Nonhydrocarbon Components
on the Z-Factor, 44; Nonhydrocarbon Adjustment Methods, 45;
Correction for High-Molecular-Weight Gases, 49; Direct Calculation
of Compressibility Factors, 54; Compressibility of Natural Gases, 59;
Gas Formation Volume Factor, 65; Gas Viscosity, 67; Methods of
Calculating the Viscosity of Natural Gases, 68; Properties of Crude
Oil Systems, 74; Crude Oil Gravity, 75; Specific Gravity of the
Solution Gas, 76; Gas Solubility, 77; Bubble-Point Pressure, 86;
Oil Formation Volume Factor, 92; Isothermal Compressibility
Coefficient of Crude Oil, 98; Oil Formation Volume Factor for
Undersaturated Oils, 103; Crude Oil Density, 106; Crude Oil

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Viscosity, 108; Methods of Calculating Viscosity of the Dead Oil, 109;

Methods of Calculating the Saturated Oil Viscosity, 111;
Methods of Calculating the Viscosity of the Undersaturated Oil, 112;
Surface/Interfacial Tension, 115; Properties of Reservoir Water, 118;
Water Formation Volume Factor, 118; Water Viscosity, 119;
Gas Solubility in Water, 119; Water Isothermal Compressibility, 120;
Problems, 120; References, 126.

3 Laboratory Analysis of Reservoir Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Composition of the Reservoir Fluid, 131; Constant-Composition
Expansion Tests, 131; Differential Liberation (Vaporization)
Test, 143; Separator Tests, 146; Adjustment of Differential Liberation
Data to Separator Conditions, 151; Extrapolation of Reservoir Fluid
Data, 158; Correcting Constant-Composition Expansion Data, 158;
Correcting Differential Liberation Data, 160; Correcting Oil Viscosity
Data, 161; Correcting the Separator Tests Data, 163; Laboratory
Analysis of Gas Condensate Systems, 165; Recombination of Separator
Samples, 165; Constant-Composition Test, 168; Constant-Volume
Depletion (CVD) Test, 170; Problems, 178; References, 182.

4 Fundamentals of Rock Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Porosity, 184; Saturation, 189; Wettability, 193; Surface and
Interfacial Tension, 194; Capillary Pressure, 197; Permeability, 221;
The Klinkenberg Effect, 228; Averaging Absolute Permeabilities, 235;
Weighted-Average Permeability, 236; Harmonic Average
Permeability, 239; Geometric Average Permeability, 243; Absolute
Permeability Correlations, 244; Rock Compressibility, 248; Net Pay
Thickness, 254; Reservoir Heterogeneity, 255; Vertical Heterogeneity,
256; Areal Heterogeneity, 268; Problems, 273; References, 278.

5 Relative Permeability Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Two-Phase Relative Permeability, 281; Drainage Process, 285;
Imbibition Process, 286; Two-Phase Relative Permeability
Correlations, 286; Relative Permeability from Capillary Pressure
Data, 292; Relative Permeability from Analytical Equations, 294;
Relative Permeability Ratio, 298; Dynamic Pseudo-Relative
Permeabilities, 301; Normalization and Averaging Relative
Permeability Data, 304; Three-Phase Relative Permeability, 310;
Three-Phase Relative Permeability Correlations, 312; Problems, 319;
References, 320.

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6 Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Types of Fluids, 322; Flow Regimes, 324; Reservoir Geometry, 326;
Number of Flowing Fluids in the Reservoir, 329; Fluid Flow
Equations, 330; Darcys Law, 331; Steady-State Flow, 332;
Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids, 333; Linear Flow of Slightly
Compressible Fluids, 339; Linear Flow of Compressible Fluids
(Gases), 341; Radial Flow of Incompressible Fluids, 344; Radial Flow
of Slightly Compressible Fluids, 350; Radial Flow of Compressible
Gases, 352; Horizontal Multiple-Phase Flow, 360; Unsteady-State
Flow, 363; Radial Flow of Slightly Compressible Fluids, 370;
Constant-Terminal-Pressure Solution, 374;
Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution, 374; Radial Flow of Compressible
Fluids, 392; Pseudosteady-State Flow, 403;
Radial Flow of Slightly Compressible Fluids, 409; Radial Flow
of Compressible Fluids (Gases), 418; Skin Factor, 420; Turbulent
Flow Factors, 426; Principle of Superposition, 431; Effects of
Multiple Wells, 432; Effects of Variable Flow Rates, 435; Effects
of the Reservoir Boundary, 438; Transient Well Testing, 442;
Drawdown Test, 443; Pressure Buildup Test, 456; Problems, 465;
References, 471.

7 Oil Well Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Vertical Oil Well Performance, 473; Vogels Method, 482; Saturated
Oil Reservoirs, 483; Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs, 485; Wiggins
Method, 491; Standings Method, 494; Fetkovichs Method, 498;
The Klins-Clark Method, 514; Horizontal Oil Well Performance, 515;
Horizontal Well Productivity Under Steady-State Flow, 519;
Borisovs Method, 520; The Giger-Reiss-Jordan Method, 520;
Joshis Method, 521; The Renard-Dupuy Method, 522; Horizontal
Well Productivity Under Semisteady-State Flow, 527; Problems, 529;
References, 531.

8 Gas Well Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Vertical Gas Well Performance, 533; Region I. High-Pressure Region,
536; Region II. Intermediate-Pressure Region, 537;
Region III. Low-Pressure Region, 537; The Simplified Treatment
Approach, 543; The Laminar-Inertial-Turbulent (LIT)
Approach, 545; The Back-Pressure Test, 550; Future Inflow
Performance Relationships, 559; Horizontal Gas Well
Performance, 562; Problems, 566; References, 568.

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9 Gas and Water Coning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Coning, 570; Coning in Vertical Wells, 573; Vertical Well Critical
Rate Correlations, 573; The Meyer-Garder Correlation, 574;
The Chierici-Ciucci Approach, 581; The Hoyland-PapatzacosSkjaeveland Method, 593; Critical Rate Curves by Chaney et. al.,
597; Chapersons Method, 604; Schols Method, 605; Breakthrough
Time in Vertical Wells, 606; The Sobocinski-Cornelius Method,
606; The Bournazel-Jeanson Method, 609; After Breakthrough
Performance, 610; Coning in Horizontal Wells, 615; Horizontal
Well Critical Rate Correlations, 616; Chapersons Method, 616;
Efros Method, 620; Karcher, et al. Method, 621; Joshis Method, 622;
Horizontal Well Breakthrough Time, 624; The Ozkan-Raghavan
Method, 624; Papatzacos et al. Method, 627; Problems, 632;
References, 634.

10 Water Influx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

Classification of Aquifers, 637; Recognition of Natural
Water Influx, 640; Water Influx Models, 641; Pot Aquifer
Model, 642; Schilthuis Steady-State Model, 645; Hursts
Modified Steady-State Model, 649; The Van Everdingen-Hurst
Unsteady-State Model, 653; Edge-Water Drive, 654; Bottom-Water
Drive, 677; The Carter-Tracy Water Influx Model, 703; Fetkovichs
Method, 707; Problems, 713; References, 716.

11 Oil Recovery Mechanisms and the Material Balance

Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Primary Recovery Mechanisms, 718; Rock and Liquid
Expansion, 718; Depletion Drive Mechanism, 719; Gas Cap
Drive, 721; Water Drive Mechanism, 726; Gravity Drainage
Drive, 730; Combination Drive Mechanism, 735; The Material
Balance Equation, 736; Basic Assumptions in the MBE, 751;
The MBE as an Equation of a Straight Line, 753; The Straight Line
Solution Method to the MBE, 755; Case 1. Volumetric-Undersaturated
Oil Reservoirs, 755; Case 2. Volumetric-Saturated Oil
Reservoirs, 760; Case 3. Gas-Cap Drive Reservoirs, 762;
Case 4. Water Drive Reservoirs, 766; The Pot-Aquifer Model in
the MBE, 768; The Steady-State Model in the MBE, 769;
The Unsteady-State Model in the MBE, 770; Tracys Form of the
Material Balance Equation, 774; Problems, 778; References, 781.

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12 Predicting Oil Reservoir Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

Phase 1. Reservoir Performance Prediction Methods, 783;
Instantaneous Gas-Oil Ratio, 783; The Reservoir Saturation
Equations, 789; Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs, 797; Saturated Oil
Reservoirs, 801; Tracys Method, 803; Muskats Method, 810;
Tarners Method, 815; Phase 2. Relating Reservoir Performance to
Time, 822; Problems, 825; References, 825.

13 Gas Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827

The Volumetric Method, 828; The Material Balance Method, 831;
Volumetric Gas Reservoirs, 832; Water-Drive Gas Reservoirs, 840;
The Material Balance Equation as a Straight Line, 842; Abnormally
Pressured Gas Reservoirs, 847; The Effect of Gas Production Rate
on Ultimate Recovery, 853; Problems, 854; References, 856.

14 Principals of Waterflooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857

Factors to Consider in Waterflooding, 858; Optimum Time to
Waterflood, 863; Effects of Trapped Gas on Waterflood Recovery,
865; Overall Recovery Efficiency, 880; Aereal Sweep Efficiency,
932; Vertical Sweep Effieciency, 989; References, 1024.

15 Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026

Vapor Pressure, 1026; Equilibrium Ratios, 1029; Flash Calclations,
1033; Equilibrium Ratios for Real Solutions, 1037; Equilibrium
Ratios for the Plus-Fraction, 1050; Applications of the Equilibrium
Ratio in Reservoir Engineering, 1052; Splitting and Lumping
Schemes of the Plus-Fraction, 1137; Problems, 1155; References,
1159.

Index, 1177
About the Author, 1188

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